1
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O'Shaughnessy M, Padgham AC, Clowes R, Little MA, Brand MC, Qu H, Slater AG, Cooper AI. Controlling the Crystallisation and Hydration State of Crystalline Porous Organic Salts. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302420. [PMID: 37615406 PMCID: PMC10946969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline porous organic salts (CPOS) are a subclass of molecular crystals. The low solubility of CPOS and their building blocks limits the choice of crystallisation solvents to water or polar alcohols, hindering the isolation, scale-up, and scope of the porous material. In this work, high throughput screening was used to expand the solvent scope, resulting in the identification of a new porous salt, CPOS-7, formed from tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)methane (TSPM) and tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM). CPOS-7 does not form with standard solvents for CPOS, rather a hydrated phase (Hydrate2920) previously reported is isolated. Initial attempts to translate the crystallisation to batch led to challenges with loss of crystallinity and Hydrate2920 forming favorably in the presence of excess water. Using acetic acid as a dehydrating agent hindered formation of Hydrate2920 and furthermore allowed for direct conversion to CPOS-7. To allow for direct formation of CPOS-7 in high crystallinity flow chemistry was used for the first time to circumvent the issues found in batch. CPOS-7 and Hydrate2920 were shown to have promise for water and CO2 capture, with CPOS-7 having a CO2 uptake of 4.3 mmol/g at 195 K, making it one of the most porous CPOS reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Shaughnessy
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Alex C. Padgham
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Michael C. Brand
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Hang Qu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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2
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Fahey MC, Krukowski RA, Anderson RT, Cohn WF, Porter KJ, Reid T, Wiseman KP, You W, Wood CH, Rucker TW, Little MA. Reaching adults who smoke cigarettes in rural Appalachia: Rationale, design & analysis plan for a mixed-methods study disseminating pharmacy-delivered cessation treatment. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 134:107335. [PMID: 37730197 PMCID: PMC10841546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unlike other U.S. geographical regions, cigarette smoking prevalence remains stagnant in rural Appalachia. One avenue for reaching rural residents with evidence-based smoking cessation treatments could be utilizing community pharmacists. This paper describes the design, rationale, and analysis plan for a mixed-method study that will determine combinations of cessation treatment components that can be integrated within community pharmacies in rural Appalachia. The aim is to quantify the individual and synergistic effects of five highly disseminable and sustainable cessation components in a factorial experiment. METHODS This sequential, mixed-method research design, based on the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework, will use a randomized controlled trial with a 25 fully crossed factorial design (32 treatment combinations) to test, alone and in combination, the most effective evidence-based cessation components: (1) QuitAid (yes vs. no) (2) tobacco quit line (yes vs. no) (3) SmokefreeTXT (yes vs. no) (4) combination NRT lozenge + NRT patch (vs. NRT patch alone), and (5) eight weeks of NRT (vs. standard four weeks). RESULTS Logistic regression will model abstinence at six-months, including indicators for the five treatment factors and all two-way interactions between the treatment factors. Demographic and smoking history variables will be considered to assess potential effect modification. Poisson regression will model quit attempts and percent of adherence to treatment components as secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION This study will provide foundational evidence on how community pharmacies in medically underserved, rural regions can be leveraged to increase utilization of existing evidence-based tobacco cessation resources for treating tobacco dependence. CLINICAL TRIALS NCT05660525.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fahey
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R A Krukowski
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R T Anderson
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W F Cohn
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K J Porter
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - T Reid
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K P Wiseman
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - W You
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C H Wood
- My Pharmacy, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - T W Rucker
- University of Virginia, Health Systems, Nellysford, VA, USA
| | - M A Little
- University of Virginia, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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3
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Zhu Q, Wei L, Zhao C, Qu H, Liu B, Fellowes T, Yang S, Longcake A, Hall MJ, Probert MR, Zhao Y, Cooper AI, Little MA. Soft Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks Constructed Using a Flexible Organic Cage Hinge. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23352-23360. [PMID: 37824718 PMCID: PMC10603795 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft porous crystals combine flexibility and porosity, allowing them to respond structurally to external physical and chemical environments. However, striking the right balance between flexibility and sufficient rigidity for porosity is challenging, particularly for molecular crystals formed by using weak intermolecular interactions. Here, we report a flexible oxygen-bridged prismatic organic cage molecule, Cage-6-COOH, which has three pillars that exhibit "hinge-like" rotational motion in the solid state. Cage-6-COOH can form a range of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) where the "hinge" can accommodate a remarkable 67° dihedral angle range between neighboring units. This stems both from flexibility in the noncovalent hydrogen-bonding motifs in the HOFs and the molecular flexibility in the oxygen-linked cage hinge itself. The range of structures for Cage-6-COOH includes two topologically complex interpenetrated HOFs, CageHOF-2α and CageHOF-2β. CageHOF-2α is nonporous, while CageHOF-2β has permanent porosity and a surface area of 458 m2 g-1. The flexibility of Cage-6-COOH allows this molecule to rapidly transform from a low-crystallinity solid into the two crystalline interpenetrated HOFs, CageHOF-2α and CageHOF-2β, under mild conditions simply by using acetonitrile or ethanol vapor, respectively. This self-healing behavior was selective, with the CageHOF-2β structure exhibiting structural memory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Leverhulme
Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Lei Wei
- School
of Physical Science and Technology, ShanhaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa
Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center
for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals,
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hang Qu
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Bowen Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Thomas Fellowes
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Leverhulme
Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Longcake
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Hall
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Michael R. Probert
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Yingbo Zhao
- School
of Physical Science and Technology, ShanhaiTech
University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
- Leverhulme
Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
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4
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Shields CE, Wang X, Fellowes T, Clowes R, Chen L, Day GM, Slater AG, Ward JW, Little MA, Cooper AI. Experimental Confirmation of a Predicted Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303167. [PMID: 37021635 PMCID: PMC10952618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with low densities and high porosities are rare and challenging to design because most molecules have a strong energetic preference for close packing. Crystal structure prediction (CSP) can rank the crystal packings available to an organic molecule based on their relative lattice energies. This has become a powerful tool for the a priori design of porous molecular crystals. Previously, we combined CSP with structure-property predictions to generate energy-structure-function (ESF) maps for a series of triptycene-based molecules with quinoxaline groups. From these ESF maps, triptycene trisquinoxalinedione (TH5) was predicted to form a previously unknown low-energy HOF (TH5-A) with a remarkably low density of 0.374 g cm-3 and three-dimensional (3D) pores. Here, we demonstrate the reliability of those ESF maps by discovering this TH5-A polymorph experimentally. This material has a high accessible surface area of 3,284 m2 g-1 , as measured by nitrogen adsorption, making it one of the most porous HOFs reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Shields
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Xue Wang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Thomas Fellowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- School of Chemistry and School of Computer SciencesUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton B27, East Highfield Campus, University RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - John W. Ward
