1
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Houdelet C, Blondeau-Bidet E, Mialhe X, Lallement S, Devilliers S, Falguière JC, Geffroy B. Plasma cortisol and production of miRNAs in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) exposed to three distinct challenges. Fish Physiol Biochem 2024; 50:757-766. [PMID: 38265685 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The red drum Sciaenops ocellatus is a marine fish species of high commercial interest. Despite improvements in current aquaculture practices, there are still concerns about the impact of daily manipulations regarding fish welfare. To investigate how does fish respond to various challenges, S. ocellatus juveniles were submitted to two acute challenges, namely a confinement stress and a cold-temperature shock, as well as a chronic stress challenge consisting of 18 days of repetitive challenge events. The level of cortisol produced by individuals was used as a measure of activation hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. A significant increase in cortisol levels was detected only after the confinement stress. Interestingly, the fish exposed to a chronic stress for 18 days exhibited cortisol levels significantly lower than those of non-challenged fish. The small RNA-sequencing conducted for the chronic stress experiment only allowed us to identify two plasmatic microRNAs more abundant in non-challenged fish (miR-205-1-5p and let-7b-5p) compared to challenged fish. The miR-205-1-5p was of particular interest since it was already detected in previous studies on other fish species. In silico analysis allowed to predict potentially highly conserved mRNA targets of this specific miRNA, among which is tnfrsfa that plays a key role in the secondary stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
| | | | - Xavier Mialhe
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Samson Devilliers
- Délégation IFREMER Des Antilles, Unité Biodiversité Et Environnement, 79, Route de Pointe-Fort, 97231, Le Robert, Martinique, France
| | - Jean-Claude Falguière
- Délégation IFREMER Des Antilles, Unité Biodiversité Et Environnement, 79, Route de Pointe-Fort, 97231, Le Robert, Martinique, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
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2
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Phonsiri K, Geffroy B, Lokesh J, Goikoetxea A, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S. Early starvation in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae has no drastic effect on hepatic intermediary metabolism in juveniles. Fish Physiol Biochem 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01320-x. [PMID: 38367082 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate nutritional programming through early starvation in the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). European seabass larvae were fasted at three different developmental periods for three durations from 60 to 65 dph (F1), 81 to 87 dph (F2), and 123 to 133 dph (F3). Immediate effects were investigated by studying gene expression of npy (neuropeptide Y) and avt (Arginine vasotocin) in the head, while potential long-term effects (i.e., programming) were evaluated on intermediary metabolism later in life (in juveniles). Our findings indicate a direct effect regarding gene expression in the head only for F1, with higher avt mRNA level in fasted larved compared to controls. The early starvation periods had no long-term effect on growth performance (body weight and body length). Regarding intermediary metabolism, we analyzed related key plasma metabolites which reflect the intermediary metabolism: no differences for glucose, triglycerides, and free fatty acids in the plasma were observed in juveniles irrespective of the three early starvation stimuli. As programming is mainly linked to molecular mechanisms, we then studied hepatic mRNA levels for 23 key actors of glucose, lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism. For many of the metabolic genes, there was no impact of early starvation in juveniles, except for three genes involved in glucose metabolism (glut2-glucose transporter and pk-pyruvate kinase) and lipid metabolism (acly-ATP citrate lyase) which were higher in F2 compared to control. Together, these results highlight that starvation between 81 to 87 dph may have more long-term impact, suggesting the existence of a developmental window for programming by starvation. In conclusion, European seabass appeared to be resilient to early starvation during larvae stages without drastic impacts on intermediary metabolism later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanakorn Phonsiri
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
- School of School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Tambon Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jep Lokesh
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRAE, Université de Pau Et Des Pays de L'Adour, NuMeA, Aquapôle, 64310, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France.
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3
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Guirandy N, Simon O, Geffroy B, Daffe G, Daramy F, Houdelet C, Gonzalez P, Pierron F. Gamma irradiation-induced offspring masculinization is associated with epigenetic changes in female zebrafish. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115790. [PMID: 38086259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Sex ratio variation is a key topic in ecology, because of its direct effects on population dynamics and thus, on animal conservation strategies. Among factors affecting sex ratio, types of sex determination systems have a central role, since some species could have a sex determined by genetic factors, environmental factors or a mix of those two. Yet, most studies on the factors affecting sex determination have focused on temperature or endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and much less is known regarding other factors. Exposure to gamma irradiation was found to trigger offspring masculinization in zebrafish. Here we aimed at deciphering the potential mechanisms involved, by focusing on stress (i.e. cortisol) and epigenetic regulation of key genes involved in sex differentiation in fish. Cortisol levels in exposed and control (F0) zebrafish females' gonads were similar. However, irradiation increased the DNA methylation level of foxl2a and cyp19a1a in females of the F0 and F1 generation, respectively, while no effects were detected in testis. Overall, our results suggest that parental exposure could alter offspring sex ratio, at least in part by inducing methylation changes in ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie Guirandy
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3 - Bat 183, 13115 St Paul Lez Durance, France.
| | - Olivier Simon
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3 - Bat 183, 13115 St Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillemine Daffe
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Flore Daramy
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Fabien Pierron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33600 Pessac, France
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4
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Geffroy B, Sandoval-Vargas L, Boyer-Clavel M, Pérez-Atehortúa M, Lallement S, Isler IV. A simulated marine heatwave impacts European sea bass sperm quantity, but not quality. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:784-789. [PMID: 36648097 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rapid environmental changes will be the major challenge that most biota will have to deal with in the near future. Extreme events, such as marine heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and could be spatially uniform at a regional scale for a relatively long period of time. To date, most research studies on heatwaves have focused on sessile organisms, but these extreme events can also impact mobile species. Here, a 3-week marine heatwave was simulated to investigate its effects on the male reproductive performance of a Mediterranean Sea emblematic species, the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Males from the control condition (c. 13°C) produced significantly more sperm than those exposed to a relatively warm thermal treatment (c. 16°C). Nonetheless, neither the percentage of motile spermatozoa nor most of the other sperm motility parameters were significantly affected by the rearing temperature over the whole period. Overall, the results of this study suggest only moderated effects of a potential winter heatwave on the reproductive performance of male European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Leydy Sandoval-Vargas
- Nucleus of Research in Food Production, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Myriam Boyer-Clavel
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, Biocampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Maritza Pérez-Atehortúa
- Nucleus of Research in Food Production, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Stephane Lallement
- MARBEC University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Iván Valdebenito Isler
- Nucleus of Research in Food Production, Faculty of Natural Resources, Catholic University of Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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5
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Alfonso S, Houdelet C, Bessa E, Geffroy B, Sadoul B. Water temperature explains part of the variation in basal plasma cortisol level within and between fish species. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:828-838. [PMID: 36756681 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Within the thermal tolerance range of fish, metabolism is known to escalate with warming. Rapid thermic changes also trigger a series of physiological responses, including activation of the stress axis, producing cortisol. Fish have adapted to their environment by producing a low level of plasmatic cortisol when unstressed (basal), so that thriving in their natural temperature should not impact their basal cortisol levels. Yet, surprisingly, little is known on how temperature affects cortisol within and between fish species. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis to (1) test whether temperature can explain the differences in basal cortisol between species and (2) evaluate the role of temperature on differences in cortisol levels between individuals of a same species. To do this, we retrieved basal plasma cortisol data from 126 studies, investigating 33 marine and freshwater fish species, and correlated it to water temperature. Intra-species variability in basal plasma cortisol levels was further investigated in two species: the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Factors such as life stage, sex and weight were also considered in the analyses. Overall, our phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear positive correlation between basal cortisol level and the temperature at which the fish live. The role of temperature has also been confirmed within D. labrax, while it failed to be significant in O. niloticus. In this paper, the influence of habitat, life stage, sex and weight on basal plasma cortisol levels is also discussed. Since some abiotic parameters were not included in the analysis, our study is a call to encourage scientists to systematically report other key factors such as dissolved oxygen or salinity to fully depict the temperature-cortisol relationship in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC, Universite Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Life and Earth Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Universite Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- DECOD, Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability, Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
