1
|
Kamali S, Yu E, Bates B, McBride JR, Johnson CE, Taufour V, Stroeve P. Magnetic properties of γ-Fe 2O 3 nanoparticles in a porous SiO 2 shell for drug delivery. J Phys Condens Matter 2020; 33:065301. [PMID: 33231198 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abc403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for synthesizing core-shell nanoparticles with a magnetic core and a porous shell suitable for drug delivery and other medical applications. The core contains multiple γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (∼15 nm) enclosed in a SiO2 (∼100-200 nm) matrix using either methyl (denoted TMOS-γ-Fe2O3) or ethyl (TEOS-γ-Fe2O3) template groups. Low-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that the magnetic nanoparticles have the maghemite structure, γ-Fe2O3, with all the vacancies in the octahedral sites. Saturation magnetization measurements revealed that the density of γ-Fe2O3 was greater in the TMOS-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles than TEOS-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, presumably because of the smaller methyl group. Magnetization measurements showed that the blocking temperature is around room temperature for the TMOS-γ-Fe2O3 and around 250 K for the TEOS-γ-Fe2O3. Three dimensional topography analysis shows clearly that the magnetic nanoparticles are not only at the surface but have penetrated deep in the silica to form the core-shell structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kamali
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamali S, Chen CJ, Bates B, Johnson CE, Chiang RK. Size-dependent magnetic properties of γ-Fe 2O 3 nanocrystallites. J Phys Condens Matter 2020; 32:015302. [PMID: 31487694 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab41be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A route for synthesizing monodisperse magnetic nanocrystallites of maghemite, [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3, with various sizes has been revisited. A systematic investigation of three [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 nanocrystalline samples by different techniques has been performed to characterize their size-dependent magnetic properties. Zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization measurements reveal that the superparamagnetic blocking temperatures are around 230 K, 170 K, and 50 K for the 15.0 nm, 11.8 nm, and 6.1 nm nanocrystallites, respectively. Low-temperature Mössbauer spectra show that all three nanocrystallites have the maghemite structure with all the vacancies in the B-sites. Furthermore, detailed analysis shows that there are more vacancies on the B-sites for the 6.1 nm nanocrystallites compared to 0.33 for the bulk maghemite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kamali
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, TN 37388, United States of America. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burette AC, Phend KD, Burette S, Lin Q, Liang M, Foltz G, Taylor N, Wang Q, Brandon NJ, Bates B, Ehlers MD, Weinberg RJ. Organization of TNIK in dendritic spines. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1913-24. [PMID: 25753355 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)- and noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase (NCK)-interacting kinase (TNIK) has been identified as an interactor in the psychiatric risk factor, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). As a step toward deciphering its function in the brain, we performed high-resolution light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. We demonstrate here that TNIK is expressed in neurons throughout the adult mouse brain. In striatum and cerebral cortex, TNIK concentrates in dendritic spines, especially in the vicinity of the lateral edge of the synapse. Thus, TNIK is highly enriched at a microdomain critical for glutamatergic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain C Burette
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Kristen D Phend
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Susan Burette
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Qingcong Lin
- Shenogen Pharma Group, Beijing, People's Republic of China 102206
| | - Musen Liang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Gretchen Foltz
- Clinical Research Unit, Pfizer, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Noël Taylor
- Biomarker and Personalized Medicine Group, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Qi Wang
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Brian Bates
- Centers for Therapeutic Innovation, Pfizer, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael D Ehlers
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Richard J Weinberg
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu G, Leal M, Lin Q, Affolter T, Sapra P, Bates B, Damelin M. Phenotype of TPBG Gene Replacement in the Mouse and Impact on the Pharmacokinetics of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1730-7. [PMID: 25423493 DOI: 10.1021/mp5006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of predictive preclinical models in drug discovery is critical for compound selection, optimization, preclinical to clinical translation, and strategic decision-making. Trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG), also known as 5T4, is the therapeutic target of several anticancer agents currently in clinical development, largely due to its high expression in tumors and low expression in normal adult tissues. In this study, mice were engineered to express human TPBG under endogenous regulatory sequences by replacement of the murine Tpbg coding sequence. The gene replacement was considered functional since the hTPBG knockin (hTPBG-KI) mice did not exhibit clinical observations or histopathological phenotypes that are associated with Tpbg gene deletion, except in rare instances. The expression of hTPBG in certain epithelial cell types and in different microregions of the brain and spinal cord was consistent with previously reported phenotypes and expression patterns. In pharmacokinetic studies, the exposure of a clinical-stage anti-TPBG antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), A1mcMMAF, was lower in hTPBG-KI versus wild-type animals, which was evidence of target-related increased clearance in hTPBG-KI mice. Thus, the hTPBG-KI mice constitute an improved system for pharmacology studies with current and future TPBG-targeted therapies and can generate more precise pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. In general the strategy of employing gene replacement to improve pharmacokinetic assessments should be broadly applicable to the discovery and development of ADCs and other biotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Leal
- §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Qingcong Lin
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Puja Sapra
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Brian Bates
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc Damelin
