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Vozenin MC, Alaghband Y, Drayson OGG, Piaget F, Leavitt R, Allen BD, Doan NL, Rostomyan T, Stabilini A, Reggiani D, Hajdas W, Yukihara EG, Norbury JW, Bailat C, Desorgher L, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. More May Not be Better: Enhanced Spacecraft Shielding May Exacerbate Cognitive Decrements by Increasing Pion Exposures during Deep Space Exploration. Radiat Res 2024; 201:93-103. [PMID: 38171489 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00241.1.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The pervasiveness of deep space radiation remains a confounding factor for the transit of humans through our solar system. Spacecraft shielding both protects astronauts but also contributes to absorbed dose through galactic cosmic ray interactions that produce secondary particles. The resultant biological effects drop to a minimum for aluminum shielding around 20 g/cm2 but increase with additional shielding. The present work evaluates for the first time, the impact of secondary pions on central nervous system functionality. The fractional pion dose emanating from thicker shielded spacecraft regions could contribute up to 10% of the total absorbed radiation dose. New results from the Paul Scherrer Institute have revealed that low dose exposures to 150 MeV positive and negative pions, akin to a Mars mission, result in significant, long-lasting cognitive impairments. These surprising findings emphasize the need to carefully evaluate shielding configurations to optimize safe exposure limits for astronauts during deep space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Olivia G G Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Filippo Piaget
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ron Leavitt
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Ngoc-Lien Doan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Desorgher
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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Allen BD, Alaghband Y, Kramár EA, Ru N, Petit B, Grilj V, Petronek MS, Pulliam CF, Kim RY, Doan NL, Baulch JE, Wood MA, Bailat C, Spitz DR, Vozenin MC, Limoli CL. Elucidating the neurological mechanism of the FLASH effect in juvenile mice exposed to hypofractionated radiotherapy. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:927-939. [PMID: 36334265 PMCID: PMC10158064 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrahigh dose-rate radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) affords improvements in the therapeutic index by minimizing normal tissue toxicities without compromising antitumor efficacy compared to conventional dose-rate radiotherapy (CONV-RT). To investigate the translational potential of FLASH-RT to a human pediatric medulloblastoma brain tumor, we used a radiosensitive juvenile mouse model to assess adverse long-term neurological outcomes. METHODS Cohorts of 3-week-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice exposed to hypofractionated (2 × 10 Gy, FLASH-RT or CONV-RT) whole brain irradiation and unirradiated controls underwent behavioral testing to ascertain cognitive status four months posttreatment. Animals were sacrificed 6 months post-irradiation and tissues were analyzed for neurological and cerebrovascular decrements. RESULTS The neurological impact of FLASH-RT was analyzed over a 6-month follow-up. FLASH-RT ameliorated neurocognitive decrements induced by CONV-RT and preserved synaptic plasticity and integrity at the electrophysiological (long-term potentiation), molecular (synaptophysin), and structural (Bassoon/Homer-1 bouton) levels in multiple brain regions. The benefits of FLASH-RT were also linked to reduced neuroinflammation (activated microglia) and the preservation of the cerebrovascular structure, by maintaining aquaporin-4 levels and minimizing microglia colocalized to vessels. CONCLUSIONS Hypofractionated FLASH-RT affords significant and long-term normal tissue protection in the radiosensitive juvenile mouse brain when compared to CONV-RT. The capability of FLASH-RT to preserve critical cognitive outcomes and electrophysiological properties over 6-months is noteworthy and highlights its potential for resolving long-standing complications faced by pediatric brain tumor survivors. While care must be exercised before clinical translation is realized, present findings document the marked benefits of FLASH-RT that extend from synapse to cognition and the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Eniko A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veljko Grilj
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Petronek
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Casey F Pulliam
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Rachel Y Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Ngoc-Lien Doan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics/CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
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Limoli CL, Allen BD, Kramár EA, Alaghband Y, Vozenin MC. Abstract 2416: Uncovering the protective neurological mechanisms of hypofractionated FLASH radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Implementation of ultra-high dose-rate FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is rapidly gaining traction as a unique cancer treatment modality able to dramatically minimize normal tissue toxicity while maintaining anti-tumor efficacy compared to standard of care radiotherapy at conventional dose rate (CONV-RT). The resultant improvements in the therapeutic index have sparked intense investigations in pursuit of the underlying mechanisms. As a preamble to clinical translation, we exposed non-tumor bearing male and female mice to hypofractionated (3x10 Gy) whole brain FLASH- and CONV-RT to evaluate differential neurological responses using a comprehensive panel of functional and molecular outcomes over a 6-month follow up. In each instance, extensive and rigorous behavioral testing showed FLASH-RT to preserve cognitive indices of learning and memory that corresponded to a similar protection of synaptic plasticity as measured by long-term potentiation (LTP). These beneficial functional outcomes were not found after CONV-RT and were linked to a preservation of synaptic integrity at the molecular (synaptophysin) level and to reductions in neuroinflammation (CD68+ microglia) throughout specific brain regions known to be engaged by our selected cognitive tasks (hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex). Ultra-structural changes in pre/post-synaptic bouton (Bassoon/Homer-1 puncta) within these same regions of the brain were not found to differ in response to dose rate. With this clinically relevant dosing regimen, we provide a mechanistic blueprint from synapse to cognition detailing how FLASH-RT reduces normal tissue complications in the irradiated brain.
Citation Format: Charles L. Limoli, Barrett D. Allen, Eniko A. Kramár, Yasaman Alaghband, Marie-Catherine Vozenin. Uncovering the protective neurological mechanisms of hypofractionated FLASH radiotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2416.