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6
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Houdelet C, Blondeau-Bidet E, Estevez-Villar M, Mialhe X, Hermet S, Ruelle F, Dutto G, Bajek A, Bobe J, Geffroy B. Circulating MicroRNAs Indicative of Sex and Stress in the European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Toward the Identification of New Biomarkers. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2023; 25:749-762. [PMID: 37581865 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a new category of biomarkers. Studies on miRNAs in non-mammalian species have drastically increased in the last few years. Here, we explored the use of miRNAs as potential, poorly invasive markers, to identify sex and characterize acute stress in fish. The European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was chosen as a model because of its rapid response to stress and its specific sex determination system, devoid of sexual chromosomes. We performed a small RNA-sequencing analysis in the blood plasma of male and female European seabass (mature and immature) as well as in the blood plasma of juveniles submitted to an acute stress and sampled throughout the recovery period (at 0 h, 0.5 h, 1.5 h and 6 h). In immature individuals, both miR-1388-3p and miR-7132a-5p were up-regulated in females, while miR-499a-5p was more abundant in males. However, no miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between sexes in the blood plasma of mature individuals. For the acute stress analysis, five miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-200a-3p, miR-205-1-5p, miR-143-3p, and miR-223-3p) followed cortisol production over time. All miRNAs identified were tested and validated by RT-qPCR on sequenced samples. A complementary analysis on the 3'UTR sequences of the European seabass allowed to predict potential mRNA targets, some of them being particularly relevant regarding stress regulation, e.g., the glucocorticoid receptor 1 and the mineralocorticoid receptor. The present study provides new avenues and recommendations on the use of miRNAs as biomarkers of sex or stress of the European seabass, with potential application on other fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Mialhe
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Hermet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - François Ruelle
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Gilbert Dutto
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Aline Bajek
- Ecloserie Marine de Gravelines-Ichtus, Voie des Enrochements, F-59820, Gravelines, France
| | - Julien Bobe
- INRAE, UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomic laboratory, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France.
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7
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Guirandy N, Armant O, Frelon S, Pierron F, Geffroy B, Daffe G, Houdelet C, Gonzalez P, Simon O. Altered ovarian transcriptome is linked to early mortality and abnormalities in zebrafish embryos after maternal exposure to gamma irradiation. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 262:106660. [PMID: 37633173 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent laboratory studies focusing on multigenerational approach demonstrated drastic phenotypic effects after chronic fish irradiation exposure. No irradiation effect at phenotypic scale was observed for F0 (reproductive performances) while early mortality and malformations were observed in F1 offspring whether they were irradiated or not. The objective was to study molecular mechanisms likely to be involved in these phenotypic effects induced by parental irradiation. Thus, F0 adult zebrafish were irradiated for ten days until reproduction and maternal involvement in offspring development was assessed. Levels of maternal provided cortisol and vitellogenin, needed for embryo development, were not impacted by irradiation. However, maternal transcriptome highlighted irradiation effect on processes involved in oocyte development, as well as on essential maternal factors needed for offspring development. Therefore, this study highlighted the importance of parental exposure on offspring fate and of the importance of multigenerational exposure in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmie Guirandy
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3, Bat 183, St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France.
| | - Olivier Armant
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3, Bat 183, St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3, Bat 183, St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France
| | - Fabien Pierron
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Guillemine Daffe
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC, University Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Patrice Gonzalez
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, UMR 5805, Pessac F-33600, France
| | - Olivier Simon
- IRSN/PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Centre de Cadarache-B.P. 3, Bat 183, St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France
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Schacht R, Beissinger SR, Wedekind C, Jennions MD, Geffroy B, Liker A, Kappeler PM, Weissing FJ, Kramer KL, Hesketh T, Boissier J, Uggla C, Hollingshaus M, Székely T. Author Correction: Adult sex ratios: causes of variation and implications for animal and human societies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1341. [PMID: 36477424 PMCID: PMC9729188 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schacht
- grid.255364.30000 0001 2191 0423Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Steven R. Beissinger
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Claus Wedekind
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601 Australia
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - András Liker
- grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854ELKH-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary ,grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franz J. Weissing
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L. Kramer
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Therese Hesketh
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCentre for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282IHPE Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Uggla
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Stockholm University Demography Unit, Sociology Department, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mike Hollingshaus
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Tamás Székely
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK ,grid.7122.60000 0001 1088 8582ELKH-DE Reproductive Strategies Research Group, Department of Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Schacht R, Beissinger SR, Wedekind C, Jennions MD, Geffroy B, Liker A, Kappeler PM, Weissing FJ, Kramer KL, Hesketh T, Boissier J, Uggla C, Hollingshaus M, Székely T. Adult sex ratios: causes of variation and implications for animal and human societies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1273. [PMID: 36402823 PMCID: PMC9675760 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of inquiry from across the social and biological sciences target the adult sex ratio (ASR; the proportion of males in the adult population) as a fundamental population-level determinant of behavior. The ASR, which indicates the relative number of potential mates to competitors in a population, frames the selective arena for competition, mate choice, and social interactions. Here we review a growing literature, focusing on methodological developments that sharpen knowledge of the demographic variables underlying ASR variation, experiments that enhance understanding of the consequences of ASR imbalance across societies, and phylogenetic analyses that provide novel insights into social evolution. We additionally highlight areas where research advances are expected to make accelerating contributions across the social sciences, evolutionary biology, and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Schacht
- grid.255364.30000 0001 2191 0423Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Steven R. Beissinger
- grid.47840.3f0000 0001 2181 7878Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Claus Wedekind
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Jennions
- grid.1001.00000 0001 2180 7477Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra 2601 Australia
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - András Liker
- grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854ELKH-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary ,grid.7336.10000 0001 0203 5854Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, 8210 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Biology, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franz J. Weissing
- grid.4830.f0000 0004 0407 1981Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen L. Kramer
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Therese Hesketh
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XCentre for Global Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282IHPE Univ Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Ifremer, Univ Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Caroline Uggla
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Stockholm University Demography Unit, Sociology Department, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mike Hollingshaus
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Tamás Székely
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK ,grid.7122.60000 0001 1088 8582ELKH-DE Reproductive Strategies Research Group, Department of Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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10
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Abstract