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bates B, Roberts C, Sadler K, Sutton R, Gill V, Nicholson S, Steer T, Lennox A. Capturing what the United Kingdom (UK) eats with the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Eur J Public Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt123.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
6
|
Almoosawi S, Cole D, Nicholson S, Bayes I, Teucher B, Bates B, Mindell J, Tipping S, Deverill C, Stephen AM. Biomarkers of diabetes risk in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme (2008-2011). J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 68:51-6. [PMID: 24052516 PMCID: PMC3888635 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the distribution of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose concentrations in the combined year 1 (2008–2009), year 2 (2009–2010) and year 3 (2010–2011) of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme. The NDNS rolling programme is a nationally representative survey of food consumption, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of people aged 1.5 years and over living in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The study population comprised survey members who completed three or four days of dietary recording and who provided a blood sample. After excluding survey members with self-reported diabetes (n=25), there were 1016 results for HbA1c and 942 for glucose (not the same individuals in each case). Around 5.4% of men and 1.7% of women aged 19–64 years, and 5.1% of men and 5.9% of women aged ≥65 years had impaired fasting glucose (glucose concentrations 6.1–6.9 mmol/L). Over 20% of men aged ≥65 years had fasting glucose concentrations above the clinical cut-off for diabetes (≥7 mmol/L) compared to 2.1% of women of similar age (p=0.007). Similarly, 16.4% of men had HbA1c concentrations ≥6.5%, compared to 1.5% of women (p=0.003). Children and teenagers had fasting glucose and HbA1c values largely within the normal range. To conclude, this is the first study to provide data on the distribution of HbA1c and glucose concentrations in a nationally representative sample of the British population. The high prevalence of men aged ≥65 years with HbA1c and glucose concentrations above the clinical cut-off of diabetes warrants further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Almoosawi
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, , Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fitz LJ, DeClercq C, Brooks J, Kuang W, Bates B, Demers D, Winkler A, Nocka K, Jiao A, Greco RM, Mason LE, Fleming M, Quazi A, Wright J, Goldman S, Hubeau C, Williams CM. Acidic mammalian chitinase is not a critical target for allergic airway disease in mice. J Inflamm (Lond) 2013. [PMCID: PMC3750992 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-s1-p5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
8
|
|
9
|
Pan J, Zhang J, Hill A, Lapan P, Berasi S, Bates B, Miller C, Haney S. A kinome-wide siRNA screen identifies multiple roles for protein kinases in hypoxic stress adaptation, including roles for IRAK4 and GAK in protection against apoptosis in VHL-/- renal carcinoma cells, despite activation of the NF-κB pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:782-96. [PMID: 23591012 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113484803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia induces changes to cancer cells that make them more resistant to treatment. We have looked at signaling pathways that facilitate these changes by screening the human kinome for effects on hypoxic responses in SW480 colon cancer cells. Hits identified in the screen were examined for effects on multiple molecular responses to hypoxia, including the endoplasmic reticulum stress and DNA damage responses in colon, melanoma, and renal cancer lines. To validate the hits from the small interfering RNA studies, we developed cell lines expressing stable short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in the A498 renal carcinoma cell line. Several lines, including those expressing shRNAs against DYRK1B, GAK, IHPK2, IRAK4, and MATK, showed an inability to form spheroid cultures. In addition, shRNAs targeting IRAK4 and GAK were incapable of 2D growth under anoxia. In the GAK shRNA-expressing line, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was localized to the nucleus, but in the IRAK4 shRNA line, NF-κB levels were increased but the extent of nuclear localization was unchanged. Dominant negative mutants of IRAK4 and GAK also showed strong apoptotic effects in A498 cells under anoxia, supporting a direct link between these kinases and survival of the VHL(-/-) RCC line, which is typically highly resistant to hypoxic stress as a result of high and constitutive levels of Hif-1α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Applied Genomics, Department of Biological Technologies, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Fitz LJ, DeClercq C, Brooks J, Kuang W, Bates B, Demers D, Winkler A, Nocka K, Jiao A, Greco RM, Mason LE, Fleming M, Quazi A, Wright J, Goldman S, Hubeau C, Williams CMM. Acidic mammalian chitinase is not a critical target for allergic airway disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:71-9. [PMID: 21836154 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is associated with Th2-driven respiratory disorders. To investigate the potentially pathological role of AMCase in allergic airway disease (AAD), we sensitized and challenged mice with ovalbumin or a combination of house dust mite (HDM) plus cockroach allergen. These mice were treated or not treated with small molecule inhibitors of AMCase, which significantly reduced allergen-induced chitinolytic activity in the airways, but exerted no apparent effect on pulmonary inflammation per se. Transgenic and AMCase-deficient mice were also submitted to protocols of allergen sensitization and challenge, yet we found little or no difference in the pattern of AAD between mutant mice and wild-type (WT) control mice. In a separate model, where mice were challenged only with intratracheal instillations of HDM without adjuvant, total bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity, inflammatory infiltrates in lung tissues, and lung mechanics remained comparable between AMCase-deficient mice and WT control mice. However BAL neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were significantly increased in AMCase-deficient mice, whereas concentrations in BAL of IL-13 were significantly decreased compared with WT control mice. These results indicate that, although exposure to allergen stimulates the expression of AMCase and increased chitinolytic activity in murine airways, the overexpression or inhibition of AMCase exerts only a subtle impact on AAD. Conversely, the increased numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes in BAL and the decreased concentrations of IL-13 in AMCase-deficient mice challenged intratracheally with HDM indicate that AMCase contributes to the Th1/Th2 balance in the lungs. This finding may be of particular relevance to patients with asthma and increased airway neutrophilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori J Fitz
