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Cavanaugha AC, Baumgartner JC, Bixby H, Schmidt AM, Agyei-Mensah S, Annim SK, Anum J, Arku R, Bennett J, Berkhout F, Ezzati M, Mintah SE, Owusu G, Tetteh JD, Robinson BE. Strangers in a strange land: mapping household and neighbourhood associations with improved wellbeing outcomes in Accra, Ghana. Cities 2023; 143:104584. [PMID: 37829151 PMCID: PMC7615188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Urban poverty is not limited to informal settlements, rather it extends throughout cities, with the poor and affluent often living in close proximity. Using a novel dataset derived from the full Ghanaian Census, we investigate how neighbourhood versus household socio-economic status (SES) relates to a set of household development outcomes (related to housing quality, energy, water and sanitation, and information technology) in Accra, Ghana. We then assess "stranger" households' outcomes within neighbourhoods: do poor households fare better in affluent neighbourhoods, and are affluent households negatively impacted by being in poor neighbourhoods? Through a simple generalized linear model we estimate the variance components associated with household and neighbourhood status for our outcome measures. Household SES is more closely associated with 13 of the 16 outcomes assessed compared to the neighbourhood average SES. Second, for 9 outcomes poor households in affluent areas fair better, and the affluent in poor areas are worse off. For two outcomes, poor households have worse outcomes in affluent areas, and the affluent have better outcomes in poor areas, on average. For three outcomes "stranger" households do worse in strange neighbourhoods. We discuss implications for mixed development and how to direct resources through households versus location-based targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill C. Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Honor Bixby
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra M. Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Raphael Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Frans Berkhout
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - George Owusu
- Department of Geography, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Metzler AB, Nathvani R, Sharmanska V, Bai W, Muller E, Moulds S, Agyei-Asabere C, Adjei-Boadi D, Kyere-Gyeabour E, Tetteh JD, Owusu G, Agyei-Mensah S, Baumgartner J, Robinson BE, Arku RE, Ezzati M. Phenotyping urban built and natural environments with high-resolution satellite images and unsupervised deep learning. Sci Total Environ 2023; 893:164794. [PMID: 37315611 PMCID: PMC7615085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cities in the developing world are expanding rapidly, and undergoing changes to their roads, buildings, vegetation, and other land use characteristics. Timely data are needed to ensure that urban change enhances health, wellbeing and sustainability. We present and evaluate a novel unsupervised deep clustering method to classify and characterise the complex and multidimensional built and natural environments of cities into interpretable clusters using high-resolution satellite images. We applied our approach to a high-resolution (0.3 m/pixel) satellite image of Accra, Ghana, one of the fastest growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, and contextualised the results with demographic and environmental data that were not used for clustering. We show that clusters obtained solely from images capture distinct interpretable phenotypes of the urban natural (vegetation and water) and built (building count, size, density, and orientation; length and arrangement of roads) environment, and population, either as a unique defining characteristic (e.g., bodies of water or dense vegetation) or in combination (e.g., buildings surrounded by vegetation or sparsely populated areas intermixed with roads). Clusters that were based on a single defining characteristic were robust to the spatial scale of analysis and the choice of cluster number, whereas those based on a combination of characteristics changed based on scale and number of clusters. The results demonstrate that satellite data and unsupervised deep learning provide a cost-effective, interpretable and scalable approach for real-time tracking of sustainable urban development, especially where traditional environmental and demographic data are limited and infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbara Metzler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ricky Nathvani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Viktoriia Sharmanska
- Department of Informatics, University of Sussex, UK; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wenjia Bai
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Muller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Moulds
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dina Adjei-Boadi
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elvis Kyere-Gyeabour
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jacob Doku Tetteh
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Owusu
- Institute of Statistical, Social & Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Agyei-Mensah
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Equity, Ethics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK; Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Baumgartner J, Rodriguez J, Berkhout F, Doyle Y, Ezzati M, Owusu G, Quayyum Z, Solomon B, Winters M, Adamkiewicz G, Robinson BE. Synthesizing the links between secure housing tenure and health for more equitable cities. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:18. [PMID: 37654603 PMCID: PMC10466000 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17244.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of households in rich and poor countries alike are at risk of being unwilfully displaced from their homes or the land on which they live (i.e., lack secure tenure), and the urban poor are most vulnerable. Improving housing tenure security may be an intervention to improve housing and environmental conditions and reduce urban health inequalities. Building on stakeholder workshops and a narrative review of the literature, we developed a conceptual model that infers the mechanisms through which more secure housing tenure can improve housing, environmental quality, and health. Empirical studies show that more secure urban housing tenure can boost economic mobility, improve housing and environmental conditions including reduced exposure to pollution, create safer and more resourced communities, and improve physical and mental health. These links are shared across tenure renters and owners and different economic settings. Broader support is needed for context-appropriate policies and actions to improve tenure security as a catalyst for cultivating healthier homes and neighbourhoods and reducing urban health inequalities in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Baumgartner
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Frans Berkhout
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Owusu
- Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre for Urban Management Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Zahidul Quayyum
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bethlehem Solomon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Meghan Winters
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Brian E. Robinson
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science & Public Policy, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Baumgartner J, Rodriguez J, Berkhout F, Doyle Y, Ezzati M, Owuso G, Quayyum Z, Solomon B, Winters M, Adamkiewicz G, Robinson BE. Synthesizing the links between secure housing tenure and health for more equitable cities. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17244.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of households in rich and poor countries alike are at risk of being unwilfully displaced from their homes or the land on which they live (i.e., lack secure tenure), and the urban poor are most vulnerable. Improving housing tenure security may be an intervention to improve housing and environmental conditions and reduce urban health inequalities. Building on stakeholder workshops and a narrative review of the literature, we developed a conceptual model that infers the mechanisms through which more secure housing tenure can improve housing, environmental quality, and health. Empirical studies show that more secure urban housing tenure can boost economic mobility, improve housing and environmental conditions including reduced exposure to pollution, create safer and more resourced communities, and improve physical and mental health. These links are shared across tenure renters and owners and different economic settings. Broader support is needed for context-appropriate policies and actions to improve tenure security as a catalyst for cultivating healthier homes and neighbourhoods and reducing urban health inequalities in cities.
