1
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Vugler A, O’Connell J, Nguyen MA, Weitz D, Leeuw T, Hickford E, Verbitsky A, Ying X, Rehberg M, Carrington B, Merriman M, Moss A, Nicholas JM, Stanley P, Wright S, Bourne T, Foricher Y, Brookings D, Horsley H, Herrmann M, Rao S, Kohlmann M, Florian P. An orally available small molecule that targets soluble TNF to deliver anti-TNF biologic-like efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1037983. [PMID: 36467083 PMCID: PMC9709720 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1037983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to a family of trimeric proteins with both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. TNF is a key mediator in autoimmune diseases and during the last couple of decades several biologic drugs have delivered new therapeutic options for patients suffering from chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Attempts to design small molecule therapies directed to this cytokine have not led to approved products yet. Here we report the discovery and development of a potent small molecule inhibitor of TNF that was recently moved into phase 1 clinical trials. The molecule, SAR441566, stabilizes an asymmetrical form of the soluble TNF trimer, compromises downstream signaling and inhibits the functions of TNF in vitro and in vivo. With SAR441566 being studied in healthy volunteers we hope to deliver a more convenient orally bioavailable and effective treatment option for patients suffering with chronic autoimmune diseases compared to established biologic drugs targeting TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vugler
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - James O’Connell
- Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mai Anh Nguyen
- Sanofi R&D, TMED Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- Sanofi R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Leeuw
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Hickford
- Development Science, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiaoyou Ying
- Sanofi R&D, Translation In vivo Models, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Sanofi R&D, Translational Disease Modelling, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruce Carrington
- Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Merriman
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Moss
- Translational Medicine Immunology, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marie Nicholas
- Development Science, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, UCB Pharma, Braine-I’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Phil Stanley
- Immunology Therapeutic Area, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wright
- Early PV Missions, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Bourne
- Milvuswood Consultancy, Penn, United Kingdom
| | - Yann Foricher
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Therapeutic Area Immunology & Inflammation, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Daniel Brookings
- Global Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Horsley
- Global Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, PV Early Solutions, UCB Pharma, Slough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Srinivas Rao
- Sanofi R&D, Translation In vivo Models, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Markus Kohlmann
- Sanofi R&D, Early Clinical Development, Therapeutic Area Immunology and Inflammation, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Florian
- Sanofi R&D, Type 1/17 Immunology, Immunology & Inflammation Research TA, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Lightwood DJ, Munro RJ, Porter J, McMillan D, Carrington B, Turner A, Scott-Tucker A, Hickford ES, Schmidt A, Fox D, Maloney A, Ceska T, Bourne T, O'Connell J, Lawson ADG. A conformation-selective monoclonal antibody against a small molecule-stabilised signalling-deficient form of TNF. Nat Commun 2021; 12:583. [PMID: 33495445 PMCID: PMC7835358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described the development of a series of small-molecule inhibitors of human tumour necrosis factor (TNF) that stabilise an open, asymmetric, signalling-deficient form of the soluble TNF trimer. Here, we describe the generation, characterisation, and utility of a monoclonal antibody that selectively binds with high affinity to the asymmetric TNF trimer-small molecule complex. The antibody helps to define the molecular dynamics of the apo TNF trimer, reveals the mode of action and specificity of the small molecule inhibitors, acts as a chaperone in solving the human TNF-TNFR1 complex crystal structure, and facilitates the measurement of small molecule target occupancy in complex biological samples. We believe this work defines a role for monoclonal antibodies as tools to facilitate the discovery and development of small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Porter
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Fox
- UCB Pharma, 7869 NE Day Road W, Bainbridge Island, WA, 98110, USA
| | | | - Tom Ceska
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Tim Bourne
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
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3
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McMillan D, Martinez-Fleites C, Porter J, Fox D, Davis R, Mori P, Ceska T, Carrington B, Lawson A, Bourne T, O'Connell J. Structural insights into the disruption of TNF-TNFR1 signalling by small molecules stabilising a distorted TNF. Nat Commun 2021; 12:582. [PMID: 33495441 PMCID: PMC7835368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a trimeric protein which signals through two membrane receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Previously, we identified small molecules that inhibit human TNF by stabilising a distorted trimer and reduce the number of receptors bound to TNF from three to two. Here we present a biochemical and structural characterisation of the small molecule-stabilised TNF-TNFR1 complex, providing insights into how a distorted TNF trimer can alter signalling function. We demonstrate that the inhibitors reduce the binding affinity of TNF to the third TNFR1 molecule. In support of this, we show by X-ray crystallography that the inhibitor-bound, distorted, TNF trimer forms a complex with a dimer of TNFR1 molecules. This observation, along with data from a solution-based network assembly assay, leads us to suggest a model for TNF signalling based on TNF-TNFR1 clusters, which are disrupted by small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Fox
- UCB Pharma, Bainbridge Island, WA, 98110, USA
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4