In recent years, observations of distinct organisms have linked the quality of the environment experienced by a given individual and the sex it will develop. In most described cases, facing relatively harsh conditions resulted in masculinization, while thriving in favorable conditions promoted the development of an ovary. This was shown indistinctively in some species presenting a genetic sex determination (GSD), which were able to sex-reverse, and in species with an environmental sex determination (ESD) system. However, this pattern strongly depends on evolutionary constrains and is detected only when females need more energy for reproduction. Here, I describe the mechanisms involved in this environmentally driven sex allocation (EDSA), which involves two main energy pathways, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These pathways act through various enzymes and are not necessarily independent of the previously known transducers of environmental signals in species with ESD: calcium-redox, epigenetic, and stress regulation pathways. Overall, there is evidence of a link between energy level and the sexual fate of individuals of various species, including reptiles, fish, amphibians, insects, and nematodes. As energy pathways are evolutionarily conserved, this knowledge opens new avenues to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that allow animals to adapt their sex according to the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Goikoetxea A, Servili A, Houdelet C, Mouchel O, Hermet S, Clota F, Aerts J, Fernandino JI, Allal F, Vandeputte M, Blondeau-Bidet E, Geffroy B. Natural cortisol production is not linked to the sexual fate of European sea bass. Fish Physiol Biochem 2022; 48:1117-1135. [PMID: 35917042 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cortisol and the determination of sexual fate in the commercially important European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To test our hypothesis, we designed two temperature-based experiments (19 ℃, 21 ℃ and 23 ℃, experiment 1; 16 ℃ and 21 ℃, experiment 2) to assess the effects of these thermal treatments on European sea bass sex determination and differentiation. In the fish from the first experiment, we evaluated whether blood cortisol levels and expression of stress key regulatory genes were different between differentiating (149 to 183 dph) males and females. In the second experiment, we assessed whether cortisol accumulated in scales over time during the labile period for sex determination as well as the neuroanatomical localisation of brain cells expressing brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) and corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) differed between males and females undergoing molecular sex differentiation (117 to 124 dph). None of the gathered results allowed to detect differences between males and females regarding cortisol production and regulatory mechanisms. Altogether, our data provide strong physiological, molecular and histochemical evidence, indicating that in vivo cortisol regulation has no major effects on the sex of European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arianna Servili
- Ifremer, IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Camille Houdelet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Olivier Mouchel
- Ifremer, IFREMER, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Hermet
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Fréderic Clota
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| | | | - François Allal
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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12
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Sadoul B, Alfonso S, Goold C, Pratlong M, Rialle S, Geffroy B, Bégout ML. Transcriptomic profiles of consistent risk-taking behaviour across time and contexts in European sea bass. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220399. [PMID: 35582798 PMCID: PMC9114976 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bolder individuals have greater access to food sources and reproductive partners but are also at increased risk of predation. Boldness is believed to be consistent across time and contexts, but few studies have investigated the stability of this trait across variable environments, such as varying stress loads or long periods of time. Moreover, the underlying molecular components of boldness are poorly studied. Here, we report that boldness of 1154 European sea bass, evaluated using group risk-taking tests, is consistent over seven months and for individuals subjected to multiple environments, including a chronically stressful environment. Differences in risk-taking behaviour were further supported by differences observed in the responses to a novel environment test: shy individuals displayed more group dispersion, more thigmotaxic behaviour and lower activity levels. Transcriptomic analyses performed on extreme phenotypes revealed that bold individuals display greater expression for genes involved in social and exploration behaviours, and memory in the pituitary, and genes involved in immunity and responses to stimuli in the head kidney. This study demonstrates that personality traits come with an underpinning molecular signature, especially in organs involved in the endocrine and immune systems. As such, our results help to depict state-behaviour feedback mechanisms, previously proposed as key in shaping animal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France,DECOD, Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability, Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Alfonso
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France,COISPA Technology and Research, Experimental Station for the Study of Sea Resources, Bari, Italy
| | - Conor Goold
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Marine Pratlong
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Rialle
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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13
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Geffroy B, Besson M, Sánchez-Baizán N, Clota F, Goikoetxea A, Sadoul B, Ruelle F, Blanc MO, Parrinello H, Hermet S, Blondeau-Bidet E, Pratlong M, Piferrer F, Vandeputte M, Allal F. Unraveling the genotype by environment interaction in a thermosensitive fish with a polygenic sex determination system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2112660118. [PMID: 34880131 PMCID: PMC8685686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112660118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In most animals, sex determination occurs at conception, when sex chromosomes are segregated following Mendelian laws. However, in multiple reptiles and fishes, this genetic sex can be overridden by external factors after fertilization or birth. In some species, the genetic sex may also be governed by multiple genes, further limiting our understanding of sex determination in such species. We used the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) as a model and combined genomic (using a single nucleotide polymorphism chip) and transcriptomic (RNA-Sequencing) approaches to thoroughly depict this polygenic sex determination system and its interaction with temperature. We estimated genetic sex tendency (eGST), defined as the estimated genetic liability to become a given sex under a liability threshold model for sex determination, which accurately predicts the future phenotypic sex. We found evidence that energetic pathways, concerning the regulation of lipids and glucose, are involved in sex determination and could explain why females tend to exhibit higher energy levels and improved growth compared to males. Besides, early exposure to high-temperature up-regulated sox3, followed by sox9a in individuals with intermediate eGST, but not in individuals showing highly female-biased eGST, providing the most parsimonious explanation for temperature-induced masculinization. This gonadal state was maintained likely by DNA methylation and the up-regulation of several genes involved in histone modifications, including jmjd1c Overall, we describe a sex determination system resulting from continuous genetic and environmental influences in an animal. Our results provide significant progress in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying temperature-induced masculinization in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France;
| | - Mathieu Besson
- SYSAAF, Station LPGP/INRAE, 35042 Rennes, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Núria Sánchez-Baizán
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Clota
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - François Ruelle
- Laboratoire Service d'Expérimentations Aquacoles, Ifremer, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Marie-Odile Blanc
- Laboratoire Service d'Expérimentations Aquacoles, Ifremer, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Hugues Parrinello
- MGX, BCM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Hermet
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Eva Blondeau-Bidet
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Pratlong
- MGX, BCM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Francesc Piferrer
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-Flots, France
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14
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Bessa E, Sadoul B, Mckenzie DJ, Geffroy B. Group size, temperature and body size modulate the effects of social hierarchy on basal cortisol levels in fishes. Horm Behav 2021; 136:105077. [PMID: 34656822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Social rank in a structured society has been linked to basal levels of glucocorticoids in various species, with dominant individuals generally presenting lower levels than subordinates. The biotic and abiotic factors influencing glucocorticoids levels across social ranks are still, however, unclear in fishes. We investigated the influences of group size, fish size, sex, age, and reproduction type, plus water salinity and temperature, on the basal levels of cortisol, the major stress hormone in fishes. A phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis was performed on data from 72 studies over 22 species of fishes. As expected, dominants generally exhibited lower levels of cortisol than subordinates. More importantly, the strength of the correlation between cortisol and rank was modulated by three main factors, group size, environmental temperature, and fish size. Differences in basal cortisol between dominants and subordinates were significantly greater in small groups (dyadic contexts) when compared to larger groups. Differences between dominants and subordinates were also greater in temperate regions when compared to the tropics, and in species with larger body size. These results provide valuable insights into the links among hierarchy, stress and metabolism in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - David J Mckenzie
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