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Bixby H, Bennett JE, Bawah AA, Arku RE, Annim SK, Anum JD, Mintah SE, Schmidt AM, Agyei-Asabere C, Robinson BE, Cavanaugh A, Agyei-Mensah S, Owusu G, Ezzati M, Baumgartner J. Quantifying within-city inequalities in child mortality across neighbourhoods in Accra, Ghana: a Bayesian spatial analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054030. [PMID: 35027422 PMCID: PMC8762100 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Countries in sub-Saharan Africa suffer the highest rates of child mortality worldwide. Urban areas tend to have lower mortality than rural areas, but these comparisons likely mask large within-city inequalities. We aimed to estimate rates of under-five mortality (U5M) at the neighbourhood level for Ghana's Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) and measure the extent of intraurban inequalities. METHODS We accessed data on >700 000 women aged 25-49 years living in GAMA using the most recent Ghana census (2010). We summarised counts of child births and deaths by five-year age group of women and neighbourhood (n=406) and applied indirect demographic methods to convert the summaries to yearly probabilities of death before age five years. We fitted a Bayesian spatiotemporal model to the neighbourhood U5M probabilities to obtain estimates for the year 2010 and examined their correlations with indicators of neighbourhood living and socioeconomic conditions. RESULTS U5M varied almost five-fold across neighbourhoods in GAMA in 2010, ranging from 28 (95% credible interval (CrI) 8 to 63) to 138 (95% CrI 111 to 167) deaths per 1000 live births. U5M was highest in neighbourhoods of the central urban core and industrial areas, with an average of 95 deaths per 1000 live births across these neighbourhoods. Peri-urban neighbourhoods performed better, on average, but rates varied more across neighbourhoods compared with neighbourhoods in the central urban areas. U5M was negatively correlated with multiple indicators of improved living and socioeconomic conditions among peri-urban neighbourhoods. Among urban neighbourhoods, correlations with these factors were weaker or, in some cases, reversed, including with median household consumption and women's schooling. CONCLUSION Reducing child mortality in high-burden urban neighbourhoods in GAMA, where a substantial portion of the urban population resides, should be prioritised as part of continued efforts to meet the Sustainable Development Goal national target of less than 25 deaths per 1000 live births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Bixby
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James E Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ayaga A Bawah
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Raphael E Arku
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel K Annim
- Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana
- University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | | | - Alexandra M Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alicia Cavanaugh
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Agyei-Mensah
- Department of Geography and Resource Development, University of Ghana, Legon, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - George Owusu
- Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Li R, Zheng H, O'Connor P, Xu H, Li Y, Lu F, Robinson BE, Ouyang Z, Hai Y, Daily GC. Time and space catch up with restoration programs that ignore ecosystem service trade-offs. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/14/eabf8650. [PMID: 33789907 PMCID: PMC8011961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to extreme societal consequences of ecosystem degradation and climate change, attention to ecological restoration is increasing globally. In China, investments in restoration exceeded USD 378.5 billion over the past decade. However, restoration programs are experiments that can cause marked unintended consequences, with trade-offs across space and time that have undergone little empirical examination. We quantified the long-term effects of large-scale afforestation for soil erosion and sandstorm prevention in semiarid China. We found that soil erosion was notably reduced by afforestation but surface runoff declined significantly, after a time lag of 18 years, limiting overall benefit. While forest area also increased, forest quality declined, interacting with reduced surface water runoff. Crucially, increased forest water consumption accelerated downstream groundwater depletion, thus intensifying conflicts over water use. The time lags and spatial trade-offs revealed by this case study provide critical lessons for large-scale restoration programs globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Patrick O'Connor
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Huashan Xu
- Daning Management Office of the Beijing South-to-North Water Diversion, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Water Resource & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei National Observation and Research Station for Eco-Environmental Change and Integrated Management, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Department of Biology, Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Sohns A, Ford JD, Adamowski J, Robinson BE. Participatory Modeling of Water Vulnerability in Remote Alaskan Households Using Causal Loop Diagrams. Environ Manage 2021; 67:26-42. [PMID: 33165646 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite perceptions of high water availability, adequate access to sufficient water resources remains a major challenge in Alaska. This paper uses a participatory modeling approach to investigate household water vulnerability in remote Alaska and to examine factors that affect water availability and water access. Specifically, the work asks: how do water policy stakeholders conceptualize the key processes that affect household water vulnerability in the context of rural Alaska? Fourteen water policy stakeholders participated in the modeling process, which included defining the problem of household water vulnerability and constructing individual causal loop diagrams (CLDs) that represent their conceptualization of household water vulnerability. Individual CLDs were subsequently combined and five sub-models emerged: environmental, economic, infrastructure, social, and health. The environmental and economic sub-models of the CLD are explored in depth. In the environmental sub-model, climate change and environmental barriers due to geography influence household water vulnerability. In the economic sub-model, four processes and one feedback loop affect household water vulnerability, including operations and maintenance funding, the strength of the rural Alaskan economy, and the impact of regulations. To overcome household water vulnerability and make households more resilient, stakeholders highlighted policy solutions under five themes: economics, social, regulatory, technological, and environmental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Sohns
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - James D Ford
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Adamowski
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Masuda YJ, Kelly AC, Robinson BE, Holland MB, Bedford C, Childress M, Game ET, Ginsburg C, Hilhorst T, Lawry SW, Miteva DA, Musengezi J, Naughton‐Treves L, Sunderlin WD, Veit P. How do practitioners characterize land tenure security? Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia
| | | | | | - Margaret B. Holland
- Department of Geography, University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore Maryland
| | | | | | - Edward T. Game
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Brisbane Australia
| | - Chloe Ginsburg
- Rights and Resources Initiative Washington District of Columbia
| | - Thea Hilhorst
- Development Research Group, The World Bank Washington District of Columbia
| | - Steven W. Lawry
- Equity, Gender and Tenure research program, CIFOR Bogor Indonesia
| | - Daniela A. Miteva
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | | | | | - William D. Sunderlin
- Center for International Forestry Research and State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York
| | - Peter Veit
- Land and Resource Rights Initiative, World Resources Institute Washington District of Columbia
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Chaplin-Kramer R, O'Rourke M, Schellhorn N, Zhang W, Robinson BE, Gratton C, Rosenheim JA, Tscharntke T, Karp DS. Measuring What Matters: Actionable Information for Conservation Biocontrol in Multifunctional Landscapes. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Ramirez-Reyes C, Brauman KA, Chaplin-Kramer R, Galford GL, Adamo SB, Anderson CB, Anderson C, Allington GRH, Bagstad KJ, Coe MT, Cord AF, Dee LE, Gould RK, Jain M, Kowal VA, Muller-Karger FE, Norriss J, Potapov P, Qiu J, Rieb JT, Robinson BE, Samberg LH, Singh N, Szeto SH, Voigt B, Watson K, Wright TM. Reimagining the potential of Earth observations for ecosystem service assessments. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:1053-1063. [PMID: 30893737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The benefits nature provides to people, called ecosystem services, are increasingly recognized and accounted for in assessments of infrastructure development, agricultural management, conservation prioritization, and sustainable sourcing. These assessments are often limited by data, however, a gap with tremendous potential to be filled through Earth observations (EO), which produce a variety of data across spatial and temporal extents and resolutions. Despite widespread recognition of this potential, in practice few ecosystem service studies use EO. Here, we identify challenges and opportunities to using EO in ecosystem service modeling and assessment. Some challenges are technical, related to data awareness, processing, and access. These challenges require systematic investment in model platforms and data management. Other challenges are more conceptual but still systemic; they are byproducts of the structure of existing ecosystem service models and addressing them requires scientific investment in solutions and tools applicable to a wide range of models and approaches. We also highlight new ways in which EO can be leveraged for ecosystem service assessments, identifying promising new areas of research. More widespread use of EO for ecosystem service assessment will only be achieved if all of these types of challenges are addressed. This will require non-traditional funding and partnering opportunities from private and public agencies to promote data exploration, sharing, and archiving. Investing in this integration will be reflected in better and more accurate ecosystem service assessments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramirez-Reyes