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Pungaliya P, Kraynov E, Bates B. Identification and quantification of osteopontin splice variants in the plasma of lung cancer patients using immunoaffinity capture and targeted mass spectrometry. Biomarkers 2011; 17:125-33. [PMID: 22188260 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.643485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The expression patterns and functional roles of three osteopontin splice variants (OPNa, b, and c) in cancer metastasis and progression are not well understood due to the lack of reliable assays to differentiate the isoforms. We have developed a mass spectrometric method to quantify OPN isoforms in human plasma. The method is based on the immunocapture of all OPN isoforms, followed by MRM-MS analysis of isoform-specific tryptic peptides. We were able to simultaneously identify and quantify all three isoforms in the plasma of 10 healthy individuals and 10 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Our results show that none of the OPN splice variants is cancer specific. However, OPNa, the major isoform in healthy and NSCLC plasma, is substantially elevated in NSCLC patients, whereas OPNb and OPNc are at equivalent levels in two populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
von Schack D, Agostino MJ, Murray BS, Li Y, Reddy PS, Chen J, Choe SE, Strassle BW, Li C, Bates B, Zhang L, Hu H, Kotnis S, Bingham B, Liu W, Whiteside GT, Samad TA, Kennedy JD, Ajit SK. Dynamic changes in the microRNA expression profile reveal multiple regulatory mechanisms in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17670. [PMID: 21423802 PMCID: PMC3056716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from nerve lesions or dysfunction represents one of the most challenging neurological diseases to treat. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for causing these maladaptive responses can help develop novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for neuropathic pain. We performed a miRNA expression profiling study of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) tissue from rats four weeks post spinal nerve ligation (SNL), a model of neuropathic pain. TaqMan low density arrays identified 63 miRNAs whose level of expression was significantly altered following SNL surgery. Of these, 59 were downregulated and the ipsilateral L4 DRG, not the injured L5 DRG, showed the most significant downregulation suggesting that miRNA changes in the uninjured afferents may underlie the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. TargetScan was used to predict mRNA targets for these miRNAs and it was found that the transcripts with multiple predicted target sites belong to neurologically important pathways. By employing different bioinformatic approaches we identified neurite remodeling as a significantly regulated biological pathway, and some of these predictions were confirmed by siRNA knockdown for genes that regulate neurite growth in differentiated Neuro2A cells. In vitro validation for predicted target sites in the 3′-UTR of voltage-gated sodium channel Scn11a, alpha 2/delta1 subunit of voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and purinergic receptor P2rx ligand-gated ion channel 4 using luciferase reporter assays showed that identified miRNAs modulated gene expression significantly. Our results suggest the potential for miRNAs to play a direct role in neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David von Schack
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Agostino
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - B. Stuart Murray
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yizheng Li
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Padmalatha S. Reddy
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jin Chen
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sung E. Choe
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Strassle
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christine Li
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Bates
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynn Zhang
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Smita Kotnis
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Brendan Bingham
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Biological Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Garth T. Whiteside
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tarek A. Samad
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Kennedy
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Seena K. Ajit
- Neuroscience Discovery, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shakey Q, Bates B, Wu J. An approach to quantifying N-linked glycoproteins by enzyme-catalyzed 18O3-labeling of solid-phase enriched glycopeptides. Anal Chem 2011; 82:7722-8. [PMID: 20795641 DOI: 10.1021/ac101564t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Global analysis of glycoproteins shows great promise for the discovery of therapeutic targets and clinical biomarkers. Selective capture of glycopeptides by hydrazide resin followed by mass spectrometric identification of the peptides released by PNGaseF treatment has been most widely used. However, the majority of the reports using this approach focus on global profiling, rather than relative quantitation of glycoprotein alternations in pathological states. We describe an integrated strategy allowing for relative quantitation of glycoproteins in complex biological mixtures using this approach. The strategy includes periodate oxidation of tryptic digests, solid-phase enrichment of glycopeptides via hydrazide-coupled magnetic beads, in conjunction with (18)O stable isotope labeling catalyzed by both trypsin and PNGaseF, and subsequent identification and quantitation by LC-MS/MS analysis. Three (18)O atoms ((18)O(3)) are incorporated into N-linked glycopeptides for samples treated in (18)O-water, two at the carboxyl terminus by trypsin during hydrazide coupling and the third at the N-glycosylation site through PNGaseF-mediated deglycosylation. Thus, mass shifts of 6 and 8 Da are indicative of singly and doubly glycosylated peptides, respectively. Experimental conditions were optimized to promote the trypsin-mediated (18)O(2) incorporation and prevent backbone exchange. The accuracy, reproducibility, and linearity of relative quantitation were evaluated by using 15 glycoproteins spiked into mouse serum at different concentration ratios. Using this approach, we were able to identify and quantitate 224 N-glycopeptides representing 130 unique glycoproteins from 20 μL of the undepleted mouse serum samples. The strategy can be easily adapted to the analysis of glycoproteins in tissues, cell lines, and other sample origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quazi Shakey