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StreetLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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5
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Kearsey RJ, Tarzia A, Little MA, Brand MC, Clowes R, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI, Greenaway RL. Competitive aminal formation during the synthesis of a highly soluble, isopropyl-decorated imine porous organic cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3731-3734. [PMID: 36896582 PMCID: PMC10035065 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new porous organic cage decorated with isopropyl moieties (CC21) was achieved from the reaction of triformylbenzene and an isopropyl functionalised diamine. Unlike structurally analogous porous organic cages, its synthesis proved challenging due to competitive aminal formation, rationalised using control experiments and computational modelling. The use of an additional amine was found to increase conversion to the desired cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Kearsey
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Michael C Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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6
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen Isotope Separation Using a Metal–Organic Cage Built from Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202450. [PMID: 35687266 PMCID: PMC9400858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials that contain ultrafine pore apertures can separate hydrogen isotopes via kinetic quantum sieving (KQS). However, it is challenging to design materials with suitably narrow pores for KQS that also show good adsorption capacities and operate at practical temperatures. Here, we investigate a metal–organic cage (MOC) assembled from organic macrocycles and ZnII ions that exhibits narrow windows (<3.0 Å). Two polymorphs, referred to as 2α and 2β, were observed. Both polymorphs exhibit D2/H2 selectivity in the temperature range 30–100 K. At higher temperature (77 K), the D2 adsorption capacity of 2β increases to about 2.7 times that of 2α, along with a reasonable D2/H2 selectivity. Gas sorption analysis and thermal desorption spectroscopy suggest a gate‐opening effect of the MOCs pore aperture. This promotes KQS at temperatures above liquid nitrogen temperature, indicating that MOCs hold promise for hydrogen isotope separation in real industrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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7
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He D, Zhang L, Liu T, Clowes R, Little MA, Liu M, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Hydrogen isotope separation using a metal‐organic cage built from macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Tao Liu
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Rob Clowes
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc A. Little
- University of Liverpool Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ming Liu
- Zhejiang University Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems: Max-Planck-Institut fur Intelligente Systeme Modern Magnetic Systems Department GERMANY
| | - Andrew Ian Cooper
- University of Liverpool Chemistry Crown Street L69 3BX Liverpool UNITED KINGDOM
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8
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Zhu Q, Johal J, Widdowson DE, Pang Z, Li B, Kane CM, Kurlin V, Day GM, Little MA, Cooper AI. Analogy Powered by Prediction and Structural Invariants: Computationally Led Discovery of a Mesoporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Cage Crystal. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9893-9901. [PMID: 35634799 PMCID: PMC9490843 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Mesoporous molecular
crystals have potential applications in separation
and catalysis, but they are rare and hard to design because many weak
interactions compete during crystallization, and most molecules have
an energetic preference for close packing. Here, we combine crystal
structure prediction (CSP) with structural invariants to continuously
qualify the similarity between predicted crystal structures for related
molecules. This allows isomorphous substitution strategies, which
can be unreliable for molecular crystals, to be augmented by a priori prediction, thus leveraging the power of both approaches.
We used this combined approach to discover a rare example of a low-density
(0.54 g cm–3) mesoporous hydrogen-bonded framework
(HOF), 3D-CageHOF-1. This structure comprises an organic
cage (Cage-3-NH2) that was predicted
to form kinetically trapped, low-density polymorphs via CSP. Pointwise distance distribution structural invariants revealed
five predicted forms of Cage-3-NH2 that are analogous to experimentally realized porous crystals of
a chemically different but geometrically similar molecule, T2. More broadly, this approach overcomes the difficulties in comparing
predicted molecular crystals with varying lattice parameters, thus
allowing for the systematic comparison of energy–structure
landscapes for chemically dissimilar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Jay Johal
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Zhongfu Pang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Boyu Li
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Christopher M. Kane
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Vitaliy Kurlin
- Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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9
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Gao H, Neale AR, Zhu Q, Bahri M, Wang X, Yang H, Xu Y, Clowes R, Browning ND, Little MA, Hardwick LJ, Cooper AI. A Pyrene-4,5,9,10-Tetraone-Based Covalent Organic Framework Delivers High Specific Capacity as a Li-Ion Positive Electrode. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9434-9442. [PMID: 35588159 PMCID: PMC9164232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemically active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, improving the specific capacities of COF-based electrodes requires materials with increased conductivity and a higher concentration of redox-active groups. Here, we designed a series of pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone COF (PT-COF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) composites (denoted as PT-COFX, where X = 10, 30, and 50 wt % of CNT) to address these challenges. Among the composites, PT-COF50 achieved a capacity of up to 280 mAh g-1 as normalized to the active COF material at a current density of 200 mA g-1, which is the highest capacity reported for a COF-based composite cathode electrode to date. Furthermore, PT-COF50 exhibited excellent rate performance, delivering a capacity of 229 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 (18.5C). Using operando Raman microscopy the reversible transformation of the redox-active carbonyl groups of PT-COF was determined, which rationalizes an overall 4 e-/4 Li+ redox process per pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone unit, accounting for its superior performance as a Li-ion battery electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Alex R Neale
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Block C, 1-3 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Xue Wang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yongjie Xu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Block C, 1-3 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Peach Street, Liverpool L69 7ZF, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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10
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He A, Jiang Z, Wu Y, Hussain H, Rawle J, Briggs ME, Little MA, Livingston AG, Cooper AI. A smart and responsive crystalline porous organic cage membrane with switchable pore apertures for graded molecular sieving. Nat Mater 2022; 21:463-470. [PMID: 35013552 PMCID: PMC8971131 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Membranes with high selectivity offer an attractive route to molecular separations, where technologies such as distillation and chromatography are energy intensive. However, it remains challenging to fine tune the structure and porosity in membranes, particularly to separate molecules of similar size. Here, we report a process for producing composite membranes that comprise crystalline porous organic cage films fabricated by interfacial synthesis on a polyacrylonitrile support. These membranes exhibit ultrafast solvent permeance and high rejection of organic dyes with molecular weights over 600 g mol-1. The crystalline cage film is dynamic, and its pore aperture can be switched in methanol to generate larger pores that provide increased methanol permeance and higher molecular weight cut-offs (1,400 g mol-1). By varying the water/methanol ratio, the film can be switched between two phases that have different selectivities, such that a single, 'smart' crystalline membrane can perform graded molecular sieving. We exemplify this by separating three organic dyes in a single-stage, single-membrane process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Michael E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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11