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Alaghband Y, Allen BD, Kramár EA, Zhang R, Drayson OG, Ru N, Petit B, Almeida A, Doan NL, Wood MA, Baulch JE, Ballesteros-Zebadua P, Vozenin MC, Limoli CL. Uncovering the Protective Neurologic Mechanisms of Hypofractionated FLASH Radiotherapy. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:725-737. [PMID: 37377749 PMCID: PMC10135433 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of ultra-high dose-rate FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) is rapidly gaining traction as a unique cancer treatment modality able to dramatically minimize normal tissue toxicity while maintaining antitumor efficacy compared with standard-of-care radiotherapy at conventional dose rate (CONV-RT). The resultant improvements in the therapeutic index have sparked intense investigations in pursuit of the underlying mechanisms. As a preamble to clinical translation, we exposed non-tumor-bearing male and female mice to hypofractionated (3 × 10 Gy) whole brain FLASH- and CONV-RT to evaluate differential neurologic responses using a comprehensive panel of functional and molecular outcomes over a 6-month follow-up. In each instance, extensive and rigorous behavioral testing showed FLASH-RT to preserve cognitive indices of learning and memory that corresponded to a similar protection of synaptic plasticity as measured by long-term potentiation (LTP). These beneficial functional outcomes were not found after CONV-RT and were linked to a preservation of synaptic integrity at the molecular (synaptophysin) level and to reductions in neuroinflammation (CD68+ microglia) throughout specific brain regions known to be engaged by our selected cognitive tasks (hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex). Ultrastructural changes in presynaptic/postsynaptic bouton (Bassoon/Homer-1 puncta) within these same regions of the brain were not found to differ in response to dose rate. With this clinically relevant dosing regimen, we provide a mechanistic blueprint from synapse to cognition detailing how FLASH-RT reduces normal tissue complications in the irradiated brain. Significance Functional preservation of cognition and LTP after hypofractionated FLASH-RT are linked to a protection of synaptic integrity and a reduction in neuroinflammation over protracted after irradiation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Eniko A. Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Richard Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Olivia G.G. Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aymeric Almeida
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ngoc-Lien Doan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Paola Ballesteros-Zebadua
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, México City, México
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
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Luderer U, Lim J, Ortiz L, Nguyen JD, Shin JH, Allen BD, Liao LS, Malott K, Perraud V, Wingen LM, Arechavala RJ, Bliss B, Herman DA, Kleinman MT. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) depletes the ovarian follicle reserve and causes sex-dependent cardiovascular changes in apolipoprotein E null mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:5. [PMID: 34996492 PMCID: PMC8740366 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure accelerates atherosclerosis and contains known ovotoxic chemicals. However, effects of exposure to PM2.5 on the finite ovarian follicle pool have hardly been investigated, nor have interactions between ovarian and cardiovascular effects. We hypothesized that subchronic inhalation exposure to human-relevant concentrations of PM2.5 results in destruction of ovarian follicles via apoptosis induction, as well as accelerated recruitment of primordial follicles into the growing pool. Further, we hypothesized that destruction of ovarian follicles enhances the adverse cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 in females. RESULTS Hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E (Apoe) null ovary-intact or ovariectomized female mice and testis-intact male mice were exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 or filtered air for 12 weeks, 5 days/week for 4 h/day using a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system. Primordial, primary, and secondary ovarian follicle numbers were decreased by 45%, 40%, and 17%, respectively, in PM2.5-exposed ovary-intact mice compared to controls (P < 0.05). The percentage of primary follicles with granulosa cells positive for the mitosis marker Ki67 was increased in the ovaries from PM2.5-exposed females versus controls (P < 0.05), consistent with increased recruitment of primordial follicles into the growing pool. Exposure to PM2.5 increased the percentages of primary and secondary follicles with DNA damage, assessed by γH2AX immunostaining (P < 0.05). Exposure to PM2.5 increased the percentages of apoptotic antral follicles, determined by TUNEL and activated caspase 3 immunostaining (P < 0.05). Removal of the ovaries and PM2.5-exposure exacerbated the atherosclerotic effects of hyperlipidemia in females (P < 0.05). While there were statistically significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate variability in PM2.5-compared to Air-exposed gonad-intact males and females and ovariectomized females, the changes were not consistent between exposure years and assessment methods. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that subchronic PM2.5 exposure depletes the ovarian reserve by increasing recruitment of primordial follicles into the growing pool and increasing apoptosis of growing follicles. Further, PM2.5 exposure and removal of the ovaries each increase atherosclerosis progression in Apoe-/- females. Premature loss of ovarian function is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease in women. Our results thus support possible links between PM2.5 exposure and other adverse health outcomes in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Luderer
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Jinhwan Lim
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Laura Ortiz
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Johnny D. Nguyen
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Joyce H. Shin
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Lisa S. Liao
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Kelli Malott
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Veronique Perraud
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Rebecca J. Arechavala
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Bishop Bliss
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - David A. Herman
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California Irvine, 100 Theory Drive, Suite 100, Irvine, CA 92617 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617 USA
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Allen BD, Limoli CL. Breaking barriers: Neurodegenerative repercussions of radiotherapy induced damage on the blood-brain and blood-tumor barrier. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:189-201. [PMID: 34875340 PMCID: PMC8925982 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to radiation during the treatment of CNS tumors leads to detrimental damage of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in normal tissue. Effects are characterized by leakage of the vasculature which exposes the brain to a host of neurotoxic agents potentially leading to white matter necrosis, parenchymal calcification, and an increased chance of stroke. Vasculature of the blood tumor barrier (BTB) is irregular leading to poorly perfused and hypoxic tissue throughout the tumor that becomes resistant to radiation. While current clinical applications of cranial radiotherapy use dose fractionation to reduce normal tissue damage, these treatments still cause significant alterations to the cells that make up the neurovascular unit of the BBB and BTB. Damage to the vasculature manifests as reduction in tight junction proteins, alterations to membrane transporters, impaired cell signaling, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. While radiotherapy treatments are detrimental to normal tissue, adapting combined strategies with radiation targeted to damage the BTB could aid in drug delivery. Understanding differences between the BBB and the BTB may provide valuable insight allowing clinicians to improve treatment outcomes. Leveraging this information should allow advances in the development of therapeutic modalities that will protect the normal tissue while simultaneously improving CNS tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Vogt JT, Allen BD, Paulsen D, Trout Fryxell RT. A Unique Academic-Government Collaboration Yields First Report of Detailed Habitat Description for Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Madison County, KY. J Med Entomol 2021; 58:1970-1972. [PMID: 33837420 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Asian longhorned tick, was collected in Madison County, Kentucky, United States as part of an ongoing collaborative-tick surveillance project. This is the first collection of this invasive tick that includes ancillary data on habitat and landscape features derived from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Vogt
