1
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Johnson MO, Galbraith D, Gloor M, De Deurwaerder H, Guimberteau M, Rammig A, Thonicke K, Verbeeck H, von Randow C, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Fauset S, Quesada CA, Christoffersen B, Ciais P, Sampaio G, Kruijt B, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Zhang K, Alvarez‐Davila E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo‐Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot R, Camargo J, Chave J, Cogollo A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lola da Costa AC, Di Fiore A, Ferreira L, Higuchi N, Honorio EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Licona J, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon BH, Matos DCL, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Pardo G, Peña‐Claros M, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez‐Angulo H, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomao RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres‐Lezama A, van der Heijden GMF, Vasquez R, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Baker TR. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:3996-4013. [PMID: 27082541 PMCID: PMC6849555 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Gloor
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS6 2QTUK
| | - Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation EcologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Matthieu Guimberteau
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91191Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- UMR 7619 METISIPSL, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, EPHE75252ParisFrance
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University MunichHans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 285354FreisingGermany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Telegrafenberg A62PO Box 60 12 03D‐14412PotsdamGermany
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)Telegrafenberg A62PO Box 60 12 03D‐14412PotsdamGermany
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation EcologyFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure Links 653B‐9000GentBelgium
| | - Celso von Randow
- INPEAv. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. GranjaCEP: 12227‐010Sao Jose dos CamposSPBrazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo
- Jardín Botánico de MissouriProlongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6Oxapampa, PascoPeru
| | | | | | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterRennes DriveExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS6 2QTUK
| | | | - Bradley Christoffersen
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Earth and Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryPO Box 1663Los AlamosNM 87545USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayF‐91191Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Gilvan Sampaio
- INPEAv. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. GranjaCEP: 12227‐010Sao Jose dos CamposSPBrazil
| | - Bart Kruijt
- ALTERRAWageningen‐URPO Box 476700 AAWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FFUK
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT0200Australia
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard University26 Oxford StreetCambridgeMA 02138USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological StudiesUniversity of Oklahoma National Weather Center Suite 2100120 David L. Boren BlvdNormanOK73072USA
| | | | | | - Ieda Amaral
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragao
- Jardín Botánico de MissouriProlongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6Oxapampa, PascoPeru
| | - Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoUniversidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene MorenoCasilla 2489, Av. Irala 565Santa CruzBolivia
| | | | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoUniversidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene MorenoCasilla 2489, Av. Irala 565Santa CruzBolivia
| | - Gerardo A. Aymard
- UNELLEZ‐Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT)Mesa de CavacasEstado Portuguesa3350Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological SciencesInternational Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB)Florida International University112200 SW 8th Street, OE 167MiamiFL33199USA
| | - Jocely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do AcreCampus de Cruzeiro do SulRio BrancoBrazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRAUMR 1137 “Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere”54280ChampenouxFrance
| | - Rene Boot
- Tropenbos InternationalPO Box 2326700 AEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jose Camargo
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRSUMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologiquebâtiment 4R131062ToulouseFrance
| | - Alvaro Cogollo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe Calle 73 # 51 D 14 MedellínCartagenaColombia
| | | | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Texas at AustinSAC Room 5.1502201 Speedway Stop C3200AustinTX78712USA
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPAAv. André Araújo, 2.936CEP 69067‐375Petrópolis, ManausAMBrazil
| | - Euridice N. Honorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía PeruanaAv. José Quiñones km 2.5IquitosPerú
| | | | - Susan G. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQld4878Australia
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQld4878Australia
| | - Juan Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University (GMU)3351 Fairfax DriveArlingtonWashingtonDCVA 22201USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Bia Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCampus de Nova XavantinaCaixa Postal 08CEP 78.690‐000Nova XavantinaMTBrazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato GrossoCampus de Nova XavantinaCaixa Postal 08CEP 78.690‐000Nova XavantinaMTBrazil
| | - Darley C. L. Matos
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR)Av. Final Atahuallpa s/nCasilla 447CochabambaBolivia
| | - David A. Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería AmbientalUniversidad Estatal AmazónicaPaso lateral km 2 1/2 via NapoPuyoPastazaEcuador
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autonoma del BeniCampus UniversitarioAv. Ejército Nacional, finalRiberaltaBeniBolivia
| | - Marielos Peña‐Claros
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Center for Tropical ConservationDuke UniversityBox 90381DurhamNC27708USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityPO Box 47Wageningen6700 AAThe Netherlands
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Hirma Ramirez‐Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development77 High Street KingstonGeorgetownGuyana
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Rafael P. Salomao
- Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiAv. Magalhães Barata, 376 ‐ São BrazCEP: 66040‐170BelémPABrazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu UniversitárioUniversidade Federal do AcreRio BrancoAC69910‐900Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health SciencesFederal University of AlagoasAv. Lourival Melo Mota s/nTabuleiro do Martins, MaceióAL 57072‐900Brazil
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterPO Box 95172300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical ConservationDuke UniversityBox 90381DurhamNC27708USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development77 High Street KingstonGeorgetownGuyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación ForestalC.P. 6201Santa Cruz de la SierraBolivia