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Boyle S, Hussain M, Kirby C, Brennan S, Clarke L, Mullan R, Halpenny D, Conlon N, Little MA, Conlon BJ, Abdulrahman S. Oro-Naso-Sino-Orbital-Cutaneous Fistula From Prolonged Cocaine Use. Ir Med J 2022; 115:544. [PMID: 35420004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Presentation We present the case of a 48-year-old man with nasal cellulitis and subsequent oro-naso-sino-orbital-cutaneous fistula from prolonged cocaine use. Diagnosis Initial laboratory investigations reported a raised white cell count (WBC) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and subsequently a positive atypical anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) and positive anti-proteinase (PR3). Perihilar lung nodularity on chest imaging raised the possibility of a systemic autoimmune response. His urinalysis was positive for cocaine. Treatment He was commenced on Augmentin, Amphotericin B and Prednisolone. An obturator was created to manage the oro-nasal fistula. A subsequent naso-cutaneous defect was re-approximated. Daily nasal saline douche and abstinence of cocaine were recommended. Discussion Cocaine use in the community is rising and poses a challenge to multiple facets of our health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boyle
- ENT Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - M Hussain
- ENT Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - C Kirby
- Rheumatology Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - S Brennan
- Pathology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - L Clarke
- Pathology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - R Mullan
- Rheumatology Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - D Halpenny
- Radiology Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - N Conlon
- Autoimmune Department, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - M A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - B J Conlon
- ENT Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
| | - S Abdulrahman
- ENT Department Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin 24, Ireland
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12
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Wang X, Bahri M, Fu Z, Little MA, Liu L, Niu H, Browning ND, Chong SY, Chen L, Ward JW, Cooper AI. A Cubic 3D Covalent Organic Framework with nbo Topology. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15011-15016. [PMID: 34516737 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) requires high-connectivity polyhedral building blocks or the controlled alignment of building blocks. Here, we use the latter strategy to assemble square-planar cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (PcCo) units into the nbo topology by using tetrahedral spiroborate (SPB) linkages that were chosen to provide the necessary 90° dihedral angles between neighboring PcCo units. This yields a porous 3D COF, SPB-COF-DBA, with a noninterpenetrated nbo topology. SPB-COF-DBA shows high crystallinity and long-range order, with 11 resolved diffraction peaks in the experimental powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern. This well-ordered crystal lattice can also be imaged by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). SPB-COF-DBA has cubic pores and exhibits permanent porosity with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1726 m2 g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Zhiwei Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Lunjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Hongjun Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Nigel D Browning
- Albert Crewe Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, U.K
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - John W Ward
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
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13
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He D, Zhao C, Chen L, Little MA, Chong SY, Clowes R, McKie K, Roper MG, Day GM, Liu M, Cooper AI. Cover Feature: Inherent Ethyl Acetate Selectivity in a Trianglimine Molecular Solid (Chem. Eur. J. 41/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | | | - Graeme M. Day
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Computational Systems Chemistry School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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14
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Abstract
Macrocycles are usually non-porous or barely porous in the solid-state because of their small intrinsic cavity sizes and tendency to close-pack. Here, we use a heterochiral pairing strategy to introduce porosity in a trianglimine macrocycle, by co-crystallising two macrocycles with opposing chiralities. The stable racemic trianglimine crystal contains an interconnected pore network that has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 355 m2 g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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15
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He D, Zhao C, Chen L, Little MA, Chong SY, Clowes R, McKie K, Roper MG, Day GM, Liu M, Cooper AI. Inherent Ethyl Acetate Selectivity in a Trianglimine Molecular Solid. Chemistry 2021; 27:10589-10594. [PMID: 33929053 PMCID: PMC8362070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl acetate is an important chemical raw material and solvent. It is also a key volatile organic compound in the brewing industry and a marker for lung cancer. Materials that are highly selective toward ethyl acetate are needed for its separation and detection. Here, we report a trianglimine macrocycle (TAMC) that selectively adsorbs ethyl acetate by forming a solvate. Crystal structure prediction showed this to be the lowest energy solvate structure available. This solvate leaves a metastable, “templated” cavity after solvent removal. Adsorption and breakthrough experiments confirmed that TAMC has adequate adsorption kinetics to separate ethyl acetate from azeotropic mixtures with ethanol, which is a challenging and energy‐intensive industrial separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Chengxi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | | | | | - Graeme M Day
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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16
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Maffettone PM, Banko L, Cui P, Lysogorskiy Y, Little MA, Olds D, Ludwig A, Cooper AI. Crystallography companion agent for high-throughput materials discovery. Nat Comput Sci 2021; 1:290-297. [PMID: 38217168 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of new structural and functional materials is driven by phase identification, often using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Automation has accelerated the rate of XRD measurements, greatly outpacing XRD analysis techniques that remain manual, time-consuming, error-prone and impossible to scale. With the advent of autonomous robotic scientists or self-driving laboratories, contemporary techniques prohibit the integration of XRD. Here, we describe a computer program for the autonomous characterization of XRD data, driven by artificial intelligence (AI), for the discovery of new materials. Starting from structural databases, we train an ensemble model using a physically accurate synthetic dataset, which outputs probabilistic classifications-rather than absolutes-to overcome the overconfidence in traditional neural networks. This AI agent behaves as a companion to the researcher, improving accuracy and offering substantial time savings. It is demonstrated on a diverse set of organic and inorganic materials characterization challenges. This method is directly applicable to inverse design approaches and robotic discovery systems, and can be immediately considered for other forms of characterization such as spectroscopy and the pair distribution function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M Maffettone
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Lars Banko
- Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yury Lysogorskiy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation (ICAMS), Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Olds
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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17
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Yang H, Amari H, Liu L, Zhao C, Gao H, He A, Browning ND, Little MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Nano-assemblies of a soluble conjugated organic polymer and an inorganic semiconductor for sacrificial photocatalytic hydrogen production from water. Nanoscale 2020; 12:24488-24494. [PMID: 33319898 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials have interesting optical and electronic properties that are often drastically different from those of their bulk counterparts. While bulk organic/inorganic semiconductor composites have attracted much attention in the past decade, the preparation of organic/inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites (OISNs) still remains challenging. This work presents an assembly method for the co-encapsulation of titanium dioxide dots (TDs) with a cyano-substituted soluble conjugated polymer (CSCP) into a particular nanoparticle. The as-prepared CSCP/TD semiconductor nanocomposites (CSCP/TD NCs) exhibit different particle surfaces and morphologies depending on the mass ratio of the CSCP to TDs. We then tested them as photocatalysts for sacrificial hydrogen production from water. We found that nanocomposites outperformed nanoparticles of the individual components and physical mixtures thereof. The most active CSCP/TD NC had a catalytic H2 production rate that was 4.25 times higher than that of pure polymer nanoparticles prepared under the same conditions. We ascribe this to energy transfer between the semiconductors, where direct phase contact is essential, highlighting a potential avenue for using soluble, visible light-absorbing conjugated organic polymers to build Z-schemes for overall water splitting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK.
