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Ellis PW, Page AM, Wood S, Fargione J, Masuda YJ, Carrasco Denney V, Moore C, Kroeger T, Griscom B, Sanderman J, Atleo T, Cortez R, Leavitt S, Cook-Patton SC. The principles of natural climate solutions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:547. [PMID: 38263156 PMCID: PMC10805724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural climate solutions can mitigate climate change in the near-term, during a climate-critical window. Yet, persistent misunderstandings about what constitutes a natural climate solution generate unnecessary confusion and controversy, thereby delaying critical mitigation action. Based on a review of scientific literature and best practices, we distill five foundational principles of natural climate solutions (nature-based, sustainable, climate-additional, measurable, and equitable) and fifteen operational principles for practical implementation. By adhering to these principles, practitioners can activate effective and durable natural climate solutions, enabling the rapid and wide-scale adoption necessary to meaningfully contribute to climate change mitigation.
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Jung J, Wilkins JL, Schollaert CL, Masuda YJ, Flunker JC, Connolly RE, D'Evelyn SM, Bonillia E, Rappold AG, Haugo RD, Marlier ME, Spector JT. Advancing the community health vulnerability index for wildland fire smoke exposure. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167834. [PMID: 37839481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildland fire smoke risks are not uniformly distributed across people and places, and the most vulnerable communities are often disproportionately impacted. This study develops a county level community health vulnerability index (CHVI) for the Contiguous United States (CONUS) using three major vulnerability components: adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure at the national and regional level. We first calculated sensitivity and adaptive capacity sub-indices using nine sensitivity and twenty adaptive capacity variables. These sub-indices were then combined with an exposure sub-index, which is based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality data (2008-2018), to develop CHVI. Finally, we conducted several analyses with the derived indices to: 1) explore associations between the level of fine particulate matter from wildland fires (fire-PM2.5) and the sub-indices/CHVI; 2) measure the impact of fire-PM2.5 on the increase in the annual number of days with 12-35 μg/m3 (moderate) and >35 μg/m3 (at or above unhealthy for sensitive groups) based on the US EPA Air Quality Index categories, and 3) calculate population size in different deciles of the sub-indices/CHVI. This study has three main findings. First, we showed that the counties with higher daily fire-PM2.5 concentration tend to have lower adaptive capacity and higher sensitivity and vulnerability. Relatedly, the counties at high risk tended to experience a greater increase in the annual number of days with 12-35 μg/m3 and >35 μg/m3 than their counterparts. Second, we found that 16.1, 12.0, and 17.6 million people out of 332 million in CONUS reside in the counties in the lowest adaptive capacity decile, highest sensitivity decile, and highest vulnerability decile, respectively. Third, we identified that the US Northwest, California, and Southern regions tended to have higher vulnerability than others. Accurately identifying a community's vulnerability to wildfire smoke can help individuals, researchers, and policymakers better understand, prepare for, and respond to future wildland fire events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Jung
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joseph L Wilkins
- Interdisciplinary Studies Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire L Schollaert
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Partnerships and Programs, Vulcan LLC, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John C Flunker
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel E Connolly
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Savannah M D'Evelyn
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eimy Bonillia
- Interdisciplinary Studies Department, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ana G Rappold
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Miriam E Marlier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - June T Spector
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Schneider KR, Fanzo J, Haddad L, Herrero M, Moncayo JR, Herforth A, Remans R, Guarin A, Resnick D, Covic N, Béné C, Cattaneo A, Aburto N, Ambikapathi R, Aytekin D, Barquera S, Battersby J, Beal T, Molina PB, Cafiero C, Campeau C, Caron P, Conforti P, Damerau K, Di Girolamo M, DeClerck F, Dewi D, Elouafi I, Fabi C, Foley P, Frazier TJ, Gephart J, Golden C, Fischer CG, Hendriks S, Honorati M, Huang J, Kennedy G, Laar A, Lal R, Lidder P, Loken B, Marshall Q, Masuda YJ, McLaren R, Miachon L, Muñoz H, Nordhagen S, Qayyum N, Saisana M, Suhardiman D, Sumaila UR, Cullen MT, Tubiello FN, Vivero-Pol JL, Webb P, Wiebe K. The state of food systems worldwide in the countdown to 2030. Nat Food 2023; 4:1090-1110. [PMID: 38114693 PMCID: PMC10730405 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This Analysis presents a recently developed food system indicator framework and holistic monitoring architecture to track food system transformation towards global development, health and sustainability goals. Five themes are considered: (1) diets, nutrition and health; (2) environment, natural resources and production; (3) livelihoods, poverty and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience. Each theme is divided into three to five indicator domains, and indicators were selected to reflect each domain through a consultative process. In total, 50 indicators were selected, with at least one indicator available for every domain. Harmonized data of these 50 indicators provide a baseline assessment of the world's food systems. We show that every country can claim positive outcomes in some parts of food systems, but none are among the highest ranked across all domains. Furthermore, some indicators are independent of national income, and each highlights a specific aspiration for healthy, sustainable and just food systems. The Food Systems Countdown Initiative will track food systems annually to 2030, amending the framework as new indicators or better data emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate R Schneider
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Mario Herrero
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Anna Herforth
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roseline Remans
- Glocolearning, Genk, Belgium
- Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, Cali, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Guarin
- International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK
| | - Danielle Resnick
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Namukolo Covic
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- CGIAR, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Béné
- Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, Cali, Colombia
- Wageningen Economic Research Group, Wageningen University, Den Haag, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Nancy Aburto
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramya Ambikapathi
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Destan Aytekin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Simon Barquera
- Research Center of Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - Ty Beal
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Carlo Cafiero
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Caron
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Cirad, Montpellier, France