| | - Armando Torres‐Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | | | - Rodolfo Vasquez
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterRennes DriveExeterEX4 4RJUK
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo ForestalUniversidad de Los AndesAvenida Principal Chorros de MillaCampus Universitario ForestalEdificio PrincipalMéridaVenezuela
| | - Vincent A. Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte AmazónicoC/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362Casilla 16RiberaltaBolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del BeniAvenida 6 de Agosto N° 64RiberaltaBolivia
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2
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Johnson MO, Galbraith D, Gloor M, De Deurwaerder H, Guimberteau M, Rammig A, Thonicke K, Verbeeck H, von Randow C, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Brienen RJW, Feldpausch TR, Lopez Gonzalez G, Fauset S, Quesada CA, Christoffersen B, Ciais P, Sampaio G, Kruijt B, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Zhang K, Alvarez-Davila E, Alves de Oliveira A, Amaral I, Andrade A, Aragao LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Arets EJMM, Arroyo L, Aymard GA, Baraloto C, Barroso J, Bonal D, Boot R, Camargo J, Chave J, Cogollo A, Cornejo Valverde F, Lola da Costa AC, Di Fiore A, Ferreira L, Higuchi N, Honorio EN, Killeen TJ, Laurance SG, Laurance WF, Licona J, Lovejoy T, Malhi Y, Marimon B, Marimon BH, Matos DCL, Mendoza C, Neill DA, Pardo G, Peña-Claros M, Pitman NCA, Poorter L, Prieto A, Ramirez-Angulo H, Roopsind A, Rudas A, Salomao RP, Silveira M, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Terborgh J, Thomas R, Toledo M, Torres-Lezama A, van der Heijden GMF, Vasquez R, Guimarães Vieira IC, Vilanova E, Vos VA, Baker TR. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models. Glob Chang Biol 2016. [PMID: 27082541 DOI: 10.5521/forestplots.net/2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Manuel Gloor
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Hannes De Deurwaerder
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Guimberteau
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- UMR 7619 METIS, IPSL, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, EPHE, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Anja Rammig
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegrafenberg A62, PO Box 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kirsten Thonicke
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Telegrafenberg A62, PO Box 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Celso von Randow
- INPE, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. Granja, CEP: 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | | | | | - Ted R Feldpausch
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Sophie Fauset
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| | - Carlos A Quesada
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Bradley Christoffersen
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilvan Sampaio
- INPE, Av. Dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jd. Granja, CEP: 12227-010, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bart Kruijt
- ALTERRA, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, National Weather Center, Suite 2100, 120 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK, 73072, USA
| | | | | | - Ieda Amaral
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana Andrade
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luiz E O C Aragao
- Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Prolongacion Bolognesi Mz.e, Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru
| | - Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Eric J M M Arets
- ALTERRA, Wageningen-UR, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Gerardo A Aymard
- UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 112200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jocely Barroso
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus de Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR 1137 "Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestiere", 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Rene Boot
- Tropenbos International, PO Box 232, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Camargo
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jerome Chave
- Université Paul Sabatier CNRS, UMR 5174 Evolution et Diversité Biologique, bâtiment 4R1, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Alvaro Cogollo
- Jardín Botánico de Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe, Calle 73 # 51 D 14 Medellín, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC Room 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Leandro Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2.936, CEP 69067-375, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Euridice N Honorio
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José Quiñones km 2.5, Iquitos, Perú
| | - Tim J Killeen
- World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Susan G Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Juan Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Thomas Lovejoy
- Environmental Science and Policy Department and the Department of Public and International Affairs at George Mason University (GMU), 3351 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, Washington, DC, VA 22201, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Bia Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon
- Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
| | - Darley C L Matos
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Casimiro Mendoza
- Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Av. Final Atahuallpa s/n, Casilla 447, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - David A Neill
- Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Paso lateral km 2 1/2 via Napo, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador
| | - Guido Pardo
- Universidad Autonoma del Beni, Campus Universitario, Av. Ejército Nacional, final, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Prieto
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hirma Ramirez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Agustin Rudas
- Doctorado Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rafael P Salomao
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Braz, CEP: 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Silveira
- Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Stropp
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John Terborgh
- Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Raquel Thomas
- Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, 77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, C.P. 6201, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Rodolfo Vasquez
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Avenida Principal Chorros de Milla, Campus Universitario Forestal, Edificio Principal, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Vincent A Vos
- Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, regional Norte Amazónico, C/Nicanor Gonzalo Salvatierra N° 362, Casilla 16, Riberalta, Bolivia
- Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Avenida 6 de Agosto N° 64, Riberalta, Bolivia
| | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS6 2QT, UK
| |
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