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Kate A Brauman
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University Woods Institute for the Environment, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Gillian L Galford
- Gund Institute for Environment and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Susana B Adamo
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | | | - Clarissa Anderson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8880 Biological Grade, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ginger R H Allington
- Department of Geography, The George Washington University, 2121 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Kenneth J Bagstad
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences & Environmental Change Science Center, P.O. Box 25046, DFC, MS 980, Denver, CO 80225, USA.
| | - Michael T Coe
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Rd, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA.
| | - Anna F Cord
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Laura E Dee
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 2003 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Rachelle K Gould
- Environmental Program and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Meha Jain
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Virginia A Kowal
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University Woods Institute for the Environment, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Frank E Muller-Karger
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Jessica Norriss
- Upstream Tech, 2401 Monarch St # 23, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
| | - Peter Potapov
- University of Maryland, 4321 Hartwick Road, Suite 400, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Jiangxiao Qiu
- University of Florida, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, 3205 College Ave, Davie, FL 33314, USA.
| | - Jesse T Rieb
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Leah H Samberg
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Rainforest Alliance, 233 Broadway, New York, NY, 10279, USA.
| | - Nagendra Singh
- National Security Emerging Technologies Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS6017, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6017, USA.
| | - Sabrina H Szeto
- Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Brian Voigt
- Gund Institute for Environment and Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 617 Main Street, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Keri Watson
- Sewanee, University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA.
| | - T Maxwell Wright
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
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Word ML, Hall SJ, Robinson BE, Manneh B, Beye A, Cease AJ. Soil-targeted interventions could alleviate locust and grasshopper pest pressure in West Africa. Sci Total Environ 2019; 663:632-643. [PMID: 30731409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use has intended and unintended consequences for human livelihoods through feedbacks within coupled human and natural systems. In Senegal, West Africa, soils are a vital resource for livelihoods and food security in smallholder farming communities. In this study, we explored the connections among land use, soil conditions, plant nutrient content, and the abundance of several locust and grasshopper species. We worked in two rural farming villages in the Kaffrine region of Senegal. Oedaleus senegalensis was least abundant in groundnut areas where plant N was highest and abundance was negatively correlated with plant N across land use types. Overall, grasshoppers were most numerous in grazing and fallow areas. There was little variation in soil properties across land use types and soil organic matter (SOM) and inorganic soil N content were low throughout. SOM was positively correlated with soil inorganic N concentration, which in turn was positively correlated with plant N content. Of the management practices we surveyed, fallowing fields was important for soil N and SOM replenishment. These results corroborate other research indicating that land use, management practices, soil and plant nutrients, and insect herbivore abundance are mechanistically coupled. Although further research is needed, improving soil fertility could be used as an alternative to pesticides to keep locusts at bay and improve crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Word
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sharon J Hall
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Balanding Manneh
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Alioune Beye
- La Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, Nganda, Senegal
| | - Arianne J Cease
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
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12
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Rieb JT, Chaplin-Kramer R, Daily GC, Armsworth PR, Böhning-Gaese K, Bonn A, Cumming GS, Eigenbrod F, Grimm V, Jackson BM, Marques A, Pattanayak SK, Pereira HM, Peterson GD, Ricketts TH, Robinson BE, Schröter M, Schulte LA, Seppelt R, Turner MG, Bennett EM. Response to Kabisch and Colleagues. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse T Rieb
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, and EMB is affiliated with the McGill School of Environment, at McGill University, in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Natural Capital Project at Stanford University, in Stanford, California; GCD is also affiliated with the Department of Biology and the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project at Stanford University, in Stanford, California; GCD is also affiliated with the Department of Biology and the Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford University
| | - Paul R Armsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, in Frankfurt (Main), Germany, and the Institute for Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity at Goethe University Frankfurt
| | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Germany
- Institute of Ecology at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, in Germany
| | - Graeme S Cumming
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felix Eigenbrod
- Geography and Environment and the Centre for Biological Sciences at the University of Southampton, in Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Grimm
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling
| | - Bethanna M Jackson
- School of Geography at Victoria University of Wellington, in New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Marques
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Germany
- Institute of Biology
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) at Leiden University, in The Netherlands
| | - Subhrendu K Pattanayak
- Sanford School of Public Policy, the Duke Global Health Institute, and the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina
| | - Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Germany
- School of Geography at Victoria University of Wellington, in New Zealand
| | | | - Taylor H Ricketts
- Gund Institute for Ecological Economics and the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Vermont, in Burlington
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography at McGill University, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthias Schröter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, in Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services
| | - Lisa A Schulte
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management at Iowa State University, in Ames
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology at UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, in Leipzig
- Institute of Geoscience and Geography, at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, in Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Monica G Turner
- Department of Zoology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | - Elena M Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, and EMB is affiliated with the McGill School of Environment, at McGill University, in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Li P, Hadrich JC, Robinson BE, Hou Y, Dai Y, Hou X. How do herders do well? Profitability potential of livestock grazing in Inner Mongolia, China, across ecosystem types. Rangel J 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/rj17100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production has increased in Inner Mongolia, China, despite widespread documentation of grassland degradation. To begin investigating the relationship that produces these trends, we studied farm-level decisions of herder households. We estimated economic enterprise budgets for 15 counties in Inner Mongolia across five ecosystems in 2009 and 2014 by using household survey data. Six counties decreased livestock stocking rates and had improved profit over time. The remaining counties increased their stocking rates over the period studied and profit decreased for all but one county. Livestock operators who reported negative profit over the 5 years were located across ecosystem types and reported a large number of weather shocks that affected grassland availability. Removing the opportunity cost of land and labour from the economic enterprise budgets resulted in a positive profit for all counties, which may explain why herders continue to increase stocking rates with decreased grassland availability over time.