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 320 E. Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - B D Allen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 4700 Old Kingston Pike, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA
| | - D Paulsen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 2505, 370 E J. Chapman Drive Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - R T Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 2505, 370 E J. Chapman Drive Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Parihar VK, Syage A, Flores L, Lilagan A, Allen BD, Angulo MC, Song J, Smith SM, Arechavala RJ, Giedzinski E, Limoli CL. The Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Reverse Agonist AM251 Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Cognitive Decrements. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:668286. [PMID: 34262437 PMCID: PMC8273551 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.668286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in the radiotherapeutic management of brain malignancies, resultant sequelae include persistent cognitive dysfunction in the majority of survivors. Defining the precise causes of normal tissue toxicity has proven challenging, but the use of preclinical rodent models has suggested that reductions in neurogenesis and microvascular integrity, impaired synaptic plasticity, increased inflammation, and alterations in neuronal structure are contributory if not causal. As such, strategies to reverse these persistent radiotherapy-induced neurological disorders represent an unmet medical need. AM251, a cannabinoid receptor 1 reverse agonist known to facilitate adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, may help to ameliorate radiation-induced CNS impairments. To test this hypothesis, three treatment paradigms were used to evaluate the efficacy of AM251 to ameliorate radiation-induced learning and memory deficits along with disruptions in mood at 4 and 12 weeks postirradiation. Results demonstrated that acute (four weekly injections) and chronic (16 weekly injections) AM251 treatments (1 mg/kg) effectively alleviated cognitive and mood dysfunction in cranially irradiated mice. The beneficial effects of AM251 were exemplified by improved hippocampal- and cortical-dependent memory function on the novel object recognition and object in place tasks, while similar benefits on mood were shown by reductions in depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors on the forced swim test and elevated plus maze. The foregoing neurocognitive benefits were associated with significant increases in newly born (doublecortin+) neurons (1.7-fold), hippocampal neurogenesis (BrdU+/NeuN+mature neurons, 2.5-fold), and reduced expression of the inflammatory mediator HMGB (1.2-fold) in the hippocampus of irradiated mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that AM251 ameliorates the effects of clinically relevant cranial irradiation where overall neurological benefits in memory and mood coincided with increased hippocampal cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and reduced expression of proinflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amber Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lidia Flores
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Angelica Lilagan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maria C Angulo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sarah M Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca J Arechavala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Allen BD, Acharya MM, Montay-Gruel P, Jorge PG, Bailat C, Petit B, Vozenin MC, Limoli C. Maintenance of Tight Junction Integrity in the Absence of Vascular Dilation in the Brain of Mice Exposed to Ultra-High-Dose-Rate FLASH Irradiation. Radiat Res 2021; 194:625-635. [PMID: 33348373 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00060.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent vasculature abnormalities contribute to an altered CNS microenvironment that further compromises the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and exposes the brain to a host of neurotoxic conditions. Standard radiation therapy at conventional (CONV) dose rate elicits short-term damage to the blood-brain barrier by disrupting supportive cells, vasculature volume and tight junction proteins. While current clinical applications of cranial radiotherapy use dose fractionation to reduce normal tissue damage, these treatments still cause significant complications. While dose escalation enhances treatment of radiation-resistant tumors, methods to subvert normal tissue damage are clearly needed. In this regard, we have recently developed a new modality of irradiation based on the use of ultra-high-dose-rate FLASH that does not induce the classical pathogenic patterns caused by CONV irradiation. In previous work, we optimized the physical parameters required to minimize normal brain toxicity (i.e., FLASH, instantaneous intra-pulse dose rate, 6.9 · 106 Gy/s, at a mean dose rate of 2,500 Gy/s), which we then used in the current study to determine the effect of FLASH on the integrity of the vasculature and the blood-brain barrier. Both early (24 h, one week) and late (one month) timepoints postirradiation were investigated using C57Bl/6J female mice exposed to whole-brain irradiation delivered in single doses of 25 Gy and 10 Gy, respectively, using CONV (0.09 Gy/s) or FLASH (>106 Gy/s). While the majority of changes found one day postirradiation were minimal, FLASH was found to reduce levels of apoptosis in the neurogenic regions of the brain at this time. At one week and one month postirradiation, CONV was found to induce vascular dilation, a well described sign of vascular alteration, while FLASH minimized these effects. These results were positively correlated with and temporally coincident to changes in the immunostaining of the vasodilator eNOS colocalized to the vasculature, suggestive of possible dysregulation in blood flow at these latter times. Overall expression of the tight junction proteins, occludin and claudin-5, which was significantly reduced after CONV irradiation, remained unchanged in the FLASH-irradiated brains at one and four weeks postirradiation. Our data further confirm that, compared to isodoses of CONV irradiation known to elicit detrimental effects, FLASH does not damage the normal vasculature. These data now provide the first evidence that FLASH preserves microvasculature integrity in the brain, which may prove beneficial to cognition while allowing for better tumor control in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Goncalves Jorge
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Radiation Physics/CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics/CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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Montay-Gruel P, Markarian M, Allen BD, Baddour JD, Giedzinski E, Jorge PG, Petit B, Bailat C, Vozenin MC, Limoli C, Acharya MM. Ultra-High-Dose-Rate FLASH Irradiation Limits Reactive Gliosis in the Brain. Radiat Res 2021; 194:636-645. [PMID: 32853387 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00067.