1
|
Waizbard-Bartov E, Ferrer E, Heath B, Andrews DS, Rogers S, Kerns CM, Wu Nordahl C, Solomon M, Amaral DG. Changes in the severity of autism symptom domains are related to mental health challenges during middle childhood. Autism 2024; 28:1216-1230. [PMID: 37691349 PMCID: PMC10924781 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231195108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT For many autistic children, the severity of their autism symptoms changes during middle childhood. We studied whether these changes are associated with the emergence of other mental health challenges such as anxiety and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children who had increased social-communication challenges had more anxiety and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and disruptive behavior problems than other children. Children who decreased their restricted and repetitive behaviors, on the contrary, had more anxiety. We discuss why these changes in autism symptoms may lead to increases in other mental health concerns.
Collapse
|
2
|
Solomon M, Cho A(B, Iosif A, Heath B, Srivastav A, Wu Nordahl C, Ferrer E, Amaral D. IQ trajectories in autistic children through preadolescence. JCPP Adv 2023; 3:e12127. [PMID: 37397281 PMCID: PMC10241474 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We extended our study of trajectories of intellectual development of autistic individuals in early (mean age 3 years; T1), and middle childhood (mean age 5 years, 7 months; T2) into later middle childhood/preadolescence (mean age 11 years, 6 months; T3) in the longitudinal Autism Phenome Project cohort. Participants included 373 autistic children (115 females). METHODS Multivariate latent class growth analysis was used to identify distinct IQ trajectory subgroups. Baseline and developmental course group differences and predictors of trajectory membership were assessed using linear mixed effects models with repeated measures with pairwise testing, multinomial logistic regression models, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We isolated three IQ trajectories between T1 and T3 for autistic youth that were similar to those found in our prior work. These included a group with persistent intellectual disability (ID; 45%), a group with substantial increases in IQ (CHG; 39%), and a group with persistently average or above IQs (P-High; 16%). By T3, the groups did not differ in ADOS-2 calibrated severity scores (CSS), and there were no group differences between Vineland (VABS) communication scores in CHG and P-High. T1-T3 externalizing behaviors declined significantly for CHG, however, there were no significant T3 group differences between internalizing or externalizing symptoms. T1 correlates for CHG and P-High versus ID group membership included higher VABS communication and lower ADOS-2 CSS. A T1 to T2 increase in VABS communication scores and a decline in externalizing predicted CHG versus ID group membership at T3, while T1 to T2 improvement in VABS communication and reduction in ADOS-2 CSS predicted P-High versus ID group membership. CONCLUSIONS Autistic youth exhibit consistent IQ developmental trajectories from early childhood through preadolescence. Factors associated with trajectory group membership may provide clues about prognosis, and the need for treatments that improve adaptive communication and externalizing symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Imaging Research CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- MIND InstituteSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - An‐Chuen (Billy) Cho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- MIND InstituteSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ana‐Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brianna Heath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- MIND InstituteSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Apurv Srivastav
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- MIND InstituteSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- MIND InstituteSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pitt SF, Marshall G, Heath B. Simulations and measurements of bilamellar streak tubes. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:123511. [PMID: 36586944 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Particle-in-cell simulations of a picosecond-resolution bilamellar streak tube are described, and the results are compared to measurements of key specifications. A novel laser diode setup with a small focal spot has been used to investigate the sensitive width of the photocathode, a previously unpublished parameter. Simulations have shown that the tubes, while performing at high spatiotemporal resolution, have electron efficiencies of just 1.6% due to the action of the temporal focusing electrode, contributing to an effective dynamic range of around 10. The virtual photocathode created by this electrode was predicted to be 144 µm, in excellent agreement with the measured width of 136 µm. A simple method to improve the tube's dynamic range by narrowing the slit width is investigated and shown to have a modest simulated improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Pitt
- AWE Plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - G Marshall
- AWE Plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - B Heath
- AWE Plc, Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zielinski BA, Andrews DS, Lee JK, Solomon M, Rogers SJ, Heath B, Nordahl CW, Amaral DG. Sex-dependent structure of socioemotional salience, executive control, and default mode networks in preschool-aged children with autism. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119252. [PMID: 35500808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of large-scale intrinsic connectivity networks is atypical in adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD or autism). However, the degree to which alterations occur in younger children, and whether these differences vary by sex, is unknown. We utilized structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from a sex- and age- matched sample of 122 autistic and 122 typically developing (TD) children (2-4 years old) to investigate differences in underlying network structure in preschool-aged autistic children within three large scale intrinsic connectivity networks implicated in ASD: the Socioemotional Salience, Executive Control, and Default Mode Networks. Utilizing structural covariance MRI (scMRI), we report network-level differences in autistic versus TD children, and further report preliminary findings of sex-dependent differences within network topology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Zielinski
