1
|
Lee C, Jiang ZK, Planken S, Manzuk LK, Ortiz R, Hall M, Noorbehesht K, Ram S, Affolter T, Troche GE, Ihle NT, Johnson T, Ahn Y, Kraus M, Giddabasappa A. Efficacy and Imaging Enabled Pharmacodynamic Profiling of KRAS G12C Inhibitors in Xenograft and Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023:726396. [PMID: 37186518 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Recent clinical trials directly targeting KRAS G12C presented encouraging results for a large population of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but resistance to treatment is a concern. Continued exploration of new inhibitors and preclinical models is needed to address resistance mechanisms and improve duration of patient responses. To further enable the development of KRAS G12C inhibitors, we present a preclinical framework involving translational, non-invasive imaging modalities (CT and PET) and histopathology in a conventional xenograft model and a novel KRAS G12C knock-in mouse model of NSCLC. We utilized an in-house developed KRAS G12C inhibitor (Compound A) as a tool to demonstrate the value of this framework in studying in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship and anti-tumor efficacy. We characterized the Kras G12C-driven genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) and identify tumor growth and signaling differences compared to its Kras G12D-driven counterpart. We also find that Compound A has comparable efficacy to sotorasib in the Kras G12C-driven lung tumors arising in the GEMM, but like observations in the clinic, some tumors inevitably progress on treatment. These findings establish a foundation for evaluating future KRAS G12C inhibitors that is not limited to xenograft studies and can be applied in a translationally relevant mouse model that mirrors human disease progression and resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lee
- Pfizer (United States), San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Simon Planken
- Pfizer (United States), San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Sripad Ram
- Pfizer (United States), San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wirtz T, Lee C, Xie T, Manzuk L, Kraus M, Dillon C, Affolter T, Giddabasappa A. Abstract P065: Effects of targeted radiotherapy on tumor immune landscape in diverse murine tumor models. Cancer Immunol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm21-p065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has traditionally been seen as a means to induce targeted tumor cell death, and more than 50% of all cancer patients receive RT. RT is also known to induce immune cell activation, and the advent of immunotherapeutic treatments such as checkpoint inhibition has sparked increased interest in using RT to enhance an anti-tumor immune response. However, to take advantage of the immunological effects of RT, a deeper understanding of the effects of RT on tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) is essential. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the effects of RT on tumor growth and the tumor-infiltrating immune cells in five syngeneic tumor models with diverse immune cell-infiltration profiles. These tumor types show strong differences in the overall immune cell infiltration, as well as in the composition of the infiltrating immune cell populations. After RT, tumors that were characterized as hot (e.g. CT26) showed increased sensitivity and dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition compared to cold tumor models (e.g. B16F10). Immune cell profiling indicated that RT led to strong changes in TILs of some tumor types, such as MC38 and CT26. These changes included reduced fractions of macrophages and increases in NK cells and also CD8 T cells. Single cell RNA sequencing also revealed an increase in CD8 T cells expressing proliferation-related genes. Furthermore, macrophage clusters expressing markers of proliferation were specifically eradicated by RT, while monocytes and neutrophils were less affected. The monocytes and neutrophils in the models that showed little changes in TILs after RT expressed marker genes of type-I interferon response. These findings predict that tumors that are highly infiltrated by neutrophils and monocytes, with little intra-tumoral proliferation and type-I interferon response signature, are likely resistant to an RT-mediated anti-tumor immune response. The present work has laid a strong foundation to develop next-generation combinatorial treatments using RT and immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Tristan Wirtz, Catherine Lee, Tao Xie, Lisa Manzuk, Manfred Kraus, Christopher Dillon, Timothy Affolter, Anand Giddabasappa. Effects of targeted radiotherapy on tumor immune landscape in diverse murine tumor models [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2021 Oct 5-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2022;10(1 Suppl):Abstract nr P065.
