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Rosyadi I, Setsuda A, Eliakunda M, Takano A, Maeda K, Saito-Ito A, Suzuki K, Sato H. Genetic diversity of cervid Trypanosoma theileri in Honshu sika deer ( Cervus nippon) in Japan. Parasitology 2021; 148:1636-1647. [PMID: 34311794 PMCID: PMC11010218 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy of ruminant Trypanosoma theileri and its relatives (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is controversial, with recent phylogenetic studies segregating T. theileri in cattle and other ruminants worldwide into two major genetic lineages (the TthI and TthII clades) based on genetic markers. In the present study, T. theileri-like trypanosomes isolated from Honshu sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the western Japan (YMG isolate) were genetically characterized using a number of genetic markers. Sika deer trypanosomes of the YMG isolate were genetically different from the Trypanosoma sp. TSD1 isolate previously recorded from Hokkaido sika deer in northern Japan, with the former trypanosome isolate being genetically closer to European cervid trypanosomes and the bovine T. theileri TthII lineage. In contrast, the latter isolate exhibited greater relatedness to North American cervid trypanosomes and the bovine T. theileri TthI lineage, although a clear genetic distinction between these was apparent. Furthermore, trypanosomes in Honshu sika deer from the central part of Japan harboured additional genetic diversity and were closer to either TSD1 or YMG isolates, while distinct from known T. theileri-related genotypes. Importantly, cervids and wild ruminants worldwide might harbour divergent descendants of a T. theileri ancestor, which exhibit rigid host specificity to either bovines or cervid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imron Rosyadi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
| | - Aogu Setsuda
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
| | - Mafie Eliakunda
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
- Division of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
- Division of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
| | - Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo650-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Hikiiwa Park Center, 1629 Inari-cho, Tanabe, Wakayama646-0051, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
- Division of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi753-8515, Japan
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Mafie E, Saito-Ito A, Kasai M, Hatta M, Rivera PT, Ma XH, Chen ER, Sato H, Takada N. Integrative taxonomic approach of trypanosomes in the blood of rodents and soricids in Asian countries, with the description of three new species. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:97-109. [PMID: 30353232 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma lewisi (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) with a cosmopolitan distribution is the type species of the subgenus Herpetosoma, which includes ca. 50 nominal species isolated mainly from rodents. Since members of Herpetosoma in different host species have an almost identical morphology of bloodstream forms, these trypanosomes are referred to as 'T. lewisi-like', and the molecular genetic characterization of each species is necessary to verify their taxonomy. In the present study, we collected blood samples from 89 murid rodents of 15 species and 11 soricids of four species in Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Taiwan, and mainland China for the detection of hemoprotozoan infection. T. lewisi and T. lewisi-like trypanosomes were found in the blood smears of 10 murid animals, which included Bandicota indica (two rats), Rattus argentiventer (one rat), and Rattus tiomanicus (two rats) in Indonesia; Rattus rattus (one rat) in the Philippines; and Niviventer confucianus (four rats) in mainland China. Furthermore, large- or medium-sized non-T. lewisi-like trypanosomes were detected in two soricids, Crocidura dracula in Vietnam and Anourosorex yamashinai in Taiwan, respectively. Molecular genetic characterization of the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene indicated that the trypanosomes from all the murid hosts had identical SSU rDNA or gGAPDH gene nucleotide sequences except for those in N. confucianus in mainland China. These N. confucianus-infecting trypanosomes also showed several unique morphological features such as smaller bodies, anteriorly positioned nuclei, and larger rod-shaped kinetoplasts when compared with T. lewisi trypomastigotes. Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) niviventerae n. sp. is erected for this new species. Similarly, based on morphological and molecular genetic characterization, Trypanosoma sapaensis n. sp. and Trypanosoma anourosoricis n. sp. are proposed for the trypanosomes in C. dracula in Vietnam and A. yamashinai in Taiwan, respectively. More effort directed toward the morphological and molecular genetic characterization of the trypanosomes of rodents and soricids is required to fully understand the real biodiversity of their hemoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliakunda Mafie
- Laboratory of Parasitology, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Parasitology, Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