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 17% of young adults currently use tobacco, most commonly cigarettes and/or electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), followed by other products (i.e., cigarillos, pipe/hookah, smokeless tobacco). Cigarettes have been historically used to control weight. Little is known about use of non-cigarette products for weight control, particularly among non-college young adults. Tobacco use in the military is higher than civilians, and personnel have increased motivation for weight control due to military fitness standards. This population might be vulnerable to use tobacco for this purpose. Purpose: Exploring prevalence, as well as demographic and behavioral correlates, of using tobacco products for weight control, among a large, diverse sample of military young adults. Methods: U.S. Air Force recruits (N = 24,543) completed a questionnaire about tobacco use. Among users of tobacco products, recruits reported if they had ever used that product to maintain their weight. Results: Smokeless tobacco was most commonly used for weight control (12.2%), followed by cigarettes (7.3%), e-cigarettes (5.5%), cigarillos (3.3%), and hookah/pipe (3.2%). Using tobacco for weight control was associated with fewer harm beliefs and more regular use of that product. Among e-cigarette users, having a higher BMI and a lower educational background was associated with ever using this product for weight control. Conclusions: The belief that a tobacco product helps control one's weight might increase the prevalence, and frequency of use, of that product among military young adults. Tobacco cessation programs should assess for this motivation of use and provide education about tobacco harm and alternative strategies for weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fahey
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - M A Little
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - R C Klesges
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - G W Talcott
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - P A Richey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - K Mehmet
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - R A Krukowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Berichtigung: Inducing Social Self‐Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Corrigendum: Inducing Social Self-Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20272. [PMID: 33460274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Gao H, Tian B, Yang H, Neale AR, Little MA, Sprick RS, Hardwick LJ, Cooper AI. Crosslinked Polyimide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites as Long Cycle Life Positive Electrode for Lithium-Ion Cells. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:5571-5579. [PMID: 32725860 PMCID: PMC7693101 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with electrochemically active redox groups are a promising class of positive electrode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, most polymers, such as polyimides, possess low intrinsic conductivity, which results in low utilization of redox-active sites during charge cycling and, consequently, poor electrochemical performance. Here, it was shown that this limitation can be overcome by synthesizing polyimide composites (PIX) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using an in situ polycondensation reaction. The polyimide composites showed increased charge-transfer performance and much larger specific capacities, with PI50, which contains 50 wt % of rGO, showing the largest specific capacity of 172 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 . This corresponds to a high utilization of the redox active sites in the active polyimide (86 %), and this composite retained 80 % of its initial capacity (125 mAh g-1 ) after 9000 cycles at 2000 mA g-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Bingbing Tian
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Microscale OptoelectronicsShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Haofan Yang
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Alex R. Neale
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolPeach StLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable EnergyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolPeach StLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool51 Oxford StLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
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22
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Zhu Q, Wang X, Clowes R, Cui P, Chen L, Little MA, Cooper AI. 3D Cage COFs: A Dynamic Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework with High-Connectivity Organic Cage Nodes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16842-16848. [PMID: 32893623 PMCID: PMC7586335 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Three-dimensional
(3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are rare
because there is a limited choice of organic building blocks that
offer multiple reactive sites in a polyhedral geometry. Here, we synthesized
an organic cage molecule (Cage-6-NH2) that was used as a triangular prism node to yield the first
cage-based 3D COF, 3D-CageCOF-1. This COF adopts an unreported
2-fold interpenetrated acs topology and exhibits reversible
dynamic behavior, switching between a small-pore (sp)
structure and a large-pore (lp) structure. It also shows
high CO2 uptake and captures water at low humidity (<40%).
This demonstrates the potential for expanding the structural complexity
of 3D COFs by using organic cages as the building units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, United Kingdom
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23
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Inducing Social Self-Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16755-16763. [PMID: 32542926 PMCID: PMC7540416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many interesting target guest molecules have low symmetry, yet most methods for synthesising hosts result in highly symmetrical capsules. Methods of generating lower symmetry pores are thus required to maximise the binding affinity in host-guest complexes. Herein, we use mixtures of tetraaldehyde building blocks with cyclohexanediamine to access low-symmetry imine cages. Whether a low-energy cage is isolated can be correctly predicted from the thermodynamic preference observed in computational models. The stability of the observed structures depends on the geometrical match of the aldehyde building blocks. One bent aldehyde stands out as unable to assemble into high-symmetry cages-and the same aldehyde generates low-symmetry socially self-sorted cages when combined with a linear aldehyde. We exploit this finding to synthesise a family of low-symmetry cages containing heteroatoms, illustrating that pores of varying geometries and surface chemistries may be reliably accessed through computational prediction and self-sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Filip T. Szczypiński
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Christopher D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston UniversityBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Craig Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Michael F. Thorne
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Michael J. Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
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24
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Little MA, Pebley K, Porter K, Talcott GW, Krukowski RA. 'I Think Smoking's the Same, but the Toys Have Changed.' Understanding Facilitators of E-Cigarette Use among Air Force Personnel. J Addict Prev 2020; 8:7. [PMID: 33204766 PMCID: PMC7668561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The military has stringent anti-tobacco regulations for new recruits. While most tobacco products have declined in recent years, e-cigarette use has tripled among this population. However, little is known about the factors facilitating this inverse relationship. OBJECTIVES Examine the facilitators of e-cigarette use during a high risk period following initial enlistment among young adults. METHODS Focus groups were conducted with Airmen, Military Training Leaders (MTLs) and Technical Training Instructors (TTIs) to qualitatively explore unique characteristics of e-cigarettes leading to use in Technical Training. RESULTS The most commonly used tobacco product across participants was cigarettes (42.7%), followed by e-cigarettes (28.0%) and smokeless tobacco (22.6%). Almost a third (28.7%) of participants reported using more than one tobacco product. E-cigarette use was much more common among Airmen (76.1%), compared to MTLs (10.9%) and TTIs (13.0%).Four main facilitators around e-cigarette use were identified including: 1) There is no reason not to use e-cigarettes; 2) Using e-cigarettes helps with emotion management; 3) Vaping is a way of fitting in; and 4) Existing tobacco control policies don't work for vaping. E-cigarettes were not perceived as harmful to self and others, which could explain why Airmen were much less likely to adhere to existing tobacco control regulations. Subversion was viewed as the healthy option compared to utilizing designated tobacco use areas due to the potential exposure to traditional tobacco smoke. This coupled with a lack of understanding about e-cigarette regulations and difficulties with enforcement, promoted use among this young adult population. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that e-cigarettes are used for similar reasons as traditional tobacco products, but their unique ability to be concealed promotes their widespread use and circumvents existing tobacco control policies. In order to see reductions in use, environmental policies may need to be paired with behavioral interventions at the personal and interpersonal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- MA Little
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of
Public Health Sciences, 560 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Address for Correspondence Little MA,
University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of Public Health
Sciences, 560 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Rm 2119 Charlottesville, VA, USA, 22903;
| | - K Pebley
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology, 400
Innovation Drive, Memphis, TN, USA, 38152
| | - K Porter
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of
Public Health Sciences, 560 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - GW Talcott
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Department of
Public Health Sciences, 560 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA,Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, 59 MDW/ 59 SGOWMP,
1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Bldg 4554, Joint Base Lackland AFB, TX, USA 78236
| | - RA Krukowski
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee
Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline Street, Memphis, TN, USA 38163
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25
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Abet V, Szczypiński FT, Little MA, Santolini V, Jones CD, Evans R, Wilson C, Wu X, Thorne MF, Bennison MJ, Cui P, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE, Slater AG. Inducing Social Self‐Sorting in Organic Cages To Tune The Shape of The Internal Cavity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Abet
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Filip T. Szczypiński
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Christopher D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied ScienceAston University Birmingham B4 7ET UK