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14
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Rieb JT, Chaplin-Kramer R, Daily GC, Armsworth PR, Böhning-Gaese K, Bonn A, Cumming GS, Eigenbrod F, Grimm V, Jackson BM, Marques A, Pattanayak SK, Pereira HM, Peterson GD, Ricketts TH, Robinson BE, Schröter M, Schulte LA, Seppelt R, Turner MG, Bennett EM. When, Where, and How Nature Matters for Ecosystem Services: Challenges for the Next Generation of Ecosystem Service Models. Bioscience 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Wang L, Zheng H, Zhao H, Robinson BE. Nitrogen balance dynamics during 2000-2010 in the Yangtze River Basin croplands, with special reference to the relative contributions of cropland area and synthetic fertilizer N application rate changes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180613. [PMID: 28678841 PMCID: PMC5498067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increases of cropland area and fertilizer nitrogen (N) application rate, general N balance characteristics in regional agroecosystems have been widely documented. However, few studies have quantitatively analyzed the drivers of spatial changes in the N budget. We constructed a mass balance model of the N budget at the soil surface using a database of county-level agricultural statistics to analyze N input, output, and proportional contribution of various factors to the overall N input changes in croplands during 2000–2010 in the Yangtze River Basin, the largest basin and the main agricultural production region in China. Over the period investigated, N input increased by 9%. Of this 87% was from fertilizer N input. In the upper and middle reaches of the basin, the increased synthetic fertilizer N application rate accounted for 84% and 76% of the N input increase, respectively, mainly due to increased N input in the cropland that previously had low synthetic fertilizer N application rate. In lower reaches of the basin, mainly due to urbanization, the decrease in cropland area and synthetic fertilizer N application rate nearly equally contributed to decreases in N input. Quantifying spatial N inputs can provide critical managerial information needed to optimize synthetic fertilizer N application rate and monitor the impacts of urbanization on agricultural production, helping to decrease agricultural environment risk and maintain sustainable agricultural production in different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Brian E. Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Robinson BE, Masuda YJ, Kelly A, Holland MB, Bedford C, Childress M, Fletschner D, Game ET, Ginsburg C, Hilhorst T, Lawry S, Miteva DA, Musengezi J, Naughton-Treves L, Nolte C, Sunderlin WD, Veit P. Incorporating Land Tenure Security into Conservation. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward T. Game
- The Nature Conservancy; South Brisbane QLD Australia 4101
| | - Chloe Ginsburg
- Rights and Resources Initiative; Washington DC USA 20007
| | | | - Steven Lawry
- The Center for International Forestry Research; Bogor Barat Indonesia 16115
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Veit
- World Resources Institute; Washington DC USA 20002
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17
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Robinson BE. Conservation vs. livelihoods: spatial management of non-timber forest product harvests in a two-dimensional model. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:1170-1185. [PMID: 27509756 DOI: 10.1890/14-2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Areas of high biodiversity often coincide with communities living in extreme poverty. As a livelihood support, these communities often harvest wild products from the environment. But harvest activities can have negative impacts on fragile and globally important ecosystems. This paper examines trade-offs in ecological protection and community welfare from the harvest of wild products. With a novel model and empirical evidence, I show that management of harvest activity does not always resolve these trade-offs. In a model of continuous harvests in a two-dimensional landscape, managed harvest activity improves welfare, but is uniformly bad for other ecosystem services that are sensitive to the presence (as opposed to the intensity) of human activity. Empirical results from a unique dataset of mushroom harvesters in Yunnan, China suggest more experienced, poorer, and more vulnerable individuals tend to rely on more distant harvests. Thus, policies that limit the extent of forest travel, such as protected areas, may protect fragile ecosystems but can have a disproportionately negative effect on those most vulnerable.