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O'Connell J, Porter J, Kroeplien B, Norman T, Rapecki S, Davis R, McMillan D, Arakaki T, Burgin A, Fox Iii D, Ceska T, Lecomte F, Maloney A, Vugler A, Carrington B, Cossins BP, Bourne T, Lawson A. Small molecules that inhibit TNF signalling by stabilising an asymmetric form of the trimer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5795. [PMID: 31857588 PMCID: PMC6923382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine belonging to a family of trimeric proteins; it has been shown to be a key mediator in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. While TNF is the target of several successful biologic drugs, attempts to design small molecule therapies directed to this cytokine have not led to approved products. Here we report the discovery of potent small molecule inhibitors of TNF that stabilise an asymmetrical form of the soluble TNF trimer, compromising signalling and inhibiting the functions of TNF in vitro and in vivo. This discovery paves the way for a class of small molecule drugs capable of modulating TNF function by stabilising a naturally sampled, receptor-incompetent conformation of TNF. Furthermore, this approach may prove to be a more general mechanism for inhibiting protein–protein interactions. While biologics have been successfully applied in TNF antagonist treatments, there are no clinically approved small molecules that target TNF. Here, the authors discover potent small molecule inhibitors of TNF, elucidate their molecular mechanism, and demonstrate TNF inhibition in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Burgin
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,The Institute for Protein Innovation, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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5
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Macpherson A, Liu X, Dedi N, Kennedy J, Carrington B, Durrant O, Heywood S, van den Elsen J, Lawson ADG. The rational design of affinity-attenuated OmCI for the purification of complement C5. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14112-14121. [PMID: 30030376 PMCID: PMC6130949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component C5 is the target of the mAb eculizumab and is the focus of a sustained drug discovery effort to prevent complement-induced inflammation in a range of autoimmune diseases. The immune evasion protein OmCI binds to and potently inactivates C5; this tight-binding interaction can be exploited to affinity-purify C5 protein from serum, offering a vastly simplified protocol compared with existing methods. However, breaking the high-affinity interaction requires conditions that risk denaturing or activating C5. We performed structure-guided in silico mutagenesis to identify prospective OmCI residues that contribute significantly to the binding affinity. We tested our predictions in vitro, using site-directed mutagenesis, and characterized mutants using a range of biophysical techniques, as well as functional assays. Our biophysical analyses suggest that the C5–OmCI interaction is complex with potential for multiple binding modes. We present single mutations that lower the affinity of OmCI for C5 and combinations of mutations that significantly decrease or entirely abrogate formation of the complex. The affinity-attenuated forms of OmCI are suitable for affinity purification and allow elution under mild conditions that are nondenaturing or activating to C5. We present the rational design, biophysical characterization, and experimental validation of affinity-reduced forms of OmCI as tool reagents to enable the affinity purification of C5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Macpherson
- From the UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom and .,the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- From the UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom and
| | - Neesha Dedi
- From the UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom and
| | | | | | - Oliver Durrant
- From the UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom and
| | - Sam Heywood
- From the UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom and
| | - Jean van den Elsen
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AX, United Kingdom
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6
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Carrington B, Myers WK, Horanyi P, Calmiano M, Lawson ADG. Natural Conformational Sampling of Human TNFα Visualized by Double Electron-Electron Resonance. Biophys J 2017; 113:371-380. [PMID: 28746848 PMCID: PMC5529296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Double electron-electron resonance in conjunction with site-directed spin labeling has been used to probe natural conformational sampling of the human tumor necrosis factor α trimer. We suggest a previously unreported, predeoligomerization conformation of the trimer that has been shown to be sampled at low frequency. A model of this trimeric state has been constructed based on crystal structures using the double-electron-electron-resonance distances. The model shows one of the protomers to be rotated and tilted outward at the tip end, leading to a breaking of the trimerous symmetry and distortion at a receptor-binding interface. The new structure offers opportunities to modulate the biological activity of tumor necrosis factor α through stabilization of the distorted trimer with small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William K Myers
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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8
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Davé E, Adams R, Zaccheo O, Carrington B, Compson JE, Dugdale S, Airey M, Malcolm S, Hailu H, Wild G, Turner A, Heads J, Sarkar K, Ventom A, Marshall D, Jairaj M, Kopotsha T, Christodoulou L, Zamacona M, Lawson AD, Heywood S, Humphreys DP. Fab-dsFv: A bispecific antibody format with extended serum half-life through albumin binding. MAbs 2016; 8:1319-1335. [PMID: 27532598 PMCID: PMC5058625 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1210747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An antibody format, termed Fab-dsFv, has been designed for clinical indications that require monovalent target binding in the absence of direct Fc receptor (FcR) binding while retaining substantial serum presence. The variable fragment (Fv) domain of a humanized albumin-binding antibody was fused to the C-termini of Fab constant domains, such that the VL and VH domains were individually connected to the Cκ and CH1 domains by peptide linkers, respectively. The anti-albumin Fv was selected for properties thought to be desirable to ensure a durable serum half-life mediated via FcRn. The Fv domain was further stabilized by an inter-domain disulfide bond. The bispecific format was shown to be thermodynamically and biophysically stable, and retained good affinity and efficacy to both antigens simultaneously. In in vivo studies, the serum half-life of Fab-dsFv, 2.6 d in mice and 7.9 d in cynomolgus monkeys, was equivalent to Fab'-PEG.