| | - Craig Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Michael F. Thorne
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Michael J. Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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26
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Cui P, Svensson Grape E, Spackman PR, Wu Y, Clowes R, Day GM, Inge AK, Little MA, Cooper AI. An Expandable Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Characterized by Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12743-12750. [PMID: 32597187 PMCID: PMC7467715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A molecular crystal of a 2-D hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) undergoes an unusual structural transformation after solvent removal from the crystal pores during activation. The conformationally flexible host molecule, ABTPA, adapts its molecular conformation during activation to initiate a framework expansion. The microcrystalline activated phase was characterized by three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), which revealed that ABTPA uses out-of-plane anthracene units as adaptive structural anchors. These units change orientation to generate an expanded, lower density framework material in the activated structure. The porous HOF, ABTPA-2, has robust dynamic porosity (SABET = 1183 m2 g-1) and exhibits negative area thermal expansion. We use crystal structure prediction (CSP) to understand the underlying energetics behind the structural transformation and discuss the challenges facing CSP for such flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - A Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K
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27
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Liu M, Zhang L, Little MA, Kapil V, Ceriotti M, Yang S, Ding L, Holden DL, Balderas-Xicohténcatl R, He D, Clowes R, Chong SY, Schütz G, Chen L, Hirscher M, Cooper AI. Barely porous organic cages for hydrogen isotope separation. Science 2020; 366:613-620. [PMID: 31672893 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The separation of hydrogen isotopes for applications such as nuclear fusion is a major challenge. Current technologies are energy intensive and inefficient. Nanoporous materials have the potential to separate hydrogen isotopes by kinetic quantum sieving, but high separation selectivity tends to correlate with low adsorption capacity, which can prohibit process scale-up. In this study, we use organic synthesis to modify the internal cavities of cage molecules to produce hybrid materials that are excellent quantum sieves. By combining small-pore and large-pore cages together in a single solid, we produce a material with optimal separation performance that combines an excellent deuterium/hydrogen selectivity (8.0) with a high deuterium uptake (4.7 millimoles per gram).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Linda Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Lifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Daniel L Holden
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | | | - Donglin He
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Michael Hirscher
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK. .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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28
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Szczypiński FT, Bennison MJ, Little MA, Marsh A, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. Organic Cage Dumbbells. Chemistry 2020; 26:3718-3722. [PMID: 32011048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dumbbells with organic cage capping units were synthesised via a multi-component imine condensation between a tri-topic amine and di- and tetra-topic aldehydes. This is an example of self-sorting, which can be rationalised by computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Filip T Szczypiński
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Michael J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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29
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Cormican S, Connaughton DM, Kennedy C, Murray S, Živná M, Kmoch S, Fennelly NK, O'Kelly P, Benson KA, Conlon ET, Cavalleri G, Foley C, Doyle B, Dorman A, Little MA, Lavin P, Kidd K, Bleyer AJ, Conlon PJ. Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) in Ireland. Ren Fail 2020; 41:832-841. [PMID: 31509055 PMCID: PMC6746258 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1655452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is a rare genetic cause of renal impairment resulting from mutations in the MUC1, UMOD, HNF1B, REN, and SEC61A1 genes. Neither the national or global prevalence of these diseases has been determined. We aimed to establish a database of patients with ADTKD in Ireland and report the clinical and genetic characteristics of these families. Methods: We identified patients via the Irish Kidney Gene Project and referral to the national renal genetics clinic in Beaumont Hospital who met the clinical criteria for ADTKD (chronic kidney disease, bland urinary sediment, and autosomal dominant inheritance). Eligible patients were then invited to undergo genetic testing by a variety of methods including panel-based testing, whole exome sequencing and, in five families who met the criteria for diagnosis of ADTKD but were negative for causal genetic mutations, we analyzed urinary cell smears for the presence of MUC1fs protein. Results: We studied 54 individuals from 16 families. We identified mutations in the MUC1 gene in three families, UMOD in five families, HNF1beta in two families, and the presence of abnormal MUC1 protein in urine smears in three families (one of which was previously known to carry the genetic mutation). We were unable to identify a mutation in 4 families (3 of whom also tested negative for urinary MUC1fs). Conclusions: There are 4443 people with ESRD in Ireland, 24 of whom are members of the cohort described herein. We observe that ADTKD represents at least 0.54% of Irish ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cormican
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - D M Connaughton
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland
| | - C Kennedy
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - S Murray
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - M Živná
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Research Unit for Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - S Kmoch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Research Unit for Rare Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - N K Fennelly
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - P O'Kelly
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - K A Benson
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - E T Conlon
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - G Cavalleri
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - C Foley
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
| | - B Doyle
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - A Dorman
- Pathology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - M A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute , Dublin , Ireland.,Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - P Lavin
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - K Kidd
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - A J Bleyer
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - P J Conlon
- Nephrology Department, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland.,Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons , Dublin , Ireland
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30
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Aitchison CM, Sachs M, Little MA, Wilbraham L, Brownbill NJ, Kane CM, Blanc F, Zwijnenburg MA, Durrant JR, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Structure–activity relationships in well-defined conjugated oligomer photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomer chain length and backbone twisting were found to have a strong effect on optoelectronic properties but a trimer of dibenzo[b,d]thiophene sulfone was found to have high photocatalytic activity approaching that of its polymer analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Aitchison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Liam Wilbraham
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London WC1H 0AJ
- UK
| | - Nick J. Brownbill
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy
| | - Christopher M. Kane
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy
| | | | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool L7 3NY
- UK
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31
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Pulido A, Little MA, Alston BM, Briggs ME, Day GM, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE. From Concept to Crystals via Prediction: Multi‐Component Organic Cage Pots by Social Self‐Sorting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Angeles Pulido
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Current address: The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre 12 Union Road Cambridge CB2 1EZ UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Ben M. Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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32
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Cui P, McMahon DP, Spackman PR, Alston BM, Little MA, Day GM, Cooper AI. Mining predicted crystal structure landscapes with high throughput crystallisation: old molecules, new insights. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9988-9997. [PMID: 32055355 PMCID: PMC6991173 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02832c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New crystal forms of two well-studied organic molecules are identified in a computationally targeted way, by combining structure prediction with a robotic crystallisation screen, including a ‘hidden’ porous polymorph of trimesic acid.
Organic molecules tend to close pack to form dense structures when they are crystallised from organic solvents. Porous molecular crystals defy this rule: they contain open space, which is typically stabilised by inclusion of solvent in the interconnected pores during crystallisation. The design and discovery of such structures is often challenging and time consuming, in part because it is difficult to predict solvent effects on crystal form stability. Here, we combine crystal structure prediction (CSP) with a robotic crystallisation screen to accelerate the discovery of stable hydrogen-bonded frameworks. We exemplify this strategy by finding new phases of two well-studied molecules in a computationally targeted way. Specifically, we find a new ‘hidden’ porous polymorph of trimesic acid, δ-TMA, that has a guest-free hexagonal pore structure, as well as three new solvent-stabilized diamondoid frameworks of adamantane-1,3,5,7-tetracarboxylic acid (ADTA). Beyond porous solids, this hybrid computational–experimental approach could be applied to a wide range of materials problems, such as organic electronics and drug formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK .
| | - David P McMahon
- Computational Systems Chemistry , School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - Peter R Spackman
- Computational Systems Chemistry , School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK . .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Ben M Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK . .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK .
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry , School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , SO17 1BJ , UK .