- ART-DEV, Montpellier, France
| | - Piero Conforti
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Kerstin Damerau
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael Di Girolamo
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fabrice DeClerck
- Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT, Cali, Colombia
- EAT Forum, Montpellier, France
| | - Deviana Dewi
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Carola Fabi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Pat Foley
- Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, World Food Programme, Panama City, Panama
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Gonzalez Fischer
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sheryl Hendriks
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | | | - Jikun Huang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Amos Laar
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rattan Lal
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Quinn Marshall
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lais Miachon
- Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hernán Muñoz
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
- University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Naina Qayyum
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Diana Suhardiman
- Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies/KITLV, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - U Rashid Sumaila
- School of Public Policy and Global Affairs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Wiebe
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Chang CH, Deshmukh NR, Armsworth PR, Masuda YJ. Environmental users abandoned Twitter after Musk takeover. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:893-895. [PMID: 37591718 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In our sample of 380 000 environmentally oriented users, nearly 50% became inactive on Twitter after it was sold in October 2022, a rate much higher than a control sample. Given Twitter's importance for public communication, our finding has troubling implications for digital environmental information sharing and public mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Chang
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA; Environmental Analysis Program, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | | | - Paul R Armsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Karres N, Kang S, Aldous A, Pattison-Williams JK, Masuda YJ. How effective is community-based management of freshwater resources? A review. J Environ Manage 2022; 323:116161. [PMID: 36261959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of numerous research studies on community-based conservation, relatively few focus on the particularities of freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are distinct from terrestrial and marine ecosystems, exhibiting both greater concentrations of biodiversity and elevated threats. In addition, freshwater resources have distinct social, legal, political, and economic characteristics which limit the generalizability of community-based conservation research from other ecological domains. We examine peer-reviewed literature on community-based management of freshwater resources to understand and assess project contexts and outcomes. Our review indicates that studies of freshwater community-based management are limited in number and representativeness. While positive outcomes for both biodiversity and human well-being are commonly reported, limitations due to study design constrain the ability to infer the significance or causality of these effects. Overall, our analysis indicates that there are several gaps in the available research: across geographic regions, freshwater ecosystem types, intervention types, and environmental and human well-being outcome types. Given the importance of freshwater resources to Indigenous Peoples and local communities, our review highlights the critical need to generate evidence across more diverse contexts to achieve greater clarity on whether and how community-based projects can be most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiteng Kang
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, 22203, USA
| | | | - John K Pattison-Williams
- Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
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D’Evelyn SM, Jung J, Alvarado E, Baumgartner J, Caligiuri P, Hagmann RK, Henderson SB, Hessburg PF, Hopkins S, Kasner EJ, Krawchuk MA, Krenz JE, Lydersen JM, Marlier ME, Masuda YJ, Metlen K, Mittelstaedt G, Prichard SJ, Schollaert CL, Smith EB, Stevens JT, Tessum CW, Reeb-Whitaker C, Wilkins JL, Wolff NH, Wood LM, Haugo RD, Spector JT. Wildfire, Smoke Exposure, Human Health, and Environmental Justice Need to be Integrated into Forest Restoration and Management. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:366-385. [PMID: 35524066 PMCID: PMC9076366 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increasing wildfire size and severity across the western United States has created an environmental and social crisis that must be approached from a transdisciplinary perspective. Climate change and more than a century of fire exclusion and wildfire suppression have led to contemporary wildfires with more severe environmental impacts and human smoke exposure. Wildfires increase smoke exposure for broad swaths of the US population, though outdoor workers and socially disadvantaged groups with limited adaptive capacity can be disproportionally exposed. Exposure to wildfire smoke is associated with a range of health impacts in children and adults, including exacerbation of existing respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, worse birth outcomes, and cardiovascular events. Seasonally dry forests in Washington, Oregon, and California can benefit from ecological restoration as a way to adapt forests to climate change and reduce smoke impacts on affected communities. RECENT FINDINGS Each wildfire season, large smoke events, and their adverse impacts on human health receive considerable attention from both the public and policymakers. The severity of recent wildfire seasons has state and federal governments outlining budgets and prioritizing policies to combat the worsening crisis. This surging attention provides an opportunity to outline the actions needed now to advance research and practice on conservation, economic, environmental justice, and public health interests, as well as the trade-offs that must be considered. Scientists, planners, foresters and fire managers, fire safety, air quality, and public health practitioners must collaboratively work together. This article is the result of a series of transdisciplinary conversations to find common ground and subsequently provide a holistic view of how forest and fire management intersect with human health through the impacts of smoke and articulate the need for an integrated approach to both planning and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M. D’Evelyn
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Jihoon Jung
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Ernesto Alvarado
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jill Baumgartner
- Dept of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - R. Keala Hagmann
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Applegate Forestry, LLC, Corvallis, USA
| | | | - Paul F. Hessburg
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA USA
| | - Sean Hopkins
- Washington State Department of Ecology, Lacey, USA
| | - Edward J. Kasner
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Meg A. Krawchuk
- Dept. of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Krenz
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | - Jamie M. Lydersen
- California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Sacramento, USA