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15
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Geffroy B, Gesto M, Clota F, Aerts J, Darias MJ, Blanc MO, Ruelle F, Allal F, Vandeputte M. Parental selection for growth and early-life low stocking density increase the female-to-male ratio in European sea bass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13620. [PMID: 34193934 PMCID: PMC8245542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), as in many other fish species, temperature is known to influence the sex of individuals, with more males produced at relatively high temperatures. It is however unclear to what extent growth or stress are involved in such a process, since temperature is known to influence both growth rate and cortisol production. Here, we designed an experiment aiming at reducing stress and affecting early growth rate. We exposed larvae and juveniles originating from both captive and wild parents to three different treatments: low stocking density, food supplemented with tryptophan and a control. Low stocking density and tryptophan treatment respectively increased and decreased early growth rate. Each treatment influenced the stress response depending on the developmental stage, although no clear pattern regarding the whole-body cortisol concentration was found. During sex differentiation, fish in the low-density treatment exhibited lower expression of gr1, gr2, mr, and crf in the hypothalamus when compared to the control group. Fish fed tryptophan displayed lower crf in the hypothalamus and higher level of serotonin in the telencephalon compared to controls. Overall, fish kept at low density produced significantly more females than both control and fish fed tryptophan. Parents that have been selected for growth for three generations also produced significantly more females than parents of wild origin. Our findings did not allow to detect a clear effect of stress at the group level and rather point out a key role of early sexually dimorphic growth rate in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Techn Section for Aquaculture, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2, 9850, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Fréderic Clota
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Aerts
- Stress Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Maria J Darias
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marie-Odile Blanc
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Ruelle
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - François Allal
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Abstract
Wild animals face novel environmental threats from human activities that may occur along a gradient of interactions with humans. Recent work has shown that merely living close to humans has major implications for a variety of antipredator traits and physiological responses. Here, we hypothesize that when human presence protects prey from their genuine predators (as sometimes seen in urban areas and at some tourist sites), this predator shield, followed by a process of habituation to humans, decouples commonly associated traits related to coping styles, which results in a new range of phenotypes. Such individuals are characterized by low aggressiveness and physiological stress responses, but have enhanced behavioral plasticity, boldness, and cognitive abilities. We refer to these individuals as "preactive," because their physiological and behavioral coping style falls outside the classical proactive/reactive coping styles. While there is some support for this new coping style, formal multivariate studies are required to investigate behavioral and physiological responses to anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Sadoul
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Alfonso
- COISPA Tecnologia & Ricerca, Stazione Sperimentale per lo Studio delle Risorse del Mare, Bari, Italy
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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18
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Douhard M, Geffroy B. Males can adjust offspring sex ratio in an adaptive fashion through different mechanisms. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000264. [PMID: 33594712 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sex allocation research has primarily focused on offspring sex-ratio adjustment by mothers. Yet, fathers also benefit from producing more of the sex with greater fitness returns. Here, we review the state-of-the art in the study of male-driven sex allocation and, counter to the current paradigm, we propose that males can adaptively influence offspring sex ratio through a wide variety of mechanisms. This includes differential production and motility of X- versus Y-bearing sperms in mammals, variation in seminal fluid composition in haplo-diploid invertebrates, and epigenetic mechanisms in some fish and lizards exhibiting environmental sex determination. Conflicts of interest between mothers and fathers over offspring sex ratios can emerge, although many more studies are needed in this area. While many studies of sex allocation have focused on adaptive explanations with little attention to mechanisms, and vice versa, the integration of these two topics is essential for understanding male-driven sex allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Douhard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie & Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
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19
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Abstract
Humans currently occupy all continents and by doing so, modify the environment and create novel threats to many species; a phenomenon known as human-induced rapid environmental changes (HIREC). These growing anthropogenic disturbances represent major and relatively new environmental challenges for many animals, and invariably alter selection on traits adapted to previous environments. Those species that survive often have moved from their original habitat or modified their phenotype through plasticity or genetic evolution. Based on the most recent advances in this research area, we predict that wild individuals with highly plastic capacities, relatively high basal stress level, and that are generally shy—in other words, individuals displaying a reactive phenotype—should better cope with sudden and widespread HIREC than their counterparts' proactive phenotypes. If true, this selective response would have profound ecological and evolutionary consequences and can therefore impact conservation strategies, specifically with respect to managing the distribution and abundance of individuals and maintaining evolutionary potential. These insights may help design adaptive management strategies to maintain genetic variation in the context of HIREC.
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20
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Vandeputte M, Clota F, Sadoul B, Blanc M, Blondeau‐Bidet E, Bégout M, Cousin X, Geffroy B. Low temperature has opposite effects on sex determination in a marine fish at the larval/postlarval and juvenile stages. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13825-13835. [PMID: 33391683 PMCID: PMC7771145 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) can be observed in multiple reptile and fish species. It is adaptive when varying environmental conditions advantage either males or females. A good knowledge of the thermosensitive period is key to understand how environmental changes may lead to changes in population sex ratio. Here, by manipulating temperature during development, we confirm that cold temperature (16°C) increases the proportion of fish that develop as females in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) until 56 days posthatching, but show that it has an opposite effect at later stages, with the proportion of males reaching ~90% after 230 days at 16°C. This is the first observation of opposite effects of temperature at different time periods on the sex ratio of a vertebrate. Our results highlight the potential complexity of environmental effects on sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vandeputte
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTechGABIJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IfremerIRDPalavas‐les‐FlotsFrance
| | - Frédéric Clota
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTechGABIJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IfremerIRDPalavas‐les‐FlotsFrance
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IfremerIRDPalavas‐les‐FlotsFrance
| | | | | | | | - Xavier Cousin
- Université Paris‐Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTechGABIJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IfremerIRDPalavas‐les‐FlotsFrance
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IfremerIRDPalavas‐les‐FlotsFrance
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21
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Sadoul B, Geffroy B, Lallement S, Kearney M. Multiple working hypotheses for hyperallometric reproduction in fishes under metabolic theory. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Geffroy B, Sadoul B, Putman BJ, Berger-Tal O, Garamszegi LZ, Møller AP, Blumstein DT. Evolutionary dynamics in the Anthropocene: Life history and intensity of human contact shape antipredator responses. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000818. [PMID: 32960897 PMCID: PMC7508406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans profoundly impact landscapes, ecosystems, and animal behavior. In many cases, animals living near humans become tolerant of them and reduce antipredator responses. Yet, we still lack an understanding of the underlying evolutionary dynamics behind these shifts in traits that affect animal survival. Here, we used a phylogenetic meta-analysis to determine how the mean and variability in antipredator responses change as a function of the number of generations spent in contact with humans under 3 different contexts: urbanization, captivity, and domestication. We found that any contact with humans leads to a rapid reduction in mean antipredator responses as expected. Notably, the variance among individuals over time observed a short-term increase followed by a gradual decrease, significant for domesticated animals. This implies that intense human contact immediately releases animals from predation pressure and then imposes strong anthropogenic selection on traits. In addition, our results reveal that the loss of antipredator traits due to urbanization is similar to that of domestication but occurs 3 times more slowly. Furthermore, the rapid disappearance of antipredator traits was associated with 2 main life-history traits: foraging guild and whether the species was solitary or gregarious (i.e., group-living). For domesticated animals, this decrease in antipredator behavior was stronger for herbivores than for omnivores or carnivores and for solitary than for gregarious species. By contrast, the decrease in antipredator traits was stronger for gregarious, urbanized species, although this result is based mostly on birds. Our study offers 2 major insights on evolution in the Anthropocene: (1) changes in traits occur rapidly even under unintentional human “interventions” (i.e., urbanization) and (2) there are similarities between the selection pressures exerted by domestication and by urbanization. In all, such changes could affect animal survival in a predator-rich world, but through understanding evolutionary dynamics, we can better predict when and how exposure to humans modify these fitness-related traits. This study reveals that the evolutionary dynamics of antipredator responses of urbanized animals are similar to those of domestication but at a rate 3 times slower. Hence, contact with humans has profound impacts on the capacity of populations to respond to predation. Both foraging guilds and social level of species have an impact on the speed of the decrease of fear-related traits over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Breanna J. Putman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Department of Herpetology and Urban Nature Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Oded Berger-Tal