Collapse
|
3
|
Llewellyn HP, Arat S, Gao J, Wen J, Xia S, Kalabat D, Oziolor E, Virgen-Slane R, Affolter T, Ji C. T cells and monocyte-derived myeloid cells mediate immunotherapy-related hepatitis in a mouse model. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1083-1095. [PMID: 34242700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) which are more severe when ICIs are used in combination. We aimed to use a mouse model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of immune-related hepatitis, one of the common irAEs associated with ICIs. METHODS Immune phenotyping and molecular profiling were performed on Pdcd1-/- mice treated with anti-CTLA4 and/or the IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat or a 4-1BB agonistic antibody. RESULTS ICI combination-induced hepatitis and 4-1BB agonist-mediated hepatitis share similar features yet maintain distinct immune signatures. Both were characterized by an expansion of periportal infiltrates and pan-zonal inflammation albeit with different morphologic characteristics. In both cases, infiltrates were predominantly CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with upregulated T-cell activation markers, ICOS and CD44. Depletion of CD8+ T cells abolished ICI-mediated hepatitis. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that the hepatitis induced by combination ICIs is associated with a robust immune activation signature in all subtypes of T cells and T helper 1 skewing. Expression profiling revealed a central role for IFNγ and liver monocyte-derived macrophages in promoting a pro-inflammatory T-cell response to ICI combination and 4-1BB agonism. CONCLUSION We developed a novel mouse model which offers significant value in yielding deeper mechanistic insight into immune-mediated liver toxicity associated with various immunotherapies. LAY SUMMARY Hepatitis is one of the common immune-related adverse events in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. The mechanisms of ICI-induced hepatitis are not well understood. In this paper, we identify key molecular mechanisms mediating immune intracellular crosstalk between liver T cells and macrophages in response to ICI in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather P Llewellyn
- Global Biomarkers, Drug Safety Research and Development (DSRD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seda Arat
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, DSRD, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jingjin Gao
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ji Wen
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuhua Xia
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, DSRD, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Dalia Kalabat
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, DSRD, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Elias Oziolor
- Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, DSRD, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Richard Virgen-Slane
- Global Biomarkers, Drug Safety Research and Development (DSRD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Changhua Ji
- Regulatory and Immunosafety Strategy, DSRD, Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Adams C, Wang L, Wang TS, Miller N, McMillan E, Ramstetter M, Chionis J, Eisele K, Almaden J, Affolter T, Pillai S, VanArsdale T, Dillon C, Dann SG. Abstract 2960: A novel mouse model of pancreatic cancer reveals new insights into cell cycle deregulation. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Overcoming checkpoints to cell cycle control is the basis for tumorigenesis and malignant growth. Therefore, models that recapitulate clinically relevant cell cycle deregulation enhance our understanding of defined tumors subsets. Specifically, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs) frequently delete the 9p21 locus which contains the cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors CDKN2A (p16, p14) and CDKN2B (p15), as well as methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a metabolic gene required for methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine. No model currently exists that accurately represents loss of the entire locus in a relevant disease context. Moreover, the contribution of MTAP to tumor progression remains largely unknown. Therefore, we have developed a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of PDA which combines loss of the orthologous murine 9p21 region (4qC4) with activated KRAS [Pdx-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D; 9p21L/L (K9C)], which results in rapid adenocarcinoma formation and subsequent mortality in mice homozygous for 9p21 deletion. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a remarkable level of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity, including a significant immune and stromal component that contribute to tumor growth and progression. Additionally, K9C derived cell lines are responsive to Pfizer's first-in class CDK2/4/6 selective inhibitor while displaying de novo resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib. Allograft and single-cell RNA sequencing experiments corroborated these findings and implicate Myc in contributing to CDK2/4/6i sensitivity. Furthermore, phenotypic-based screens revealed synthetic-lethal hits with 9p21 loss, indicating ample opportunities for combination strategies in this select patient population. Thus, we show that the K9C model recapitulates salient aspects of PDA and is amenable to novel therapeutic intervention strategies that may aid in improving the outcomes of patients with this precise genetic background.
*All procedures performed on animals were in accordance with regulations and established guidelines and were reviewed and approved by an Institutional Animal Care and use committee
Citation Format: Christina Adams, Lynn Wang, Tim S. Wang, Nichol Miller, Elizabeth McMillan, Monica Ramstetter, John Chionis, Koleen Eisele, Jonathan Almaden, Timothy Affolter, Smitha Pillai, Todd VanArsdale, Chris Dillon, Stephen G. Dann. A novel mouse model of pancreatic cancer reveals new insights into cell cycle deregulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2960.