| | - Miriam E. Marlier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | | | | | - Susan J. Prichard
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Claire L. Schollaert
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | | | - Jens T. Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Christopher W. Tessum
- Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Carolyn Reeb-Whitaker
- Safety & Health Assessment & Research for Prevention Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Tumwater, USA
| | - Joseph L. Wilkins
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Interdisciplinary Studies Department, Howard University, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Leah M. Wood
- Evan’s School of Public Policy and Governance and The Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
| | | | - June T. Spector
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105 USA
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7
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Chang CH, Armsworth PR, Masuda YJ. Environmental Discourse Exhibits Consistency and Variation across Spatial Scales on Twitter. Bioscience 2022; 72:789-797. [PMID: 35923185 PMCID: PMC9343227 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media platforms, such as Twitter, are an increasingly important source of information and are forums for discourse within and between interest groups. Research highlights how social media communities have amplified movements such as the Arab Spring, #MeToo, and Black Lives Matter. But environmental digital discourse remains underexplored. In the present article, we apply automated text analysis to 200,000 Twitter users in several countries following leading environmental nongovernmental organizations. Some issues such as public action to decarbonize society or species conservation were discussed more intensely than agriculture or marine conservation. Our results illustrate where environmental discourse diverges and converges on Twitter across countries, states, and characteristics, such as political ideology. Using the coterminous United States as a case study, we observed that the prominence of issues varies across states and, in some cases, covaries with political ideology across counties. Our findings show paths forward to characterizing environmental priorities across many issues at unprecedented scale and extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Chang
- Department of Biology and Environmental Analysis Program, Pomona College , Claremont, California, United States
| | - Paul R Armsworth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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Zeppetello LRV, Cook-Patton SC, Parsons LA, Wolff NH, Kroeger T, Battisti DS, Bettles J, Spector JT, Balakumar A, Masuda YJ. Consistent cooling benefits of silvopasture in the tropics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:708. [PMID: 35121752 PMCID: PMC8816911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agroforestry systems have the potential to sequester carbon and offer numerous benefits to rural communities, but their capacity to offer valuable cooling services has not been quantified on continental scales. Here, we find that trees in pasturelands (“silvopasture”) across Latin America and Africa can offer substantial cooling benefits. These cooling benefits increase linearly by −0.32 °C to −2.4 °C per 10 metric tons of woody carbon per hectare, and importantly do not depend on the spatial extent of the silvopasture systems. Thus, even smallholders can reap important cooling services from intensifying their silvopasture practices. We then map where realistic (but ambitious) silvopasture expansion could counteract a substantial fraction of the local projected warming in 2050 due to climate change. Our findings indicate where and to what extent silvopasture systems can counteract local temperature increases from global climate change and help vulnerable communities adapt to a warming world. A new study shows that tropical silvopasture systems can provide significant cooling services for local communities, and identifies where these silvopasture systems can most effectively counteract global climate change to help communities adapt to warming.
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Wardropper CB, Esman LA, Harden SC, Masuda YJ, Ranjan P, Weigel C, Ferraro PJ, Prokopy LS, Reddy SMW. Applying a “fail‐fast” approach to conservation in
US
agriculture. Conservat Sci and Prac 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe B. Wardropper
- Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Laura A. Esman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Seth C. Harden
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Collin Weigel
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
- Carey Business School Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Paul J. Ferraro
- Carey Business School Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Linda S. Prokopy
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Sheila M. W. Reddy
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
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Wolff NH, Zeppetello LRV, Parsons LA, Aggraeni I, Battisti DS, Ebi KL, Game ET, Kroeger T, Masuda YJ, Spector JT. The effect of deforestation and climate change on all-cause mortality and unsafe work conditions due to heat exposure in Berau, Indonesia: a modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e882-e892. [PMID: 34774222 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies focusing on urban, industrialised regions have found that excess heat exposure can increase all-cause mortality, heat-related illnesses, and occupational injuries. However, little research has examined how deforestation and climate change can adversely affect work conditions and population health in low latitude, industrialising countries. METHODS For this modelling study we used data at 1 km2 resolution to compare forest cover and temperature conditions in the Berau regency, Indonesia, between 2002 and 2018. We used spatially explicit satellite, climate model, and population data to estimate the effects of global warming, between 2002 and 2018 and after applying 1·0°C, 1·5°C, and 2·0°C of global warming to 2018 temperatures, on all-cause mortality and unsafe work conditions in the Berau regency, Indonesia. FINDINGS Between 2002 and 2018, 4375 km2 of forested land in Berau was cleared, corresponding to approximately 17% of the entire regency. Deforestation increased mean daily maximum temperatures by 0·95°C (95% CI 0·97-0·92; p<0·0001). Mean daily temperatures increased by a population-weighted 0·86°C, accounting for an estimated 7·3-8·5% of all-cause mortality (or 101-118 additional deaths per year) in 2018. Unsafe work time increased by 0·31 h per day (95% CI 0·30-0·32; p<0·0001) in deforested areas compared to 0·03 h per day (0·03-0·04; p<0·0001) in areas that maintained forest cover. With 2·0°C of additional future global warming, relative to 2018, deforested areas could experience an estimated 17-20% increase in all-cause mortality (corresponding to an additional 236-282 deaths per year) and up to 5 h of unsafe work per day. INTERPRETATION Heat exposure from deforestation and climate change has already started affecting populations in low latitude, industrialising countries, and future global warming indicates substantial health impacts in these regions. Further research should examine how deforestation is currently affecting the health and wellbeing of local communities. FUNDING University of Washington Population Health Initiative. TRANSLATION For the Bahasa translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke A Parsons
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ike Aggraeni
- Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - David S Battisti
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA.