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9
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Abstract
There are many similarities between anti-Semitism and other forms of ethnic and racial prejudice. Yet while British educationalists have in recent years given much attention to the impact of racism on people of Afro-Caribbean and South Asian descent, they have all but ignored the problem of anti-Semitism. There is no research in Britain on the nature of anti-Semitism in the primary school; and no published evaluation of an initiative to tackle this form of prejudice in any type of school. The data we present go some way towards rectifying this situation. The assumption underpinning the data is that no intervention to reduce prejudice can hope to succeed unless it takes account of children's existing beliefs and assumptions. Based on semi-structured interviews with eight to thirteen year olds, we explore the development of children's understanding of Jewish identity and culture and consider related issues. This research forms part of a wider study of the extent to which such understanding may vary, inter alia, with social class, gender, ethnicity and geographical location.
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10
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Sood R, Hansen NF, Donovan FX, Carrington B, Bucci D, Maskeri B, Young A, Trivedi NS, Kohlschmidt J, Stone RM, Caligiuri MA, Chandrasekharappa SC, Marcucci G, Mullikin JC, Bloomfield CD, Liu P. Somatic mutational landscape of AML with inv(16) or t(8;21) identifies patterns of clonal evolution in relapse leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 30:501-4. [PMID: 26139325 PMCID: PMC4679720 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Sood
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N F Hansen
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F X Donovan
- Genomics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Carrington
- Zebrafish Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Bucci
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - B Maskeri
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Young
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N S Trivedi
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Kohlschmidt
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R M Stone
- Medical Oncology/Hematologic Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M A Caligiuri
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - S C Chandrasekharappa
- Genomics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Cancer Genomics Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Marcucci
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - J C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C D Bloomfield
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - P Liu
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Shaw S, Bourne T, Meier C, Carrington B, Gelinas R, Henry A, Popplewell A, Adams R, Baker T, Rapecki S, Marshall D, Moore A, Neale H, Lawson A. Discovery and characterization of olokizumab: a humanized antibody targeting interleukin-6 and neutralizing gp130-signaling. MAbs 2014; 6:774-82. [PMID: 24670876 PMCID: PMC4011921 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a critical regulator of the immune system and has been widely implicated in autoimmune disease. Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of olokizumab, a humanized antibody to IL-6. Data from structural biology, cell biology and primate pharmacology demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-6 at “Site 3”, blocking the interaction with the signaling co-receptor gp130.
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12
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Shaw S, Bourne T, Meier C, Carrington B, Gelinas R, Henry A, Popplewell A, Adams R, Baker T, Rapecki S, Marshall D, Moore A, Neale H, Lawson A. Discovery and characterization of olokizumab: a humanized antibody targeting interleukin-6 and neutralizing gp130-signaling. MAbs 2014. [PMID: 24670876 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28612;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a critical regulator of the immune system and has been widely implicated in autoimmune disease. Here, we describe the discovery and characterization of olokizumab, a humanized antibody to IL-6. Data from structural biology, cell biology and primate pharmacology demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting IL-6 at "Site 3", blocking the interaction with the signaling co-receptor gp130.