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Derek S Andrews
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joshua K Lee
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sally J Rogers
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andrews DS, Aksman L, Kerns CM, Lee JK, Winder-Patel BM, Harvey DJ, Waizbard-Bartov E, Heath B, Solomon M, Rogers SJ, Altmann A, Nordahl CW, Amaral DG. Association of Amygdala Development With Different Forms of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:977-987. [PMID: 35341582 PMCID: PMC9116934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amygdala is widely implicated in both anxiety and autism spectrum disorder. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between co-occurring anxiety and longitudinal amygdala development in autism. Here, the authors characterize amygdala development across childhood in autistic children with and without traditional DSM forms of anxiety and anxieties distinctly related to autism. METHODS Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired at up to four time points for 71 autistic and 55 typically developing (TD) children (∼2.5-12 years, 411 time points). Traditional DSM anxiety and anxieties distinctly related to autism were assessed at study time 4 (∼8-12 years) using a diagnostic interview tailored to autism: the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-IV with the Autism Spectrum Addendum. Mixed-effects models were used to test group differences at study time 1 (3.18 years) and time 4 (11.36 years) and developmental differences (age-by-group interactions) in right and left amygdala volume between autistic children with and without DSM or autism-distinct anxieties and TD children. RESULTS Autistic children with DSM anxiety had significantly larger right amygdala volumes than TD children at both study time 1 (5.10% increase) and time 4 (6.11% increase). Autistic children with autism-distinct anxieties had significantly slower right amygdala growth than TD, autism-no anxiety, and autism-DSM anxiety groups and smaller right amygdala volumes at time 4 than the autism-no anxiety (-8.13% decrease) and autism-DSM anxiety (-12.05% decrease) groups. CONCLUSIONS Disparate amygdala volumes and developmental trajectories between DSM and autism-distinct forms of anxiety suggest different biological underpinnings for these common, co-occurring conditions in autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Sayre Andrews
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Leon Aksman
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Connor M. Kerns
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua K. Lee
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Breanna M. Winder-Patel
- MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Danielle Jenine Harvey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Einat Waizbard-Bartov
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Brianna Heath
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sally J. Rogers
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Andre Altmann
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - David G. Amaral
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Waizbard-Bartov E, Ferrer E, Heath B, Rogers SJ, Nordahl CW, Solomon M, Amaral DG. Identifying autism symptom severity trajectories across childhood. Autism Res 2022; 15:687-701. [PMID: 35084115 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An individual's autism symptom severity level can change across childhood. The prevalence and direction of change, however, are still not well understood. Nor are the characteristics of children that experience change. Symptom severity trajectories were evaluated from early to middle childhood (approximately ages 3-11) for 182 autistic children. Symptom severity change was evaluated using individual change scores and the Reliable Change Index. Fifty-one percent of participants experienced symptom severity change: 27% of children decreased in severity, 24% increased and 49% were stable. Symptom severity decreases were more common during early childhood. Severity increases occurred at both early and middle childhood but increase in social affect severity was especially prominent during middle childhood. Most children experienced significant change during only one period and remained stable during the other. Girls decreased more and increased less in symptom severity than boys. Children that increased in severity decreased in adaptive functioning across childhood. Exploratory analyses indicated that a decrease in severity was associated with higher parental education level and older parental age at the time of the child's birth. Conversely, increase in autism severity was associated with lower parental education level and younger parental age at the child's birth. These findings extend recent observations that symptom severity change is more likely than previously appreciated. An understanding of the role of both biological and sociodemographic factors in determining a child's symptom trajectory may factor into future decisions on allocation and type of interventions distributed to young autistic children. LAY SUMMARY: We studied whether a child's autism severity changed from initial diagnosis until middle childhood (ages 3-11). We found that 27% of the children decreased in severity, 24% increased and the rest stayed the same. Symptom severity decreases were more common during early childhood while severity increases were more prominent during middle childhood. We also found that girls were more likely to decrease than boys. Whether a child decreased or increased is related, in part, to parental characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einat Waizbard-Bartov
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sally J Rogers