| | - June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Tallis H, Fargione J, Game E, McDonald R, Baumgarten L, Bhagabati N, Cortez R, Griscom B, Higgins J, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J, Kroeger T, Leberer T, McGowan J, Mandle L, Masuda YJ, Morrison SA, Palmer S, Shirer R, Shyamsundar P, Wolff NH, Possingham HP. Prioritizing actions: spatial action maps for conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:118-141. [PMID: 34176148 PMCID: PMC9290997 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial prioritization is a critical step in conservation planning, a process designed to ensure that limited resources are applied in ways that deliver the highest possible returns for biodiversity and human wellbeing. In practice, many spatial prioritizations fall short of their potential by focusing on places rather than actions, and by using data of snapshots of assets or threats rather than estimated impacts. We introduce spatial action mapping as an approach that overcomes these shortfalls. This approach produces a spatially explicit view of where and how much a given conservation action is likely to contribute to achieving stated conservation goals. Through seven case examples, we demonstrate simple to complex versions of how this method can be applied across local to global scales to inform decisions about a wide range of conservation actions and benefits. Spatial action mapping can support major improvements in efficient use of conservation resources and will reach its full potential as the quality of environmental, social, and economic datasets converge and conservation impact evaluations improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tallis
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Joe Fargione
- North America Program, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Edward Game
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Rob McDonald
- Center for Sustainability Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | - Rane Cortez
- Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bronson Griscom
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Higgins
- Global Freshwater Team, the Nature Conservancy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina M Kennedy
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joe Kiesecker
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Timm Kroeger
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Trina Leberer
- Pacific Division, the Nature Conservancy, Yona, Guam
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Scott A Morrison
- California Program, the Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California
| | - Sally Palmer
- Tennessee Program, the Nature Conservancy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca Shirer
- New York Program, the Nature Conservancy, New York City, New York
| | | | | | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Masuda YJ, Williams JR, Tallis H. Does Life Satisfaction Vary with Time and Income? Investigating the Relationship Among Free Time, Income, and Life Satisfaction. J Happiness Stud 2021; 22:2051-2073. [PMID: 34354543 PMCID: PMC8336732 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-020-00307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Time and income are distinct and critical resources needed in the pursuit of happiness (life satisfaction). Income can be used to purchase market goods and services, and time can be used to spend time with friends and family, rest and sleep, and other activities. Yet little research has examined how different combinations of time and income affect life satisfaction, and if more of both is positively associated with greater levels of life satisfaction. We investigate whether life satisfaction significantly varies with time and income using data from the American Time Use Survey and its well-being module, which is a nationally representative sample of over 5000 US respondents over the age of 15. We plot a three-dimensional space exploring the relationship among time, income, and life satisfaction, finding people with similar incomes with less free time have lower levels of life satisfaction. We also identify different four subpopulations, three of which have low well-being along time and income, and one with high well-being along time and income. These sub-groups significantly differ along key characteristics. Respondents with less free time and low income-the doubly poor-are more likely to be female, less educated, and have more than two kids and young children. Those with low income but lots of time, in comparison, are more likely to be black, unemployed, and have some physical or cognitive difficult. We conclude that time provides unique insights into human well-being that income alone cannot capture and should be further incorporated into research and policy on life satisfaction.
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13
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Weigel C, Harden S, Masuda YJ, Ranjan P, Wardropper CB, Ferraro PJ, Prokopy L, Reddy S. Using a randomized controlled trial to develop conservation strategies on rented farmlands. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Weigel
- Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Seth Harden
- Indiana Freshwater Conservation Team, The Nature Conservancy Indiana USA
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Seattle Washington USA
| | - Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | | | - Paul J. Ferraro
- Carey Business School Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Linda Prokopy
- Department of Forestry & Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - Sheila Reddy
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina USA
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14
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Masuda YJ, Garg T, Anggraeni I, Ebi K, Krenz J, Game ET, Wolff NH, Spector JT. Warming from tropical deforestation reduces worker productivity in rural communities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1601. [PMID: 33707454 PMCID: PMC7952402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerating loss of tropical forests in the 21st century has eliminated cooling services provided by trees in low latitude countries. Cooling services can protect rural communities and outdoor workers with little adaptive capacity from adverse heat exposure, which is expected to increase with climate change. Yet little is still known about whether cooling services can mitigate negative impacts of heat on labor productivity among rural outdoor workers. Through a field experiment in Indonesia, we show that worker productivity was 8.22% lower in deforested relative to forested settings, where wet bulb globe temperatures were, on average, 2.84 °C higher in deforested settings. We demonstrate that productivity losses are driven by behavioral adaptations in the form of increased number of work breaks, and provide evidence that suggests breaks are in part driven by awareness of heat effects on work. Our results indicate that the cooling services from forests have the potential for increasing resilience and adaptive capacity to local warming. It is expected that tropical deforestation and related increases in heat exposure have negative impacts on labour productivity, but the size of the effect is not well known. Here, the authors show that deforestation reduces productivity by 8.22% in rural Indonesia and causes behavioural adaptation responses like more work breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Teevrat Garg
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA), Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ike Anggraeni
- Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Kristie Ebi
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Washington, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
| | - Edward T Game
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | - June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Washington, USA
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15