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Encephalic radiation therapy delivered at a conventional dose rate (CONV, 0.1-2.0 Gy/min) elicits a variety of temporally distinct damage signatures that invariably involve persistent indications of neuroinflammation. Past work has shown an involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in modulating the central nervous system (CNS) radiation injury response, where elevations in astrogliosis, microgliosis and cytokine signaling define a complex pattern of normal tissue toxicities that never completely resolve. These side effects constitute a major limitation in the management of CNS malignancies in both adult and pediatric patients. The advent of a novel ultra-high dose-rate irradiation modality termed FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT, instantaneous dose rates ≥106 Gy/s; 10 Gy delivered in 1-10 pulses of 1.8 µs) has been reported to minimize a range of normal tissue toxicities typically concurrent with CONV exposures, an effect that has been coined the "FLASH effect." Since the FLASH effect has now been found to significantly limit persistent inflammatory signatures in the brain, we sought to further elucidate whether changes in astrogliosis might account for the differential dose-rate response of the irradiated brain. Here we report that markers selected for activated astrogliosis and immune signaling in the brain (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP; toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) are expressed at reduced levels after FLASH irradiation compared to CONV-irradiated animals. Interestingly, while FLASH-RT did not induce astrogliosis and TLR4, the expression level of complement C1q and C3 were found to be elevated in both FLASH and CONV irradiation modalities compared to the control. Although functional outcomes in the CNS remain to be cross-validated in response to the specific changes in protein expression reported, the data provide compelling evidence that distinguishes the dose-rate response of normal tissue injury in the irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Mineh Markarian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Jabra D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Patrik Goncalves Jorge
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology. Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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Klein PM, Parihar VK, Szabo GG, Zöldi M, Angulo MC, Allen BD, Amin AN, Nguyen QA, Katona I, Baulch JE, Limoli CL, Soltesz I. Detrimental impacts of mixed-ion radiation on nervous system function. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 151:105252. [PMID: 33418069 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), composed of highly energetic and fully ionized atomic nuclei, produces diverse deleterious effects on the body. In researching the neurological risks of GCR exposures, including during human spaceflight, various ground-based single-ion GCR irradiation paradigms induce differential disruptions of cellular activity and overall behavior. However, it remains less clear how irradiation comprising a mix of multiple ions, more accurately recapitulating the space GCR environment, impacts the central nervous system. We therefore examined how mixed-ion GCR irradiation (two similar 5-6 beam combinations of protons, helium, oxygen, silicon and iron ions) influenced neuronal connectivity, functional generation of activity within neural circuits and cognitive behavior in mice. In electrophysiological recordings we find that space-relevant doses of mixed-ion GCR preferentially alter hippocampal inhibitory neurotransmission and produce related disruptions in the local field potentials of hippocampal oscillations. Such underlying perturbation in hippocampal network activity correspond with perturbed learning, memory and anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States of America.
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Gergely G Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - Miklós Zöldi
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria C Angulo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Amal N Amin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Quynh-Anh Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States of America
| | - István Katona
- Momentum Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States of America; Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States of America
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Parihar VK, Angulo MC, Allen BD, Syage A, Usmani MT, Passerat de la Chapelle E, Amin AN, Flores L, Lin X, Giedzinski E, Limoli CL. Sex-Specific Cognitive Deficits Following Space Radiation Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:535885. [PMID: 33192361 PMCID: PMC7525092 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.535885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation fields in space define tangible risks to the health of astronauts, and significant work in rodent models has clearly shown a variety of exposure paradigms to compromise central nervous system (CNS) functionality. Despite our current knowledge, sex differences regarding the risks of space radiation exposure on cognitive function remain poorly understood, which is potentially problematic given that 30% of astronauts are women. While work from us and others have demonstrated pronounced cognitive decrements in male mice exposed to charged particle irradiation, here we show that female mice exhibit significant resistance to adverse neurocognitive effects of space radiation. The present findings indicate that male mice exposed to low doses (≤30 cGy) of energetic (400 MeV/n) helium ions (4He) show significantly higher levels of neuroinflammation and more extensive cognitive deficits than females. Twelve weeks following 4He ion exposure, irradiated male mice demonstrated significant deficits in object and place recognition memory accompanied by activation of microglia, marked upregulation of hippocampal Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory marker high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Additionally, we determined that exposure to 4He ions caused a significant decline in the number of dendritic branch points and total dendritic length along with the hippocampus neurons in female mice. Interestingly, only male mice showed a significant decline of dendritic spine density following irradiation. These data indicate that fundamental differences in inflammatory cascades between male and female mice may drive divergent CNS radiation responses that differentially impact the structural plasticity of neurons and neurocognitive outcomes following cosmic radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Maria C Angulo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amber Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Manal T Usmani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Amal Nayan Amin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lidia Flores
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Allen BD, Syage AR, Maroso M, Baddour AAD, Luong V, Minasyan H, Giedzinski E, West BL, Soltesz I, Limoli CL, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Mitigation of helium irradiation-induced brain injury by microglia depletion. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:159. [PMID: 32429943 PMCID: PMC7236926 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cosmic radiation exposures have been found to elicit cognitive impairments involving a wide-range of underlying neuropathology including elevated oxidative stress, neural stem cell loss, and compromised neuronal architecture. Cognitive impairments have also been associated with sustained microglia activation following low dose exposure to helium ions. Space-relevant charged particles elicit neuroinflammation that persists long-term post-irradiation. Here, we investigated the potential neurocognitive benefits of microglia depletion following low dose whole body exposure to helium ions. Methods Adult mice were administered a dietary inhibitor (PLX5622) of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) to deplete microglia 2 weeks after whole body helium irradiation (4He, 30 cGy, 400 MeV/n). Cohorts of mice maintained on a normal and PLX5622 diet were tested for cognitive function using seven independent behavioral tasks, microglial activation, hippocampal neuronal morphology, spine density, and electrophysiology properties 4–6 weeks later. Results PLX5622 treatment caused a rapid and near complete elimination of microglia in the brain within 3 days of treatment. Irradiated animals on normal diet exhibited a range of behavioral deficits involving the medial pre-frontal cortex and hippocampus and increased microglial activation. Animals on PLX5622 diet exhibited no radiation-induced cognitive deficits, and expression of resting and activated microglia were almost completely abolished, without any effects on the oligodendrocyte progenitors, throughout the brain. While PLX5622 treatment was found to attenuate radiation-induced increases in post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) puncta and to preserve mushroom type spine densities, other morphologic features of neurons and electrophysiologic measures of intrinsic excitability were relatively unaffected. Conclusions Our data suggest that microglia play a critical role in cosmic radiation-induced cognitive deficits in mice and, that approaches targeting microglial function are poised to provide considerable benefit to the brain exposed to charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mattia Maroso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Valerie Luong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Harutyun Minasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Allen BD, Apodaca LA, Syage AR, Markarian M, Baddour AAD, Minasyan H, Alikhani L, Lu C, West BL, Giedzinski E, Baulch JE, Acharya MM. Attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses Adriamycin-induced cognitive impairments. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:186. [PMID: 31753024 PMCID: PMC6868786 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have established the debilitating neurocognitive side effects of chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer, often referred as chemobrain. We hypothesize that cognitive impairments are associated with elevated microglial inflammation in the brain. Thus, either elimination of microglia or restoration of microglial function could ameliorate cognitive dysfunction. Using a rodent model of chronic Adriamycin (ADR) treatment, a commonly used breast cancer chemotherapy, we evaluated two strategies to ameliorate chemobrain: 1) microglia depletion using the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 and 2) human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG)-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) treatment. In strategy 1 mice received ADR once weekly for 4 weeks and were then administered CSF1R inhibitor (PLX5622) starting 72 h post-ADR treatment. ADR-treated animals given a normal diet exhibited significant behavioral deficits and increased microglial activation 4–6 weeks later. PLX5622-treated mice exhibited no ADR-related cognitive deficits and near complete depletion of IBA-1 and CD68+ microglia in the brain. Cytokine and RNA sequencing analysis for inflammation pathways validated these findings. In strategy 2, 1 week after the last ADR treatment, mice received retro-orbital vein injections of iMG-EV (once weekly for 4 weeks) and 1 week later, mice underwent behavior testing. ADR-treated mice receiving EV showed nearly complete restoration of cognitive function and significant reductions in microglial activation as compared to untreated ADR mice. Our data demonstrate that ADR treatment elevates CNS inflammation that is linked to cognitive dysfunction and that attenuation of neuroinflammation reverses the adverse neurocognitive effects of chemotherapy.
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Montay-Gruel P, Acharya MM, Petersson K, Alikhani L, Yakkala C, Allen BD, Ollivier J, Petit B, Jorge PG, Syage AR, Nguyen TA, Baddour AAD, Lu C, Singh P, Moeckli R, Bochud F, Germond JF, Froidevaux P, Bailat C, Bourhis J, Vozenin MC, Limoli CL. Long-term neurocognitive benefits of FLASH radiotherapy driven by reduced reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10943-10951. [PMID: 31097580 PMCID: PMC6561167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901777116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we highlight the potential translational benefits of delivering FLASH radiotherapy using ultra-high dose rates (>100 Gy⋅s-1). Compared with conventional dose-rate (CONV; 0.07-0.1 Gy⋅s-1) modalities, we showed that FLASH did not cause radiation-induced deficits in learning and memory in mice. Moreover, 6 months after exposure, CONV caused permanent alterations in neurocognitive end points, whereas FLASH did not induce behaviors characteristic of anxiety and depression and did not impair extinction memory. Mechanistic investigations showed that increasing the oxygen tension in the brain through carbogen breathing reversed the neuroprotective effects of FLASH, while radiochemical studies confirmed that FLASH produced lower levels of the toxic reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide. In addition, FLASH did not induce neuroinflammation, a process described as oxidative stress-dependent, and was also associated with a marked preservation of neuronal morphology and dendritic spine density. The remarkable normal tissue sparing afforded by FLASH may someday provide heretofore unrealized opportunities for dose escalation to the tumor bed, capabilities that promise to hasten the translation of this groundbreaking irradiation modality into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Montay-Gruel
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Kristoffer Petersson
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Leila Alikhani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Chakradhar Yakkala
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Jonathan Ollivier
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Gonçalves Jorge
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Amber R Syage
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Thuan A Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Celine Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Paramvir Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695
| | - Raphael Moeckli
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - François Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Germond
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Froidevaux
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bailat
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne VD-1011, Switzerland
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695;
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Brown MR, Baptista JC, Lunn M, Swan DL, Smith SJ, Davenport RJ, Allen BD, Sloan WT, Curtis TP. Coupled virus - bacteria interactions and ecosystem function in an engineered microbial system. Water Res 2019; 152:264-273. [PMID: 30682570 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are thought to control bacterial abundance, affect community composition and influence ecosystem function in natural environments. Yet their dynamics have seldom been studied in engineered systems, or indeed in any system, for long periods of time. We measured virus abundance in a full-scale activated sludge plant every week for two years. Total bacteria and ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) abundances, bacterial community profiles, and a suite of environmental and operational parameters were also monitored. Mixed liquor virus abundance fluctuated over an order of magnitude (3.18 × 108-3.41 × 109 virus's mL-1) and that variation was statistically significantly associated with total bacterial and AOB abundance, community composition, and effluent concentrations of COD and NH4+- N and thus system function. This suggests viruses play a far more important role in the dynamics of activated sludge systems than previously realised and could be one of the key factors controlling bacterial abundance, community structure and functional stability and may cause reactors to fail. These findings are based on statistical associations, not mechanistic models. Nevertheless, viral associations with abiotic factors, such as pH, make physical sense, giving credence to these findings and highlighting the role that physical factors play in virus ecology. Further work is needed to identify and quantify specific bacteriophage and their hosts to enable us to develop mechanistic models of the ecology of viruses in wastewater treatment systems. However, since we have shown that viruses can be related to effluent quality and virus quantification is simple and cheap, practitioners would probably benefit from quantifying viruses now.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Brown
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - J C Baptista
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - M Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - D L Swan
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - S J Smith
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - R J Davenport
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - B D Allen
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - W T Sloan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - T P Curtis
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK
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Parihar VK, Maroso M, Syage A, Allen BD, Angulo MC, Soltesz I, Limoli CL. Persistent nature of alterations in cognition and neuronal circuit excitability after exposure to simulated cosmic radiation in mice. Exp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Allen BD, Acharya MM, Lu C, Giedzinski E, Chmielewski NN, Quach D, Hefferan M, Johe KK, Limoli CL. Remediation of Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction through Oral Administration of the Neuroprotective Compound NSI-189. Radiat Res 2018; 189:345-353. [PMID: 29351056 DOI: 10.1667/rr14879.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) malignancies frequently includes radiotherapy to forestall tumor growth and recurrence after surgical resection. While cranial radiotherapy remains beneficial, adult and pediatric brain tumor survivors suffer from a wide range of debilitating and progressive cognitive deficits. Although this has been recognized as a significant problem for decades, there remains no clinical recourse for the unintended neurocognitive sequelae associated with these types of cancer treatments. In previous work, multiple mechanisms have been identified that contribute to radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction, including the inhibition of neurogenesis caused by the depletion of radiosensitive populations of stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus. To explore the potential neuroprotective properties of a pro-neurogenic compound NSI-189, Long-Evans rats were subjected to a clinically relevant fractionated irradiation protocol followed by four weeks of NSI-189 administered daily by oral gavage. Animals were then subjected to five different behavioral tasks followed by an analysis of neurogenesis, hippocampal volume and neuroinflammation. Irradiated cohorts manifested significant behavioral decrements on all four spontaneous exploration tasks. Importantly, NSI-189 treatment resulted in significantly improved performance in four of these tasks: novel place recognition, novel object recognition, object in place and temporal order. In addition, there was a trend of improved performance in the contextual phase of the fear conditioning task. Importantly, enhanced cognition in the NSI-189-treated cohort was found to persist one month after the cessation of drug treatment. These neurocognitive benefits of NSI-189 coincided with a significant increase in neurogenesis and a significant decrease in the numbers of activated microglia compared to the irradiated cohort that was given vehicle alone. The foregoing changes were not accompanied by major changes in hippocampal volume. These data demonstrate that oral administration of a pro-neurogenic compound exhibiting anti-inflammatory indications could impart long-term neurocognitive benefits in the irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Celine Lu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Nicole N Chmielewski
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - David Quach
- b Neuralstem, Inc., Germantown, Maryland 20876
| | | | - Karl K Johe
- b Neuralstem, Inc., Germantown, Maryland 20876
| | - Charles L Limoli
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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Acharya MM, Baulch JE, Lusardi TA, Allen BD, Chmielewski NN, Baddour AAD, Limoli CL, Boison D. Corrigendum: Adenosine Kinase Inhibition Protects against Cranial Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:218. [PMID: 28698714 PMCID: PMC5502282 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Theresa A Lusardi
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research InstitutePortland, OR, United States
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Nicole N Chmielewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, United States
| | - Detlev Boison
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research InstitutePortland, OR, United States
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Parihar VK, Allen BD, Caressi C, Kwok S, Chu E, Tran KK, Chmielewski NN, Giedzinski E, Acharya MM, Britten RA, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. Cosmic radiation exposure and persistent cognitive dysfunction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34774. [PMID: 27721383 PMCID: PMC5056393 DOI: 10.1038/srep34774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mars mission will result in an inevitable exposure to cosmic radiation that has been shown to cause cognitive impairments in rodent models, and possibly in astronauts engaged in deep space travel. Of particular concern is the potential for cosmic radiation exposure to compromise critical decision making during normal operations or under emergency conditions in deep space. Rodents exposed to cosmic radiation exhibit persistent hippocampal and cortical based performance decrements using six independent behavioral tasks administered between separate cohorts 12 and 24 weeks after irradiation. Radiation-induced impairments in spatial, episodic and recognition memory were temporally coincident with deficits in executive function and reduced rates of fear extinction and elevated anxiety. Irradiation caused significant reductions in dendritic complexity, spine density and altered spine morphology along medial prefrontal cortical neurons known to mediate neurotransmission interrogated by our behavioral tasks. Cosmic radiation also disrupted synaptic integrity and increased neuroinflammation that persisted more than 6 months after exposure. Behavioral deficits for individual animals correlated significantly with reduced spine density and increased synaptic puncta, providing quantitative measures of risk for developing cognitive impairment. Our data provide additional evidence that deep space travel poses a real and unique threat to the integrity of neural circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Chongshan Caressi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Stephanie Kwok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Esther Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Katherine K Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Nicole N Chmielewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Richard A Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
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Acharya MM, Baulch JE, Lusardi TA, Allen BD, Chmielewski NN, Baddour AAD, Limoli CL, Boison D. Adenosine Kinase Inhibition Protects against Cranial Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:42. [PMID: 27375429 PMCID: PMC4891332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical radiation therapy for the treatment of CNS cancers leads to unintended and debilitating impairments in cognition. Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction is long lasting; however, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are still not well established. Since ionizing radiation causes microglial and astroglial activation, we hypothesized that maladaptive changes in astrocyte function might be implicated in radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Among other gliotransmitters, astrocytes control the availability of adenosine, an endogenous neuroprotectant and modulator of cognition, via metabolic clearance through adenosine kinase (ADK). Adult rats exposed to cranial irradiation (10 Gy) showed significant declines in performance of hippocampal-dependent cognitive function tasks [novel place recognition, novel object recognition (NOR), and contextual fear conditioning (FC)] 1 month after exposure to ionizing radiation using a clinically relevant regimen. Irradiated rats spent less time exploring a novel place or object. Cranial irradiation also led to reduction in freezing behavior compared to controls in the FC task. Importantly, immunohistochemical analyses of irradiated brains showed significant elevation of ADK immunoreactivity in the hippocampus that was related to astrogliosis and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Conversely, rats treated with the ADK inhibitor 5-iodotubercidin (5-ITU, 3.1 mg/kg, i.p., for 6 days) prior to cranial irradiation showed significantly improved behavioral performance in all cognitive tasks 1 month post exposure. Treatment with 5-ITU attenuated radiation-induced astrogliosis and elevated ADK immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. These results confirm an astrocyte-mediated mechanism where preservation of extracellular adenosine can exert neuroprotection against radiation-induced pathology. These innovative findings link radiation-induced changes in cognition and CNS functionality to altered purine metabolism and astrogliosis, thereby linking the importance of adenosine homeostasis in the brain to radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Theresa A Lusardi
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Al Anoud D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- R. S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