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chanda PK, Gao Y, Mark L, Btesh J, Strassle BW, Lu P, Piesla MJ, Zhang MY, Bingham B, Uveges A, Kowal D, Garbe D, Kouranova EV, Ring RH, Bates B, Pangalos MN, Kennedy JD, Whiteside GT, Samad TA. Monoacylglycerol lipase activity is a critical modulator of the tone and integrity of the endocannabinoid system. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:996-1003. [PMID: 20855465 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid molecules that serve as natural ligands for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. They modulate a diverse set of physiological processes such as pain, cognition, appetite, and emotional states, and their levels and functions are tightly regulated by enzymatic biosynthesis and degradation. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain and is believed to be hydrolyzed primarily by the serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Although 2-AG binds and activates cannabinoid receptors in vitro, when administered in vivo, it induces only transient cannabimimetic effects as a result of its rapid catabolism. Here we show using a mouse model with a targeted disruption of the MAGL gene that MAGL is the major modulator of 2-AG hydrolysis in vivo. Mice lacking MAGL exhibit dramatically reduced 2-AG hydrolase activity and highly elevated 2-AG levels in the nervous system. A lack of MAGL activity and subsequent long-term elevation of 2-AG levels lead to desensitization of brain CB1 receptors with a significant reduction of cannabimimetic effects of CB1 agonists. Also consistent with CB1 desensitization, MAGL-deficient mice do not show alterations in neuropathic and inflammatory pain sensitivity. These findings provide the first genetic in vivo evidence that MAGL is the major regulator of 2-AG levels and signaling and reveal a pivotal role for 2-AG in modulating CB1 receptor sensitization and endocannabinoid tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranab K Chanda
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bates B, Mitchell K, Keller JM, Chan CC, Swaim WD, Yaskovich R, Mannes AJ, Iadarola MJ. Prolonged analgesic response of cornea to topical resiniferatoxin, a potent TRPV1 agonist. Pain 2010; 149:522-528. [PMID: 20403666 PMCID: PMC2913152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analgesics currently available for the treatment of pain following ophthalmic surgery or injury are limited by transient effectiveness and undesirable or adverse side effects. The cornea is primarily innervated by small-diameter C-fiber sensory neurons expressing TRPV1 (transient receptor potential channel, subfamily V, member 1), a sodium/calcium cation channel expressed abundantly by nociceptive neurons and consequently a target for pain control. Resiniferatoxin (RTX), a potent TRPV1 agonist, produces transient analgesia when injected peripherally by inactivating TRPV1-expressing nerve terminals through excessive calcium influx. The aim of the present study was to evaluate topical RTX as a corneal analgesic. In rat cornea, a single application of RTX dose dependently eliminated or reduced the capsaicin eye wipe response for 3-5 days, with normal nociceptive responses returning by 5-7 days. RTX alone produced a brief but intense noxious response, similar to capsaicin, necessitating pretreatment of the cornea with a local anesthetic. Topical lidocaine, applied prior to RTX, blocks acute nociceptive responses to RTX without impairing the subsequent analgesic effect. Importantly, RTX analgesia (a) did not impair epithelial wound healing, (b) left the blink reflex intact and (c) occurred without detectable histological damage to the cornea. Immunohistochemistry showed that loss of CGRP immunoreactivity, a surrogate marker for TRPV1-expressing fibers, extended at least to the corneal-scleral boundary and displayed a progressive return, coincident with the return of capsaicin sensitivity. These data suggest that RTX may be a safe and effective treatment for post-operative or post-injury ophthalmic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Kendall Mitchell
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Jason M. Keller
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Immunopathology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - William D. Swaim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Ruth Yaskovich
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Andrew J. Mannes
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
- Division of Anesthesia and Surgical Services, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| | - Michael J. Iadarola
- Neurobiology and Pain Therapeutics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20982
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Williams G, Wood A, Williams EJ, Gao Y, Mercado ML, Katz A, Joseph-McCarthy D, Bates B, Ling HP, Aulabaugh A, Zaccardi J, Xie Y, Pangalos MN, Walsh FS, Doherty P. Ganglioside Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth Requires Nogo Receptor Function. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16641-52. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802067200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
18
|
Roemer F, Bates B, Roberts J. The Relationship Between the Manufacturer and the Interventional Radiologist. Semin Intervent Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1075940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Schaff UY, Shih HH, Lorenz M, Sako D, Kriz R, Milarski K, Bates B, Tchernychev B, Shaw GD, Simon SI. SLIC-1/sorting nexin 20: a novel sorting nexin that directs subcellular distribution of PSGL-1. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:550-64. [PMID: 18196517 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
P-Selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on the surface of leukocytes that serves as the major ligand for the selectin family of adhesion molecules and functions in leukocyte tethering and rolling on activated endothelium and platelets. Previous studies have implicated the highly conserved cytoplasmic domain of PSGL-1 in regulating outside-in signaling of integrin activation. However, molecules that physically and functionally interact with this domain are not completely defined. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen with the cytoplasmic domain of PSGL-1 as bait, a novel protein designated selectin ligand interactor cytoplasmic-1 (SLIC-1) was isolated. Computer-based homology search revealed that SLIC-1 was the human orthologue for the previously identified mouse sorting nexin 20. Direct interaction between SLIC-1 and PSGL-1 was specific as indicated by co-immunoprecipitation and motif mapping. Colocalization experiments demonstrated that SLIC-1 contains a Phox homology domain that binds phosphoinositides and targets the PSGL-1/SLIC-1 complex to endosomes. Deficiency in the murine homologue of SLIC-1 did not modulate PSGL-1-dependent signaling nor alter neutrophil adhesion through PSGL-1. We conclude that SLIC-1 serves as a sorting molecule that cycles PSGL-1 into endosomes with no impact on leukocyte recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Y Schaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- a Department of Psychology University of Sussex
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jones PG, Nawoschik SP, Sreekumar K, Uveges AJ, Tseng E, Zhang L, Johnson J, He L, Paulsen JE, Bates B, Pausch MH. Tissue distribution and functional analyses of the constitutively active orphan G protein coupled receptors, GPR26 and GPR78. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:890-901. [PMID: 17363172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