Collapse
|
5
|
Affolter T, Llewellyn HP, Bartlett DW, Zong Q, Xia S, Torti V, Ji C. Inhibition of immune checkpoints PD-1, CTLA-4, and IDO1 coordinately induces immune-mediated liver injury in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217276. [PMID: 31112568 PMCID: PMC6528985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells harness immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) to evade immune control. Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated durable anti-tumor efficacy in human and preclinical models. Liver toxicity is one of the common immune-related adverse events associated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) and its frequency and severity often increase significantly during CPI combination therapies. We aim to develop a mouse model to elucidate the immune mechanisms of CPI-associated liver toxicity. Co-administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody, 9D9, and/or an IDO1 inhibitor, epacadostat in wild-type and PD-1-/- mice (to simulate the effect of PD1 blockade) synergistically induced liver injury and immune cell infiltration. Infiltrated cells were primarily composed of CD8+ T cells and positively associated with hepatocyte necrosis. Strikingly, sites of hepatocyte necrosis were frequently surrounded by clusters of mononuclear immune cells. CPI treatments resulted in increased expression of genes associated with hepatocyte cell death, leukocyte migration and T cell activation in the liver. In conclusion, blockade of immune checkpoints PD-1, CTLA-4, and IDO1 act synergistically to enhance T cell infiltration and activity in the liver, leading to hepatocyte death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Affolter
- Global Pathology, Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Heather P. Llewellyn
- Global Pathology, Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Derek W. Bartlett
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qing Zong
- Biomarkers, Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shuhua Xia
- Investigative Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vince Torti
- General Toxicology, Drug Safety Research and Development La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Changhua Ji
- Global Pathology, Pfizer Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Friboulet L, Zou H, Kodack DP, Engstrom LD, Li Q, West M, Tang RW, Wang H, Tsaparikos K, Wang J, Timofeevski S, Dinh DM, Lam H, Lam JL, Yamazaki S, Hu W, Patel B, Bezwada D, Mahmood S, Lifshits E, Affolter T, Lappin PB, Gukasyan H, Lee N, Deng S, Jain RK, Johnson TW, Shaw AT, Fantin VR, Smeal T. Abstract 130: PF-06463922, a novel next generation ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, overcomes resistance to 1st and 2nd generation ALK inhibitors in pre-clinical models. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Overcoming resistance to targeted kinase inhibitors is a major clinical challenge in oncology.
For 1st and 2nd generation ALK inhibitors acquired resistance due to ALK kinase domain mutations and/or pharmacological drug resistance are major causes for disease relapse. Here, we report the preclinical evaluation of PF-06463922, a potent and brain penetrant ALK/ROS1 inhibitor with sub to low nanomolar cell potency against ALK fusions and all known clinically-acquired resistant mutations. PF-06463922 exhibited marked cytoreductive activity in tumor xenografts driven by various ALK mutants. Furthermore, PF-06463922 led to significant regression of EML4-ALK driven lung cancer brain metastasis and prolonged mouse survival. Compared to other clinically available ALK inhibitors, PF-06463922 is unique in its superior potency against a broad spectrum of acquired ALK mutations, including the highly resistant G1202R mutant and its robust antitumor activity in the brain. Furthermore, PF-06463922 demonstrated remarkable selectivity and safety margins in a variety of preclinical studies. These results suggest that PF-06463922 may be highly effective for the treatment of patients with ALK-driven lung cancers, including those who relapsed on clinically available ALK inhibitors due to ALK secondary mutations and/or brain metastases.