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Craver BM, Acharya MM, Allen BD, Benke SN, Hultgren NW, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. 3D surface analysis of hippocampal microvasculature in the irradiated brain. Environ Mol Mutagen 2016; 57:341-349. [PMID: 27175611 PMCID: PMC4912407 DOI: 10.1002/em.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation used to control CNS malignancies can also disrupt the vasculature and impair neurotransmission and cognition. Here we describe two distinct methodologies for quantifying early and late radiation injury in CNS microvasculature. Intravascular fluorescently labeled lectin was used to visualize microvessels in the brain of the irradiated mouse 2 days post exposure and RECA-1 immunostaining was similarly used to visualize microvessels in the brain of the irradiated rat 1-month post exposure. Confocal microscopy, image deconvolution and 3-dimensional rendering methods were used to define vascular structure in a ∼4 × 10(7) μm(3) defined region of the brain. Quantitative analysis of these 3D images revealed that irradiation caused significant short- and long-term reductions in capillary density, diameter and volume. In mice, irradiation reduced mean vessel volume from 2,250 to 1,470 μm(3) and mean vessel diameter from 5.0 to 4.5 μm, resulting in significant reductions of 34% and 10%, in the hippocampus respectively. The number of vessel branch points and area was also found to also drop significantly in mice 2 days after irradiation. For rats, immunostaining revealed a significant, three-fold drop in capillary density 1 month after exposure compared to controls. Such radiation-induced disruption of the CNS microvasculature may be contributory if not causal to any number of neurocognitive side effects that manifest in cancer patients following cranial radiotherapy. This study demonstrates the utility of two distinct methodologies for quantifying these important adverse effects of radiotherapy. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:341-349, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Craver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Sarah N. Benke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Nan W. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
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Baulch JE, Craver BM, Tran KK, Yu L, Chmielewski N, Allen BD, Limoli CL. Persistent oxidative stress in human neural stem cells exposed to low fluences of charged particles. Redox Biol 2015; 5:24-32. [PMID: 25800120 PMCID: PMC4371546 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the space radiation environment poses risks for a range of deleterious health effects due to the unique types of radiation encountered. Galactic cosmic rays are comprised of a spectrum of highly energetic nuclei that deposit densely ionizing tracks of damage along the particle trajectory. These tracks are distinct from those generated by the more sparsely ionizing terrestrial radiations, and define the geometric distribution of the complex cellular damage that results when charged particles traverse the tissues of the body. The exquisite radiosensitivity of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells found within the neurogenic regions of the brain predispose the central nervous system to elevated risks for radiation induced sequelae. Here we show that human neural stem cells (hNSC) exposed to different charged particles at space relevant fluences exhibit significant and persistent oxidative stress. Radiation induced oxidative stress was found to be most dependent on total dose rather than on the linear energy transfer of the incident particle. The use of redox sensitive fluorogenic dyes possessing relative specificity for hydroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and mitochondrial superoxide confirmed that most irradiation paradigms elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) in hNSC over a 1 week interval following exposure. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was not the major source of elevated nitric oxides, as the use of NOS inhibitors had little effect on NO dependent fluorescence. Our data provide extensive evidence for the capability of low doses of charged particles to elicit marked changes in the metabolic profile of irradiated hNSC. Radiation induced changes in redox state may render the brain more susceptible to the development of neurocognitive deficits that could affect an astronaut's ability to perform complex tasks during extended missions in deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Brianna M Craver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Katherine K Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Nicole Chmielewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Barrett D Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2695, USA.
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Parihar VK, Allen BD, Tran KK, Chmielewski NN, Craver BM, Martirosian V, Morganti JM, Rosi S, Vlkolinsky R, Acharya MM, Nelson GA, Allen AR, Limoli CL. Targeted overexpression of mitochondrial catalase prevents radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:78-91. [PMID: 24949841 PMCID: PMC4270160 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Radiation-induced disruption of mitochondrial function can elevate oxidative stress and contribute to the metabolic perturbations believed to compromise the functionality of the central nervous system. To clarify the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in mediating the adverse effects of radiation in the brain, we analyzed transgenic (mitochondrial catalase [MCAT]) mice that overexpress human catalase localized to the mitochondria. RESULTS Compared with wild-type (WT) controls, overexpression of the MCAT transgene significantly decreased cognitive dysfunction after proton irradiation. Significant improvements in behavioral performance found on novel object recognition and object recognition in place tasks were associated with a preservation of neuronal morphology. While the architecture of hippocampal CA1 neurons was significantly compromised in irradiated WT mice, the same neurons in MCAT mice did not exhibit extensive and significant radiation-induced reductions in dendritic complexity. Irradiated neurons from MCAT mice maintained dendritic branching and length compared with WT mice. Protected neuronal morphology in irradiated MCAT mice was also associated with a stabilization of radiation-induced variations in long-term potentiation. Stabilized synaptic activity in MCAT mice coincided with an altered composition of the synaptic AMPA receptor subunits GluR1/2. INNOVATION Our findings provide the first evidence that neurocognitive sequelae associated with radiation exposure can be reduced by overexpression of MCAT, operating through a mechanism involving the preservation of neuronal morphology. CONCLUSION Our article documents the neuroprotective properties of reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through the targeted overexpression of catalase and how this ameliorates the adverse effects of proton irradiation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan K. Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Katherine K. Tran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Nicole N. Chmielewski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Brianna M. Craver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Vahan Martirosian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Roman Vlkolinsky
- Departments of Radiation Medicine and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory A. Nelson
- Departments of Radiation Medicine and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Antiño R. Allen
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas Medical School, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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Fluckiger J, Allen BD, Caldock K, Markl M, Schneider JE. Compressed sensing accelerated 4D-flow MRI in the murine aorta. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013. [PMCID: PMC3560083 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-s1-w37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
The Estancia basin in southwestern United States contains evidence for strong and rapid pulsations in the supply of moisture brought into the region during the last ice age. The pulses were recorded during episodes of stream discharge that spread plumes of fresh water laden with quartz sand over the saline lake. The largest pulses in stream discharge lasted only a few decades, were organized into cycles that were spaced approximately 200 to 250 and 2000 years apart, and were of sufficient magnitude to freshen and maintain the lake at its maximum recorded elevation.