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18
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van Vliet J, Magliocca NR, Büchner B, Cook E, Rey Benayas JM, Ellis EC, Heinimann A, Keys E, Lee TM, Liu J, Mertz O, Meyfroidt P, Moritz M, Poeplau C, Robinson BE, Seppelt R, Seto KC, Verburg PH. Meta-studies in land use science: Current coverage and prospects. Ambio 2016; 45:15-28. [PMID: 26408313 PMCID: PMC4709351 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0699-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Land use science has traditionally used case-study approaches for in-depth investigation of land use change processes and impacts. Meta-studies synthesize findings across case-study evidence to identify general patterns. In this paper, we provide a review of meta-studies in land use science. Various meta-studies have been conducted, which synthesize deforestation and agricultural land use change processes, while other important changes, such as urbanization, wetland conversion, and grassland dynamics have hardly been addressed. Meta-studies of land use change impacts focus mostly on biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, while meta-studies of socioeconomic consequences are rare. Land use change processes and land use change impacts are generally addressed in isolation, while only few studies considered trajectories of drivers through changes to their impacts and their potential feedbacks. We provide a conceptual framework for linking meta-studies of land use change processes and impacts for the analysis of coupled human-environmental systems. Moreover, we provide suggestions for combining meta-studies of different land use change processes to develop a more integrated theory of land use change, and for combining meta-studies of land use change impacts to identify tradeoffs between different impacts. Land use science can benefit from an improved conceptualization of land use change processes and their impacts, and from new methods that combine meta-study findings to advance our understanding of human-environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Vliet
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas R Magliocca
- University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 211 Sondheim Hall, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, 1 Park Place, Suite 300, Annapolis, MD, USA.
| | - Bianka Büchner
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elizabeth Cook
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda, Edificio Pugín, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - José M Rey Benayas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Erle C Ellis
- University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 211 Sondheim Hall, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| | - Andreas Heinimann
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Keys
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
- Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Tien Ming Lee
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Ole Mertz
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- F.R.S.-FNRS & Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 3, bte L4.03.08, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 174 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Christopher Poeplau
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls Väg 16, Box 7044, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Brian E Robinson
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | - Ralf Seppelt
- Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environment Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Karen C Seto
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Cease AJ, Elser JJ, Fenichel EP, Hadrich JC, Harrison JF, Robinson BE. Living With Locusts: Connecting Soil Nitrogen, Locust Outbreaks, Livelihoods, and Livestock Markets. Bioscience 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Despite reports of high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among the transgender community, very little prevention education has targeted this population. To fill this gap, we developed and evaluated a transgender-specific intervention, All Gender Health, which incorporates prevention strategies into comprehensive sexuality education. Transgender participants (N=181) attended the two-day seminar in community-based venues. The curriculum was delivered via lectures, panel discussions, videos, music, exercises and small group discussions. Attitudes toward condom use, safer sex self-efficacy and sexual risk behaviour were evaluated before participation in the intervention (pre-test), immediately after participation (post-test) and at three-month follow-up. Compared to pre-test values, significant improvements were seen in attitudes toward condom use and in safer sex self-efficacy at post-test, and in attitudes toward condom use, increased monogamy and decreased sexual risk behaviour at three-month follow-up. Pre-test data identified unprotected anal, vaginal and oral sex as the most commonly reported risk behaviours. Many respondents also indicated problems with social discrimination, depression, suicidal ideation and sexual functioning. Future interventions should address these risk co-factors. Alternative interventions need to be developed to target those who, as a result of social marginalization, are less likely to be reached with an intensive seminar-based intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Bockting
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA.
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22
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Miner MH, Robinson BE, Hoffman L, Albright CL, Bockting WO. Improving safer sex measures through the inclusion of relationship and partner characteristics. AIDS Care 2002; 14:827-37. [PMID: 12511215 DOI: 10.1080/0954012021000031895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a safer sex algorithm, which considers the characteristics of a woman's relationship and the HIV risk profile of herself and her primary partner. A sample of 306 low-income, predominantly African American women was recruited to participate in a study of the effectiveness of a sexual health seminar. These women were interviewed three times, at one month prior to seminar administration, three months after the seminar and again nine months after the seminar. Data from these women indicate that using an algorithm that considers the probability of HIV transmission between partners decreases the measured prevalence of unsafe sex in this population by about 17% and lowers the estimate of the average number of unsafe incidents by about four incidents in three months. The algorithm results in measures with adequate levels of temporal stability, which are similar to the more commonly used measure, vaginal or anal intercourse without a condom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Miner
- University of Minnesota, Minnessota 55454, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The present study is a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions for women in the USA. Twenty-four articles from 1989-1997 were included. We evaluated five ethnic groupings (All Ethnicities Combined, African-American, White, Hispanic and a Mixed Ethnicity group) over four time periods (post-test, less than two months after the intervention, 2-3 months after the intervention and 6-24 months after the intervention) on three HIV-related sexuality outcome variables (HIV/AIDS knowledge, self-efficacy and sexual risk reduction behaviour). The HIV interventions appear effective at improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS and increasing sexual risk reduction behaviours for all ethnicities examined at all follow-up periods, with one exception. The findings for self-efficacy are less consistent. The interventions were less consistently effective for African-American women, for whom significant improvements in feelings of self-efficacy were only seen six months or longer after the intervention. The present analysis elucidates ethnic differences which may have previously been obscured while demonstrating convincingly that HIV interventions are generally effective for women of many different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J S Mize
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55454, USA.