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK . .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design , Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
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33
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Teng B, Little MA, Hasell T, Chong SY, Jelfs KE, Clowes R, Briggs M, Cooper AI. Synthesis of a Large, Shape-Flexible, Solvatomorphic Porous Organic Cage. Cryst Growth Des 2019; 19:3647-3651. [PMID: 31303868 PMCID: PMC6614879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic cages have emerged over the last 10 years as a subclass of functional microporous materials. However, among all of the organic cages reported, large multicomponent organic cages with 20 components or more are still rare. Here, we present an [8 + 12] porous organic imine cage, CC20, which has an apparent surface area up to 1752 m2 g-1, depending on the crystallization and activation conditions. The cage is solvatomorphic and displays distinct geometrical cage structures, caused by crystal-packing effects, in its crystal structures. This indicates that larger cages can display a certain range of shape flexibility in the solid state, while remaining shape persistent and porous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Teng
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Michael
E. Briggs
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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34
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Arrata I, Grison CM, Coubrough HM, Prabhakaran P, Little MA, Tomlinson DC, Webb ME, Wilson AJ. Control of conformation in α-helix mimicking aromatic oligoamide foldamers through interactions between adjacent side-chains. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3861-3867. [PMID: 30938392 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structural characterization of non-natural oligomers that adopt well-defined conformations, so called foldamers, is a key objective in developing biomimetic 3D functional architectures. For the aromatic oligoamide foldamer family, use of interactions between side-chains to control conformation is underexplored. The current manuscript addresses this objective through the design, synthesis and conformational analyses of model dimers derived from 3-O-alkylated para-aminobenzoic acid monomers. The O-alkyl groups on these foldamers are capable of adopting syn- or anti-conformers through rotation around the Ar-CO/NH axes. In the syn-conformation this allows the foldamer to act as a topographical mimic of the α-helix whereby the O-alkyl groups mimic the spatial orientation of the i and i + 4 side-chains from the α-helix. Using molecular modelling and 2D NMR analyses, this work illustrates that covalent links and hydrogen-bonding interactions between side-chains can bias the conformation in favour of the α-helix mimicking syn-conformer, offering insight that may be more widely applied to control secondary structure in foldamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Arrata
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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35
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McMahon DP, Stephenson A, Chong SY, Little MA, Jones JTA, Cooper AI, Day GM. Computational modelling of solvent effects in a prolific solvatomorphic porous organic cage. Faraday Discuss 2018; 211:383-399. [PMID: 30083695 PMCID: PMC6208051 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structure prediction methods can enable the in silico design of functional molecular crystals, but solvent effects can have a major influence on relative lattice energies, sometimes thwarting predictions. This is particularly true for porous solids, where solvent included in the pores can have an important energetic contribution. We present a Monte Carlo solvent insertion procedure for predicting the solvent filling of porous structures from crystal structure prediction landscapes, tested using a highly solvatomorphic porous organic cage molecule, CC1. Using this method, we can understand why the predicted global energy minimum structure for CC1 is never observed from solvent crystallisation. We also explain the formation of three different solvatomorphs of CC1 from three structurally-similar chlorinated solvents. Calculated solvent stabilisation energies are found to correlate with experimental results from thermogravimetric analysis, suggesting a future computational framework for a priori materials design that factors in solvation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. McMahon
- Computational Systems Chemistry
, School of Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
, University of Liverpool
,
Crown St.
, Liverpool L69 7ZD
, UK
.
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
, University of Liverpool
,
Crown St.
, Liverpool L69 7ZD
, UK
.
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
, University of Liverpool
,
Crown St.
, Liverpool L69 7ZD
, UK
.
| | - James T. A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
, University of Liverpool
,
Crown St.
, Liverpool L69 7ZD
, UK
.
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory
, University of Liverpool
,
Crown St.
, Liverpool L69 7ZD
, UK
.
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry
, School of Chemistry
, University of Southampton
,
SO17 1BJ
, UK
.
| |
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36
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Wang X, Chen L, Chong SY, Little MA, Wu Y, Zhu WH, Clowes R, Yan Y, Zwijnenburg MA, Sprick RS, Cooper AI. Sulfone-containing covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1180-1189. [PMID: 30275507 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nature uses organic molecules for light harvesting and photosynthesis, but most man-made water splitting catalysts are inorganic semiconductors. Organic photocatalysts, while attractive because of their synthetic tunability, tend to have low quantum efficiencies for water splitting. Here we present a crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) based on a benzo-bis(benzothiophene sulfone) moiety that shows a much higher activity for photochemical hydrogen evolution than its amorphous or semicrystalline counterparts. The COF is stable under long-term visible irradiation and shows steady photochemical hydrogen evolution with a sacrificial electron donor for at least 50 hours. We attribute the high quantum efficiency of fused-sulfone-COF to its crystallinity, its strong visible light absorption, and its wettable, hydrophilic 3.2 nm mesopores. These pores allow the framework to be dye-sensitized, leading to a further 61% enhancement in the hydrogen evolution rate up to 16.3 mmol g-1 h-1. The COF also retained its photocatalytic activity when cast as a thin film onto a support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yongzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Reiner Sebastian Sprick
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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37
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Bennison MJ, Alston BM, Pugh CJ, Little MA, Miklitz M, Eden-Rump EGB, Clowes R, Shakil A, Cuthbertson HJ, Armstrong H, Briggs ME, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. High-throughput discovery of organic cages and catenanes using computational screening fused with robotic synthesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2849. [PMID: 30030426 PMCID: PMC6054661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular synthesis is a powerful strategy for assembling complex molecules, but to do this by targeted design is challenging. This is because multicomponent assembly reactions have the potential to form a wide variety of products. High-throughput screening can explore a broad synthetic space, but this is inefficient and inelegant when applied blindly. Here we fuse computation with robotic synthesis to create a hybrid discovery workflow for discovering new organic cage molecules, and by extension, other supramolecular systems. A total of 78 precursor combinations were investigated by computation and experiment, leading to 33 cages that were formed cleanly in one-pot syntheses. Comparison of calculations with experimental outcomes across this broad library shows that computation has the power to focus experiments, for example by identifying linkers that are less likely to be reliable for cage formation. Screening also led to the unplanned discovery of a new cage topology-doubly bridged, triply interlocked cage catenanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - V Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - B M Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - C J Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M Miklitz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E G B Eden-Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - R Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - A Shakil
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H J Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - K E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - A I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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38
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Jie K, Liu M, Zhou Y, Little MA, Pulido A, Chong SY, Stephenson A, Hughes AR, Sakakibara F, Ogoshi T, Blanc F, Day GM, Huang F, Cooper AI. Near-Ideal Xylene Selectivity in Adaptive Molecular Pillar[ n]arene Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6921-6930. [PMID: 29754488 PMCID: PMC5997404 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
energy-efficient separation of alkylaromatic compounds is a
major industrial sustainability challenge. The use of selectively