Citation Format: Luc Friboulet, Helen Zou, David P. Kodack, Lars D. Engstrom, Qiuhua Li, Melissa West, Ruth W. Tang, Hui Wang, Konstantinos Tsaparikos, Jinwei Wang, Sergei Timofeevski, Dac M. Dinh, Hieu Lam, Justine L. Lam, Shinji Yamazaki, Wenyue Hu, Bhushankumar Patel, Divya Bezwada, Sidra Mahmood, Eugene Lifshits, Timothy Affolter, Patrick B. Lappin, Hovhannes Gukasyan, Nathan Lee, Shibing Deng, Rakesh K. Jain, Ted W. Johnson, Alice T. Shaw, Valeria R. Fantin, Tod Smeal. PF-06463922, a novel next generation ALK/ROS1 inhibitor, overcomes resistance to 1st and 2nd generation ALK inhibitors in pre-clinical models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 130. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-130
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Friboulet
- 1MGH Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Helen Zou
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - David P. Kodack
- 3Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Qiuhua Li
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Melissa West
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Ruth W. Tang
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Hui Wang
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | | | - Jinwei Wang
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | | | - Dac M. Dinh
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Hieu Lam
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Justine L. Lam
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | | | - Wenyue Hu
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Bhushankumar Patel
- 3Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Divya Bezwada
- 3Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Sidra Mahmood
- 1MGH Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Eugene Lifshits
- 1MGH Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | | | | | - Nathan Lee
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Shibing Deng
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- 3Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Ted W. Johnson
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| | - Alice T. Shaw
- 1MGH Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Tod Smeal
- 2Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, Sand Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou HY, Friboulet L, Kodack DP, Engstrom LD, Li Q, West M, Tang RW, Wang H, Tsaparikos K, Wang J, Timofeevski S, Katayama R, Dinh DM, Lam H, Lam JL, Yamazaki S, Hu W, Patel B, Bezwada D, Frias RL, Lifshits E, Mahmood S, Gainor JF, Affolter T, Lappin PB, Gukasyan H, Lee N, Deng S, Jain RK, Johnson TW, Shaw AT, Fantin VR, Smeal T. PF-06463922, an ALK/ROS1 Inhibitor, Overcomes Resistance to First and Second Generation ALK Inhibitors in Preclinical Models. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:70-81. [PMID: 26144315 PMCID: PMC4504786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the preclinical evaluation of PF-06463922, a potent and brain-penetrant ALK/ROS1 inhibitor. Compared with other clinically available ALK inhibitors, PF-06463922 displayed superior potency against all known clinically acquired ALK mutations, including the highly resistant G1202R mutant. Furthermore, PF-06463922 treatment led to regression of EML4-ALK-driven brain metastases, leading to prolonged mouse survival, in a superior manner. Finally, PF-06463922 demonstrated high selectivity and safety margins in a variety of preclinical studies. These results suggest that PF-06463922 will be highly effective for the treatment of patients with ALK-driven lung cancers, including those who relapsed on clinically available ALK inhibitors because of secondary ALK kinase domain mutations and/or brain metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Zou
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Luc Friboulet
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David P Kodack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lars D Engstrom
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Melissa West
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ruth W Tang
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Konstantinos Tsaparikos
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jinwei Wang
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sergei Timofeevski
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Dac M Dinh
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hieu Lam
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Justine L Lam
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wenyue Hu
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Bhushankumar Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Divya Bezwada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rosa L Frias
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eugene Lifshits
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sidra Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Timothy Affolter
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Patrick B Lappin
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Hovhannes Gukasyan
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nathan Lee
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Shibing Deng
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ted W Johnson
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Valeria R Fantin
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tod Smeal