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24
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Robinson BE, Barry PP, Renick N, Bergen MR, Stratos GA. Physician confidence and interest in learning more about common geriatric topics: a needs assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:963-7. [PMID: 11527489 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess physicians' confidence in and interest in learning more about 18 specific geriatric topics. DESIGN Written survey. SETTING Annual meetings of the American College of Physicians (ACP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred and fifty-eight physicians (547 ACP members, 211 AAFP members). MEASUREMENTS For each topic, participants rated their confidence in performance, their peers' need for education, and their interest in learning more, using a five-point Likert scale. RESULTS Survey participants were on average 16 years out of medical school and 61% were in a community primary care practice that included many geriatric patients on a primarily fee-for-service basis. High levels of interest in learning more about dementia, functional assessment, urinary incontinence, and sensory impairment were found. A substantial correlation (r =.44, P <.0001) between the proportion of seniors reported in the physicians' practice and confidence in performance in the areas surveyed was identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide useful information on the physician-learner's perception of needs, which is important in the design of effective continuing education efforts in geriatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- University of South Florida, Geriatrics, Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Sarasota, Florida 34239, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a shortened form of the original 50-item fat phobia scale. METHOD The first factor from the original fat phobia scale-undisciplined, inactive and unappealing-was identified as a potential short form of the scale. A new sample of 255 people completed the original 50-item scale. The reliability of a shortened 14-item version of the scale was tested and compared to that of the full scale using both the new sample and the original sample of 1135 study participants. RESULTS The fat phobia scale-short form demonstrated excellent reliability in both samples and was strongly correlated with the 50-item scale. Mean and 90th percentile scores are given for both the long and short versions of the scale. CONCLUSION The shortened fat phobia scale is expected to increase the utility of the measure in a diverse array of research and clinical settings. Future research should focus on developing scale norms for the general population and conducting research on fat phobia in males and among different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bacon
- White Bear Lake Area Community Counseling Center, White Bear Lake, Minnesota, USA
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26
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Robinson BE. Death and the research imperative. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:224; author reply 225. [PMID: 10928873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Abstract
The Marital Disaffection Scale was administered, along with measures of positive feelings towards spouse, problem-drinking behavior of spouse, workaholic behavior of spouse, and marital status, to 323 female members of the American Counseling Association. Scores on the Marital Disaffection Scale showed significant inverse correlations (r = -.94) with positive feelings towards spouse and (rpb = -.63) with marital status. Scores on the Marital Disaffection Scale showed significant positive relationships (r = .36) with spouse's problem drinking behavior and (r = .48) with workaholic behavior of spouse. The results support the use of the Marital Disaffection Scale as a measure of emotional estrangement in marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flowers
- Department of Educational Administration, Research and Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 28223-0001, USA
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28
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Robinson BE. Tube feeding in patients with advanced dementia. JAMA 2000; 283:1563; author reply 1564. [PMID: 10735381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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29
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Robinson BE. Postgraduate educational opportunities in the military services. J Am Coll Dent 2000; 67:19-20. [PMID: 10812872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The three branches of the service provide advanced training to about 450 dentists each year. Approximately one-third of these positions are in post-doctoral general dentistry and the remainder in specialties, distributed as needed by the various services.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Naval Postgraduate Dental School, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Resistiveness to physical care among patients with dementia is a common and burdensome problem. Forty-nine nursing home residents with dementia were administered the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Royall Executive Interview (EXIT), a specific test of frontal-subcortical function. Nurses rated resistiveness on every shift for 3 days. Correlation with resistiveness ratings was stronger for the EXIT (r=0. 73) than for the MMSE (r=-0. 46); logistic modeling found the EXIT to be a strong independent predictor of resistiveness. Executive dysfunction as measured by the EXIT is a major determinant of resistiveness to care in long-term care residents with dementia, possibly as a result of such patients' tendency toward inertia.
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Abstract
This study reports initial stages in the development of a self-report instrument that measures offsprings' mental disposition toward their parents' work habits. In an initial sitting, a battery of tests was administered to 207 young adults to assess the reliability and validity of the Children of Workaholics Screening Test. After a 2-wk. interval, the test was administered again. Test-retest reliability, split-half reliability, and concurrent validity are reported. The findings provide strong support for the utility of the Children of Workaholics Screening Test for assessing the offspring of workaholic parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development, UNC-Charlotte 28223, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the frequency of and risk factors associated with myopia in grade one children. METHODS Refractive error was measured by static retinoscopy, without cycloplegia, for 10,616 children in the first year of a province-wide vision-screening program. Information on factors that might be associated with myopia was collected from parents or guardians by self-administered questionnaires distributed before the vision screening. These factors were evaluated by a case-control method. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia, greater than -0.25 D, was 6%. The estimated relative risk of myopia was increased significantly among children whose birth weight was <2500 g and whose mothers had a history of early spectacle use. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the prevalence of myopia in 6-year-old children is associated with both hereditary and nonhereditary factors. In accord with prior work, the results argue that low birth weight has a permanent influence upon eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Robinson BE, Manthei R, Scheltema K, Rich R, Koznar J. Therapeutic uses of sexually explicit materials in the United States and the Czech and Slovak Republics: a qualitative study. J Sex Marital Ther 1999; 25:103-119. [PMID: 10327379 DOI: 10.1080/00926239908403983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the reflections of 279 U.S. and Czech and Slovak mental health and health professionals about their use of sexually explicit materials. Professionals were 2.6 times as likely to cite specific instances when their use of sexually explicit materials was useful with their clients and students than they were to cite instances when such materials were not useful. In addition, no significant differences were observed between the ways in which U.S. and Czech and Slovak mental health and health professionals evaluated these materials. The article presents several suggestions for the judicious and efficacious use of sexually explicit materials in therapy or in the classroom in either Western or Central European settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Family Practice, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55454, USA.
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Abstract
The development and analyses of the psychometric characteristics of a tentative self-report measure of work addiction are reported. A total of 363 college students completed a battery of tests including the Work Addiction Risk Test. Internal consistency of the scores was .88. Also, these scores were compared with those on the Type A Self-rating Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, which give self-reports of Type A behavior and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) have been described, including omission of insulin therapy and clinical conditions known to increase counterregulatory hormones. Recently, substance abuse has been identified in patients with DKA. We observed many cases of DKA in cocaine users, although the association between cocaine use and DKA has not been well described in the medical literature. METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control study of admissions for DKA in cocaine users and non-user controls in an urban teaching hospital from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1994. RESULTS We identified 720 adult admissions for DKA. Twenty-seven cocaine users accounted for 102 admissions (14% of all DKA admissions). The users were compared with 85 nonuser controls who had 154 DKA admissions. Cocaine users had more admissions for DKA (mean, 3.78 vs 1.81; P = .03). Cocaine users were less likely than controls to have an intercurrent illness identified as a precipitating factor for DKA (14.7% vs 33.1%; P<.001) and were more likely to have missed taking insulin prior to admission (45.1% vs 24.7%; P<.001). Although cocaine users had higher serum glucose levels on admission (32.9 mmol/L [593.4 mg/dL] vs 29.5 mmol/L [531.1 mg/dL]; P =.03), no differences in intensity of illness or treatment outcome were detected. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary study, cocaine use was found in a significant number of adults admitted with DKA and was associated with more frequent omission of insulin therapy and the absence of precipitating systemic illness. Either because of its association with insulin therapy omission or its effects on counterregulatory hormones, cocaine use should be considered a risk factor for DKA, particularly in patients with multiple admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Warner
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Although clinical experience and preliminary research suggest that some transgender people are at significant risk for HIV, this stigmatized group has so far been largely ignored in HIV prevention. As part of the development of HIV prevention education targeting the transgender population, focus groups of selected transgender individuals assessed their HIV risks and prevention needs. Data were gathered in the following four areas: (1) the impact of HIV/AIDS on transgender persons; (2) risk factors; (3) information and services needed; and (4) recruitment strategies. Findings indicated that HIV/AIDS compounds stigmatization related to transgender identity, interferes with sexual experimentation during the transgender 'coming out' process, and may interfere with obtaining sex reassignment. Identified transgender-specific risk factors include: sexual identity conflict, shame and isolation, secrecy, search for affirmation, compulsive sexual behaviour, prostitution, and sharing needles while injecting hormones. Community involvement, peer education and affirmation of transgender identity were stressed as integral components of a successful intervention. Education of health professionals about transgender identity and sexuality and support groups for transgender people with HIV/AIDS are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Bockting
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Medical School, University of Minnesota, USA.