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE, Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anders Pape Møller
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite Paris-Sud, France
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Geffroy B, Wedekind C. Effects of global warming on sex ratios in fishes. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:596-606. [PMID: 32524610 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In fishes, sex is determined by genetics, the environment or an interaction of both. Temperature is among the most important environmental factors that can affect sex determination. As a consequence, changes in temperature at critical developmental stages can induce biases in primary sex ratios in some species. However, early sex ratios can also be biased by sex-specific tolerances to environmental stresses that may, in some cases, be amplified by changes in water temperature. Sex-specific reactions to environmental stress have been observed at early larval stages before gonad formation starts. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between temperature effects on sex determination, generally acting through the stress axis or epigenetic mechanisms, and temperature effects on sex-specific mortality. Both are likely to affect sex ratios and hence population dynamics. Moreover, in cases where temperature effects on sex determination lead to genotype-phenotype mismatches, long-term effects on population dynamics are possible, for example temperature-induced masculinization potentially leading to the loss of Y chromosomes or feminization to male-biased operational sex ratios in future generations. To date, most studies under controlled conditions conclude that if temperature affects sex ratios, elevated temperatures mostly lead to a male bias. The few studies that have been performed on wild populations seem to confirm this general trend. Recent findings suggest that transgenerational plasticity could mitigate the effects of warming on sex ratios in some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Ifremer, IRD, CNRS, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Claus Wedekind
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Alfonso S, Sadoul B, Gesto M, Joassard L, Chatain B, Geffroy B, Bégout ML. Coping styles in European sea bass: The link between boldness, stress response and neurogenesis. Physiol Behav 2019; 207:76-85. [PMID: 31047951 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coping styles consist of a coherent set of individual physiological and behavioral differences in stress responses that are consistent across time and context. Such consistent inter-individual differences in behavior have already been shown in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), but the associated mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here, we combine physiological measurements with individual behavioral responses in order to characterize coping styles in fish. Fish were tagged and placed in a tank for group risk-taking tests (GRT) at 8 months of age to evaluate boldness using the proxy latency of leaving a sheltered area towards an open area. A subsample of these fish were individually challenged 16 months later using an open field test (OFT), in which the boldness was assessed after being placed in a shelter within an open arena. Latency to exit the shelter, time spent in the shelter, and distance travelled were recorded for this purpose. The blood and brain were then collected to evaluate plasma cortisol concentration and neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and related metabolites), as well as brain transcription of key genes involved in stress axis regulation (gr1, gr2, mr, crf), neurogenesis (neurod1, neurod2, pcna), and neuronal development (egr1). Fish acting bolder in the GRT were not necessarily those acting bolder in the OFT, highlighting the relatively low consistency across different types of tests performed with a 16-months interval. There was, however, a significant correlation between stress markers and boldness. Indeed, mRNA levels of mr, crf, gr2, egr1, and neurod2, as well as norepinephrine levels were higher in shy than bold fish, whereas brain serotonergic activity was lower in shy fish. Overall, our study highlights the fact that boldness was not consistent over time when testing context differed (group vs. alone). This is in agreement with previous literature suggesting that social context play a key role in boldness measurement and that the particular life history of each individual may account in shaping the personality fate of a fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Alfonso
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-flots, France; Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Ifremer, Place Gaby Coll, F-17137 L'Houmeau, France.
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-flots, France
| | - Manuel Gesto
- Technical University of Denmark, Willemoesvej 2 Building Hovedbygning, D-9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Lucette Joassard
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Ifremer, Place Gaby Coll, F-17137 L'Houmeau, France
| | - Béatrice Chatain
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-flots, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-les-flots, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bégout
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Ifremer, Place Gaby Coll, F-17137 L'Houmeau, France
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Abstract
Stress in teleosts is an increasingly studied topic because of its interaction with growth, reproduction, immune system and ultimately fitness of the animal. Whether it is for evaluating welfare in aquaculture, adaptive capacities in fish ecology, or to investigate effects of human-induced rapid environmental change, new experimental methods to describe stress physiology in captive or wild fish have flourished. Cortisol has proven to be a reliable indicator of stress and is considered the major stress hormone. Initially principally measured in blood, cortisol measurement methods are now evolving towards lower invasiveness and to allow repeated measurements over time. We present an overview of recent achievements in the field of cortisol measurement in fishes, discussing new alternatives to blood, whole body and eggs as matrices for cortisol measurement, notably mucus, faeces, water, scales and fins. In parallel, new analytical tools are being developed to increase specificity, sensitivity and automation of the measure. The review provides the founding principles of these techniques and introduces their potential as continuous monitoring tools. Finally, we consider promising avenues of research that could be prioritised in the field of stress physiology of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Sadoul
- MARBEC, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Palavas Les-Flots, France
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- MARBEC, Ifremer, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Palavas Les-Flots, France
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26
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Sadoul B, Alfonso S, Bessa E, Bouchareb A, Blondeau-Bidet E, Clair P, Chatain B, Bégout ML, Geffroy B. Enhanced brain expression of genes related to cell proliferation and neural differentiation is associated with cortisol receptor expression in fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 267:76-81. [PMID: 29902473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress enhances or inhibits neurogenesis in mammals and some fish species. The link between the two processes is still unclear. Most studies have been performed in very specific stressful or altered environments. Despite the known inter-individual divergence in coping abilities within populations, the relationship between the stress axis and neurogenesis has never been addressed in unstressed individuals. Here we correlate brain expression of the pcna (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and neurod1 (neurogenic differentiation factor 1) genes, two markers of neurogenesis, with transcripts of cortisol receptors in three fish species living in very distinct environments. Within the three species, individuals with the highest expression of neurogenesis genes were also those that expressed the high levels of cortisol receptors. Based on these correlations and the hypothesis that mRNA levels are proxies of protein levels, we hypothesize that within unstressed animals, individuals sensitive to cortisol perceive a similar environment to be more stimulating, leading to increased neurogenesis. Although it is difficult to determine whether it is sensitivity to cortisol that affects neurogenesis capacities or the opposite, the proposed pathway is a potentially fruitful avenue that warrants further mechanistic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sadoul
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
| | - S Alfonso
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France; Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques de La Rochelle, Place Gaby Coll, L'Houmeau, France
| | - E Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - A Bouchareb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Blondeau-Bidet
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - P Clair
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier GenomiX, Montpellier, France
| | - B Chatain
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - M L Bégout
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques de La Rochelle, Place Gaby Coll, L'Houmeau, France
| | - B Geffroy
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.