- Pfizer World Wide Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu G, Leal M, Lin Q, Affolter T, Sapra P, Bates B, Damelin M. Phenotype of TPBG Gene Replacement in the Mouse and Impact on the Pharmacokinetics of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:1730-7. [PMID: 25423493 DOI: 10.1021/mp5006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of predictive preclinical models in drug discovery is critical for compound selection, optimization, preclinical to clinical translation, and strategic decision-making. Trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG), also known as 5T4, is the therapeutic target of several anticancer agents currently in clinical development, largely due to its high expression in tumors and low expression in normal adult tissues. In this study, mice were engineered to express human TPBG under endogenous regulatory sequences by replacement of the murine Tpbg coding sequence. The gene replacement was considered functional since the hTPBG knockin (hTPBG-KI) mice did not exhibit clinical observations or histopathological phenotypes that are associated with Tpbg gene deletion, except in rare instances. The expression of hTPBG in certain epithelial cell types and in different microregions of the brain and spinal cord was consistent with previously reported phenotypes and expression patterns. In pharmacokinetic studies, the exposure of a clinical-stage anti-TPBG antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), A1mcMMAF, was lower in hTPBG-KI versus wild-type animals, which was evidence of target-related increased clearance in hTPBG-KI mice. Thus, the hTPBG-KI mice constitute an improved system for pharmacology studies with current and future TPBG-targeted therapies and can generate more precise pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. In general the strategy of employing gene replacement to improve pharmacokinetic assessments should be broadly applicable to the discovery and development of ADCs and other biotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Leal
- §Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Qingcong Lin
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Puja Sapra
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Brian Bates
- ∥Global Biotherapeutic Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc Damelin
- #Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eswaraka J, Giddabasappa A, Han G, Lalwani K, Eisele K, Feng Z, Affolter T, Christensen J, Li G. Axitinib and crizotinib combination therapy inhibits bone loss in a mouse model of castration resistant prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:742. [PMID: 25277255 PMCID: PMC4190397 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. The primary cause of mortality and morbidity in patients is bone metastases and remodeling resulting in osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. Recently, cabozantinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor (VEGFR2 and c-MET inhibitor), was shown to have efficacy on bone lesions in patients. In this study we tested multi-kinase inhibitors: axitinib (VEGFR inhibitor) and crizotinib (c-MET inhibitor) in a combination trial in mice models. Methods VCaP-Luc cells were grown as subcutaneous implants in intact and castrated NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice to confirm the androgen dependency. For bone metastasis model two cohorts of NSG mice (castrated and intact) received orthotopic injection of VCaP-Luc cells into the bone marrow cavity of left tibia. Mice were monitored weekly for tumor growth using bioluminescence imaging. Animals were randomized into 4 groups based on the tumor bioluminescence signal: vehicle, crizotinib alone, axitinib alone, crizotinib and axitinib in combination. Animals were imaged weekly by in vivo 2-D X-ray imaging to monitor bone remodeling. At the end of the study animals were euthanized and both tibias were extracted for ex vivo high-resolution 3-D micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging. Results Subcutaneous model showed that androgen stimulation may be helpful but not essential for the growth of VCaP-Luc cells. VCaP-Luc cells grown intra-tibially in intact animals caused extensive remodeling of bone with mixed osteoblastic (bone formation) and osteolytic (bone matrix dissolution) lesions. The osteoblastic lesions were predominant and at times extended beyond the tibial shaft into the surrounding tissue. In contrast, only osteolytic lesions were prominent throughout the study in castrated animals. Treatment with crizotinib alone reduced the osteolytic lesions in castrated animals. Axitinib alone reduced the osteoblastic lesions in the intact animals. Combination therapy with axitinib and crizotinib remarkably inhibited the tibial remodeling by VCaP-Luc cells which resulted in a significant reduction of both osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. Conclusion Our data show that combined inhibition of c-MET and VEGFR can be beneficial for treatment of metastatic bone disease in CRPC and that the drugs act on two different stages of the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-742) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Eswaraka