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13
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Addis PW, Hall CJ, Bruton S, Veverka V, Wilkinson IC, Muskett FW, Renshaw PS, Prosser CE, Carrington B, Lawson ADG, Griffin R, Taylor RJ, Waters LC, Henry AJ, Carr MD. Conformational heterogeneity in antibody-protein antigen recognition: implications for high affinity protein complex formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7200-7210. [PMID: 24436329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific, high affinity protein-protein interactions lie at the heart of many essential biological processes, including the recognition of an apparently limitless range of foreign proteins by natural antibodies, which has been exploited to develop therapeutic antibodies. To mediate biological processes, high affinity protein complexes need to form on appropriate, relatively rapid timescales, which presents a challenge for the productive engagement of complexes with large and complex contact surfaces (∼600-1800 Å(2)). We have obtained comprehensive backbone NMR assignments for two distinct, high affinity antibody fragments (single chain variable and antigen-binding (Fab) fragments), which recognize the structurally diverse cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β, β-sheet) and interleukin-6 (IL-6, α-helical). NMR studies have revealed that the hearts of the antigen binding sites in both free anti-IL-1β Fab and anti-IL-6 single chain variable exist in multiple conformations, which interconvert on a timescale comparable with the rates of antibody-antigen complex formation. In addition, we have identified a conserved antigen binding-induced change in the orientation of the two variable domains. The observed conformational heterogeneity and slow dynamics at protein antigen binding sites appears to be a conserved feature of many high affinity protein-protein interfaces structurally characterized by NMR, suggesting an essential role in protein complex formation. We propose that this behavior may reflect a soft capture, protein-protein docking mechanism, facilitating formation of high affinity protein complexes on a timescale consistent with biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Addis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Hall
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Bruton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Vaclav Veverka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip S Renshaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E Prosser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; Research and Development, UCB, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert Griffin
- Research and Development, UCB, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorna C Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Mark D Carr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
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14
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Nicholson S, Hall E, Harland SJ, Chester JD, Pickering L, Barber J, Elliott T, Thomson A, Burnett S, Cruickshank C, Carrington B, Waters R, Bahl A. Phase II trial of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5FU chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic penis cancer (CRUK/09/001). Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2554-9. [PMID: 24169355 PMCID: PMC3833214 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penis cancer is rare and clinical trial evidence on which to base treatment decisions is limited. Case reports suggest that the combination of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-flurouracil (TPF) is highly active in this disease. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with locally advanced or metastatic squamous carcinoma of the penis were recruited into a single-arm phase II trial from nine UK centres. Up to three cycles of chemotherapy were received (docetaxel 75 mg m(-2) day 1, cisplatin 60 mg m(-2) day 1, 5-flurouracil 750 mg m(-2) per day days 1-5, repeated every 3 weeks). Primary outcome was objective response (assessed by RECIST). Fourteen or more responses in 26 evaluable patients were required to confirm a response rate of 60% or higher (Fleming-A'Hern design), warranting further evaluation. Secondary endpoints included toxicity and survival. RESULTS 10/26 evaluable patients (38.5%, 95% CI: 20.2-59.4) achieved an objective response. Two patients with locally advanced disease achieved radiological complete remission. 65.5% of patients experienced at least one grade 3/4 adverse event. CONCLUSION Docetaxel, cisplatin and 5FU did not reach the pre-determined threshold for further research and caused significant toxicity. Our results do not support the routine use of TPF. The observed complete responses support further investigation of combination chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nicholson
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - E Hall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - S J Harland
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHSFT, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - J D Chester
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds and St. James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - L Pickering
- Department of Oncology, St. Georges Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK
| | - J Barber
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Velindre Hospital, Velindre Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - T Elliott
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - A Thomson
- Department of Oncology, Royal Cornwall Hospital, London Road, Treliske, Truro TR1 3LJ, UK
| | - S Burnett
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - C Cruickshank
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - B Carrington
- Department of Diagnostic Radiotherapy, The Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - R Waters
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Clinical Trials & Statistics Unit, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - A Bahl
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, Horfield Road, Bristol BS2 8ED, UK
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15
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Lightwood D, O'Dowd V, Carrington B, Veverka V, Carr MD, Tservistas M, Henry AJ, Smith B, Tyson K, Lamour S, Bracher M, Sarkar K, Turner A, Lawson AD, Bourne T, Gozzard N, Palframan R. Corrigendum to “The Discovery, Engineering and Characterisation of a Highly Potent Anti-Human IL-13 Fab Fragment Designed for Administration by Inhalation” [J. Mol. Biol. 425 (2013), 577–593]. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Lightwood D, O'Dowd V, Carrington B, Veverka V, Carr MD, Tservistas M, Henry AJ, Smith B, Tyson K, Lamour S, Sarkar K, Turner A, Lawson AD, Bourne T, Gozzard N, Palframan R. The Discovery, Engineering and Characterisation of a Highly Potent Anti-Human IL-13 Fab Fragment Designed for Administration by Inhalation. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:577-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Wolff C, Carrington B, Varrin-Doyer M, Vandendriessche A, Van der Perren C, Famelart M, Gillard M, Foerch P, Rogemond V, Honnorat J, Lawson A, Miller K. Drug binding assays do not reveal specific binding of lacosamide to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2). CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:493-500. [PMID: 22672303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lacosamide (LCM; SPM 927, Vimpat®) is an antiepileptic drug (AED) used as adjunctive treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures. LCM has a different mode of action from traditional sodium channel blocking AEDs in that it selectively enhances slow inactivation of sodium channels without affecting fast inactivation. Initial investigations suggested that LCM might have an additional mode of action by binding to the collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2), which is further investigated here. METHODS LCM binding to native and cloned human CRMP-2 was determined using radioligand binding experiments and surface plasmon resonance measurements. RESULTS No specific binding of [(3) H]LCM (free concentration 100-1450 nM) to isolated or membrane bound human CRMP-2 expressed in mammalian cell systems and bacteria was observed. Surface plasmon resonance analysis also showed that LCM, over a concentration range of 0.39-100 μM, does not specifically bind to human CRMP-2. CONCLUSION The diverse drug binding methods employed here are well suited to detect specific binding of LCM to CRMP-2 in the micromolar range, yet the results obtained were all negative. Results of this study suggest that LCM does not specifically bind to CRMP-2.