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nordahl CW, Andrews DS, Dwyer P, Waizbard-Bartov E, Restrepo B, Lee JK, Heath B, Saron C, Rivera SM, Solomon M, Ashwood P, Amaral DG. The Autism Phenome Project: Toward Identifying Clinically Meaningful Subgroups of Autism. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:786220. [PMID: 35110990 PMCID: PMC8801875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.786220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most universally accepted facts about autism is that it is heterogenous. Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have a wide range of behavioral presentations and a variety of co-occurring medical and mental health conditions. The identification of more homogenous subgroups is likely to lead to a better understanding of etiologies as well as more targeted interventions and treatments. In 2006, we initiated the UC Davis MIND Institute Autism Phenome Project (APP) with the overarching goal of identifying clinically meaningful subtypes of autism. This ongoing longitudinal multidisciplinary study now includes over 400 children and involves comprehensive medical, behavioral, and neuroimaging assessments from early childhood through adolescence (2-19 years of age). We have employed several strategies to identify sub-populations within autistic individuals: subgrouping by neural, biological, behavioral or clinical characteristics as well as by developmental trajectories. In this Mini Review, we summarize findings to date from the APP cohort and describe progress made toward identifying meaningful subgroups of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek Sayre Andrews
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Dwyer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Einat Waizbard-Bartov
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bibiana Restrepo
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua K. Lee
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brianna Heath
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clifford Saron
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David G. Amaral
- MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Autism symptom severity change was evaluated during early childhood in 125 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children were assessed at approximately 3 and 6 years of age for autism symptom severity, IQ and adaptive functioning. Each child was assigned a change score, representing the difference between ADOS Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) at the two ages. A Decreased Severity Group (28.8%) decreased by 2 or more points; a Stable Severity Group (54.4%) changed by 1 point or less; and an Increased Severity Group (16.8%) increased by 2 or more points. Girls tended to decrease in severity more than boys and increase in severity less than boys. There was no clear relationship between intervention history and membership in the groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einat Waizbard-Bartov
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gregory S Young
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hessl D, Libero L, Schneider A, Kerns C, Winder-Patel B, Heath B, Lee J, Coleman C, Sharma N, Solomon M, Nordahl CW, Amaral DG. Fear Potentiated Startle in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Association With Anxiety Symptoms and Amygdala Volume. Autism Res 2020; 14:450-463. [PMID: 33372389 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atypical responses to fearful stimuli and the presence of various forms of anxiety are commonly seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The fear potentiated startle paradigm (FPS), which has been studied both in relation to anxiety and as a probe for amygdala function, was carried out in 97 children aged 9-14 years including 48 (12 female) with ASD and 49 (14 female) with typical development (TD). In addition, exploratory analyses were conducted examining the association between FPS and amygdala volume as assessed with magnetic resonance imaging in a subset of the children with ASD with or without an anxiety disorder with available MRI data. While the startle latency was increased in the children with ASD, there was no group difference in FPS. FPS was not significantly associated with traditional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or "autism distinct" forms of anxiety. Within the autism group, FPS was negatively correlated with amygdala volume. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the association between FPS and anxiety severity was significantly moderated by the size of the amygdala, such that the association between FPS and anxiety was significantly more positive in children with larger amygdalas than smaller amygdalas. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of emotional reactivity associated with ASD and the difficulties in establishing biologically meaningful probes of altered brain function. LAY SUMMARY: Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have additional problems such as anxiety that can greatly impact their lives. How these co-occurring symptoms develop is not well understood. We studied the amygdala, a region of the brain critical for processing fear and a laboratory method called fear potentiated startle for measuring fear conditioning, in children with ASD (with and without an anxiety disorder) and typically developing children. Results showed that the connection between fear conditioning and anxiety is dependent on the size of the amygdala in children with ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hessl
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Libero
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Schneider
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Connor Kerns
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Breanna Winder-Patel
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Lee
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cory Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- The MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nordahl CW, Iosif AM, Young GS, Hechtman A, Heath B, Lee JK, Libero L, Reinhardt VP, Winder-Patel B, Amaral DG, Rogers S, Solomon M, Ozonoff S. High Psychopathology Subgroup in Young Children With Autism: Associations With Biological Sex and Amygdala Volume. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1353-1363.e2. [PMID: 31972262 PMCID: PMC7369216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to identify a subset of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring symptoms of psychopathology, and to evaluate associations between this subgroup and biological sex and amygdala volume. METHOD Participants included 420 children (ASD: 91 girls, 209 boys; typically developing controls: 57 girls, 63 boys). Latent profile analysis was used to identify ASD subgroups based on symptoms of psychopathology, adaptive functioning, cognitive development, and autism severity. Differences in the proportions of girls and boys across subgroups were evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired (346 children); amygdala volumes were evaluated in relation to subgroups and problem behavior scores. RESULTS Three ASD subgroups were identified. One group was characterized by high levels of psychopathology and moderate impairment on other measures (High Psychopathology Moderate Impairments [HPMI], comprising 27% of the sample). The other two subgroups had lower symptoms of psychopathology but were differentiated by high and low levels of impairment on other measures. A higher proportion of girls were classified into the HPMI subgroup (40% of girls versus 22% of boys). Relative to controls, amygdala volumes were enlarged only in the HPMI subgroup. There was a positive association between right amygdala volume and internalizing behaviors in girls but not in boys with ASD. CONCLUSION A higher proportion of girls with ASD faced greater challenges with psychopathology, suggesting a need for closer evaluation and potentially earlier intervention to help improve outcomes. Amygdala enlargement was associated with co-occurring symptoms of psychopathology, and sex-specific correlations with symptoms were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA, and the University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Gregory S. Young
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Alexa Hechtman
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Brianna Heath
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Joshua K. Lee
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Lauren Libero
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,California Department of Developmental Services, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA,,University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Vanessa P. Reinhardt
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,Peel Children’s Center, Ontario, Canada.,MIND Institute, Sacramento CA,,University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - David G. Amaral
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sally Rogers
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA.,MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reinhardt VP, Iosif AM, Libero L, Heath B, Rogers SJ, Ferrer E, Nordahl C, Ghetti S, Amaral D, Solomon M. Understanding Hippocampal Development in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:1069-1079. [PMID: 31449875 PMCID: PMC9940822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined growth trajectories of hippocampal volume (HV) in early childhood in a longitudinal cohort of male and female participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) individuals, and investigated HV in those with large brains. Relations between factors potentially associated with hippocampal size and growth were investigated. METHOD Participants received 1 to 3 structural magnetic resonance imaging scans between ages 25 and 80 months (unique participants: ASD, n =200; TD, n =110; total longitudinal scans, n = 593). HV growth during this period was examined using mixed-effects linear models. Associations between early HV and growth rates, and IQ and adaptive functioning, were evaluated. RESULTS After accounting for cerebral hemisphere volume, male participants exhibited larger left and right HV than female participants. Hippocampal growth rates did not differ by sex. In children with larger hemisphere volumes, male and female participants with ASD had relatively larger HV than TD participants of similar hemisphere volume. This effect was present in a broader group than only those with disproportionate megalencephaly (male participants with large cerebral volumes relative to body size). Right hippocampi were larger than left hippocampi in both groups and sexes. Right versus left volume differences were greater for ASD. After adjusting for hemisphere volume, male participants with ASD showed a significant positive association between right hippocampal growth and adaptive behavior. CONCLUSION HV was relatively greater in ASD in analyses adjusting for hemisphere volume, whereas only subtle differences were observed in HV and growth between participants with ASD and TD participants in unadjusted analyses, suggesting that ASD involves atypical coupling between HV and brain size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Amaral
- University of California, Davis; MIND Institute, Davis, California
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- University of California, Davis; MIND Institute, Davis, California; UC Davis Imaging Research Center, Davis, California.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Patel S, Dale RC, Rose D, Heath B, Nordahl CW, Rogers S, Guastella AJ, Ashwood P. Maternal immune conditions are increased in males with autism spectrum disorders and are associated with behavioural and emotional but not cognitive co-morbidity. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:286. [PMID: 32796821 PMCID: PMC7429839 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal research shows that maternal immune activation increases the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that maternal immune conditions may play a role in the phenotypic expression of neurodevelopmental difficulties in children with ASD and this may be moderated by offspring sex. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal immune conditions were associated with increased severity of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with ASD. Maternal immune conditions were examined as predictors of ASD severity, behavioural and emotional well-being, and cognitive functioning in a cohort of 363 children with ASD (n = 363; 252 males, 111 females; median age 3.07 [interquartile range 2.64-3.36 years]). We also explored whether these outcomes varied between male and female children. Results showed that maternal asthma was the most common immune condition reported in mothers of children with ASD. A history of maternal immune conditions (p = 0.009) was more common in male children with ASD, compared to female children. Maternal immune conditions were associated with increased behavioural and emotional problems in male and female children. By contrast, maternal immune conditions were not associated with decreased cognitive function. The findings demonstrate that MIA may influence the expression of symptoms in children with ASD and outcomes may vary between males and females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrujna Patel