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Schonwetter RS, Soendker S, Perron V, Martin B, Robinson BE, Thal AE. Review of Medicare's proposed hospice eligibility criteria for select noncancer patients. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1998; 15:155-8. [PMID: 9729961 DOI: 10.1177/104990919801500310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent events have challenged our health system to increase access to and provide high quality care for patients near the end of life. Simultaneously, Medicare is developing review policies to determine eligibility for hospice patients with select noncancer diagnoses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the proposed policies met one of their chief goals: accurate identification of patients with a less-than-six-months prognosis. Only 35 percent of 104 patients who died within six months of admission to the hospice used for this study, LifePath Hospice, met the Medicare proposed criteria for hospice eligibility. The median and mean survival time of the sample was 14 and 30 days respectively. Based on this review, it is recommended that Medicare alter their proposed review policies and not limit access to hospice eligible patients who desire and are in need of such services.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Schonwetter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
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38
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Robinson BE. Diagnosis of irreversible dementia: how extensive the evaluation? Geriatrics (Basel) 1998; 53:49-52, 55. [PMID: 9442763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recommendations for managing the patient with irreversible dementia can be organized according to the results of the initial evaluation. The patient may have normal mental status and normal functional assessment, abnormal mental status and abnormal functional assessment, or mixed results (one normal, one abnormal). The extent of further investigations usually depends on initial clinical findings and on patient and/or family preferences. MRI imaging may be useful prior to referral if greater specificity in diagnosis is desired. Referral is suggested for illnesses of short duration, atypical features, or when the patient and family require precision in diagnostic labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, USA
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Robinson BE. Guideline for initial evaluation of the patient with memory loss. Geriatrics (Basel) 1997; 52:30-2,35-6,39. [PMID: 9413250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A practical and useful guideline for early identification of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias has been developed by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. By using the initial evaluation process described in this guideline, primary care physicians can identify and treat many "reversible" causes of memory problems, such as depression, delirium, and co-morbid medical conditions. The treatable causes of dementia may be structural, metabolic, toxic, infectious, nutritional, psychiatric, or drug-related. Initial evaluation includes patient history, physical examination, mental status testing, functional assessment, and some laboratory tests. Information from an informed family member can be very helpful in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
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40
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Oriowo OM, Chou BR, Cullen AP, Robinson BE. Occupational exposure to optical radiation and the ocular health status of glassblowers. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1997; 17:483-91. [PMID: 9666922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The occupational radiation exposure levels and the ocular health status of a sample of glassblowers in southern Ontario were evaluated. The form of ocular protection was also assessed. Measurements of radiant emissions from different molten glass materials were carried out. A total of six glassblowing installations, 15 glassblowers and 42 non-glassblowers participated in the study. The spectral transmittances of samples of the protective lenses were obtained. Tonometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, pachometry, Schirmer tear test, endothelial photography were completed on all the volunteering subjects. The glassblowers' ocular findings were compared to those of non-glassblowers. No indication of cataract was observed among this group of glassblowers. Although, a preponderance of grade 2 polymegethism among the glassblowers (47% compared to 11% in non-glassblowers) was found, there was no significant difference in their ocular health. Variation in the corneal irradiance from occupational exposure was obtained, and in addition, the use of protective lenses was found to be inappropriate. In order to prevent against any long-term chronic pathologic effect, the use of appropriate ocular protection is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Oriowo
- School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Abstract
A total of 107 self-identified workaholics from across the United States and Canada responded to a set of inventories assessing their scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test and the correlations with current family functioning. Individuals in the High-risk group, compared to those in the Low- and Medium-groups, were significantly more likely to perceive their current families as having less effective problem-solving ability, worse communication, less clearly established family roles, fewer affective responses, less affective involvement, and lower general family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education and Child Development, University of North Carolina-Charlotte 28203, USA
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42
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Heitman LK, Robinson BE. Developing a nursing ethics roundtable. Am J Nurs 1997; 97:36-8. [PMID: 9009904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Robinson BE, Scheltema K, Koznar J, Manthei R. Attitudes of U.S. and Czech/Slovak mental health and health professionals toward five types of sexually explicit materials. Arch Sex Behav 1996; 25:601-628. [PMID: 8931883 DOI: 10.1007/bf02437842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mental health and health professionals' attitudes toward sexually explicit materials in the U.S. and Czech/Slovak Republics were investigated. An instrument measuring attitudes toward educational, soft-core, hard-core, violence, and bizarre/paraphiliac sexually explicit materials was administered to sexologists, psychologist/counselors, and medical professionals. These professionals were attending conferences in the U.S. and the Czech/Slovak Republics between November 1992 and September 1993. Mental health and health professionals had the most favorable attitudes toward educational sexually explicit materials followed by soft-core and hard-core materials, respectively. They had unfavorable attitudes toward violent and bizarre/paraphiliac sexually explicit materials, with particularly negative attitudes toward violent materials. Analysis of covariance showed that strength of religious conviction was a significant covariate; thus professionals with stronger religious conviction had more negative attitudes toward all five types of sexually explicit materials. When controlling for strength of religious conviction: (i) sexologists had more positive attitudes toward most types of sexually explicit materials; (ii) Czech professionals generally had more positive attitudes toward such materials than their U.S. counterparts; and (iii) there were few differences between female and male professionals in their reported attitudes. While previous literature has reported gender differences in attitudes toward sexually explicit materials, findings from this study suggest that this effect may be due to differences in religiosity among women and men, namely, that women tend to be more religious.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55454, USA
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44
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Abstract