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Veverka V, Baker T, Redpath NT, Carrington B, Muskett FW, Taylor RJ, Lawson ADG, Henry AJ, Carr MD. Conservation of functional sites on interleukin-6 and implications for evolution of signaling complex assembly and therapeutic intervention. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40043-50. [PMID: 23027872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of secreted cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), are attractive targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. We have determined the solution structure of mouse IL-6 to assess the functional significance of apparent differences in the receptor interaction sites (IL-6Rα and gp130) suggested by the fairly low degree of sequence similarity with human IL-6. Structure-based sequence alignment of mouse IL-6 and human IL-6 revealed surprising differences in the conservation of the two distinct gp130 binding sites (IIa and IIIa), which suggests a primacy for site III-mediated interactions in driving initial assembly of the IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 ternary complex. This is further supported by a series of direct binding experiments, which clearly demonstrate a high affinity IL-6/IL-6Rα-gp130 interaction via site III but only weak binding via site II. Collectively, our findings suggest a pathway for the evolution of the hexameric, IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 signaling complex and strategies for therapeutic targeting. We propose that the signaling complex originally involved specific interactions between IL-6 and IL-6Rα (site I) and between the D1 domain of gp130 and IL-6/IL-6Rα (site III), with the later inclusion of interactions between the D2 and D3 domains of gp130 and IL-6/IL-6Rα (site II) through serendipity. It seems likely that IL-6 signaling benefited from the evolution of a multipurpose, nonspecific protein interaction surface on gp130, now known as the cytokine binding homology region (site II contact surface), which fortuitously contributes to stabilization of the IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Veverka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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19
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Humphreys DP, Heywood SP, Henry A, Ait-Lhadj L, Antoniw P, Palframan R, Greenslade KJ, Carrington B, Reeks DG, Bowering LC, West S, Brand HA. Alternative antibody Fab′ fragment PEGylation strategies: combination of strong reducing agents, disruption of the interchain disulphide bond and disulphide engineering. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:227-34. [PMID: 17452434 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments (Fab') of antibodies can be site specifically PEGylated at thiols using cysteine reactive PEG-maleimide conjugates. For therapeutic Fab'-PEG, conjugation with 40 kDa of PEG at a single hinge cysteine has been found to confer appropriate pharmacokinetic properties to enable infrequent dosing. Previous methods have activated the hinge cysteine using mildly reducing conditions in order to retain an intact interchain disulphide. We demonstrate that the final Fab-PEG product does not need to retain the interchain disulphide and also therefore that strongly reducing conditions can be used. This alternative approach results in PEGylation efficiencies of 88 and 94% for human and murine Fab, respectively. It also enables accurate and efficient site-specific multi-PEGylation. The use of the non-thiol reductant tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine combined with protein engineering enables us to demonstrate the mono-, di- and tri-PEGylation of Fab fragments with a range of PEG size. We present evidence that PEGylated and unPEGylated Fab' molecules that lack an interchain disulphide bond retain very high levels of chemical and thermal stability and normal performance in PK and efficacy models.
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20
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Cornford C, Carrington B. The Experiences of Becoming a General Practice Registrar: A Qualitative Study. Education for Primary Care 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/14739879.2007.11493542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Silva P, Hulse P, Sykes AJ, Carrington B, Julyan PJ, Homer JJ, Hastings DL, Slevin NJ. Should FDG-PET scanning be routinely used for patients with an unknown head and neck squamous primary? J Laryngol Otol 2006; 121:149-53. [PMID: 17059628 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215106003781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Between 1 and 2 per cent of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients will reveal no evidence of a primary malignancy. The management of this group poses many problems, including the morbidity associated with wide field irradiation as well as the difficulty in treatment when a primary does emerge. The aim of this study was to assess the use of fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging in patients presenting with an unknown head and neck primary and to consider its routine use in such patients.Methods: We enrolled 25 patients into our study over a four year period. They all presented with a histologically proven, metastatic, squamous cell carcinoma of the neck for which no primary could be found despite full clinical, endoscopic and radiological evaluation with computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Additionally, all the patients underwent imaging using FDG-PET. The images were interpreted by two radiologists experienced in PET imaging.Results: A primary was identified in nine of the 25 patients (42 per cent); however, of these patients, six had false positive results and only three patients were true positives with supportive histology. In the remaining 16 patients, no abnormality was identified on CT, MRI or PET. Of these 16 patients, two eventually displayed a primary carcinoma, the other 14 patients remaining without evidence of any primary.Conclusion: Despite the high number of positive PET scans, the actual true positive rate was 3/9 (33 per cent); conversely, the true negative rate was 14/16 (88 per cent). We conclude from this study that there is a role for FDG-PET in the patient with an unknown head and neck primary, particularly in the context of a negative PET scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Silva
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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22
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Lightwood DJ, Carrington B, Henry AJ, McKnight AJ, Crook K, Cromie K, Lawson ADG. Antibody generation through B cell panning on antigen followed by in situ culture and direct RT-PCR on cells harvested en masse from antigen-positive wells. J Immunol Methods 2006; 316:133-43. [PMID: 17027850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for the generation of high-affinity monoclonal antibodies, which combines the power of natural immune responses with in vitro panning, B cell culture, RT-PCR and expression of the recombinant product. B cells from immunised rabbits were incubated at approximately 1000-10,000 cells per well with solid phase antigen coated on the surface of 96-well ELISA plates. Extensive washing removed non-binding cells as well as those B cells, which bound with low affinity. Retained B cells were cultured for 7 days in the presence of activated rabbit splenocyte supernatant and irradiated EL-4-B5 mouse thymoma cells, to induce proliferation and secretion of immunoglobulin. Supernatants were screened to confirm the presence of specific antibody, before the cells were harvested en masse from individual positive wells. Single heavy- and light-chain variable region genes were recovered from individual wells by RT-PCR, critically without the need for isolation of single B cells. Paired VH and VL genes were subsequently expressed as recombinant antibodies and shown to retain the original activity and specificity of the B cell culture supernatants. The method has also been successfully applied to the generation of high-affinity antibodies to antigen expressed on the surface of target cells.