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Mahajan SL, Jagadish A, Glew L, Ahmadia G, Becker H, Fidler RY, Jeha L, Mills M, Cox C, DeMello N, Harborne AR, Masuda YJ, McKinnon MC, Painter M, Wilkie D, Mascia MB. A theory‐based framework for understanding the establishment, persistence, and diffusion of community‐based conservation. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L. Mahajan
- Global Science World Wildlife Fund Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Arundhati Jagadish
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science Conservation International Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Louise Glew
- Global Science World Wildlife Fund Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Gabby Ahmadia
- Ocean Conservation World Wildlife Fund Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Hannah Becker
- Department of Conservation Science & Design Fauna & Flora International Cambridge UK
| | - Robert Y. Fidler
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University North Miami Florida USA
| | - Lena Jeha
- Department of Conservation Science & Design Fauna & Flora International Cambridge UK
| | - Morena Mills
- Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London London UK
| | - Courtney Cox
- Department of Fish Forever Rare Conservation Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Nicole DeMello
- Department of Global Science The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Alastair R. Harborne
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University North Miami Florida USA
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Department of Global Science The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia USA
| | | | | | - David Wilkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Michael B. Mascia
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science Conservation International Arlington Virginia USA
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16
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Reddy SM, Wardropper C, Weigel C, Masuda YJ, Harden S, Ranjan P, Getson JM, Esman LA, Ferraro P, Prokopy L. Conservation behavior and effects of economic and environmental message frames. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M.W. Reddy
- Chief Strategy Office and Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina
| | - Chloe Wardropper
- Department of Natural Resources and Society University of Idaho Moscow Idaho
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
- Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina
| | - Collin Weigel
- Global Science The Nature Conservancy Durham North Carolina
- Carey Business School and the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science The Nature Conservancy Seattle Washington
| | - Seth Harden
- Indiana Freshwater Conservation Team The Nature Conservancy Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Jackie M. Getson
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Laura A. Esman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Paul Ferraro
- Carey Business School and the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland
| | - Linda Prokopy
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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17
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Cheng SH, McKinnon MC, Masuda YJ, Garside R, Jones KW, Miller DC, Pullin AS, Sutherland WJ, Augustin C, Gill DA, Wongbusarakum S, Wilkie D. Strengthen causal models for better conservation outcomes for human well-being. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230495. [PMID: 32196534 PMCID: PMC7083336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how the conservation of nature can lead to improvement in human conditions is a research area with significant growth and attention. Progress towards effective conservation requires understanding mechanisms for achieving impact within complex social-ecological systems. Causal models are useful tools for defining plausible pathways from conservation actions to impacts on nature and people. Evaluating the potential of different strategies for delivering co-benefits for nature and people will require the use and testing of clear causal models that explicitly define the logic and assumptions behind cause and effect relationships. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In this study, we outline criteria for credible causal models and systematically evaluated their use in a broad base of literature (~1,000 peer-reviewed and grey literature articles from a published systematic evidence map) on links between nature-based conservation actions and human well-being impacts. RESULTS Out of 1,027 publications identified, only ~20% of articles used any type of causal models to guide their work, and only 14 total articles fulfilled all criteria for credibility. Articles rarely tested the validity of models with empirical data. IMPLICATIONS Not using causal models risks poorly defined strategies, misunderstanding of potential mechanisms for affecting change, inefficient use of resources, and focusing on implausible efforts for achieving sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha H. Cheng
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ruth Garside
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, Truro, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly W. Jones
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Miller
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - Andrew S. Pullin
- Center for Evidence-based Conservation, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David A. Gill
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, United States of America
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Supin Wongbusarakum
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - David Wilkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States of America
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18
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Masuda YJ, Kelly AC, Robinson BE, Holland MB, Bedford C, Childress M, Game ET, Ginsburg C, Hilhorst T, Lawry SW, Miteva DA, Musengezi J, Naughton‐Treves L, Sunderlin WD, Veit P. How do practitioners characterize land tenure security? Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Arlington Virginia
| | | | | | - Margaret B. Holland
- Department of Geography, University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore Maryland
| | | | | | - Edward T. Game
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy Brisbane Australia
| | - Chloe Ginsburg
- Rights and Resources Initiative Washington District of Columbia
| | - Thea Hilhorst
- Development Research Group, The World Bank Washington District of Columbia
| | - Steven W. Lawry
- Equity, Gender and Tenure research program, CIFOR Bogor Indonesia
| | - Daniela A. Miteva
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | | | | | - William D. Sunderlin
- Center for International Forestry Research and State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York
| | - Peter Veit