GPR26 and GPR78 are orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) that share 51% amino acid sequence identity and are widely expressed in selected tissues of the human brain as well as the developing and adult mouse brain. Investigation of the functional activity of GPR26 and GPR78 via expression in HEK293 cells showed that both proteins are constitutively active and coupled to elevated cAMP production. Accordingly, in yeast, GPR26 demonstrated apparent agonist-independent coupling to a chimeric Gpa1 protein in which the 5 C-terminal amino acids were from Galphas. A comparison of the proteins revealed an atypical glutamine residue in GPR78 in place of the conserved arginine residue (R3.50) in the so-called DRY box. Site-directed mutants R3.50 in GPR26 were constructed and retained their constitutive activity suggesting that these 2 receptors activate G proteins in a manner that is distinct from other group 1 GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Jones
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stineman M, Kwong P, Kurichi J, Bates B, Reker D. Article 4. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Shimazu K, Zhao M, Sakata K, Akbarian S, Bates B, Jaenisch R, Lu B. NT-3 facilitates hippocampal plasticity and learning and memory by regulating neurogenesis. Learn Mem 2006; 13:307-15. [PMID: 16705139 PMCID: PMC1475811 DOI: 10.1101/lm.76006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the adult brain, the expression of NT-3 is largely confined to the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), an area exhibiting significant neurogenesis. Using a conditional mutant line in which the NT-3 gene is deleted in the brain, we investigated the role of NT-3 in adult neurogenesis, hippocampal plasticity, and memory. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeling experiments demonstrated that differentiation, rather than proliferation, of the neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) was significantly impaired in DG lacking NT-3. Triple labeling for BrdU, the neuronal marker NeuN, and the glial marker GFAP indicated that NT-3 affects the number of newly differentiated neurons, but not glia, in DG. Field recordings revealed a selective impairment in long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral, but not medial perforant path-granule neuron synapses. In parallel, the NT-3 mutant mice exhibited deficits in spatial memory tasks. In addition to identifying a novel role for NT-3 in adult NPC differentiation in vivo, our study provides a potential link between neurogenesis, dentate LTP, and spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shimazu
- Section on Neural Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bates B, Zhang L, Nawoschik S, Kodangattil S, Tseng E, Kopsco D, Kramer A, Shan Q, Taylor N, Johnson J, Sun Y, Chen HM, Blatcher M, Paulsen JE, Pausch MH. Characterization of Gpr101 expression and G-protein coupling selectivity. Brain Res 2006; 1087:1-14. [PMID: 16647048 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the identification and characterization of the murine orphan GPCR, Gpr101. Both human and murine genes were localized to chromosome X. Similar to its human ortholog, murine Gpr101 mRNA was detected predominantly in the brain within discrete nuclei. A knowledge-restricted hidden Markov model-based algorithm, capable of accurately predicting G-protein coupling selectivity, indicated that both human and murine GPR101 were likely coupled to Gs. This prediction was supported by the elevation of cyclic AMP levels and the activation of a cyclic AMP response element-luciferase reporter gene in HEK293 cells over-expressing human GPR101. Consistent with this, over-expression of human GPR101 in a yeast-based system yielded an elevated, agonist-independent reporter gene response in the presence of a yeast chimeric Galphas protein. These results indicate that GPR101 participates in a potentially wide range of activities in the CNS via modulation of cAMP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- Wyeth Research, Biological Technologies, 87 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
There is a growing movement in medical genetics to develop, implement, and promote a model of race-based medicine. Although race-based medicine may become a widely disseminated standard of care, messages that advocate race-based selection for diagnosing, screening and prescribing drugs may exacerbate health disparities. These messages are present in clinical genetic counseling sessions, mass media, and everyday talk. Messages promoting linkages among genes, race, and health and messages emphasizing genetic causation may promote both general racism and genetically based racism. This mini-review examines research in three areas: studies that address the effects of these messages about genetics on levels of genetic determinism and genetic discrimination; studies that address the effects of these messages on attitudes about race; and, studies of the impacts of race-specific genetic messages on recipients. Following an integration of this research, this mini-review suggests that the current literature appears fragmented because of methodological and measurement issues and offers strategies for future research. Finally, the authors offer a path model to help organize future research examining the effects of messages about genetics on socioculturally based racism, genetically based racism, and unaccounted for racism. Research in this area is needed to understand and mitigate the negative attitudinal effects of messages that link genes, race, and health and/or emphasize genetic causation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Condit
- Department of Speech Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sabel-Soteres A, Soteres D, Bates B. A comparison of U.S. vs. Louisiana asthmatics using the BRFSS survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.12.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
27
|
Zhang L, Taylor N, Xie Y, Ford R, Johnson J, Paulsen JE, Bates B. Cloning and expression of MRG receptors in macaque, mouse, and human. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 133:187-97. [PMID: 15710235 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of the MRG family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed predominately in small diameter sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) suggesting a possible role in nociception. However, the large expansion of this gene family in rodents, combined with the lack of strict rodent orthologs for many of the human MRG genes, limits the usefulness of rodent models to evaluate human MRG involvement in nociception. Furthermore, the high degree of similarity between related rodent Mrg genes suggests that pharmacological approaches to define the function of individual receptors will prove difficult. The creation of an animal model to examine human MRG function will, therefore, require the identification of human MRG orthologs in a non-rodent species. Here we report the identification of MRGD, MRGE, and several MRGX orthologs in the crab-eating macaque, Macaca fascicularis. Similar to their human counterparts, all isolated macaque genes were expressed in dorsal root ganglia neurons. In the case of macaque MrgX2 and MrgD, expression