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XAutism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XKids Neuroscience Centre, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW Australia
| | - Destanie Rose
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Christine W. Nordahl
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Sally Rogers
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Psychiatry and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Adam J. Guastella
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XAutism Clinic for Translational Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children’s Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW Australia
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and MIND Institute, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Restrepo B, Angkustsiri K, Taylor SL, Rogers SJ, Cabral J, Heath B, Hechtman A, Solomon M, Ashwood P, Amaral DG, Nordahl CW. Developmental-behavioral profiles in children with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring gastrointestinal symptoms. Autism Res 2020; 13:1778-1789. [PMID: 32767543 PMCID: PMC7689713 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequently reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We evaluated the frequency and severity of GI symptoms in preschool-aged children with ASD compared to participants with typical development (TD). Our goal was to ascertain whether GI symptoms are associated with differences in sex or developmental and behavioral measures. Participants were between 2 and 3.5 years of age and included 255 children with ASD (184 males/71 females) and 129 age-matched TD controls (75 males/54 females). A parent interview was used to assess GI symptoms (abdominal pain, gaseousness/bloating, diarrhea, constipation, pain on stooling, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, blood in stool or in vomit). Children with GI symptoms in each diagnostic group were compared to children without GI symptoms on measures of developmental, behavioral, and adaptive functioning. GI symptoms were reported more frequently in children with ASD compared to the TD group (47.8% vs. 17.8%, respectively). Children with ASD were also more likely to experience multiple GI symptoms (30.6% vs. 5.4%). GI symptoms were equally common in males and females across both diagnostic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in developmental or adaptive measures based on presence of GI symptoms in either ASD or TD children. Co-occurring GI symptoms were, however, associated with increased self-injurious behaviors, restricted stereotyped behaviors, aggressive behaviors, sleep problems and attention problems in both ASD and TD children. In children with ASD, a higher number of GI symptoms was associated with an increase in self-injurious behaviors, somatic complaints, reduced sleep duration, and increased parasomnias. LAY SUMMARY: ASD is characterized by challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. But, people with autism have many other difficulties including gastrointestinal problems. Children with ASD were three times more likely to experience GI symptoms than typically developing peers. Increased GI symptoms are associated with increased problem behaviors such as sleep problems, self-injury, and body aches. Since GI symptoms are often treatable, it is important to recognize them as soon as possible. Both clinicians and parents should become more aware of the high occurrence of GI problems in autistic people. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1778-1789. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Restrepo
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Angkustsiri
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sandra L Taylor
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sally J Rogers
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Cabral
- Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brianna Heath
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexa Hechtman
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paul Ashwood
- Department of Medial Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David G Amaral
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kerns CM, Winder-Patel B, Iosif AM, Nordahl CW, Heath B, Solomon M, Amaral DG. Clinically Significant Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Varied Intellectual Functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2020; 50:780-795. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1703712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis
| | - Brianna Heath
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis
| | - David G. Amaral
- The MIND Institute, UC Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Heath B, Lewis S, Redman K, Murray H. Variations in Energy Needs and/or Anthropometric Measures in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy and Radiation. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
16
|
Packer C, Loveridge A, Canney S, Caro T, Garnett S, Pfeifer M, Zander K, Swanson A, MacNulty D, Balme G, Bauer H, Begg C, Begg K, Bhalla S, Bissett C, Bodasing T, Brink H, Burger A, Burton A, Clegg B, Dell S, Delsink A, Dickerson T, Dloniak S, Druce D, Frank L, Funston P, Gichohi N, Groom R, Hanekom C, Heath B, Hunter L, DeIongh H, Joubert C, Kasiki S, Kissui B, Knocker W, Leathem B, Lindsey P, Maclennan S, McNutt J, Miller S, Naylor S, Nel P, Ng'weno C, Nicholls K, Ogutu J, Okot-Omoya E, Patterson B, Plumptre A, Salerno J, Skinner K, Slotow R, Sogbohossou E, Stratford K, Winterbach C, Winterbach H, Polasky S. Conserving large carnivores: dollars and fence. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:635-41. [PMID: 23461543 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