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Stovall DW, Allen BD, Sparks AE, Syrop CH, Saunders RG, VanVoorhis BJ. The cost of infertility evaluation and therapy: findings of a self-insured university healthcare plan. Fertil Steril 1999; 72:778-84. [PMID: 10560977 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the total costs of infertility coverage, determine the proportion of healthcare costs related to infertility, compare infertility costs to those of other diseases, and calculate a per member per month cost of an infertility benefit. DESIGN Historical prospective analysis. SETTING A university-based, self-insured, fee-for-service healthcare plan. PATIENT(S) Healthcare policy members from January 1993 through December 1995. INTERVENTION(S) General and infertility-specific healthcare that included diagnostic tests for infertility, induction of ovulation, artificial insemination, donor gametes, in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration, embryo cryopreservation, and frozen embryo transfer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Healthcare costs, as calculated from the International Classification of Diseases, Volume 9 codes. RESULT(S) Total healthcare and infertility-specific costs of the university healthcare plan over a 3-year period were $86,445,642 and $680,921, respectively. Therefore, infertility accounted for 0.79% of the total university healthcare costs. The mean total and infertility-specific per member per month healthcare costs were $86.15 and $0.67, respectively. CONCLUSION(S) These data reveal that infertility costs account for only a small fraction of the total healthcare costs and can be attained at a nominal monthly fee.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Stovall
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the published literature on the cost-effective approach to infertility treatment. DESIGN The literature on the economics and cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments was reviewed. Studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE. RESULT(S) Few cost-effectiveness studies about infertility treatment have been published. In the absence of tubal blockage and severe male factor, use of IUI and hMG-IUI is more cost-effective than IVF. In vitro fertilization is at least as cost-effective as tubal surgery. Although IVF costs are high, they fall well within the range of other accepted medical treatments and are below the general public's willingness to pay for these treatments. CONCLUSION(S) Cost-effectiveness analysis is an important means of improving quality of care while controlling costs. Further work regarding cost-effectiveness of treatments among different diagnostic groups is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Van Voorhis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52245, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic medical center infertility practice. PATIENT(S) All patients treated for infertility in a 1-year time span. INTERVENTION(S) Intrauterine inseminations, clomiphene citrate and IUI (CC-IUI), hMG and IUI (hMG-IUI), assisted reproductive techniques (ART), and neosalpingostomy by laparotomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) All medical charges and pregnancy outcomes associated with the treatments were obtained. Cost-effectiveness ratios defined as cost per delivery were determined for each procedure. The effects of a woman's age and the number of spermatozoa inseminated on cost-effectiveness of the procedures was also determined. RESULT(S) Intrauterine inseminations, CC-IUI, and hMG-IUI have a similar cost per delivery of between $7,800 and $10,300. All of these were more cost-effective than ART, which had a cost per delivery of $37,000. Assisted reproductive techniques in women with blocked fallopian tubes was more cost-effective than tubal surgery performed by laparotomy, which had a cost per delivery of $76,000. Increasing age in women and lower numbers of spermatozoa inseminated were factors leading to higher costs per delivery for IUI, CC-IUI, hMG-IUI, and ART. Use of donor oocytes reduced the cost per delivery of older women to the range seen in younger women with ART. CONCLUSION(S) Our analysis supports, in general, the use of IUI, CC-IUI, and hMG-IUI before ART in women with open fallopian tubes. For women with blocked fallopian tubes, IVF-ET appears to be the best treatment from a cost-effectiveness standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Van Voorhis
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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Van Voorhis BJ, Syrop CH, Allen BD, Sparks AE, Stovall DW. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of embryo cryopreservation compared with other assisted reproductive techniques. Fertil Steril 1995; 64:647-50. [PMID: 7641925 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)57808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of embryo cryopreservation compared with other assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). DESIGN Retrospective review of medical records and health care costs. SETTING Tertiary care academic medical school ART program. PATIENTS For determination of the efficacy of cryopreserved ET, we analyzed 610 patients undergoing the first 1,000 oocyte retrievals in our program. For determination of cost effectiveness, we analyzed the costs associated with 334 initiated ART cycles in 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The ongoing pregnancy rate (PR) per initiated cycle and per oocyte retrieval. The medical costs associated with each procedure. RESULTS The transfer of cryopreserved embryos increased the ongoing PR per oocyte retrieval by 6.6%. Transfer of cryopreserved embryos was cost effective compared with other ARTs. The cost per delivery for cryopreserved ETs was between 25% and 45% that of a fresh cycle. CONCLUSIONS Including embryo cryopreservation in an ART program can improve PRs and lower the ultimate cost per delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Van Voorhis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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31
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Allen BD. The dilemma of self-referral. J Fla Med Assoc 1993; 80:355-6. [PMID: 8315411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Allen BD. Thromboembolic disorders. J Am Board Fam Pract 1989; 2:220-1. [PMID: 2750565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Allen BD, Sutanto W, Jones MT. A correlative study of RU38486 biopotency and competition with [3H]dexamethasone for receptors in the rat central nervous system. J Steroid Biochem 1988; 30:411-5. [PMID: 3386269 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(88)90133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone inhibitory action on the release of adrenocorticotrophin has been studied using in vitro anterior pituitary preparations. This inhibition is reversed when the animal is given the antiglucocorticoid compound RU38486 simultaneously with dexamethasone. RU38486 acts at the receptor level and in the cytosolic binding study, it competes with [3H]dexamethasone for the binding sites in pituitary. Such competition is even more pronounced in hypothalamus and hippocampus, indicating that RU38486 also exert its antagonistic action at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Allen
- Human Physiology Department, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (University of London), Egham, Surrey, England
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Allen BD, Cummings JF, De Lahunta A. The effects of prefrontal lobotomy on aggressive behavior in dogs. Cornell Vet 1974; 64:201-16. [PMID: 4207830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Allen BD. Penetrating wounds of the rectum. Tex Med 1973; 69:77-81. [PMID: 4745939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Allen BD. Management of thermal burns with Sulfamylon. Keisei Geka 1970; 13:38-9. [PMID: 5462475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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