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23
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Silva P, Hastings D, Carrington B, Hulse P, Homer J, Sykes A, Slevin N. 262 Should pet scanning be routinely used in the imaging of patients with a neck node from an unknown squamous primary? Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Saunders MP, Hogg M, Carrington B, Sjursen AM, Allen J, Beech J, Swindell R, Valle JW. Phase I dose-escalation trial of irinotecan with continuous infusion 5-FU first line, in metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1447-52. [PMID: 15452550 PMCID: PMC2409945 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This single-centre phase I trial was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose of irinotecan and the recommended dose to use in combination with a fixed dose of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administered as a protracted venous infusion, for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Tolerability and efficacy were secondary end points. In all, 22 patients, median age 57 years, were treated with escalating, weekly doses of irinotecan (50, 75, 100 and 85 mg m−2) in combination with 250 mg m−2 5-FU administered as a continuous infusion. All patients had measurable disease. The combination was well tolerated up to an irinotecan dose of 75 mg m−2. However, three out of five patients at the 100 mg m−2 irinotecan dose level had their dose reduced due to multiple grade 2 toxicities, and eventually one patient stopped treatment due to grade 3 diarrhoea and multiple grade 2 toxicities. Subsequent patients were recruited at an irinotecan dose level of 85 mg m−2. The overall response rate was 55%, comprising one complete and 11 partial responses (PRs). Six patients also achieved sustained stable disease (SD), giving a clinical benefit (complete response/PR/SD) response of 82%. The median duration of response was 238 days (8.5 months) and median time to progression was 224 days (8.0 months). Two patients who achieved PRs underwent partial hepatectomies. Thus, irinotecan (85 mg m−2) combined with a continuous infusion of 5-FU (250 mg m−2) is an active and well-tolerated regimen for the treatment of metastatic CRC. It represents an effective treatment for patients who require close supervision and support, throughout their initial exposure to chemotherapy for this disease, and this dose combination was recommended for an ongoing phase II study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Saunders
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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25
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Jayson GC, Parker GJM, Mullamitha S, Valle JW, Saunders M, Broughton L, Lawrance J, Carrington B, Roberts C, Issa B, Buckley DL, Cheung S, Davies K, Watson Y, Zinkewich-Péotti K, Rolfe L, Jackson A. Blockade of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta by CDP860, a humanized, PEGylated di-Fab', leads to fluid accumulation and is associated with increased tumor vascularized volume. J Clin Oncol 2004; 23:973-81. [PMID: 15466784 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE CDP860 is an engineered Fab' fragment-polyethylene glycol conjugate, which binds to and blocks the activity of the beta-subunit of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-beta). Studies in animals have suggested that PDGFR-beta inhibition reduces tumor interstitial fluid pressure, and thus increases the uptake of concomitantly administered drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in tumor vascular parameters could be detected in humans, and to assess whether CDP860 would be likely to increase the uptake of a concurrently administered small molecule in future studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced ovarian or colorectal cancer and good performance status received intravenous infusions of CDP860 on days 0 and 28. Patients had serial dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging studies to measure changes in tumor vascular parameters. RESULTS Three of eight patients developed significant ascites, and seven of eight showed evidence of fluid retention. In some patients, the ratio of vascular volume to total tumor volume increased significantly (P < .001) within 24 hours following CDP860 administration, an effect suggestive of recruitment of previously non-functioning vessels. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that inhibition of PDGFR-beta might improve delivery of a concurrently administered therapy. However, in cancer patients, further exploration of the dosing regimen of CDP860 is required to dissociate adverse effects from beneficial effects. The findings challenge the view that inhibition of PDGF alone is beneficial, and confirm that effects of PDGFR kinase inhibition mediate, to some extent, the fluid retention observed in patients treated with mixed tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Jayson