D'Aiuto L, Di Maio R, Heath B, Raimondi G, Milosevic J, Watson AM, Bamne M, Parks WT, Yang L, Lin B, Miki T, Mich-Basso JD, Arav-Boger R, Sibille E, Sabunciyan S, Yolken R, Nimgaonkar V. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived models to investigate human cytomegalovirus infection in neural cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49700. [PMID: 23209593 PMCID: PMC3507916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is one of the leading prenatal causes of congenital mental retardation and deformities world-wide. Access to cultured human neuronal lineages, necessary to understand the species specific pathogenic effects of HCMV, has been limited by difficulties in sustaining primary human neuronal cultures. Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells now provide an opportunity for such research. We derived iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts and induced neural lineages to investigate their susceptibility to infection with HCMV strain Ad169. Analysis of iPS cells, iPS-derived neural stem cells (NSCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons suggests that (i) iPS cells are not permissive to HCMV infection, i.e., they do not permit a full viral replication cycle; (ii) Neural stem cells have impaired differentiation when infected by HCMV; (iii) NPCs are fully permissive for HCMV infection; altered expression of genes related to neural metabolism or neuronal differentiation is also observed; (iv) most iPS-derived neurons are not permissive to HCMV infection; and (v) infected neurons have impaired calcium influx in response to glutamate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Graham S, Wilson C, Cui Y, Heath B. 07 Use of the dog-isolated cardiac Purkinje fibre assay to investigate a compound with in vivo proarrhythmic activity. Heart 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.213496.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
19
|
Cui Y, Wilson C, Turner S, Graham S, McMahon N, Heath B. 06 Possible role of the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKur) in action potential repolarisation in rabbit heart. Heart 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.213496.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
20
|
Doe CP, Ballini E, Cui Y, Stankus G, Graham S, Heath B, McMahon N. Translation of in vitro and in vivo effects on cardiac sodium channels. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Saulnier Sholler G, Ferguson W, Laurent B, Johnson G, Heath B, Bingham P, Taka A, Kamen B, Homans A. A phase I study of nifurtimox in patients with relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
22
|
Ebeid MR, Braden DS, Gaymes CH, Heath B, Joransen JA. Postsurgical use of amplatzer septal occluder in cyanotic patients with pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum: significance of cor triatriatum dexter and dilated right atrium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2000; 51:186-91. [PMID: 11025573 DOI: 10.1002/1522-726x(200010)51:2<186::aid-ccd11>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) has been shown to be safe and effective. However, its role after surgery in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease who may have associated cor triatriatum dexter and a dilated right atrium has not been established. This article reports on successful closure in such patients, including precautions and results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ebeid
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rothenberg R, Kimbrough L, Lewis-Hardy R, Heath B, Williams OC, Tambe P, Johnson D, Schrader M. Social network methods for endemic foci of syphilis: a pilot project. Sex Transm Dis 2000; 27:12-8. [PMID: 10654862 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200001000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social network methods have improved our understanding of sexually transmitted disease transmission dynamics, and may be of use in routine field operations for partner notification. GOAL To augment traditional syphilis-control activities with social network methods in an Atlanta area with high syphilis morbidity. STUDY DESIGN Disease investigators conducted interviews, used network diagrams to prioritize their work, and relied on network connections for finding hard-to-reach persons. RESULTS A total of 396 contacts were elicited from 48 infected and 50 uninfected persons. The cumulative prevalence of syphilis was 12.6%, and 24 persons infected with HIV were identified. Network methods disclosed a large, interconnected group (276 persons) characterized by high network centrality and the substantial presence of small, interactive subgroups (microstructures). CONCLUSION The network approach is a feasible field technique, and can identify core groups involved in the intense transmission of syphilis. The targeted, network-based approach may be useful in attempts to eliminate syphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rothenberg
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marlow C, Bull SJ, Heath B, Shambrook CJ. The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. J Sci Med Sport 1998; 1:143-55. [PMID: 9783516 DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pre-performance routine (PPR) is proposed to assist the performance of closed skills by enhancing concentration (Crews and Boutcher, 1987) and the recall of optimal psychological and physiological states (Cohn, 1990). A multiple-baseline-across-individuals design was utilised to assess the effect of PPRs on water polo penalty shot performance. Three experienced male water polo players were assisted in designing a personalised multi-component PPR, which was rehearsed in accordance with a training program, and implemented prior to performing penalty shots in simulated trials. Mean performance scores increased for all players between pre and post intervention phases. A Split Middle analysis (White, 1974) further described performance trends and changes. Players 1 and 2 reversed negative baseline trends of -1.071 and -1.031 to positive post intervention trends of +1.011 and +1.011, producing respective positive changes in slope of +1.08 and +1.042. Player 3's baseline trend of +1.008 was reversed post intervention to -1.004, causing a negative change in slope of -1.012. Respective ratios of 1.38, 1.36 and 1.20, suggest a positive change in trend level immediately following PPR introduction. Binomial tests revealed improvements in all participant performances between stages (p<0.001). Results are reviewed in light of previous research and the utilisation of single-subject designs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Marlow
- Chelsea School Research Centre, University of Brighton, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
We studied the effects of UK-118, 434-05, a permanently charged form of amlodipine, on recombinant smooth muscle and cardiac L-type calcium channels to determine the distinct modulatory properties of the ionized form of amlodipine. We found that the short distance between the permanent charge group and the active dihydropyridine (DHP) ring of UK-118, 434-05 reduces the potency of this compound as an inhibitor of smooth muscle (alpha(1c-b)) L-type channels, and is similar to the effects of other charged DHP derivatives on cardiac (alpha(1c-a)) L-type channels. However, we found surprisingly that the tonic block of cardiac (alpha(1c-a)) L-type channels was more pronounced than the tonic block of smooth muscle (alpha(1c-b)) L-type channels. This result contrasts with the previously reported subunit-specificity of neutral DHP compounds, and suggests that interactions between the amlodipine charge group and site(s) on the L-type channel alpha1 subunit distinguish the action of charged from neutral DHPs and may contribute to amlodipine's unique pharmacological profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Heath