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27
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Kiilerich P, Geffroy B, Valotaire C, Prunet P. Endogenous regulation of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and corticosteroid receptors (CRs) during rainbow trout early development and the effects of corticosteroids on hatching. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:22-30. [PMID: 29886079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Clear evidence for a physiological role of the mineralocorticoid-like hormone 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in fish is still lacking. Efforts to demonstrate an osmoregulatory role for this hormone has so far not been conclusive, while a few scattered studies have indicated a role for DOC in development and reproduction. In this study, we investigate the onset of de novo DOC synthesis in parallel with endogenous corticosteroid receptor mRNA production from fertilization to the swim-up stage in rainbow trout. Whole egg DOC content decreased from fertilization until hatching followed by an increase to pre-fertilization levels just after hatching. Onset of de novo transcription of corticosteroid receptor mRNA's was observed shortly after the midblastula transition; initially glucocorticoid receptor 2 (GR2) followed by MR and then GR1. Non-invasive introduction of DOC or cortisol at fertilization resulted in altered corticosteroid receptor regulation and accelerated hatching date, suggesting a regulatory role in trout ontogenesis of both hormones through MR signaling pathway. The results presented in this study suggest a possible physiological role of the DOC-MR signaling pathway during fish ontogenesis, at fertilization and just after hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kiilerich
- INRA, UR 1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, IFR140, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- INRA, UR 1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, IFR140, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Claudiane Valotaire
- INRA, UR 1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, IFR140, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Prunet
- INRA, UR 1037, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génomique des Poissons, IFR140, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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28
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Geffroy B, Sadoul B, Bouchareb A, Prigent S, Bourdineaud JP, Gonzalez-Rey M, Morais RN, Mela M, Nobre Carvalho L, Bessa E. Nature-Based Tourism Elicits a Phenotypic Shift in the Coping Abilities of Fish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29459828 PMCID: PMC5807742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature-based tourism is gaining extensive popularity, increasing the intensity and frequency of human-wildlife contacts. As a consequence, behavioral and physiological alterations were observed in most exposed animals. However, while the majority of these studies investigated the effects of punctual exposure to tourists, the consequences of constant exposition to humans in the wild remains overlooked. This is an important gap considering the exponential interest for recreational outdoor activities. To infer long-term effects of intensive tourism, we capitalized on Odontostilbe pequira, a short-lived sedentary Tetra fish who spends its life close to humans, on which it feeds on dead skin. Hence, those fish are constantly exposed to tourists throughout their lifecycle. Here we provide an integrated picture of the whole phenomenon by investigating, for the first time, the expression of genes involved in stress response and neurogenesis, as well as behavioral and hormonal responses of animals consistently exposed to tourists. Gene expression of the mineralocorticoid (and cortisol) receptor (mr) and the neurogenic differentiation factor (NeuroD) were significantly higher in fish sampled in the touristic zone compared to those sampled in the control zone. Additionally, after a simulated stress in artificial and controlled conditions, those fish previously exposed to visitors produced more cortisol and presented increased behavioral signs of stress compared to their non-exposed conspecifics. Overall, nature-based tourism appeared to shift selection pressures, favoring a sensitive phenotype that does not thrive under natural conditions. The ecological implications of this change in coping style remain, nevertheless, an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil.,Institute of Biological, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso UFMT, Sinop, Brazil.,Ifremer, IRD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Palavas-Les-Flots, France
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- Ifremer, IRD, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR MARBEC, University of Montpellier, Palavas-Les-Flots, France.,Environmental Physiology and Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amine Bouchareb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- Biogenouest, Biosit - UMS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3480/US INSERM 018, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5805, Aquatic Toxicology, University of Bordeaux, Arcachon, France
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Rey
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5805, Aquatic Toxicology, University of Bordeaux, Arcachon, France
| | - Rosana N Morais
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maritana Mela
- Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Nobre Carvalho
- Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil.,Institute of Biological, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso UFMT, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mesa
- Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
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30
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Brisse R, Faddoul R, Bourgeteau T, Tondelier D, Leroy J, Campidelli S, Berthelot T, Geffroy B, Jousselme B. Inkjet Printing NiO-Based p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:2369-2377. [PMID: 28026923 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication at low cost of transparent p-type semiconductors with suitable electronic properties is essential toward the scalability of many electronic devices, especially for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. In this context, the synthesis of mesoporous NiO films through inkjet printing of a sol-gel ink was investigated for the first time. Nickel chloride and Pluronic F-127, used as nickel oxide precursor and pore-forming agent, respectively, were formulated in a water/ethanol mixture to prepare a jettable ink for Dimatix printer. Multilayer NiO films were formed, and different morphologies could be obtained by playing on the interlayer thermal treatment. At low temperature (30 °C), a porous nanoparticulate-nanofiber dual-pore structure was observed. On the other hand, with a high temperature treatment (450 °C), nanoparticulate denser films without any dual structure were obtained. The mechanism for NiO formation during the final sintering step, investigated by means of X-ray photolectron spectroscopy, shows that a Ni(OH)2 species is an intermediate between NiCl2 and NiO. The different morphologies and thicknesses of the NiO films were correlated to their performance in a p-DSSC configuration, using a new push-pull dye (so-called "RBG-174") and an iodine-based electrolyte. Moreover, the positive impact of a nanometric NiOx layer deposited by spin-coating and introduced between FTO and the NiO mesoporous network is highlighted in the present work. The best results were obtained with NiOx/four layer-NiO mesoporous photocathodes of 860 nm, with a current density at the short circuit of 3.42 mA cm-2 (irradiance of 100 mW cm-2 spectroscopically distributed following AM 1.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brisse
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - R Faddoul
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - T Bourgeteau
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - D Tondelier
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - J Leroy
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - S Campidelli
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - T Berthelot
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - B Geffroy
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
- LPICM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Jousselme
- Laboratory of Innovation in Surface Chemistry and Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
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Abstract
Human interactions with wild animals may result in changes in behavior across generations with consequences for population trends and hence threat status. Exposure to humans and tameness of animals when exposed to humans may also imply significant costs such as the rapid spread of viruses and other microorganisms that constitute reservoirs or vectors of serious diseases. Ecotourism and nature-based tourism are factors that may affect the behavior of animals living in natural habitats, including their stress and fear responses. Here I review a scarce and scattered literature dealing with changes in animal behavior across generations and critically assess the relative importance of the mechanisms that potentially underlie these changes. Animals may show short-term changes in behavior across generations as a consequence of microevolution (a genetic change in behavior), nongenetic so-called epigenetic changes, reductions in the response to behavioral stimuli with repeated exposure to a stimulus (habituation), and the nonrandom distribution of animals that differ in behavior among sites (so-called phenotypic sorting). I conclude with a plea for future research to allow assessment of the underlying causes of long-term changes in behavior of animals exposed to human disturbance, particularly those changes caused by ecotourists’ activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and The Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Benjamin Geffroy
- Ifremer, UMR MARBEC, Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, Laboratory of Adaptation and Adaptability of Animals and Systems, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | | | - Eduardo Bessa
- Graduate Program in Ecology, and Life and Earth Sciences Department, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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Morozan A, Bourgeteau T, Tondelier D, Geffroy B, Jousselme B, Artero V. Noble metal-free hydrogen-evolving photocathodes based on small molecule organic semiconductors. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:355401. [PMID: 27455142 PMCID: PMC5490788 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/35/355401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors have great potential for producing hydrogen in a sustainable and economically-viable manner because they rely on readily available materials with highly tunable properties. We demonstrate here the relevance of heterojunctions to the construction of H2-evolving photocathodes, exclusively based on earth-abundant elements. Boron subnaphthalocyanine chloride proved a very promising acceptor in that perspective. It absorbs a part of the solar spectrum complementary to α-sexithiophene as a donor, thus generating large photocurrents and providing a record onset potential for light-driven H2 evolution under acidic aqueous conditions using a nanoparticulate amorphous molybdenum sulfide catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Morozan
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie de Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5249, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale du CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - T. Bourgeteau
- Laboratoire d’Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D. Tondelier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couche Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B. Geffroy
- Laboratoire d’Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et Couche Minces, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B. Jousselme
- Laboratoire d’Innovation en Chimie des Surfaces et Nanosciences (LICSEN), NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - V. Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie de Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5249, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale du CEA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
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33
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Geffroy B, Bolliet V, Bardonnet A. Kleptoparasitism and aggressiveness are influenced by standard metabolic rate in eels. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Geffroy B, Samia DSM, Bessa E, Blumstein DT. Nature-Based Tourism and Prey Vulnerability to Predators: A Reply to Fitzgerald and Stronza. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 31:95-96. [PMID: 26654118 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil; INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Diogo S M Samia
- Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, CP. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- Laboratory of Behavioral Ecology of Reproduction, State University of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Colson
- INRA; UR1037; Fish Physiology and Genomics; F-35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Benjamin Geffroy
- INRA; UR1037; Fish Physiology and Genomics; F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- INRA; UR1037; Fish Physiology and Genomics; F-35000 Rennes France
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36
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Geffroy B, Samia DSM, Bessa E, Blumstein DT. How Nature-Based Tourism Might Increase Prey Vulnerability to Predators. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:755-765. [PMID: 26475119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tourism can be deleterious for wildlife because it triggers behavioral changes in individuals with cascading effects on populations and communities. Among these behavioral changes, animals around humans often reduce their fearfulness and antipredator responses towards humans. A straightforward prediction is that habituation to humans associated with tourism would negatively influence reaction to predators. This could happen indirectly, where human presence decreases the number of natural predators and thus prey become less wary, or directly, where human-habituated individuals become bolder and thus more vulnerable to predation. Building on ideas from the study of traits associated with domestication and urbanization, we develop a framework to understand how behavioral changes associated with nature-based tourism can impact individual fitness, and thus the demographic trajectory of a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- Center of Study of the Meridional Amazon, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil; INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Diogo S M Samia
- Laboratory of Theoretical Ecology and Synthesis, Department of Ecology, Federal University of Goiás, CP. 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bessa
- State University of Mato Grosso, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral Ecology of Reproduction, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. Gal. Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.