was co-localized with the known nociceptive neuronal markers, IB4, VR1, and SP. Although expression in DRG neurons was the prominent feature of this family, we also found that MrgE was expressed in numerous brain regions of macaque, mouse, and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Wyeth Research, Functional Genomics Department, 87 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Denbeaux G, Schneider G, Pearson A, Chao W, Bates B, Harteneck B, Olynick D, Anderson E, Fischer P, Juenger M. Recent progress with high resolution X-ray microscopy at the XM-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:200300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Bates B, Xie Y, Taylor N, Johnson J, Wu L, Kwak S, Blatcher M, Gulukota K, Paulsen JE. Characterization of mGluR5R, a novel, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-related gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2002; 109:18-33. [PMID: 12531512 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report here the isolation of a novel gene termed mGluR5R (mGluR5-related). The N-terminus of mGluR5R is highly similar to the extracellular domain of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) whereas the C-terminus bears similarity to the testis-specific gene, RNF18. mGluR5R is expressed in the human CNS in a coordinate fashion with mGluR5. Although the sequence suggests that mGluR5R may be a secreted glutamate binding protein, we found that when expressed in HEK293 cells it was membrane associated and not secreted. Furthermore, mGluR5R was incapable of binding the metabotropic glutamate receptor class I selective agonist, quisqualate. Although mGluR5R could not form disulfide-mediated covalent homodimers, it was able to form a homomeric complex, presumably through noncovalent interactions. mGluR5R also formed noncovalent heteromeric associations with an engineered construct of the extracellular domain of mGluR5 as well as with full-length mGluR5 and mGluR1alpha. The ability of mGluR5R to associate with mGluR1alpha and mGluR5 suggests that it may be a modulator of class I metabotropic glutamate receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- Wyeth Research, Functional Genomics, 35 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Bates B, Hirt L, Thomas SS, Akbarian S, Le D, Amin-Hanjani S, Whalen M, Jaenisch R, Moskowitz MA. Neurotrophin-3 promotes cell death induced in cerebral ischemia, oxygen-glucose deprivation, and oxidative stress: possible involvement of oxygen free radicals. Neurobiol Dis 2002; 9:24-37. [PMID: 11848682 DOI: 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the role of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) during cerebral ischemia, NT-3-deficient brains were subjected to transient focal ischemia. Conditional mutant brains produced undetectable amounts of NT-3 mRNA, whereas the expression of the neurotrophin, BDNF, the NT-3 receptor, TrkC, and the nonselective, low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, were comparable to wild-type. Baseline absolute blood flow, vascular and neuroanatomical features, as well as physiological measurements were also indistinguishable from wild-type. Interestingly, the absence of NT-3 led to a significantly decreased infarct volume 23 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Consistent with this, the addition of NT-3 to primary cortical cell cultures exacerbated neuronal death caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Coincubation with the oxygen free radical chelator, trolox, diminished potentiation of neuronal death. NT-3 also enhanced neuronal cell death and the production of reactive oxygen species caused by oxidative damage inducing agents. We conclude that endogenous NT-3 enhanced neuronal injury during acute stroke, possible by increasing oxygen-radical mediated cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bates
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rios M, Fan G, Fekete C, Kelly J, Bates B, Kuehn R, Lechan RM, Jaenisch R. Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:1748-57. [PMID: 11579207 DOI: 10.1210/mend.15.10.0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been associated previously with the regulation of food intake. To help elucidate the role of this neurotrophin in weight regulation, we have generated conditional mutants in which brain-derived neurotrophic factor has been eliminated from the brain after birth through the use of the cre-loxP recombination system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor conditional mutants were hyperactive after exposure to stressors and had higher levels of anxiety when evaluated in the light/dark exploration test. They also had mature onset obesity characterized by a dramatic 80-150% increase in body weight, increased linear growth, and elevated serum levels of leptin, insulin, glucose, and cholesterol. In addition, the mutants had an abnormal starvation response and elevated basal levels of POMC, an anorexigenic factor and the precursor for alpha-MSH. Our results demonstrate that brain derived neurotrophic factor has an essential maintenance function in the regulation of anxiety-related behavior and in food intake through central mediators in both the basal and fasted state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rios
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Akbarian S, Bates B, Liu RJ, Skirboll SL, Pejchal T, Coppola V, Sun LD, Fan G, Kucera J, Wilson MA, Tessarollo L, Kosofsky BE, Taylor JR, Bothwell M, Nestler EJ, Aghajanian GK, Jaenisch R. Neurotrophin-3 modulates noradrenergic neuron function and opiate withdrawal. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:593-604. [PMID: 11526474 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2000] [Revised: 02/02/2001] [Accepted: 02/02/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatic symptoms and aversion of opiate withdrawal, regulated by noradrenergic signaling, were attenuated in mice with a CNS-wide conditional ablation of neurotrophin-3. This occurred in conjunction with altered cAMP-mediated excitation and reduced upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in A6 (locus coeruleus) without loss of neurons. Transgene-derived NT-3 expressed by noradrenergic neurons of conditional mutants restored opiate withdrawal symptoms. Endogenous NT-3 expression, strikingly absent in noradrenergic neurons of postnatal and adult brain, is present in afferent sources of the dorsal medulla and is upregulated after chronic morphine exposure in noradrenergic projection areas of the ventral forebrain. NT-3 expressed by non-catecholaminergic neurons may modulate opiate withdrawal and noradrenergic signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Akbarian