- Section of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-8530, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kasai
- Section of Parasitology, Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Pilarita T Rivera
- Department of Parasitology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, 625 Pedro Gil Street, 1000, Manila, Philippines
| | - Xiao-Hang Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Eng-Rin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Campus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Nobuhiro Takada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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Saito-Ito A, Kawai A, Ohmori S, Nagano-Fujii M. Continuous in vivo culture and indirect fluorescent antibody test for zoonotic protozoa of Babesia microti. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:526-531. [PMID: 27033029 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis has attracted attention as a zoonotic disease. The disease is caused in immunocompetent individuals almost solely by Babesia microti, a rodent babesia. Most cases of human babesiosis by B. microti have been reported in the endemic foci of the Northeastern coastal areas and upper Midwest regions of the United States, while some sporadic cases have recently been reported in several Asian countries including Japan. Our previous surveys identified that four small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrDNA) types of B. microti parasitize Japanese rodents. Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) is often performed for the diagnosis of babesiosis together with microscopical examination of thin blood smears and PCR. We established IFAT against four SSUrDNA-types of B. microti using erythrocytes of SCID mice or Syrian hamsters infected with each SSUrDNA-type B. microti. The results of IFAT for sera of ICR mice or Syrian hamsters infected with each SSUrDNA-type B. microti demonstrated that the four SSUrDNA-types of B. microti have different serotypes. Here, we report technical or practical procedures of IFAT, which gains sufficiently stable results, including procedures of continuous in vivo culture of B. microti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Section of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Kawai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Shiho Ohmori
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Motoko Nagano-Fujii
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
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Ohmori S, Nagano-Fujii M, Saito-Ito A. Development of absolute quantification method for genotype-specific Babesia microti using real-time PCR and practical experimental tips of real-time PCR. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:567-571. [PMID: 26972181 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti, a rodent babesia, is known as a pathogen of zoonosis, human babesiosis, is composed of several genotypes of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrDNA) and different genotypes have been suggested to have different infectivity and pathogenicity to humans. We established a real-time PCR assay using SYBR Green I, which allows specific detection and absolute quantification for each SSUrDNA-type-B. microti of four SSUrDNA-types found in Japanese rodents even in mixed infection. In this assay, four genotype-specific primer pairs targeted on internal transcribed spacer 1 or 2 sequences were used. Primer pairs have the characteristics for a high specificity for homologous genotype DNA. The calibration curves of cycle threshold (Ct) values versus log concentrations of DNA for all four genotypes were linear over 107 fold range of DNA concentrations with correlation coefficient from 0.95 to 1 and sufficient amplification efficiency from 90% to 110%. The standard curves for all four genotypes were not changed even in the presence of heterologous DNA. In this paper, we introduce how to establish and perform the genotype-specific real-time PCR and our practical experimental tips to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ohmori
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Motoko Nagano-Fujii
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan
| | - Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Section of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan.
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Abstract
Babesia microti protozoa were detected by light and electron microscopy in the salivary glands of field-collected Ixodes ovatus ticks; 6 of 85 adult ticks were demonstrated to be positive for B. microti DNA by polymerase chain reaction assays. In the salivary glands of unfed ticks, B. microti existed in the sporoblast stage in the granular acinus cells, and developed into the sporozoite stage during feeding on the host for 2 days. The present results indicated for the first time that I. ovatus can indeed carry B. microti and is not infected mechanically with the parasites by blood-sucking. This frequent infection of I. ovatus with B. microti demonstrates the significance of such a vector-pathogen relationship in Japan, and strongly suggests that I. ovatus is involved in the maintenance of B. microti in the fauna of Japanese rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan.