- Global Science and Technology (WCM), Pfizer Global Research and Development, 10724 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yanochko GM, Affolter T, Eighmy JJ, Evans MG, Khoh-Reiter S, Lee D, Miller PE, Shiue MHI, Trajkovic D, Jessen BA. Investigation of ocular events associated with taprenepag isopropyl, a topical EP2 agonist in development for treatment of glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2014; 30:429-39. [PMID: 24720348 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2013.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Taprenepag isopropyl is an EP2 receptor agonist that is in development for the treatment of glaucoma. Iritis, photophobia, and increased corneal thickness observed in a Phase 2 clinical trial with taprenepag isopropyl were not previously observed in topical ocular toxicity studies in rabbits and dogs. In vivo studies using cynomolgus monkeys and in vitro models were used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these ocular events. METHODS Monkeys were dosed daily for 28 days in 1 eye with taprenepag and in the other with vehicle control. Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed at baseline and weekly thereafter. Serial sections of eyes were examined histopathologically at the end of the study. Recovery after the discontinuation of taprenepag was assessed for 28 days in the monkeys in the high-dose group. In vitro studies evaluated cell viability, paracellular permeability, and cytokine induction with human corneal epithelial or endothelial cell cultures. RESULTS Monkeys demonstrated a dose-related incidence of iritis and increased corneal thickness that resolved within 28 days of discontinuing taprenepag. There was no evidence in vivo of taprenepag toxicity to the corneal endothelium or epithelium. Cell viability of stratified epithelial cells was primarily affected by excipients and was similar to Xalatan(®). The viability of HCEC-12 cells was not affected by taprenepag at concentrations up to 100 μM. CONCLUSIONS The lack of in vivo or in vitro endothelial cytotoxicity and the reversibility of the increase in corneal thickness and iritis in the monkey provide confidence to permit further clinical development of taprenepag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Yanochko
- 1 Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc. , San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang CC, Yan Z, Li W, Kuszpit K, Painter CL, Zhang Q, Lappin PB, Nichols T, Lira ME, Affolter T, Fahey NR, Cullinane C, Spilker M, Zasadny K, O'Brien P, Buckman D, Wong A, Christensen JG. [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging does not always "light up" proliferating tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:1303-12. [PMID: 22170262 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE [(18)F]FLT (3'-Fluoro-3' deoxythymidine)-PET imaging was proposed as a tool for measuring in vivo tumor cell proliferation. The aim of this article was to validate the use of [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging for measuring xenograft proliferation and subsequent monitoring of targeted therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In exponentially growing xenografts, factors that could impact the outcome of [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging, such as nucleoside transporters, thymidine kinase 1, the relative contribution of DNA salvage pathway, and the ratio of FLT to thymidine, were evaluated. The [(18)F]FLT tracer avidity was compared with other proliferation markers. RESULTS In a panel of proliferating xenografts, [(18)F]FLT or [(3)H]thymidine tracer avidity failed to reflect the tumor growth rate across different tumor types, despite the high expressions of Ki67 and TK1. When FLT was injected at the same dose level as used in the preclinical [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging, the plasma exposure ratio of FLT to thymidine was approximately 1:200. Thymidine levels in different tumor types seemed to be variable and exhibited an inverse relationship with the FLT tracer avidity. In contrast, high-dose administration of bromdeoxyuridine (BrdUrd; 50 mg/kg) yielded a plasma exposure of more than 4-fold higher than thymidine and leads to a strong correlation between the BrdUrd uptake and the tumor proliferation rate. In FLT tracer-avid models, [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging as a surrogate biomarker predicted the therapeutic response of CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991. CONCLUSIONS Tumor thymidine level is one of the factors that impact the correlation between [(18)F]FLT uptake and tumor cell proliferation. With careful validation, [(18)F]FLT-PET imaging can be used to monitor antiproliferative therapies in tracer-avid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy C Zhang
- Oncology Research Unit, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Younis HS, Hirakawa B, Scott W, Tran P, Bhat G, Affolter T, Chapman J, Heyen J, Chakravarty K, Alton G. Antisense inhibition of S6 kinase 1 produces improved glucose tolerance and is well tolerated for 4 weeks of treatment in rats. Pharmacology 2010; 87:11-23. [PMID: 21178385 DOI: 10.1159/000322526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
p70 Ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes as knockout mice are hypoinsulinemic, hypersensitive to insulin treatment and are less susceptible to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Although S6K1 knockout mice provide important information on the biology of this target, the therapeutic relevance of S6K1 inhibition in adult animals is unknown. Thus, this research evaluated the potential safety and efficacy of S6K1 inhibition using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in mature Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats treated with S6K1 ASO (25 or 50 mg/kg, 2×/week × 4 weeks) had a marked reduction (>90%) of S6K1 mRNA in the liver and epididymal fat and no effect on hepatic S6K2 expression. The decrease in S6K1 mRNA translated to decreased (>80%) S6K1 protein and kinase activity in the liver at the 50-mg/kg dose. The animals tolerated the S6K1 treatment well with