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Smith JC, Joransen JA, Heath B, Allen BC. Atypical aortic coarctation and innominate artery stenosis associated with clubfoot and lower leg ischemia in an infant. Teratology 1995; 52:357-60. [PMID: 8711622 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420520606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report findings in a male infant born with talipes equinovarus and ischemic necrosis of the left lower leg and foot associated with atypical coarctation of the ascending aorta and stenosis and hypoplasia of the proximal innominate artery. We hypothesize that a vasculopathy of unknown etiology occurred in utero that resulted in ascending aortic arch coarctation and innominate artery stenosis. The presence of a thrombus in the coarcted segment suggests that one or more emboli could have been responsible for vascular compromise and subsequent clubfoot deformity and lower leg ischemia. Alternatively, a vasculopathy similar to that hypothesized as occurring in the aorta might also have occurred in the left anterior tibial artery, causing structural deformity and soft tissue ischemia of the left lower leg and foot. We believe that this is the first report of this association of findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Jackson 39216, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Szabó J, Heath B, Hill VM, Jackson CE, Zarbo RJ, Mallette LE, Chew SL, Besser GM, Thakker RV, Huff V. Hereditary hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome: the endocrine tumor gene HRPT2 maps to chromosome 1q21-q31. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56:944-50. [PMID: 7717405 PMCID: PMC1801214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome of hereditary hyperparathyroidism and jaw tumors (HPT-JT) is characterized by inheritance, in an autosomal dominant pattern, of recurrent parathyroid adenomas, fibro-osseous tumors of the mandible and/or maxilla, Wilms tumor, and parathyroid carcinoma. This syndrome is clinically and genetically distinct from other endocrine neoplasia syndromes and appears to result from mutation of an endocrine tumor gene designated "HRPT2." We studied five HPT-JT families (59 persons, 20 affected); using PCR-based markers, we instituted a genomewide linkage search after excluding several candidate genes. Lod scores were calculated at various recombination fractions (theta), penetrance 90%. We mapped HRPT2 to the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q21-q31). The maximal lod score was 6.10 at theta = .0 with marker D1S212, or > 10(6) odds in favor of linkage. In six hereditary Wilms tumor families (96 persons, 29 affected), we found no linkage to 1q markers closely linked with HRPT2 (lod scores -15.6 [D1S191] and -17.8 [D1S196], theta = .001). Nine parathyroid adenomas and one Wilms tumor from nine members of three HPT-JT families were examined for loss of heterozygosity at linked loci. The parathyroid adenomas and Wilms tumor showed no loss of heterozygosity for these DNA markers. Our data establish that HRPT2, an endocrine tumor gene on the long arm of chromosome 1, is responsible for the HPT-JT syndrome but not for the classical hereditary Wilms tumor syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Szabó
- Section of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heath B. Hazards associated with old stocks of ethyl ether. Can Vet J 1995; 36:133-4. [PMID: 7757918 PMCID: PMC1686913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Heath B, Rogers A, Taylor A, Lavergne J. Splenic rupture: an unusual complication of colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:449-50. [PMID: 8122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Heath
- Department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Miami Veterans Administration Hospital, Florida
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We investigated an outbreak of irritative and neurotoxic symptoms associated with exposure to asphalt fumes in a commercial lighting factory; 27 symptomatic female workers were clinically assessed including hematologic testing. When compared with a laboratory reference group (n = 107), the workers' mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly higher and mean platelet count was lower (p = 0.013 and p = 0.048, respectively). Five months later, the factory's ventilation system was substantially modified. Follow-up assessments 6 months postmodification on 15 of the original workers documented a significant decline in acute symptoms and a lowering of the subjects' mean MPV towards normal (p = 0.0007 by paired t-test). The findings suggest that reversible macrothrombocytosis (enlarged platelets) can occur among symptomatic workers exposed to asphalt fumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Chase
- Occupational Health Program, Lakeshore Area Multi-service Project, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Petrie L, Heath B, Harold D. Scrapie: Report of an outbreak and brief review. Can Vet J 1989; 30:321-7. [PMID: 17423289 PMCID: PMC1681234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of scrapie in western Canada is described. The disease was confirmed in seven sheep, all originating from the same flock; six were Suffolk ewes and one was a Hampshire ewe. The main clinical signs were pruritus with a positive "nibbling reflex", weight loss and seizures precipitated by handling or excitement. At presentation four ewes were between 35 and 38 months of age; two were approximately four years old and the oldest was six years old. No evidence of scrapie was seen in six goats on the original farm. The clinical signs, epizootiology, pathology, and pathogenesis of the disease are reviewed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Heath B, Ettlinger G, Brown JV. Tactile recognition of mirror images by children: intermanual transfer and rotation of the palm. Perception 1988; 17:535-47. [PMID: 3244525 DOI: 