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Abstract
Behavioural syndrome, which refers to a suite of correlated behaviours across differing situations, has been identified in numerous animals, including fish. The presence and conservation of a behavioural syndrome throughout evolutionary times suggests it confers various advantages at a population level. In eels, such as the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), activity and aggressiveness are important factors in their life history, since both traits influence dispersal and territoriality. In the present study we investigated whether these behavioural traits were consistent at both the nychtemeral scale (24 h) and over a long time period (7 months). In addition, we investigated if aggressiveness and activity were positively correlated. Both activity and aggressiveness were significantly repeatable, indicating that both behavioural traits could be considered as personality traits. Interestingly, nocturnal activity was correlated to diurnal activity, indicating that this personality trait was highly stable at the circadian scale. Both aggressiveness and activity were correlated in the course of the experiment, underlining the presence of a behavioural syndrome. The detection of two behaviourally distinct groups in juvenile eels: aggressive and active individuals versus their counterpart have implications in the understanding of the colonization profile of the watershed. We discuss these findings in relation to the ecology of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Pôle d’Hydrobiologie, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
- UPPA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, UFR des Sciences de la Côte Basque, allée du parc Montaury, 64600 Anglet, France
| | - Bastien Sadoul
- INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Bardonnet
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Pôle d’Hydrobiologie, Quartier Ibarron, 64310 Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
- UPPA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, UFR des Sciences de la Côte Basque, allée du parc Montaury, 64600 Anglet, France
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Simon O, Floc'h E, Geffroy B, Frelon S. Exploring ecotoxicological fish bioassay for the evaluation of uranium reprotoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1817-1824. [PMID: 24920155 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although reproduction in fish is known to be sensitive to metal exposure, few ecotoxicological studies have focused on the toxicological effects of metals. Because uranium (U) is naturally present in aquatic ecosystems (0.6-2 mg/L), freshwater organisms are subjected to chronic U exposure. Although new standardized assays are currently being developed to mimic realistic exposure conditions, they could be improved by taking into account the contamination that occurs throughout the life cycle of fish. The authors initially evaluated the effect of food (commercial flakes vs pure Spirulina) and ionic composition of the exposure medium on the reproductive performance of Danio rerio. The effects of U exposure on reproduction then were assessed 1) for the F0 adult stage at short exposure times (5 d, 20 d, and 40 d), and 2) for the F0 stage and the F1 generation after 200 d of exposure to control, low (20 µg U/L), and moderate (250 µg U/L) waterborne levels of U. Reproductive endpoints (reproductive success, fecundity, number of spawns, egg and larvae viability, and hatching) were measured mainly after the first spawn and after 10 d of cumulative spawns. The authors evaluated the plasticity of these endpoints and compared the effect of exposure conditions to identify the most relevant markers of the effect of U exposure on reproductive performance of D. rerio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Simon
- Laboratoire de Biogéochimie, Biodisponibilité et Transferts des radionucléides, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
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39
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Geffroy B, Guiguen Y, Fostier A, Bardonnet A. New insights regarding gonad development in European eel: evidence for a direct ovarian differentiation. Fish Physiol Biochem 2013; 39:1129-1140. [PMID: 23334566 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In European eel, it has been proposed that the undifferentiated gonad would develop into either an intersexual stage (Syrski organ) or directly into an ovary. The Syrski organ could then develop into either an ovary or a testis. In the present study, glass eels were raised until they reached a minimum size of 29 cm for histological sex assessment. In addition, some undifferentiated individuals with size encompassing 15-28 cm were sampled in a female-biased population (Oir River). We also investigated aromatase gene expression, which is known to be involved in the process of fish sex differentiation. Gonad histology revealed that intersexual eels were characterized by a small number of oocytes within a predominant testis-like structure. Males were significantly smaller than intersexual eels, which suggests that all males do not necessarily pass through an intermediate intersexual stage. Aromatase transcript levels in intersexual eels gonads and testes were similar but significantly lower than in ovaries and were comparable between ovaries and undifferentiated gonads from the females-biased population. In addition, condition factor was lower in female than in intersexual individuals. Together, these results provide evidence that ovaries would not develop from the Syrski organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- INRA, UMR 1224 Ecobiop, Pôle d'Hydrobiologie, Quartier Ibarron, 64310, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France
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40
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Ladhar C, Geffroy B, Cambier S, Treguer-Delapierre M, Durand E, Brèthes D, Bourdineaud JP. Impact of dietary cadmium sulphide nanoparticles on Danio rerio zebrafish at very low contamination pressure. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:676-85. [PMID: 23883150 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.822116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To address the impact of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdSNPs) of two different sizes (8 and 50 nm), Danio rerio zebrafish were dietary exposed to very low doses: 100 or 40 ng CdSNPs/day/g body weight for 36 or 60 days, respectively. The results obtained using RAPD-PCR genotoxicity test showed genomic alteration since the number of hybridisation sites of the RAPD probes was significantly modified after CdSNPs exposure. In addition, selected stress response genes were either repressed or upregulated in tissues of CdSNPs-exposed fish. Mitochondrial dysfunction was also caused by the presence of CdSNPs in food. Cadmium accumulation in fish tissues (brain and muscles) could only be observed after 60 days of exposure. CdSNPs toxicity was dependent on their size and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Ladhar
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5805, Arcachon Marine Station , Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon , France
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Coens A, Chakaroun M, Fischer APA, Lee MW, Boudrioua A, Geffroy B, Vemuri G. Experimental optimization of the optical and electrical properties of a half-wavelength-thick organic hetero-structure in a Micro-cavity. Opt Express 2012; 20:29252-29259. [PMID: 23388750 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the context of progress towards the organic laser diode, we experimentally investigate the optical and electrical optimization of an OLED in a vertical λ/2 microcavity. The microcavity consists of a quarter-wavelength TiO₂/SiO₂ multilayer mirror, a half-wavelength-thick OLED and a semitransparent aluminum cathode. The Alq3/DCM2 guest-host system is used as the emitting layer. This study focuses on the design and the fabrication of a half-wavelength thick organic hetero-structure exhibiting a high current density despite both the thickness increase and the cathode thickness reduction. The emission wavelength, the line-width narrowing and the current-density are studied as a function of two key parameters: the hetero-structure optical thickness and the aluminum cathode thickness. The experimental results show that a 125 nm thick cavity OLED ended by a 20 nm thick aluminum cathode exhibits a resonance at 606 nm with a full width at half maximum of 11 nm, and with current-densities exceeding 0.5 A/cm². We show that even without a top high-quality-mirror the incomplete microcavity λ/2 OLED hetero-structure exhibits a clear modification of the spontaneous emission at normal incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coens
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers CNRS UMR 7538, Université Paris 13, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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Suspène C, Miozzo L, Choi J, Gironda R, Geffroy B, Tondelier D, Bonnassieux Y, Horowitz G, Yassar A. Amphiphilic conjugated block copolymers for efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm14960e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Geffroy B, Fostier A, Guiguen Y, Bardonnet A. Unusual Cases of Adult Intersexuality in the European EelAnguilla anguilla. Sex Dev 2012; 6:316-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000343781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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44