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Saito-Ito A, Kasahara M, Kasai M, Dantrakool A, Kawai A, Fujita H, Yano Y, Kawabata H, Takada N. Survey ofBabesia microtiInfection in Field Rodents in Japan: Records of the Kobe-Type in New Foci and Findings of a New Type Related to the Otsu-Type. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:15-24. [PMID: 17237595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Of 247 rodents comprising 5 genera and 7 species collected at 17 sites throughout Japan from 2003 to 2005, Babesia microti was detected microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 36 rodents comprising 2 genera and 3 species from 12 sites. Based on the analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrDNA) sequences, the Kobe-type, the etiological type of the first Japanese case of human infection was found in Apodemus speciosus and Apodemus argenteus in Aomori, the northernmost prefecture of the Japanese mainland, while the U.S.-type was found on Hokkaido Island and the Otsu-type was widely distributed. In addition, a new Otsu-related type was detected exclusively in Eothenomys andersoni in Nagano, a prefecture in central Japan. The sequences of internal transcribed spacer 1 to 2 (ITS1/2) of the present Kobe- and Otsu-types were almost identical to those of the same types previously identified. The ITS1/2 sequence of the U.S.-type identified in Hokkaido in this survey was somewhat different from that of the U.S.-type strain originating from the U.S.A., with approximately 95% identity. This value was similar to the 94% identity found between the ITS1/2 sequences of the Otsu-type and the new Otsu-related type. The new Otsu-related type of B. microti was isolated as the Nagano strain, which was serologically differentiated from the other type strains of B. microti. The divergence and distribution of genotypes are important factors in investigating the epidemiology of human B. microti infection in Japan.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Babesia microti/classification
- Babesia microti/genetics
- Babesia microti/isolation & purification
- Babesiosis/epidemiology
- Babesiosis/parasitology
- Babesiosis/veterinary
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Intergenic/analysis
- DNA, Intergenic/chemistry
- DNA, Intergenic/genetics
- DNA, Protozoan/analysis
- DNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Japan/epidemiology
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rodent Diseases/epidemiology
- Rodent Diseases/parasitology
- Rodentia
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Parasitology, Division of Microbiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Ohmori S, Kawai A, Takada N, Saito-Ito A. Development of real-time PCR assay for differential detection and quantification for multiple Babesia microti-genotypes. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:403-9. [PMID: 21723958 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a real-time PCR assay that can rapidly and differentially detect and quantify four genotypes of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSUrDNA) of Babesia microti (Kobe-, Otsu-, Nagano- and US-types). In this assay, four genotype-specific pairs of primers targeted on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 or 2 sequences were used and amplicons by each pair of primers were quantitatively detected by fluorescent SYBR Green I. The four genotype-specific pairs of primers displayed the high specificity for homologous genotype DNA. The standard curves of cycle threshold (Ct) values versus amount of target DNA per reaction (log) for all four genotypes were linear and the correlation coefficient (Rsq) values for the curves were from 0.970 to 0.997. The standard curves were almost identical even in the presence of heterologous genotype DNA. This assay could detect 10-30 fg purified DNA (equivalent to the amount of 1-5 parasite DNA) of each genotype B. microti. This assay could also detect each genotype B. microti infection in blood with 3×10(-6)%-1×10(-5)% parasitemia. This assay was applicable to field rodent and tick samples to reveal mixed infection in several samples, for which a single genotype of B. microti had been detected by direct sequencing analyses in our previous studies. This assay also seemed to be applicable to clinical human samples, showing Kobe-type positive results for the first Japanese babesiosis patient and the asymptomatic donor, both infected with Kobe-type B. microti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ohmori