no signs of clinical toxicity. A reduction in body weight gain was observed within 2 weeks of S6K1 ASO treatment. At 4 weeks, body weight gain was reduced by up to 25% in the 50 mg/kg group with a commensurate decrease (14%) in food consumption. A decrease in heart weight in the 50 mg/kg group was observed and not associated with cardiac injury or dysfunction. In an oral glucose tolerance test, S6K1-ASO-treated animals demonstrated a dose-dependent improvement in systemic glucose utilization and had reduced fasting insulin levels. Hepatic gene microarray analysis identified dose-dependent elevations in igfbp1, acss2 and acat2 gene expression in S6K1-ASO-treated animals. These results suggest that inhibition of S6K1 for up to 4 weeks may be therapeutically relevant to induce insulin sensitization and attenuate weight gain with low risk for serious toxicity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetate-CoA Ligase/genetics
- Acetate-CoA Ligase/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose Intolerance/blood
- Glucose Intolerance/drug therapy
- Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/growth & development
- Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
- Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/adverse effects
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Organ Size/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa/genetics
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/genetics
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H S Younis
- Drug Safety Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, Calif 92008, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang C, Zhang Q, Painter C, Yan Z, Li W, Buckman D, Zheng X, Kuszpit K, Wong A, Affolter T, Lappin PB, Lee NV, Wei P, Qiu M, Randolph S, Smeal T, Christensen JG. Abstract 5218: γ-secretase inhibitor PF-03084014 impairs Notch signaling and induces antiangiogenic and antitumor effects in breast cancer models. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-5218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
PF-03084014, a small molecule γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI), has previously been shown to inhibit Notch signaling and demonstrated antitumor efficacy. The aim of this report is to gain insights into the mechanism PF-03084014-induced activity. The cell-based evaluation of PF-03084014 across 30 breast cancer (BC) cell lines indicated significant growth inhibition in only a subset of cell lines (3/30). In contrast, PF-03084014 demonstrated cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by FACS analysis across the majority of a panel of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines. In vivo BrdU uptake of tumor and [18F]FLT-PET imaging studies demonstrated that PF-03084014 at an efficacious dose (120 mg/kg) caused cell cycle arrest in Sup T1 tumors but not in MDA-MB-231 xenografts, although PF-03084014 suppressed the expression of Notch target genes and tumor growth in both models. These results suggest that the primary mechanism(s) for PF-03084014-induced efficacy in T-ALL and BC models may be different, possibly because the tumor-host microenvironment in the BC model plays an important role during Notch signaling activation. IHC analysis in a panel of solid tumors demonstrated that Notch ligands including jagged 1, 2 and Dll4 were predominately expressed in the host vasculature and stromal cells. To investigate the potential antiangiogenic activity of PF-03084014, an in vitro endothelial cell/fibroblast co-culture tube formation assay was utilized. PF-03084014 disrupted the multicellular lumen-like structures at 100 nM, indicating defective differentiation of endothelial cells in early stage angiogenesis. Ultrasound imaging was utilized to further investigate the antiangiogenic properties of PF-03084014 including both the quantitative measurement of the total tumor vessel volume using 3-D scanning methods and an assessment tumor blood vessel function by measuring blood flow after iv injection of microbubble contrast agents. When MDA-MB-231 tumor bearing mice were administered with an efficacious dose of PF-03084014 consecutively for 4 days, ultrasound imaging revealed a significant (p< 0.05) decrease of total tumor vessel volume and function compared to the vehicle treatment. A subsequent FITC-lectin vascular perfusion assay was performed to confirm the reduction in functional microvasculature by PF-03084014. In addition to the antiangiogenic effect, we also observed treatment-induced caspase 3 activation and Ki67 suppression in the MDA-MB-231 tumor model (2 days after treatment), suggest the GSI also induces apoptosis and cytoreductive activity. Collectively, our data provide insights that activation of Notch signaling requires the interaction of tumor cells with their host environment in solid tumors, and impairing Notch signaling by PF-03084014 results in significant antitumor efficacy in the breast cancer xenografts.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5218.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sykes JE, Cannon AB, Norris AJ, Byrne BA, Affolter T, O'Malley MA, Wisner ER. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21:1108-12. [PMID: 17939572 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2007)21[1108:mtciia]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sykes
- Departments of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sykes JE, Cannon AB, Norris AJ, Byrne BA, Affolter T, O'Malley MA, Wisner ER. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infection in a Dog. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|