- Cancer Research UK, Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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26
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Slevin NJ, Mais KL, Bruce I, Ward T, Carrington B, Hulse P, Banerjee S, Julyan P, Sykes A, Homer J. Imatinib with cisplatin in recurrent and/or metastatic salivary adenoidcystic carcinoma – response assessed by FDG-PET scanning. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.5604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Slevin
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - K. L. Mais
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - I. Bruce
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - T. Ward
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - B. Carrington
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P. Hulse
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - S. Banerjee
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - P. Julyan
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A. Sykes
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - J. Homer
- Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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27
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Turner C, Weir N, Catterall C, Baker TS, Carrington B, Jones MN. The transfection of Jurkat T-leukemic cells by use of pH sensitive immunoliposomes. J Liposome Res 2002; 12:311-34. [PMID: 12519628 DOI: 10.1081/lpr-120016197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A gene transfer vector has been developed utilising anionic liposomes as a carrier of plasmid DNA (pEGlacZ, 7.6 kb) to transfect CD3+ T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells). The plasmid DNA that contained the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase reporter gene was condensed using poly-l-lysine of molecular mass 20,700 (PLK99) to form a polyplex which was interacted with several anionic liposome formulations to form lipopolyplexes. The liposome formulations where based on dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) in combination with cholesterol and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and oleic acid, or dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE). For targeting to the Jurkat cells distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) linked to poly (ethylene glycol) molecular mass 2,000 and coupled to anti-CD3 antibody was incorporated. The polyplexes and lipopolyplexes were characterised in terms of size, zeta potential, agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy and the permeability of the lipopolyplexes to liposome-encapsulated glucose was determined. The polyplexes consisted of a mixed population of rod-like structures (53-160 nm long and 23-31 nm diameter) and spheres (18-30 nm diameter). The lipopolyplexes retained a permeability barrier although were more permeable to glucose than their component liposomes. The poly-l-lysine condensing agent was still susceptible to pronase digestion suggesting that the polyplex was associated with the outer surface of the liposome. The lipopolyplexes with lipid composition DOPE/cholesterol/OA/DSPE-PEG2000 anti-CD3+ PLK99-plasmid DNA had significant gene transfer activity, as monitored by beta-galactosidase expression, that depended on the charge ratio of the component polyplex and the lipid/DNA weight ratio. The anti-CD3 antibody, the liposomal lipid and pH sensitivity were essential for transfection activity.
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28
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Humphreys DP, Carrington B, Bowering LC, Ganesh R, Sehdev M, Smith BJ, King LM, Reeks DG, Lawson A, Popplewell AG. A plasmid system for optimization of Fab' production in Escherichia coli: importance of balance of heavy chain and light chain synthesis. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 26:309-20. [PMID: 12406686 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the importance of optimizing the balance of light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) expression to achieve high level production of Fab' fragments in the Escherichia coli periplasm. The LC:HC balance has been controlled by varying the codon usage of the signal peptide (SP) and 5' mature domain coding regions. Different SP coding regions have been identified from a codon wobble-based library using alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a reporter gene. A plasmid system that enables random combination of these variant SP coding regions is used to construct optimized Fab' expression plasmids. These small plasmid libraries facilitated selection of optimal Fab' expression plasmids and resulted in increases of periplasmic yield, up to 580 mgL(-1) from E. coli fermentations and will enable rapid variable region subcloning and selection of future Fab(') expression plasmids.