porous extended frameworks, such as zeolites or metal–organic
frameworks, is one solution to this problem. Here, we studied a flexible
molecular material, perethylated pillar[n]arene crystals
(n = 5, 6), which can be used to separate C8 alkylaromatic
compounds. Pillar[6]arene is shown to separate para-xylene from its structural isomers, meta-xylene
and ortho-xylene, with 90% specificity in the solid
state. Selectivity is an intrinsic property of the pillar[6]arene
host, with the flexible pillar[6]arene cavities adapting during adsorption
thus enabling preferential adsorption of para-xylene
in the solid state. The flexibility of pillar[6]arene as a solid sorbent
is rationalized using molecular conformer searches and crystal structure
prediction (CSP) combined with comprehensive characterization by X-ray
diffraction and 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The CSP
study, which takes into account the structural variability of pillar[6]arene,
breaks new ground in its own right and showcases the feasibility of
applying CSP methods to understand and ultimately to predict the behavior
of soft, adaptive molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , United Kingdom
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Marc A Little
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Pulido
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , United Kingdom
| | - Ashlea R Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Fumiyasu Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa , Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa , Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute , Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi , Kanazawa , Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan.,JST , PRESTO , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy , University of Liverpool , Crown Street , Liverpool L69 7ZD , United Kingdom
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , United Kingdom
| |
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39
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Tothadi S, Little MA, Hasell T, Briggs ME, Chong SY, Cooper AI. Design and synthesis of three-dimensional porous diamondoid frameworks by co-crystallization. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317091033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Fazekas B, Moreno-Olivera A, Kelly Y, O'Hara P, Murray S, Kennedy A, Conlon N, Scott J, Melo AM, Hickey FB, Dooley D, O'Brien EC, Moran S, Doherty DG, Little MA. Alterations in circulating lymphoid cell populations in systemic small vessel vasculitis are non-specific manifestations of renal injury. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:180-188. [PMID: 28960271 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocyte populations, such as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), γδ T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNK T) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are emerging as important effectors of innate immunity and are involved in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the frequencies and absolute numbers of innate lymphocytes as well as conventional lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood from a cohort of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients. Thirty-eight AAV patients and 24 healthy and disease controls were included in the study. Patients with AAV were sampled both with and without immunosuppressive treatment, and in the setting of both active disease and remission. The frequencies of MAIT and ILC2 cells were significantly lower in patients with AAV and in the disease control group compared to healthy controls. These reductions in the AAV patients remained during remission. B cell count and frequencies were significantly lower in AAV in remission compared to patients with active disease and disease controls. Despite the strong T helper type 2 (Th) preponderance of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, we did not observe increased ILC2 frequency in this cohort of patients. The frequencies of other cell types were similar in all groups studied. Reductions in circulating ILC2 and MAIT cells reported previously in patients with AAV are not specific for AAV, but are more likely to be due to non-specific manifestations of renal impairment and chronic illness. Reduction in B cell numbers in AAV patients experiencing remission is probably therapy-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fazekas
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Y Kelly
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P O'Hara
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Murray
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Kennedy
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Conlon
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Scott
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A M Melo
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F B Hickey
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Dooley
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E C O'Brien
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Moran
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| |
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41
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Slater AG, Reiss PS, Pulido A, Little MA, Holden DL, Chen L, Chong SY, Alston BM, Clowes R, Haranczyk M, Briggs ME, Hasell T, Day GM, Cooper AI. Computationally-Guided Synthetic Control over Pore Size in Isostructural Porous Organic Cages. ACS Cent Sci 2017; 3:734-742. [PMID: 28776015 PMCID: PMC5532722 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of 3-D porous solids are defined by their molecular geometry. Hence, precise control of pore size, pore shape, and pore connectivity are needed to tailor them for specific applications. However, for porous molecular crystals, the modification of pore size by adding pore-blocking groups can also affect crystal packing in an unpredictable way. This precludes strategies adopted for isoreticular metal-organic frameworks, where addition of a small group, such as a methyl group, does not affect the basic framework topology. Here, we narrow the pore size of a cage molecule, CC3, in a systematic way by introducing methyl groups into the cage windows. Computational crystal structure prediction was used to anticipate the packing preferences of two homochiral methylated cages, CC14-R and CC15-R, and to assess the structure-energy landscape of a CC15-R/CC3-S cocrystal, designed such that both component cages could be directed to pack with a 3-D, interconnected pore structure. The experimental gas sorption properties of these three cage systems agree well with physical properties predicted by computational energy-structure-function maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Slater
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. Reiss
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Angeles Pulido
- School of
Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Holden
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Ben M. Alston
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Haranczyk
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School of
Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry
and Materials Innovation Factory, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| |
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42
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Pulido A, Slater AG, Chen L, Little MA, Chong SY, Holden D, Kaczorowski T, Slater BJ, McMahon DP, Cooper AI, Day GM. Computer-guided porous materials design: from rationalization to prediction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731709715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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43
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Hasell T, Little MA, Chong SY, Schmidtmann M, Briggs ME, Santolini V, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. Chirality as a tool for function in porous organic cages. Nanoscale 2017; 9:6783-6790. [PMID: 28489105 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of solid state assembly for porous organic cages is more challenging than for extended frameworks, such as metal-organic frameworks. Chiral recognition is one approach to achieving this control. Here we investigate chiral analogues of cages that were previously studied as racemates. We show that chiral cages can be produced directly from chiral precursors or by separating racemic cages by co-crystallisation with a second chiral cage, opening up a route to producing chiral cages from achiral precursors. These chiral cages can be cocrystallized in a modular, 'isoreticular' fashion, thus modifying porosity, although some chiral pairings require a specific solvent to direct the crystal into the desired packing mode. Certain cages are shown to interconvert chirality in solution, and the steric factors governing this behavior are explored both by experiment and by computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasell
- Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England, UK.
| | - M A Little
- Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England, UK.
| | - S Y Chong
- Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England, UK.
| | - M Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M E Briggs
- Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England, UK.
| | - V Santolini
- Imperial Coll London, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - K E Jelfs
- Imperial Coll London, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - A I Cooper
- Univ Liverpool, Dept Chem, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZD, Merseyside, England, UK.