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Geffroy B, Ladhar C, Cambier S, Treguer-Delapierre M, Brèthes D, Bourdineaud JP. Impact of dietary gold nanoparticles in zebrafish at very low contamination pressure: the role of size, concentration and exposure time. Nanotoxicology 2011; 6:144-60. [PMID: 21417799 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.562328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The impact of a daily ration of food containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of two sizes (12 and 50 nm) was investigated in the zebrafish Danio rerio at very low doses (from 36-106 ng gold/fish/day). AuNP exposure resulted in various dysfunctions at the sub cellular scale, and AuNP concentration in food, AuNP size and exposure duration modulated the observed adverse effects. Indeed, we showed alteration of genome composition using a RAPD-PCR genotoxicity test as the number of hybridization sites of the RAPD probes was significantly modified after AuNP exposure. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in DNA repair, detoxification processes, apoptosis, mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress was also modulated in response to AuNP contamination. Mitochondrial dysfunctions appeared in brain and muscle for both tested doses (40 and 100 ng gold/fish/day), but gold accumulation in fish tissues could only be observed in the case of the highest exposure dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geffroy
- CNRS , UMR 5805, Université de Bordeaux 1, Arcachon Marine Station, Arcachon, France
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45
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Simon O, Mottin E, Geffroy B, Hinton T. Effects of dietary uranium on reproductive endpoints--fecundity, survival, reproductive success--of the fish Danio rerio. Environ Toxicol Chem 2011; 30:220-225. [PMID: 20963820 DOI: 10.1002/etc.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metal-contaminated water has been shown to result in a number of reproductive abnormalities in adult and larvae fish, such as failure of oocyte maturation and teratogenic effects. Recently, dietary uptake of metals by fish has been recognized as a critical route of exposure, however, the mechanisms of metal uptake and toxicity are poorly understood and in need of further investigation. The objectives of the present study are to quantify uranium (U dietary transfers from spiked artificial diets) in Danio rerio tissues and embryos, as well as establish its effect on reproduction and embryonic development. Uranium's environmental prominence is currently increasing because of new mining and milling activities. Uranium concentrations range from 0.02 µg/L in natural waters to 2 mg/L. The focus of this study was to examine the trophic transfer and effects of U following exposure modalities (dose, exposure duration 1 to 20 d). Two different isotopes were used to distinguish between chemical and radioactivity toxicity of U. Results showed that U trophic transfer was low (0.52%). Uranium tissue distributions showed that accumulation occurred in digestive organs (liver, digestive tract) following dietary exposure. High levels of U were measured in the gonads (female in particular, >20% of relative burden). High U accumulation levels in eggs indicated maternal transfer of the contaminant. Moreover, U trophic exposure led to a reduction in reproduction success as a function of U accumulated levels. High U exposure conditions strongly reduced the total number of eggs (50%) and their viability at 10 d (reduction of the clutch number, low quality of eggs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Simon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
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46
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Arias-Marin E, Le Moigne J, Maillou T, Guillon D, Moggio I, Geffroy B. Amphiphilic Phenyl−Ethynylene Polymers and Copolymers. Synthesis, Characterization, and Optical Emission Properties. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Arias-Marin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J. Le Moigne
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - T. Maillou
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D. Guillon
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - I. Moggio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - B. Geffroy
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France, and LETI (CEA Technologies Avancées), DEIN/SPE, Groupe Composants Organiques, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Bethel RA, Sheppard D, Geffroy B, Tam E, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. Effect of 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide on airway resistance in freely breathing, heavily exercising, asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131:659-61. [PMID: 3994163 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1985.131.4.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide in filtered air causes bronchoconstriction when inhaled by freely breathing, heavily exercising, asthmatic subjects. Nineteen asthmatic volunteers exercised at 750 kilogram meters/min for 5 min in an exposure chamber that contained filtered air at ambient temperature and humidity or, on another day, filtered air plus 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide. The order of exposure to sulfur dioxide and to filtered air alone was randomized, and the experiments were double-blinded. Specific airway resistance, measured by constant-volume, whole-body plethysmography, increased from 6.38 +/- 2.07 cm H2O X s (mean +/- SD) before exercise to 11.32 +/- 8.97 after exercise on days when subjects breathed filtered air alone and from 5.70 +/- 1.93 to 13.33 +/- 7.54 on days when subjects breathed 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide in filtered air. The increase in specific airway resistance on days when subjects breathed 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide was only slightly greater than on days when they breathed filtered air, but the difference was significant. To determine whether 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide causes greater bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects exercising more vigorously, 9 subjects then repeated the experiment exercising at 1,000 instead of 750 kilogram meters/min. Specific airway resistance increased from 6.71 +/- 2.25 to 13.59 +/- 7.57 on days when subjects breathed filtered air alone and from 5.23 +/- 1.23 to 12.54 +/- 6.17 on days they breathed 0.25 ppm sulfur dioxide in filtered air. The increase in specific airway resistance on the 2 days was not significantly different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Banzett R, Lehr J, Geffroy B. High-frequency ventilation lengthens expiration in the anesthetized dog. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1983; 55:329-34. [PMID: 6225757 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We tested the response of nine barbiturate-anesthetized dogs to high-frequency ventilation (HFV) (40-55 ml tidal volumes at 15 Hz) while measuring and controlling lung volume and blood gases. When lung volume and PCO2 were held constant, six of the nine responded to HFV by lengthening expiration. In each of these six dogs the maximal response was apnea. The response was immediate. In submaximal responses only expiration was changed; inspiratory time and peak diaphragmatic electrical activity were unaffected. There was a variable effect on abdominal muscle activity. If mean expiratory lung volume was allowed to increase at the onset of HFV, the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex added to the response. The strength of the response depended on level of anesthesia and arterial PO2. Vagotomy abolished the response in all cases. We conclude that oscillation of the respiratory system reflexly prolongs expiration via mechanoreceptors, perhaps those in the lungs.
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Banzett R, Strohl K, Geffroy B, Mead J. Effect of transrespiratory pressure on PETCO2-PaCO2 and ventilatory reflexes in humans. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981; 51:660-4. [PMID: 6799462 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.3.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inspiratory muscle activity increases when lung volume is increased by continuous positive-pressure breathing in conscious human subjects (Green et al., Respir. Physiol. 35: 283-300, 1978). Because end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2) does not change, these increases have not been attributed to chemoreflexes. However, continuous positive-pressure breathing at 20 cmH2O influences the end-tidal to arterial CO2 pressure differences (Folkow and Pappenheimer, J. Appl. Physiol. 8: 102-110, 1955). We have compared PETCO2 with arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2). We have compared PETCO2 with arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) in healthy human subjects exposed to continuous positive airway pressure (10 cmH2O) or continuous negative pressure around the torso (-15 cmH2O) sufficient to increase mean lung volume by about 650 ml. The difference between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was not decreased, and we conclude that PETCO2 is a valid measure of chemical drive to ventilation in such circumstances. We observed substantial increases in respiratory muscle electromyograms during pressure breathing as seen previously and conclude this response must originate by proprioception. On average, the compensation of tidal volume thus afforded was complete, but the wide variability of individual responses suggests that there was a large cerebral cortical component in the responses seen here.
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