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The concordance between foster mothers' attachment state of mind and foster infants' attachment quality was examined for 50 foster mother-infant dyads. Babies had been placed into the care of their foster mothers between birth and 20 months of age. Attachment quality was assessed between 12 and 24 months of age, at least 3 months after the infants' placement into foster care. The two-way correspondence between maternal state of mind and infant attachment quality was 72%, kappa = .43, similar to the level seen among biologically intact mother-infant dyads. Contrary to expectations, age at placement was not related to attachment quality. Rather, concordance between maternal state of mind and infant attachment was seen for relatively late-placed babies, as well as early placed babies. These findings have two major implications. First, following a disruption in care during the first year and a half of life, babies appear capable of organizing their behavior around the availability of new caregivers. Second, these data argue for a nongenetic mechanism for the intergenerational transmission of attachment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dozier
- Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-2579, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stineman MG, Ross RN, Hamilton BB, Maislin G, Bates B, Granger CV, Asch DA. Inpatient rehabilitation after stroke: a comparison of lengths of stay and outcomes in the Veterans Affairs and non-Veterans Affairs health care system. Med Care 2001; 39:123-37. [PMID: 11176550 DOI: 10.1097/00005650-200102000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients have longer lengths of hospital stay (LOS) in VA medical centers than in the general health care system. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether resource use and outcome differences between VA and non-VA inpatient rehabilitation facilities remain after controlling for patient and medical care delivery differences. DESIGN This analysis involved 60 VA inpatient rehabilitation units and 467 non-VA rehabilitation hospitals and units. Multivariate adjusted resource use and patient outcome differences were compared across setting within patients grouped by severity of disability at admission through assignment to the Function Related Group (FRG) patient classification system. SUBJECTS The study included 55,438 stroke patients. MEASURES Study measures were LOS, functional status at discharge, and community discharge. RESULTS The VA serves a higher proportion of patients who are single, separated, or divorced; are unemployed or retired as a result of disability, and are not white (P < 0.0001). These traits tended to be associated with longer LOS, lower functional outcomes, and reduced rates of community discharge. After adjusting for these and other differences, depending on FRG, average LOS remained from 30% to 200% longer in the VA centers (P < 0.05); average functional outcomes were significantly higher in 8 and lower in 2 FRGs (P < 0.05); and community discharge rates were lower in 12 FRGs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While certain variables accounted for some of the observed differences in resource use and outcomes, differences remained after adjustment. Fewer incentives for cost containment and less support in patients' home environments may be among the most important unmeasured determinants of VA differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Stineman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fan G, Beard C, Chen RZ, Csankovszki G, Sun Y, Siniaia M, Biniszkiewicz D, Bates B, Lee PP, Kuhn R, Trumpp A, Poon C, Wilson CB, Jaenisch R. DNA hypomethylation perturbs the function and survival of CNS neurons in postnatal animals. J Neurosci 2001; 21:788-97. [PMID: 11157065 PMCID: PMC6762314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2000] [Revised: 10/30/2000] [Accepted: 11/02/2000] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase I (Dnmt1), the maintenance enzyme for DNA cytosine methylation, is expressed at high levels in the CNS during embryogenesis and after birth. Because embryos deficient for Dnmt1 die at gastrulation, the role of Dnmt1 in the development and function of the nervous system could not be studied by using this mutation. We therefore used the cre/loxP system to produce conditional mutants that lack Dnmt1 in neuroblasts of embryonic day 12 embryos or in postmitotic neurons of the postnatal animal. Conditional deletion of the Dnmt1 gene resulted in rapid depletion of Dnmt1 proteins, indicating that the enzyme in postmitotic neurons turns over quickly. Dnmt1 deficiency in postmitotic neurons neither affected levels of global DNA methylation nor influenced cell survival during postnatal life. In contrast, Dnmt1 deficiency in mitotic CNS precursor cells resulted in DNA hypomethylation in daughter cells. Whereas mutant embryos carrying 95% hypomethylated cells in the brain died immediately after birth because of respiratory distress, mosaic animals with 30% hypomethylated CNS cells were viable into adulthood. However, these mutant cells were eliminated quickly from the brain within 3 weeks of postnatal life. Thus, hypomethylated CNS neurons were impaired functionally and were selected against at postnatal stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Fan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bates B, LoRe F. Teaching complementary and alternative medicine in residency programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81:1256-7. [PMID: 10987176 DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2000.18576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
38
|
Aiken J, Bates B. Programmable color liquid-crystal television spatial light modulator: transmittance properties and application to speckle-correlation displacement measurement. Appl Opt 2000; 39:337-344. [PMID: 18337902 DOI: 10.1364/ao.39.000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Drive electronics developed for a color liquid-crystal television (LCTV) display enable data to be written onto individual pixels. Display transmittance characteristics obtained with the new and the original TV drive electronics are compared. The enhanced performance obtained through this development has some potential for spatial light modulator applications in color, optical information processing based on the low-cost LCTV. As an example, we describe a novel, to our knowledge, speckle metrology technique used to display fringes and to output correlation peaks resulting from in-plane object displacement. This requires only a single LC display to encode, simultaneously in three pixel colors, speckle and fringe patterns for real-time measurements. Relative merits of this technique, including displacement range and temporal resolution, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Aiken
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Csankovszki G, Panning B, Bates B, Pehrson JR, Jaenisch R. Conditional deletion of Xist disrupts histone macroH2A localization but not maintenance of X inactivation. Nat Genet 1999; 22:323-4. [PMID: 10431231 DOI: 10.1038/11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- B Bates