10.1068/p170535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the importance of the axis of stimulus presentation, inter- and intramanual recognition of mirror pairs was studied with the stimulus materials aligned along the front/back axis (whereas in previous work the mirror pairs were aligned along the left/right axis). Children were allowed to feel shapes with the whole hand, with only four fingers (excluding the thumb), or with only the index finger. After learning with one hand, recognition was tested in experiment 1 with the other hand; after learning with one orientation of the hand (palm down or up), recognition was tested in experiment 2 with the other orientation (palm up or down) of the same hand; after learning with one coronal alignment of the hand (to the left or right), recognition was tested in experiment 3 with the other alignment (to the right or left), but without rotation, of the same hand. Significantly fewer intermanual recognition errors were made on mirror pairs with the materials oriented along the front/back axis than in previous work when oriented along the left/right axis. This supports the suggestion that such errors arise when the stimuli are oriented along the left/right axis during formation of the memory trace. The same trend was unexpectedly obtained for intramanual recognition errors (after rotation of the hand). These errors (after hand rotation) are largely due to coding with respect to the hand; they are reduced when the hand is not aligned with the body axis, since then coding can also occur in relation to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Heath
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, FRG
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Young PC, Wasserman RC, McAullife T, Long J, Hagan JF, Heath B. Why families change pediatricians. Factors causing dissatisfaction with pediatric care. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139:683-6. [PMID: 4014091 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140090045024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissatisfaction with their child's physician sometimes causes parents to transfer to a new provider. We studied the reasons for such transfers from four pediatric practices in Chittenden County, Vermont. Personal qualities of the physician, including the parent's perception of the physician's communication skills, his or her clinical competence, and the apparent level of concern were the most important factors that distinguished satisfied from dissatisfied parents. Structural features, including costs, waiting time, and continuity with the same physician, were less often sources of enough dissatisfaction to produce a transfer. Effectiveness and success in pediatric practice are dependent on competence, communication, and caring.
Collapse
|
36
|
Pekkala D, Heath B, Silver JC. Changes in chromatin and the phosphorylation of nuclear proteins during heat shock of Achlya ambisexualis. Mol Cell Biol 1984; 4:1198-205. [PMID: 6504045 PMCID: PMC368899 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.4.7.1198-1205.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock led to marked changes in the apparent levels of phosphorylation of nuclear proteins in the fungus Achlya ambisexualis. We characterized these heat shock-induced changes in nuclear proteins on two types of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel systems. We report here that one of two Achlya H3 histones (H3.1) and also the oomycete histone alpha appear to be highly phosphorylated with heat shock. Additional changes observed in acid-soluble nuclear proteins included an apparent increase in the 32P labeling of a 43,000-molecular-weight protein and the dephosphorylation of a major group of Achlya phosphoproteins in the 30,000-to-32,000-molecular-weight range. The changes in protein phosphorylation were accompanied by striking changes in the morphology of Achlya nuclei. Nuclei in the heat-shocked cells, but not in control cells, exhibited marked chromatin condensation and contained bundles of filaments which were approximately 4 nm in diameter. Concomitantly, the bulk of chromatin from heat-shocked nuclei showed a decreased sensitivity to digestion with the enzyme DNase I relative to chromatin from control cells.
Collapse
|
37
|
Heath B. Negative image projected. Can Vet J 1979; 20:195. [PMID: 17422052 PMCID: PMC1789582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
|
38
|
Abstract
In a study involving dogs, a coronary infusate containing a variety of substances including cardiac substrates, metabolic inhibitors, membrane stabilizers, electrolytes, and anticoagulants was evaluated in terms of protection afforded to the myocardium for up to 90 minutes of normothermic anoxic arrest. Electron microscopical studies and tissue adenosine triphosphate measurements revealed this coronary infusate to be considerably beneficial to the myocardium. Infused myocardium was better preserved compared to myocardium that was not infused or infused with two other "control" infusates. The individual components of our infusate are known cardiac preservatives. The rationale for combining a number of them in our infusate is to produce an additive or synergetic effect through beneficial intervention at several points in the cardiac metabolic cycle. This objective appears to have been fulfilled under the conditions of the present experiment.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Total corticosteroid concentrations were determined in the plasma and brains of five species: mouse, rat, cat, monkey and man. Corticosteroid concentrations were measured also in the livers of mice, rats and monkeys. Competitive protein binding techniques were validated and used for the tissue corticosteroid assays. In each species the brain corticosteroid value was less than the total plasma corticosteroid level but greater than the presumed unbound fraction of plasma corticosteroids. A clear circadian variation of brain corticosteroid values was found in mice, together with a rapid elevation of the tissue levels in response to stress. Reduction of both plasma and tissue corticosteroid concentrations was observed after adrenalectomy and in response to dexamethasone treatment of mice. Between 24 and 48 h post morten, mouse brain corticosteroid values decreased greatly. In cat, monkey and human brains all regions examined contained approximately equal amounts of corticosteroids. In particular, brain areas which are not involved in pituitary-adrenocortical regulation contained large amounts of corticosteroids.
Collapse
|