The Beck Depression Inventory was administered, along with measures of anxiety, locus of control, and self-concept, to 211 undergraduates at a major southern institution to test for concurrent validity. Correlations of scores on Beck's scale with other scores provide additional support for Beck's scale as a valid measure of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development, University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
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45
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Abstract
The Work Addiction Risk Test was administered, with a measure of anxiety and two measures of Type A behavior, to 363 undergraduates at a major southern institution to test for concurrent validity. Correlations of scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test with other scores support the scale as a valid measure of workaholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development, University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
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Schonwetter RS, Walker RM, Solomon M, Indurkhya A, Robinson BE. Life values, resuscitation preferences, and the applicability of living wills in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:954-8. [PMID: 8708307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether life values are related to resuscitation preferences and living will completion in an older population and to assess beliefs about the applicability of living wills. DESIGN Individual structured interviews. SETTING An independent retirement community. PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-two subjects older than 63 years of age. MEASUREMENTS Resuscitation preferences were elicited in five hypothetical scenarios. Subjects with living wills were asked whether their living will would play a role in the scenarios. Subjects rated the importance of 13 life value statements. RESULTS The percentage of subjects desiring CPR in each scenario was as follows: current condition (66%); acute illness (33%); terminal disease (8%); functional impairment (8%); and dementia (7%). The percentage of those with a living will who thought their living wills would play a role in the scenarios was as follows: acute illness (84%); terminal disease (93%); functional impairment with intact cognition (66%); and dementia (91%). Factor analysis of the life value statements revealed five meaningful factors: quality of life; capacity/autonomy; family relations; physical comfort; and treatment philosophy. Multiple correlations were found between four of five life value factors and hypothetical resuscitation preferences or the presence of a living will. CONCLUSION Subjects misinterpreted the applicability of living wills in nonterminal illness scenarios. A relationship between life values and resuscitation preferences was noted, which emphasizes the importance of eliciting and including life values when discussing advance directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Schonwetter
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Robinson BE, Pham H. Cost-effectiveness of hospice care. Clin Geriatr Med 1996; 12:417-28. [PMID: 8799358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Is hospice cost-effective? What is perfectly clear is that hospice care overall provides different care than conventional care for the dying. There is much more home care, aimed at goals of comfort, dignity, and remaining at home, and that care is distributed over longer periods of time. There is less hospital care and less anticancer therapy. Nonhospice oncologic care provides more hospital services, particularly in the last month of life, and more effort to directly attack the malignant disease. There will always be those individuals whose goals and medical condition at a particular time make one type of care the best choice for that person. Current research strongly supports hospice care as cost-saving in the last month of life. The overall effect of hospice care on costs appears to be weakly positive. This is despite the fact that hospice benefits under Medicare include absence of co-payment, medications for the primary condition, and substantially more supportive services, which represent extra value and decreased out-of-pocket expenses to the consumer. A factor strongly favoring the development of cost-effective programs is the fact that most hospices began and developed as capitated systems of care. Thus the benefits derived from providers working with patients to control costs have accrued over time. The not-for-profit structures led savings to be put back into patient care, allowing more help for families and patients. An unresolved bias of available research is the question of the extent to which hospice patients are self-selected at the time of entry for their low interest in intensive and expensive services. The most positive estimates of cost-savings in hospice have required case-mix or time-of-entry adjustments to demonstrate savings. There is little support for cost-savings in the raw data comparing total costs in hospice and conventional care groups. However, there is also no evidence that hospice care adds to costs of care for the dying. Differences in outcomes between hospice- and conventional-care have been modest. Satisfaction with care has often been higher in hospice care, but care giver burden may also be higher. Other outcome measures have been inconsistently affected. The task of measuring differences is a difficult one. Hospice patients themselves are largely unavailable for measurement during the most critical periods of care, and proxy measures of benefit are necessary. Families also tend to be grateful (or critical) around the death of a loved one; this is related to complex family relationships and emotions not likely to be influenced by any health care program. It should also be noted that the task of measuring the success of hospice care has largely used measures originally developed for understanding the impact of conventional oncologic care. The tools for understanding the effects of spiritual counseling or homemaker assistance are much less well developed. The initial goals of the Medicare hospice benefit appear to have been met: a choice is available that responds to the needs and concerns of many dying people and their families, at no additional cost to the taxpayer. In addition, millions of families have received the benefit of the lower out-of-pocket costs for health services and medications. They have benefited from the broader definition of health which made simple, continuous support services such as homemaking and personal care available at no charge. The question of hospice cost-effectiveness would seem to be a question of the past. Other questions offer even more substantial challenges to continuing hospice care as it is now offered and into the future. There are no data to allow a critique of the current structure of hospice services, or to support the link between individual components of service and outcomes. This leaves the hospice concept open to considerable manipulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
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Robinson BE. Death by destruction of will. Lest we forget. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155:2250-1. [PMID: 7487248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an unexplained death following the collapse of will caused by resisted mechanical restraint in a 93-year-old woman with dementia. Clinical and experimental evidence is cited supporting resisted restraint as a significant noxious stimulus that can be linked to sudden death and immune dysfunction. This woman's story serves to remind us of the critical link between mind and body, and of the mortal consequences possible when we forget.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
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50
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Abstract
A total of 20 psychotherapists, randomly selected from a state list, critically examined the 25 items on the Work Addiction Risk Test for content validity. Subjects were asked to identify 25 items from a list of 35 which most accurately measured work addiction. Selected test items have generally high content validity for the domain of work addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 28223, USA
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