- Land and Resource Rights Initiative, World Resources Institute Washington District of Columbia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The burden of heat-related adverse occupational health effects, as well as traumatic injuries, is already substantial. Projected increases in mean temperatures and extreme events may increase the risk of adverse heat health effects and enhance disparities among exposed workers. This article reviews the emerging literature on the relationship between heat exposure and occupational traumatic injuries and discusses implications of this work. RECENT FINDINGS A recent meta-analysis of three case-crossover and five time series studies in industrialized settings reported an association of increasing occupational injuries with increasing heat exposure, with increased effect estimates for male gender and age less than 25 years, although heterogeneity in exposure metrics and sources of bias were demonstrated to varying degrees across studies. A subsequent case-crossover study in outdoor construction workers reported a 0.5% increase in the odds of traumatic injuries per 1 °C increase in maximum daily humidex (odds ratio 1.005 [95% CI 1.003-1.007]). While some studies have demonstrated reversed U-shaped associations between heat exposure and occupational injuries, different risk profiles have been reported in different industries and settings. Studies conducted primarily in industrialized settings suggest an increased risk of traumatic injury with increasing heat exposure, though the exact mechanisms of heat exposure's effects on traumatic injuries are still under investigation. The effectiveness of heat-related injury prevention approaches has not yet been established. To enhance the effectiveness of prevention efforts, prioritization of approaches should take into account not only the hierarchy of controls, social-ecological models, community and stakeholder participation, and tailoring of approaches to specific local work settings, but also methods that reduce local and global disparities and better address the source of heat exposure, including conservation-informed land-use planning, built environment, and prevention through design approaches. Participation of occupational health experts in transdisciplinary development and integration of these approaches is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357234, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
| | | | - Miriam Calkins
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering - Field Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah Seixas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357234, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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20
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Suter MK, Miller KA, Anggraeni I, Ebi KL, Game ET, Krenz J, Masuda YJ, Sheppard L, Wolff NH, Spector JT. Association between work in deforested, compared to forested, areas and human heat strain: An experimental study in a rural tropical environment. Environ Res Lett 2019; 14:084012. [PMID: 31485260 PMCID: PMC6724538 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab2b53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With climate change, adverse human health effects caused by heat exposure are of increasing public health concern. Forests provide beneficial ecosystem services for human health, including local cooling. Few studies have assessed the relationship between deforestation and heat-related health effects in tropical, rural populations. We sought to determine whether deforested compared to forested landscapes are associated with increased physiological heat strain in a rural, tropical environment. METHODS We analyzed data from 363 healthy adult participants from ten villages who participated in a two-by-two factorial, randomized study in East Kalimantan, Indonesia from 10/1/17 to 11/6/17. Using simple randomization, field staff allocated participants equally to different conditions to conduct a 90-minute outdoor activity, representative of typical work. Core body temperature was estimated at each minute during the activity using a validated algorithm from baseline oral temperatures and sequential heart rate data, measured using chest band monitors. We used linear regression models, clustered by village and with a sandwich variance estimator, to assess the association between deforested versus forested conditions and the number of minutes each participant spent above an estimated core body temperature threshold of 38.5°C. RESULTS Compared to those in the forested condition (n=172), participants in the deforested condition (n=159) spent an average of 3.08 (95% CI 0.57, 5.60) additional minutes with an estimated core body temperature exceeding 38.5°C, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and experiment start time, with a larger difference among those who began the experiment after 12 noon (5.17 [95% CI 2.20, 8.15]). CONCLUSIONS In this experimental study in a tropical, rural setting, activity in a deforested versus a forested setting was associated with increased objectively measured heat strain. Longer durations of hyperthermia can increase the risk of serious health outcomes. Land use decisions should consider the implications of deforestation on local heat exposure and health as well as on forest services, including carbon storage functions that impact climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Suter
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Kristin A. Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ike Anggraeni
- Faculty of Public Health, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Kristie L. Ebi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Edward T. Game
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States
| | - Jennifer Krenz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Wolff
- Global Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States
| | - June T. Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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21
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Schwartz MW, Belhabib D, Biggs D, Cook C, Fitzsimons J, Giordano AJ, Glew L, Gottlieb S, Kattan G, Knight AT, Lundquist CJ, Lynam AJ, Masuda YJ, Mwampamba TH, Nuno A, Plumptre AJ, Ray JC, Reddy SM, Runge MC. A vision for documenting and sharing knowledge in conservation. Conservation Science and Practice 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duan Biggs
- Griffith University, Environmental Futures Research Institute Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Carly Cook
- Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - James Fitzsimons
- The Nature Conservancy Clayton Victoria Australia
- Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
| | | | - Louise Glew
- World Wildlife Fund Washington District of Columbia
| | | | - Gustavo Kattan
- Pontificia University Javeriana, Secc Cali Cali Colombia
| | | | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- University Auckland, Institute Marine Science Auckland New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Antony J. Lynam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Center for Global Conservation Bronx New York
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- The Nature Conservancy, Global Science Arlington Virginia
| | | | - Ana Nuno
- University of Exeter Cornwall UK
| | - Andrew J. Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International Cambridge UK
| | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila M. Reddy
- The Nature Conservancy, Chief Strategy Office and Global Science Durham North Carolina
| | - Michael C. Runge
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel Maryland
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22
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Seymour G, Masuda YJ, Williams J, Schneider K. Household and child nutrition outcomes among the time and income poor in rural Bangladesh. Global Food Security 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Schwartz MW, Belhabib D, Biggs D, Cook C, Fitzsimons J, Giordano AJ, Glew L, Gottlieb S, Kattan G, Knight AT, Lundquist CJ, Lynam AJ, Masuda YJ, Mwampamba TH, Nuno A, Plumptre AJ, Ray JC, Reddy SM, Runge MC. A vision for documenting and sharing knowledge in conservation. Conservation Science and Practice 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/csp2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duan Biggs
- Griffith University, Environmental Futures Research Institute; Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Carly Cook
- Monash University; Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - James Fitzsimons
- The Nature Conservancy; Clayton Victoria Australia
- Deakin University; Burwood Victoria Australia
| | | | - Louise Glew
- World Wildlife Fund; Washington District of Columbia
| | | | - Gustavo Kattan
- Pontificia University Javeriana, Secc Cali; Cali Colombia
| | | | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- University Auckland, Institute Marine Science; Auckland New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Antony J. Lynam