| |
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44
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Pulido A, Chen L, Kaczorowski T, Holden D, Little MA, Chong SY, Slater BJ, McMahon DP, Bonillo B, Stackhouse CJ, Stephenson A, Kane CM, Clowes R, Hasell T, Cooper AI, Day GM. Functional materials discovery using energy-structure-function maps. Nature 2017; 543:657-664. [PMID: 28329756 PMCID: PMC5458805 DOI: 10.1038/nature21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystals cannot be designed in the same manner as macroscopic objects, because they do not assemble according to simple, intuitive rules. Their structures result from the balance of many weak interactions, rather than from the strong and predictable bonding patterns found in metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks. Hence, design strategies that assume a topology or other structural blueprint will often fail. Here we combine computational crystal structure prediction and property prediction to build energy-structure-function maps that describe the possible structures and properties that are available to a candidate molecule. Using these maps, we identify a highly porous solid, which has the lowest density reported for a molecular crystal so far. Both the structure of the crystal and its physical properties, such as methane storage capacity and guest-molecule selectivity, are predicted using the molecular structure as the only input. More generally, energy-structure-function maps could be used to guide the experimental discovery of materials with any target function that can be calculated from predicted crystal structures, such as electronic structure or mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Pulido
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Daniel Holden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - David P McMahon
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme M Day
- Computational Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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45
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Jie K, Liu M, Zhou Y, Little MA, Bonakala S, Chong SY, Stephenson A, Chen L, Huang F, Cooper AI. Styrene Purification by Guest-Induced Restructuring of Pillar[6]arene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2908-2911. [PMID: 28182420 PMCID: PMC5360353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The separation of
styrene (St) and ethylbenzene (EB) mixtures
is important in the chemical industry. Here,
we explore the St and EB adsorption selectivity
of two pillar-shaped macrocyclic pillar[n]arenes
(EtP5 and EtP6; n = 5 and
6). Both crystalline and amorphous EtP6 can capture St from a St-EB mixture with remarkably
high selectivity. We show that EtP6 can be used to separate St from a 50:50 v/v St:EB mixture,
yielding in a single adsorption cycle St with a purity
of >99%. Single-crystal structures, powder X-ray diffraction patterns,
and molecular simulations all suggest that this selectivity is due
to a guest-induced structural change in EtP6 rather than
a simple cavity/pore size effect. This restructuring means that the
material “self-heals” upon each recrystallization, and St separation can be carried out over multiple cycles with
no loss of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Satyanarayana Bonakala
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Samantha Y Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Andrew Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Feihe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Center for Chemistry of High-Performance & Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
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46
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Tothadi S, Little MA, Hasell T, Briggs ME, Chong SY, Liu M, Cooper AI. Modular assembly of porous organic cage crystals: isoreticular quasiracemates and ternary co-crystal. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00783c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Co-crystallisation of helically chiral porous organic cage molecules has enabled the formation of isoreticular quasiracemates and a rare porous organic ternary co-crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinu Tothadi
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Physical/Materials Chemistry Division
| | - Marc A. Little
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Ming Liu
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Chemistry Department and Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
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47
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Reiss PS, Little MA, Santolini V, Chong SY, Hasell T, Jelfs KE, Briggs ME, Cooper AI. Periphery-Functionalized Porous Organic Cages. Chemistry 2016; 22:16547-16553. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Reiss
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence; Department of Chemistry; University of York, Heslington; York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London, South Kensington; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry; Imperial College London, South Kensington; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory; University of Liverpool; Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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48
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Liu M, Chen L, Lewis S, Chong SY, Little MA, Hasell T, Aldous IM, Brown CM, Smith MW, Morrison CA, Hardwick LJ, Cooper AI. Three-dimensional protonic conductivity in porous organic cage solids. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12750. [PMID: 27619230 PMCID: PMC5027280 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton conduction is a fundamental process in biology and in devices such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells. To maximize proton conduction, three-dimensional conduction pathways are preferred over one-dimensional pathways, which prevent conduction in two dimensions. Many crystalline porous solids to date show one-dimensional proton conduction. Here we report porous molecular cages with proton conductivities (up to 10(-3) S cm(-1) at high relative humidity) that compete with extended metal-organic frameworks. The structure of the organic cage imposes a conduction pathway that is necessarily three-dimensional. The cage molecules also promote proton transfer by confining the water molecules while being sufficiently flexible to allow hydrogen bond reorganization. The proton conduction is explained at the molecular level through a combination of proton conductivity measurements, crystallography, molecular simulations and quasi-elastic neutron scattering. These results provide a starting point for high-temperature, anhydrous proton conductors through inclusion of guests other than water in the cage pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Scott Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Samantha Y. Chong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Tom Hasell
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Iain M. Aldous
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Craig M. Brown
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Martin W. Smith
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Carole A. Morrison
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Laurence J. Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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49
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Yates M, Watts RA, Bajema IM, Cid MC, Crestani B, Hauser T, Hellmich B, Holle JU, Laudien M, Little MA, Luqmani RA, Mahr A, Merkel PA, Mills J, Mooney J, Segelmark M, Tesar V, Westman K, Vaglio A, Yalçındağ N, Jayne DR, Mukhtyar C. EULAR/ERA-EDTA recommendations for the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:1583-94. [PMID: 27338776 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the 2009 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) have been updated. The 2009 recommendations were on the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. The 2015 update has been developed by an international task force representing EULAR, the European Renal Association and the European Vasculitis Society (EUVAS). The recommendations are based upon evidence from systematic literature reviews, as well as expert opinion where appropriate. The evidence presented was discussed and summarised by the experts in the course of a consensus-finding and voting process. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendations were derived and levels of agreement (strengths of recommendations) determined. In addition to the voting by the task force members, the relevance of the recommendations was assessed by an online voting survey among members of EUVAS. Fifteen recommendations were developed, covering general aspects, such as attaining remission and the need for shared decision making between clinicians and patients. More specific items relate to starting immunosuppressive therapy in combination with glucocorticoids to induce remission, followed by a period of remission maintenance; for remission induction in life-threatening or organ-threatening AAV, cyclophosphamide and rituximab are considered to have similar efficacy; plasma exchange which is recommended, where licensed, in the setting of rapidly progressive renal failure or severe diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage. These recommendations are intended for use by healthcare professionals, doctors in specialist training, medical students, pharmaceutical industries and drug regulatory organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yates
- Department of Rheumatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - R A Watts
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK Department of Rheumatology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich, Suffolk, UK
| | - I M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Cid
- Vasculitis Research Unit, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Crestani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Pulmonology, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - T Hauser
- Immunologie-Zentrum Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Hellmich
- Vaskulits-Zentrum Süd, Klinik für Innere Medizin, Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Kreiskliniken Esslingen, Kirchheim-Teck, Germany
| | - J U Holle
- Rheumazentrum Schleswig-Holstein Mitte, Neumünster, Germany
| | - M Laudien
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M A Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R A Luqmani
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Mahr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7 René Diderot, Paris, France
| | - P A Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology and the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J Mills
- Vasculitis UK, West Bank House, Winster, Matlock, UK
| | - J Mooney
- Department of Rheumatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - M Segelmark
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Department of Nephrology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - V Tesar
- Department of Nephrology, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Westman
- Department of Nephrology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund and Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Vaglio
- Nephrology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - N Yalçındağ
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D R Jayne
- Lupus and Vasculitis Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Mukhtyar
- Department of Rheumatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
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50
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Kershaw Cook LJ, Kulmaczewski R, Mohammed R, Dudley S, Barrett SA, Little MA, Deeth RJ, Halcrow MA. A Unified Treatment of the Relationship Between Ligand Substituents and Spin State in a Family of Iron(II) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4327-31. [PMID: 26929084 PMCID: PMC4804750 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The influence of ligands on the spin state of a metal ion is of central importance for bioinorganic chemistry, and the production of base-metal catalysts for synthesis applications. Complexes derived from [Fe(bpp)2 ](2+) (bpp=2,6-di{pyrazol-1-yl}pyridine) can be high-spin, low-spin, or spin-crossover (SCO) active depending on the ligand substituents. Plots of the SCO midpoint temperature (T1/2 ) in solution vs. the relevant Hammett parameter show that the low-spin state of the complex is stabilized by electron-withdrawing pyridyl ("X") substituents, but also by electron-donating pyrazolyl ("Y") substituents. Moreover, when a subset of complexes with halogeno X or Y substituents is considered, the two sets of compounds instead show identical trends of a small reduction in T1/2 for increasing substituent electronegativity. DFT calculations reproduce these disparate trends, which arise from competing influences of pyridyl and pyrazolyl ligand substituents on Fe-L σ and π bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Kershaw Cook
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Dudley
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon A Barrett
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Inorganic Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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