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Bai Y, Wilbraham L, Slater BJ, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Accelerated Discovery of Organic Polymer Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from Water through the Integration of Experiment and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9063-9071. [PMID: 31074272 PMCID: PMC7007211 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are an emerging class of photocatalysts for hydrogen production where the large breadth of potential synthetic diversity presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Here, we integrate robotic experimentation with high-throughput computation to navigate the available structure-property space. A total of 6354 co-polymers was considered computationally, followed by the synthesis and photocatalytic characterization of a sub-library of more than 170 co-polymers. This led to the discovery of new polymers with sacrificial hydrogen evolution rates (HERs) of more than 6 mmol g-1 h-1. The variation in HER across the library does not correlate strongly with any single physical property, but a machine-learning model involving four separate properties can successfully describe up to 68% of the variation in the HER data between the different polymers. The four variables used in the model were the predicted electron affinity, the predicted ionization potential, the optical gap, and the dispersibility of the polymer particles in solution, as measured by optical transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , U.K
| | - Liam Wilbraham
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Benjamin J Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , U.K
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , U.K
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Corrigendum: Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2520. [PMID: 29485756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Berichtigung: Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Diethylamine is the smallest and simplest molecule that features a supramolecular helix as its lowest energy aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe J. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Ellis F. Kay
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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Pulido A, Chen L, Kaczorowski T, Holden D, Little MA, Chong SY, Slater BJ, McMahon DP, Bonillo B, Stackhouse CJ, Stephenson A, Kane CM, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI, Day GM. Functional materials discovery using energy-structure-function maps. Nature 2017; 543:657-664. [PMID: 28329756 PMCID: PMC5458805 DOI: 10.1038/nature21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystals cannot be designed in the same manner as macroscopic objects, because they do not assemble according to simple, intuitive rules. Their structures result from the balance of many weak interactions, rather than from the strong and predictable bonding patterns found in metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. Hence, design strategies that assume a topology or other structural blueprint will often fail. Here we combine computational crystal structure prediction and property prediction to build energy-structure-function maps that describe the possible structures and properties that are available to a candidate molecule. Using these maps, we identify a highly porous solid, which has the lowest density reported for a molecular crystal so far. Both the structure of the crystal and its physical properties, such as methane storage capacity and guest-molecule selectivity, are predicted using the molecular structure as the only input. More generally, energy-structure-function maps could be used to guide the experimental discovery of materials with any target function that can be calculated from predicted crystal structures, such as electronic structure or mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Pulido
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniel Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - David P McMahon
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1792-6. [PMID: 26696450 PMCID: PMC4755226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Linear poly(p‐phenylene)s are modestly active UV photocatalysts for hydrogen production in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor. Introduction of planarized fluorene, carbazole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene or dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone units greatly enhances the H2 evolution rate. The most active dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has a UV photocatalytic activity that rivals TiO2, but is much more active under visible light. The dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has an apparent quantum yield of 2.3 % at 420 nm, as compared to 0.1 % for platinized commercial pristine carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Baltasar Bonillo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Pierre Guiglion
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Nick J Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Benjamin J Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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Sprick RS, Bonillo B, Clowes R, Guiglion P, Brownbill NJ, Slater BJ, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Using Planarized Conjugated Polymer Photocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 128:1824-1828. [PMID: 27478279 PMCID: PMC4950146 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Linear poly(p‐phenylene)s are modestly active UV photocatalysts for hydrogen production in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor. Introduction of planarized fluorene, carbazole, dibenzo[b,d]thiophene or dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone units greatly enhances the H2 evolution rate. The most active dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has a UV photocatalytic activity that rivals TiO2, but is much more active under visible light. The dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone co‐polymer has an apparent quantum yield of 2.3 % at 420 nm, as compared to 0.1 % for platinized commercial pristine carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Baltasar Bonillo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Pierre Guiglion