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Center for Global Conservation; Bronx New York
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- The Nature Conservancy, Global Science; Arlington Virginia
| | | | - Ana Nuno
- University of Exeter; Cornwall UK
| | - Andrew J. Plumptre
- Key Biodiversity Areas Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International; Cambridge UK
| | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sheila M. Reddy
- The Nature Conservancy, Chief Strategy Office and Global Science; Durham North Carolina
| | - Michael C. Runge
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; Laurel Maryland
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24
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Game ET, Tallis H, Olander L, Alexander SM, Busch J, Cartwright N, Kalies EL, Masuda YJ, Mupepele AC, Qiu J, Rooney A, Sills E, Sutherland WJ. Cross-discipline evidence principles for sustainability policy. Nat Sustain 2018; 1:452-454. [PMID: 32064360 PMCID: PMC7021250 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-018-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based approaches to sustainability challenges must draw on knowledge from the environment, development and health communities. To be practicable, this requires an approach to evidence that is broader and less hierarchical than the standards often applied within disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Game
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lydia Olander
- Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven M. Alexander
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, MD, USA
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Environmental Change and Governance Group, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Jonah Busch
- Center for Global Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Nancy Cartwright
- Philosophy Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3HN, UK
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anne-Christine Mupepele
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiangxiao Qiu
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida, FL, USA
| | - Andrew Rooney
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erin Sills
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - William J. Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Cheng SH, Augustin C, Bethel A, Gill D, Anzaroot S, Brun J, DeWilde B, Minnich RC, Garside R, Masuda YJ, Miller DC, Wilkie D, Wongbusarakum S, McKinnon MC. Using machine learning to advance synthesis and use of conservation and environmental evidence. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:762-764. [PMID: 29644722 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Cheng
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara. 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, U.S.A
| | - C Augustin
- DataKind, 156 5th Avenue, Suit 502, New York, NY, 10010, U.S.A
| | - A Bethel
- University of Exeter Medical School, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, U.K
| | - D Gill
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, U.S.A
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, U.S.A
| | - S Anzaroot
- DataKind, 156 5th Avenue, Suit 502, New York, NY, 10010, U.S.A
| | - J Brun
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara. 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, U.S.A
| | - B DeWilde
- DataKind, 156 5th Avenue, Suit 502, New York, NY, 10010, U.S.A
| | - R C Minnich
- DataKind, 156 5th Avenue, Suit 502, New York, NY, 10010, U.S.A
| | - R Garside
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, U.K
| | - Y J Masuda
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203, U.S.A
| | - D C Miller
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, S-406 Turner Hall, 1102 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - D Wilkie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A
| | - S Wongbusarakum
- Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii, 2424 Maile Way #704, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A
| | - M C McKinnon
- Vulcan, Inc., 505 Fifth Avenue S, Seattle, WA 98104, U.S.A
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26
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Fisher JRB, Montambault J, Burford KP, Gopalakrishna T, Masuda YJ, Reddy SMW, Torphy K, Salcedo AI. Knowledge diffusion within a large conservation organization and beyond. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193716. [PMID: 29494644 PMCID: PMC5832310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread and uptake of new ideas (diffusion of innovations) is critical for organizations to adapt over time, but there is little evidence of how this happens within organizations and to their broader community. To address this, we analyzed how individuals accessed information about a recent science innovation at a large, international, biodiversity conservation non-profit–The Nature Conservancy–and then traced the flow of how this information was shared within the organization and externally, drawing on an exceptionally data-rich environment. We used surveys and tracking of individual internet activity to understand mechanisms for early-stage diffusion (knowledge seeking and sharing) following the integration of social science and evidence principles into the institutional planning framework: Conservation by Design (CbD 2.0). Communications sent to all employees effectively catalyzed 56.4% to exhibit knowledge seeking behavior, measured by individual downloads from and visits to a restricted-access site. Individuals who self-reported through a survey that they shared information about CbD 2.0 internally were more likely to have both received and sought out information about the framework. Such individuals tended to hold positions within a higher job grade, were more likely to train others on CbD as part of their job, and to enroll in other online professional development offerings. Communication strategies targeting external audiences did not appear to influence information seeking behavior. Staff who engaged in internal knowledge sharing and adopting “evidence” practices from CbD 2.0 were more likely to have shared the document externally. We found a negative correlation with external sharing behavior and in-person trainings. Our findings suggest repeated, direct email communications aimed at wide audiences can effectively promote diffusion of new ideas. We also found a wide range of employee characteristics and circumstances to be associated with knowledge diffusion behavior (at both an organizational and individual level).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle P. Burford
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Yuta J. Masuda
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | | | - Kaitlin Torphy
- College of Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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27
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Robinson BE, Masuda YJ, Kelly A, Holland MB, Bedford C, Childress M, Fletschner D, Game ET, Ginsburg C, Hilhorst T, Lawry S, Miteva DA, Musengezi J, Naughton-Treves L, Nolte C, Sunderlin WD, Veit P. Incorporating Land Tenure Security into Conservation. Conserv Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward T. Game
- The Nature Conservancy; South Brisbane QLD Australia 4101
| | - Chloe Ginsburg
- Rights and Resources Initiative; Washington DC USA 20007
| | | | - Steven Lawry
- The Center for International Forestry Research; Bogor Barat Indonesia 16115
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Veit
- World Resources Institute; Washington DC USA 20002
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28
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Reddy SM, Montambault J, Masuda YJ, Keenan E, Butler W, Fisher JR, Asah ST, Gneezy A. Advancing Conservation by Understanding and Influencing Human Behavior. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M.W. Reddy