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Luo Y, Jia H, Terkawi MA, Goo YK, Kawano S, Ooka H, Li Y, Yu L, Cao S, Yamagishi J, Fujisaki K, Nishikawa Y, Saito-Ito A, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Identification and characterization of a novel secreted antigen 1 of Babesia microti and evaluation of its potential use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic test. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kawai A, Arita N, Matsumoto Y, Kawabata M, Chowdhury MS, Saito-Ito A. Efficacy of chloroquine plus primaquine treatment and pfcrt mutation in uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Rangamati, Bangladesh. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:341-6. [PMID: 21645634 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A combination of chloroquine (CQ) and primaquine (PQ) had been used as the first-line treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Rangamati, Bangladesh until the end of 2004. Doctors or medical staffs had felt that CQ plus PQ had become less effective against uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients, but that it was more effective against the minority-indigenous patients than the Bengali patients. The efficacy of CQ plus PQ and the mutation status of the CQ resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene of infecting P. falciparum were, thus, investigated for 45 uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients in Rangamati in 2004. The total failure rate was 57.8%. One or two pfcrt sequences (CIETH and SMNTH at positions 72, 74-76, and 97, mutation underlined) with K76T mutation known to be related to CQ-resistant phenotype were detected in 38 patients' blood samples. Of the 38 patients, in total 15 patients (14/25 minority-indigenous and 1/13 Bengali patients) resulted in adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). There was a statistically significant difference in ACPR rate between the minority-indigenous patients and the Bengali patients. P. falciparum with mutant or resistant pfcrt (pfcrt-resistant) was detected by PCR in blood samples on day 28 for 10 ACPR minority-indigenous patients but not for the only one Bengali ACPR patient, who all were infected with pfcrt-resistant P. falciparum on day 0. The minority-indigenous patients, but not Bengalis, are suggested to be often cured by CQ plus PQ, leaving a very few parasites detectable only by PCR, even when they are infected with pfcrt-resistant P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kawai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Saito-Ito A, Yano Y, Dantrakool A, Hashimoto T, Takada N. Survey of rodents and ticks in human babesiosis emergence area in Japan: first detection of Babesia microti-like parasites in Ixodes ovatus. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2268-70. [PMID: 15131209 PMCID: PMC404679 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2268-2270.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia microti-like parasites were detected for the first time in Ixodes ovatus in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, where two reported types of B. microti-like parasites were recognized in many rodents. Of 80 adult I. ovatus ticks collected, 5 possessed the reported type and 1 possessed a new type of B. microti-like parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Genome Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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Dantrakool A, Somboon P, Hashimoto T, Saito-Ito A. Identification of a new type of Babesia species in wild rats (Bandicota indica) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:850-4. [PMID: 14766871 PMCID: PMC344436 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.850-854.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of rodent babesia, which resembled Babesia microti but was phylogenetically placed closest, with the highest level of statistical support, to Babesia canis, a canine babesia, was identified in Thai Bandicota indica in Thai provinces to which malaria is endemic. Close watch should be kept on human babesiosis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Dantrakool
- Department of Genome Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017
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Saito-Ito A, Dantrakool A, Kawai A, Yano Y, Takada N. [Babesiosis]. Nihon Rinsho 2003; 61 Suppl 2:623-8. [PMID: 12722292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Saito-Ito
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Genome Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Abstract
We have established a rapid, simple and sensitive flow cytometric system for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum that involves lysing erythrocytes and staining parasites at the same time using a newly developed hemolysing and staining solution containing dodecyl methyl ammonium chloride and acridine orange. In this system, freed parasites of P. falciparum could be plotted separately from erythrocyte ghosts, white blood cells and platelets on the two-dimensional scattergram of forward-angle light scatter and green fluorescence by flow cytometry with an argon laser. It took only 2-3 min per sample to obtain the scattergram and analyze the data, including the time of sample preparation for flow cytometric analysis. Sample preparation with this method does not require any difficult handling procedures. The threshold of parasite detection was almost equal to that of microscopic examination for cultured P. falciparum. The results of drug-susceptibility assays using this system were also almost identical to those obtained using microscopic examination. In this system, parasites at different erythrocytic stages could be easily distinguished. This system must prove useful and practical for basic laboratory studies of P. falciparum including those requiring the differential measurement of parasites at specific erythrocytic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saito-Ito
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 650-0017, Kobe, Japan.