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Nick J Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Benjamin J Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK; Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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Slater BJ, Willis AM, Llano DA. Evidence for layer-specific differences in auditory corticocollicular neurons. Neuroscience 2012; 229:144-54. [PMID: 23137545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that there may be distinct processing streams emanating from auditory cortical layers 5 and 6 that influence the auditory midbrain. To determine whether these projections have different physiological properties, we injected rhodamine-tagged latex tracer beads into the inferior colliculus of >30-day-old mice to label these corticofugal cells. Whole-cell recordings were performed on 62 labeled cells to determine their basic electrophysiological properties and cells were filled with biocytin to determine their morphological characteristics. Layer 5 auditory corticocollicular cells have prominent I(h)-mediated sag and rebound currents, have relatively sluggish time constants, and can generate calcium-dependent rhythmic bursts. In contrast, layer 6 auditory corticocollicular cells are non-bursting, do not demonstrate sag or rebound currents and have short time constants. Quantitative analysis of morphology showed that layer 6 cells are smaller, have a horizontal orientation, and have very long dendrites (>500 μm) that branch profusely both near the soma distally near the pia. Layer 5 corticocollicular cells are large pyramidal cells with a long apical dendrite with most branching near the pial surface. The marked differences in physiological properties and dendritic arborization between neurons in layers 5 and 6 make it likely that each type plays a distinct role in controlling auditory information processing in the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Slater
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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Slater BJ, Davies ES, Argent SP, Nowell H, Lewis W, Blake AJ, Champness NR. A Perylene Diimide Rotaxane: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemically Driven De-Threading. Chemistry 2011; 17:14746-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Slater BJ, Varma JS, Gillespie JI. Abnormalities in the contractile properties of colonic smooth muscle in idiopathic slow transit constipation. Br J Surg 1997; 84:181-4. [PMID: 9052428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying pathophysiology of idiopathic slow transit constipation (ISTC) remains unclear. At present, there is little evidence to implicate a smooth muscle myopathy in the aetiology of this condition. This study compared the effect of cisapride on the cholinergic response of colonic muscle strips from patients with this condition with that of control tissue. METHODS Isometric tension production was recorded from circular smooth muscle strips taken from five patients undergoing colectomy for ISTC in response to cumulative concentrations of carbachol (100 nmol/1-100 mumol/l) alone and in the presence of cisapride 400 nmol/l. Similar dose-response activity was obtained for a control group consisting of six patients undergoing resection for colorectal carcinoma. RESULTS In the absence of cisapride, smooth muscle from patients with carcinoma exhibited a significantly lower sensitivity to cholinergic stimulation (agonist concentration required to produce half-maximal activation (EC50) 4.83 mumol/l) than that from patients with ISTC (EC50 1.63 mumol/l, P = 0.036), and also a greater maximal frequency of the oscillatory activity associated with the increase in isometric tension (0.070 versus 0.049 Hz, P = 0.035). Cisapride had no effect on the sensitivity to carbachol of the carcinoma tissue but brought about a significant reduction in the sensitivity of smooth muscle from patients with ISTC (EC50 3.24 mumol/l, P = 0.043). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that colonic smooth muscle from patients with ISTC is hypersensitive to cholinergic stimulation and suggest the existence of a smooth muscle myopathy in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Slater
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
Studies of rectal sensory thresholds and compliance in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome have produced conflicting results though there is persistent evidence of rectal hypersensitivity particularly in those with diarrhoea-predominant symptoms. This study examined rectal sensation and compliance in 31 patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (mean age 41 years, 27 female) and 17 healthy volunteers (mean age 45 years, 17 female). A rectal balloon was inflated with fluid at a constant rate and the volume and intrarectal pressure at sensory threshold was recorded. The volumes at first (129 +/- 8 vs 229 +/- 24 ml, P < 0.001 Mann-Whitney-U test), constant (159 +/- 12 vs 286 +/- 21, P < 0.001) and maximum tolerated sensation (290 +/- 13 vs 509 +/- 19, P < 0.001) were all significantly less in the irritable bowel group. There was no significant difference in intrarectal pressures at any of these volumes (29.0 +/- 2.2 cmH2O vs 29.0 +/- 2.5, 35.0 +/- 2.5 vs 34.0 +/- 2.8, 71 +/- 2.5 vs 65.0 +/- 3.0 respectively). Rectal compliance was significantly less in the irritable bowel group (3.6 +/- 0.2 ml/cmH2O vs 8.7 +/- 0.4, P < 0.001). Twenty two patients complained of abdominal pain on balloon inflation, mimicking that experienced as part of their symptoms. Patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome have rectal hypersensitivity and reduced compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Slater
- Department of Surgery, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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White KE, Slater BJ, Graham SH. Synthesis of Methyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctenols and a conformational study by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Aust J Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1071/ch9830517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of
methyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrodibenzo[a,e]cycloocten-5-ols were synthesized, and their
conformations assigned by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Placing
substituents in three of the four available sites on the eight-membered ring
enabled the chemical shifts of the geminal proton to
be observed. It was found that the three sites have intrinsic chemical shifts.
The compounds studied were found to populate a twist-boat conformation, with
bulky substituents preferentially populating the axial site.
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