- Office of the Chief Scientist; The Nature Conservancy; Arlington VA 22203 USA
| | - Jensen Montambault
- Office of the Chief Scientist; The Nature Conservancy; Arlington VA 22203 USA
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- Office of the Chief Scientist; The Nature Conservancy; Arlington VA 22203 USA
| | - Elizabeth Keenan
- Harvard Business School; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - William Butler
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning; Florida State University; Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | | | - Stanley T. Asah
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Ayelet Gneezy
- Rady School of Management; University of California-San Diego; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Scharks
- Evans School of Public Policy and Governance; University of Washington; Seattle WA
| | - Yuta J. Masuda
- The Nature Conservancy; Office of the Chief Scientist; Boston MA
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31
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Masuda YJ, Scharks T. Fauna in decline: a big leap to slavery. Science 2014; 346:819. [PMID: 25395525 DOI: 10.1126/science.346.6211.819-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta J Masuda
- Central Science, the Nature Conservancy, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Tim Scharks
- Evans School of Public Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Abstract
Time use researchers working in least developed countries (LDCs) face difficulties collecting data from illiterate populations who may conceptualize time differently than those in industrialized countries. We identify existing gaps in time use data collection methods and discuss two novel, pictorial methods to collect time use data from these populations. The first method is a modified recall interview modeled on participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods that asks respondents to place macaroni on pictures of activity categories in proportion to the amount of time spent on that activity during the previous day. The second is a simplified pictorial time diary that uses a timer and sequentially-numbered stickers to re-create the temporal order of activities in 30-minute increments. The latter method also avoids recall bias problems. We present time use data collected in 2009 using these methods in a study examining the impacts of water infrastructure on women and children's time use in rural Ethiopia. In total, we collected information using the first method from 263 household members over age 10, including 167 water collectors, and pilot-tested the pictorial diary approach with 10 adult respondents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta J Masuda
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Box 353055, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lea Fortmann
- The Ohio State University, Agricultural Administration Building, Room 103, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mary Kay Gugerty
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Box 353055, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Joseph Cook
- Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Box 353055, Seattle, WA 98195
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Abstract
Despite the popularity of motivational interviewing (MI) to address heavy drinking, limited evidence exists on the costs of using MI to address heavy drinking. This study examines the costs of using MI to address heavy drinking at four U.S. Air Force (USAF) bases. Clients were referred to and assessed at a base program to address their drinking as a result of an incident; those who were not alcohol dependent were invited to participate in the study. Participants consented and were randomly assigned to one of three intervention arms: individual MI (IMI), group MI (GMI), and Substance Abuse Awareness Seminar (SAAS). Three cost perspectives were taken: USAF, client, and the two combined. Data were collected from bases and public sources. The start-up cost per base ranged from $1340 to $2400 per provider staff member. Average implementation costs across bases were highest for the SAAS intervention ($148 per client).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cowell
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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34
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Cowell AJ, Luo Z, Masuda YJ. Psychiatric disorders and the labor market: an analysis by disorder profiles. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2009; 12:3-17. [PMID: 19346562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key societal cost of mental illness is its impact on the labor market. In examining the relationship between psychiatric disorders and the labor market, the literature to date either examines psychiatric disorders in broad classes or focuses on the impact of specific conditions. AIMS OF THE STUDY The aim is to examine the relationships among meaningful profiles of concurrent past year disorders and labor market outcomes by gender. METHODS Data are from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions for 2001/2002 (NESARC), a representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population aged 18 or older residing in the United States. The analysis sample contains 18,429 women and 16,426 men (unweighted). We examined the relationship between profiles of psychiatric disorders and three labor market outcomes: labor force participation; employment, conditional on labor force participation; and working full-time conditional on being employed. Because no attempt was made to control for potential endogeneity between the labor market outcomes and the psychiatric profiles, we are unable to establish the causal direction of the associations estimated. RESULTS First, anxiety disorders among women appear to be associated with labor market outcomes (e.g., anxiety profile in employment outcome: OR=0.76, p<.05). Second, for employment among women large effects were seen for mood disorder and mood and anxiety; in contrast for men, these disorder profiles had significant associations with working full-time rather than employment. Third, for women, of the three labor market outcomes, employment status is particularly sensitive to the profiles of disorders. For men, no such pattern was found for any single labor market outcome. DISCUSSION Concurrent psychiatric disorder profiles affect men and women differently in the labor market. The greatest differences are in (i) the relationship between labor market outcomes and profiles exhibiting anxiety disorders, and (ii) which labor market outcomes are influenced. The main methodological limitation is that the approach does not attempt to assert a direction of causation between mental health conditions and the labor market outcomes. Unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity are both possible and likely to some degree. Other limitations pertain to the data, which are cross-sectional and exclude some relatively rare disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVISION AND USE The results may have significant implications for access to appropriate treatment, which may vary greatly by psychiatric disorder profile and by gender. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICIES In the United States, private third-party coverage for treatment is obtained either directly through working full-time at a medium to large firm or through a spouse being employed. The findings thus suggest that mental health policy may need to account for labor market policy. IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Additional research is needed to disentangle the findings presented. For example, it is important to separate the influence of substance use disorders from mood disorder and uncover the pathways by which the different conditions in substance use disorders may influence the job market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Cowell
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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