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Saito-Ito A, Yagi K, Saito N. Distinct distribution of four Ca2+-dependent subtypes of protein kinase C in rat olfactory bulb; definite expression of betaII-subtype in the accessory olfactory bulb. Neurochem Int 2001; 39:267-74. [PMID: 11551666 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The localization of four subtypes of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) in the main and accessory olfactory bulb was examined by immunocytochemistry by using specific antibodies against each PKC subtype. In the main olfactory bulb, alpha-PKC was densely localized in a large number of granule cells and in a few tufted cells, and faint immunoreactivity was seen in some periglomerular cells. betaI-PKC was intensely found in periglomerular cells and tufted cells. gamma-PKC immunoreactivity was present in the external plexiform layer, the internal plexiform layer, and the granular layer, but the immunoreactivity was found only in the neuropils. Little, if any, betaII-PKC was seen in the main olfactory bulb. On the other hand, the intense immunoreactivity for betaII-PKC was seen in periglomerular cells of the accessory olfactory bulb. The betaI-PKC and gamma-PKC were also present in periglomerular cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, while alpha-PKC was localized only in granule cells. Double staining study in the accessory olfactory bulb showed that betaII-PKC was present in the GABAergic periglomerular cells, while betaI-PKC localized to the non-GABAergic periglomerular cells; gamma-PKC was expressed in both GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells. These findings suggest that four calcium-dependent subtypes of PKC play different roles in the olfactory bulb and definite expression of betaII-PKC strongly suggested the involvement of this subtype in a specific function in the accessory olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saito-Ito
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 650-0017, Kobe, Japan
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15
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Saito-Ito A, Tsuji M, Wei Q, He S, Matsui T, Kohsaki M, Arai S, Kamiyama T, Hioki K, Ishihara C. Transfusion-acquired, autochthonous human babesiosis in Japan: isolation of Babesia microti-like parasites with hu-RBC-SCID mice. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4511-6. [PMID: 11101588 PMCID: PMC87629 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.12.4511-4516.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated piroplasms from a patient who developed the first case of human babesiosis in Japan by using NOD/shi-scid mice whose circulating erythrocytes (RBCs) had been replaced with human RBCs (hu-RBC-SCID mice). Following inoculation of the patient's blood specimen into hu-RBC-SCID mice, parasites proliferated within the human RBCs in the mice, resulting in a high level of parasitemia. Parasite DNA was prepared from blood samples of the patient and the mice, and the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene (rDNA) was amplified and sequenced. Both DNA samples gave rise to identical sequences which showed the highest degree of homology (99.2%) with the Babesia microti rDNA. Because the patient had received a blood transfusion before the onset of babesiosis, we investigated the eight donors who were involved. Their archived blood samples were analyzed for specific antibody and parasite DNA; only a single donor was found to be positive by both tests, and the parasite rDNA sequence from the donor coincided with that derived from the patient. The donor's serum exhibited a high antibody titer against the isolate from the patient, whereas it exhibited only a weak cross-reaction against B. microti strains isolated in the United States. We conclude that the first Japanese babesiosis case occurred due to a blood transfusion and that the etiological agent is an indigenous Japanese parasite which may be a geographical variant of B. microti. Our results also demonstrated the usefulness of hu-RBC-SCID mice for isolation of parasites from humans and for maintenance of the parasite infectivity for human RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saito-Ito
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe 650-0017, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-8501, Japan
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16
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Matsui T, Inoue R, Kajimoto K, Tamekane A, Okamura A, Katayama Y, Shimoyama M, Chihara K, Saito-Ito A, Tsuji M. [First documentation of transfusion-associated babesiosis in Japan]. Rinsho Ketsueki 2000; 41:628-34. [PMID: 11020989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A 40-year-old man received blood transfusion in December 1998 because of gastric bleeding from a peptic ulcer. One month later, he developed febrile hemolytic anemia. Administration of high doses of glucocorticoid significantly reduced the hemolysis, but did not cure the disease. To investigate the cause of the hemolysis, the patient was transferred to our hospital in May 1999. Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears showed Babesia parasites in the red blood cells (RBC), and PCR analysis confirmed the presence of Babesia microti DNA. The parasitemia disappeared hematologically after 2 weeks of quinine and clindamycin therapy. However, parasite DNA was still detectable in the RBC. Although treatment with oral atovaquone was given for 2 weeks, parasitemia and febrile hemolysis recurred within a month after the last treatment. Fortunately, complete remission was obtained after a second 12-week course of therapy with quinine and clindamycin. PCR analysis revealed asymptomatic Babesia infection in one of eight samples from the original blood donor. The initial steroid therapy given to the patient without an accurate diagnosis seemed to have delayed augmentation of the specific antibodies (IgG) against Babesia microti, thus prolonging the parasitemia after the initial acute stage of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine
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17
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He S, Saito-Ito A, Tanabe K, Matsumura T. Plasmodium falciparum: effective use of the CO(2)-NaHCO(3) buffer system for evaluating chloroquine resistance. Exp Parasitol 2000; 94:121-4. [PMID: 10673348 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S He
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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18
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Kimura M, Tanabe K, Krishna S, Tsuboi T, Saito-Ito A, Otani S, Ogura H. Gametocyte-dominant expression of a novel P-type ATPase in Plasmodium yoelii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999; 104:331-6. [PMID: 10593186 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(99)00153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kimura
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
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Tanabe K, Sakihama N, Kaneko O, Saito-Ito A, Kimura M. A PCR method for molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Msp-1. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1998; 23:375-81. [PMID: 10622635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum is a strong malaria vaccine candidate. However, MSP-1 exhibits extensive antigenic polymorphism, an issue which may compromise the development of effective vaccine based on this molecule. Since polymorphic nature of MSP-1 has not been fully understood in endemic areas of malaria, variation of the MSP-1 gene (Msp-1) must be studied in detail in natural parasite populations. Here, a PCR-based method for determination of P. falciparum Msp-1 haplotype is described, which can detect up to 24 different haplotypes per infected person. The method can be applied to various purposes of molecular epidemiology of not only Msp-1 haplotype but the genetic structure of P. falciparum populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanabe
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan
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20
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He S, Saito-Ito A, Tanabe K, Matsumura T. Inappropriate use of CO2-bicarbonate buffer for cultivating P. Falciparum. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Asao N, Saito-Ito A, He S, Tanabe K, Matsumura T. Analysis of stage-specific protein kinases by in-gel kinase assay in malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Saito-Ito A, Akai Y, He S, Kawabata M, Tanabe K, Matsumura J. Development of new system for analyzing malaria parasites using flow cytometry. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yokoyama D, Saito-Ito A, Asao N, Tanabe K, Yamamoto M, Matsumura T. Modulation of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro by protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:18-23. [PMID: 9636646 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the physiological roles of the protein serine/threonine phosphatases of P. falciparum, first we identified and characterized phosphatase activities of Plasmodium falciparum enzymologically and pharmacologically. We have demonstrated that P. falciparum possesses phosphatase-1-like activities predominantly over phosphatase-2A-like activities, while erythrocytes possess mainly phosphatase-2A-like activities. Then, we examined the effects of okadaic acid and calyculin A, potent inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, on the growth of P. falciparum in vitro. Both of the drugs inhibited parasite growth dose dependently. The manner of growth inhibition by calyculin A and okadaic acid suggested that these drugs inhibit parasite growth mainly by inhibiting parasite phosphatase-1-like activities. Both drugs were shown to inhibit the growth of three different developmental stages of parasites--ring forms, trophozoites, and schizonts--and inhibit trophozoites the most. This is the first report on P. falciparum protein serine/threonine phosphatase activities, which are essential to regulate the erythrocytic stage of parasite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yokoyama
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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Saito-Ito A, He S, Kimura M, Matsumura T, Tanabe K. Cloning and structural analysis of the gene for cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit from Plasmodium yoelii. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1269:1-5. [PMID: 7578264 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(95)00119-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We isolated the gene encoding the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (cAPK[C]) from Plasmodium yoelii by screening a genomic library for the DNA fragment as produced by the polymerase chain reaction. The deduced protein of 341 amino acids conserves residues that are important for the function of serine/threonine protein kinases and shows the highest homology to cAPK[C]s of other organisms. However, P. yoelii cAPK[C] has 8 residues, which are perfectly conserved in cAPK[C]s of other organisms, radically replaced with residues having different side-chain properties. It is stressed that two radical replacements occur in regions for the binding with a regulatory subunit and/or a heat-stable inhibitor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saito-Ito
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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