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The receptor erbB2/neu is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or erbB) family that also includes erbB3 and erbB4. Amplification of the erbB2/neu gene is found in many cancer types and its overexpression is correlated with a poor prognosis for breast and ovarian cancer patients. Investigation of the biology of erbB2 led to the identification of a family of ligands termed neuregulins which included the neu-differentiation factors, the heregulins, a ligand with acetylcholine-receptor-inducing activity and glial growth factor. Several lines of evidence suggest that heterodimerization of erbB2 with other erbB receptors is required for neuregulin signalling. Here we investigate the developmental role of erbB2 in mammalian development in mice carrying an erbB2 null allele. We find that mutant embryos die before E11, probably as a result of dysfunctions associated with a lack of cardiac trabeculae. Development of cranial neural-crest-derived sensory ganglia was markedly affected. DiI retrograde tracing revealed that the development of motor nerves was also compromised. Our results demonstrate the importance of erbB2 in neural and cardiac development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Lee
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Conover JC, Ip NY, Poueymirou WT, Bates B, Goldfarb MP, DeChiara TM, Yancopoulos GD. Ciliary neurotrophic factor maintains the pluripotentiality of embryonic stem cells. Development 1993; 119:559-65. [PMID: 8187629 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119.3.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor was discovered based on its ability to support the survival of ciliary neurons, and is now known to act on a variety of neuronal and glial populations. Two distant relatives of ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M, mimic ciliary neurotrophic factor with respect to its actions on cells of the nervous system. In contrast to ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M also display a broad array of actions on cells outside of the nervous system. The overlapping activities of leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M and ciliary neurotrophic factor can be attributed to shared receptor components. The specificity of ciliary neurotrophic factor for cells of the nervous system results from the restricted expression of the alpha component of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex, which is required to convert a functional leukemia inhibitory factor/oncostatin M receptor complex into a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex. The recent observation that the alpha component of the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex is expressed by very early neuronal precursors suggested that ciliary neurotrophic factor may act on even earlier precursors, particularly on cells previously thought to be targets for leukemia inhibitory factor action. Here we show the first example of ciliary neurotrophic factor responsiveness in cells residing outside of the nervous system by demonstrating that embryonic stem cells express a functional ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor complex, and that ciliary neurotrophic factor is similar to leukemia inhibitory factor in its ability to maintain the pluripotentiality of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Conover
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bates B. Malpractice insurance: a benefit or a liability? Adm Radiol 1993; 12:53. [PMID: 10128243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
44
|
Lowans BS, Bates B, Greer RG, Aiken J. Binary phase modulation properties of a programmable liquid-crystal television display. Appl Opt 1992; 31:7393-7395. [PMID: 20802610 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.007393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|
45
|
Sharp T, Reed G, Bates B, Hill J. INFLUENCE OP PREVIOUS DIET ON SUBSTRATE OXIDATION DURING AND AFTER EXERCISE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199205001-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Bates B. The radiologist as an executive physician. Adm Radiol 1992; 11:35-8. [PMID: 10160849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Bates
- Cleveland Community Hospital, TN
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Aiken J, Bates B, Catney MG, Miller PC. Programmable liquid-crystal TV spatial light modulator: modified drive electronics to improve device performance for spatial-light-modulation operation. Appl Opt 1991; 30:4605-4609. [PMID: 20717258 DOI: 10.1364/ao.30.004605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal television (LCTV) continues to play a useful role as a spatial light modulator in the development and evaluation of systems for optical image processing. We outline new addressing electronics developed for a commercially available LCTV that permit writing to individual pixels at an improved display up-date rate and allow the input video signal to cover a much greater transmittance range of the TV display for black and white pixels. We illustrate this by measuring the diffraction efficiency for gratings written onto the display. For vertical gratings written along the display columns the diffraction efficiency is increased significantly, but there is no improvement for horizontal gratings. Some merits of the modified LCTV modulator for optical processing applications are considered briefly.
Collapse
|
49
|
Werner S, Roth WK, Bates B, Goldfarb M, Hofschneider PH. Fibroblast growth factor 5 proto-oncogene is expressed in normal human fibroblasts and induced by serum growth factors. Oncogene 1991; 6:2137-44. [PMID: 1658709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF-5) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family with transforming potential. It has been found to be expressed in several human tumor cell lines, but nothing is known about expression of this growth factor in normal cells and its biological functions. Here we show that the FGF-5 gene is expressed in exponentially growing normal human fibroblasts. In quiescent fibroblasts, expression of FGF-5 is strongly induced by serum and several growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha). This induction can be mediated by at least two different pathways involving protein kinase C or cAMP-dependent kinases. Since the effect is independent of de novo protein synthesis, FGF-5 represents the product of a primary response gene. In addition our data suggest that FGF-5 is mitogenic for human fibroblasts, indicating the existence of an FGF-5-mediated positive feedback in these cells which could amplify and prolong the cellular response to the initial stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Werner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bates B. Cost containment in healthcare delivery. Adm Radiol 1991; 10:31, 33-5. [PMID: 10111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Progressive increases in medical care costs can not continue. Resistance from those who pay the costs--businesses, the government, and individual consumers--is increasing. The cries for greater government insurance and control are becoming louder. Healthcare organizations trying to cut costs often simply reduce staff across-the-board instead of developing ways to reduce the costs related to individual functions performed. More attention must be given to reducing costs by improving processes. Here, healthcare and radiology specifically can take some lessons from the business world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bates
- Samaritan Health Center, Detroit, MI
| |
Collapse
|