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Livsey JE, Taylor B, Mobarek N, Cooper RA, Carrington B, Logue JP. Patterns of relapse following radiotherapy for stage I seminoma of the testis: implications for follow-up. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 13:296-300. [PMID: 11554630 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2001.9273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective review was undertaken of 409 consecutive patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy for Stage I seminoma between 1988 and 1997. A total of 339 men were treated to a volume encompassing the para-aortic nodes and 70 were treated with extended field radiotherapy. The patients were followed up within oncology clinics adhering to a standard protocol of clinical examination, chest radiography and measurement of serum marker levels. No routine computed tomographic (CT) scans were carried out. At a median follow-up of 57 months, 13 patients have relapsed, giving a recurrence-free rate of 97.2% at 3 years and 96.8% at 5 years. Of these, eight (62%) were detected at routine appointments and five (38%) requested early appointments. Chest radiography (2/5) and serum marker levels (3/5) identified disease in asymptomatic patients. Eight patients (62%) had raised markers at relapse, including two with normal serum markers at original presentation. The median size of pelvic node recurrences in the para-aortic-treated group was 7.3 cm (2.8-13 cm). Four patients have developed second testicular primaries: three were detected at routine appointments and one patient had requested an early appointment. We conclude that regular follow-up with serum marker estimations and chest radiography is sufficient to detect recurrence at an early stage and that our policy of no routine CT scanning has been shown to give acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Livsey
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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30
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Smith BJ, Popplewell A, Athwal D, Chapman AP, Heywood S, West SM, Carrington B, Nesbitt A, Lawson AD, Antoniw P, Eddelston A, Suitters A. Prolonged in vivo residence times of antibody fragments associated with albumin. Bioconjug Chem 2001; 12:750-6. [PMID: 11562193 DOI: 10.1021/bc010003g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibody fragments can be expressed at a high level in microbial systems, but they may have limited therapeutic value because they are rapidly eliminated from the body. We demonstrate here that site-specific conjugation or binding of bacterially derived Fab' to the long-lived protein serum albumin allows full retention of the antibody's binding characteristics while imparting the albumin's longevity in vivo. In rats the area under the curve for Fab' conjugated to rat serum albumin was 17-fold greater than for the control of Fab' conjugated to cysteine. Again, a bispecific F(ab')(2) with specificity for rat serum albumin showed an area under the curve about 8-fold greater than did a F(ab')(2) without specificity to albumin. Genetic fusions of scFv to albumin were similarly long-lived and could be expressed in yeast to provide the basis of a cost-effective production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Smith
- Celltech R and D Ltd, 208 Bath Road, Slough, Berks SL1 4EN, UK.
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31
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Livsey JE, Taylor B, Mobarek N, Cooper RA, Carrington B, Logue JP. Patterns of Relapse Following Radiotherapy for Stage I Seminoma of the Testis: Implications for Follow-up. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s001740170059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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White SC, Cheeseman S, Thatcher N, Anderson H, Carrington B, Hearn S, Ross G, Ranson M. Phase II study of oral topotecan in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:868-73. [PMID: 10741709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the activity of oral topotecan (TPT) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer previously untreated with chemotherapy. Eligible patients had inoperable stage III or stage IV non-small cell lung cancer and were chemotherapy-naive. Other inclusion criteria were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0, 1, or 2, adequate bone marrow, and renal and hepatic function. Of 30 patients, 29 were assessable for response. Oral TPT was administered for 5 days every 21 days for up to six cycles unless disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Patients received a dose of 2.3 mg/m2/day for the first cycle. Dose modification for subsequent cycles was based on tolerability. Patients completed symptom questionnaires every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated in all patients during cycle 1. Three patients had radiological responses with a reduction in tumor size of 30-40%. No patients achieved complete or partial responses to treatment. Thirteen patients had a stable disease (43.3%), and the median survival was 39.9 weeks with a 1-year survival of 33.3%. At the time of analysis, 27 patients had died. Median time to progression was 12.3 weeks. Treatment was well tolerated. A total of 125 cycles of treatment were completed. Twelve patients (40%) experienced grade III/IV neutropenia. Five patients (16.6%) had grade III/IV anemia. There were two episodes of grade III/IV thrombocytopenia. The main nonhematological toxicities consisted of grade III nausea (13%) and grade III vomiting (13%). The most frequently reported disease-related symptoms at baseline were dyspnea, cough, and fatigue. There was a subsequent improvement in patient scores of dyspnea in 17% of patients, 31% showed improvement in cough, and 32% showed improvement in fatigue. The mean area under the curve of TPT following 2.3 mg/m2 p.o. was 51.6 ng.h/ml (%SD, 25%). The area under the curve of TPT on day 1 of the first cycle was correlated with the percentage fall in leukocytes. Although oral TPT at the applied dose and schedule showed modest activity as a single agent, almost one-half of the patients had a stable disease, and median time to progression was 12.3 weeks. The overall median survival was a promising 39.9 weeks, and useful palliation of symptoms was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C White
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital National Health Service Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Carrington B, Lowe A, Shaw LE, Williams PA. The lower pathway operon for benzoate catabolism in biphenyl-utilizing Pseudomonas sp. strain IC and the nucleotide sequence of the bphE gene for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. Microbiology (Reading) 1994; 140 ( Pt 3):499-508. [PMID: 8012572 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-140-3-499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. strain IC is able to grow on biphenyl, 3-methylbiphenyl and 4-methylbiphenyl. These are converted to benzoate and the corresponding methylbenzoates. The lower pathway genes for the catabolism of the benzoates were cloned on a 22 kb HindIII fragment. Hybridization with gene-specific probes from the meta pathways of other catabolic plasmids showed that the gene order was identical to that of the operons carrying the same function from TOL plasmids. The nucleotide sequence of a 1241 bp region carrying the whole of the bphE gene (for a catechol 2,3-dioxygenase) and the 5' end of the downstream bphG gene (for 2-hydroxy semialdehyde dehydrogenase) was determined. Both genes showed a high degree of homology with genes encoding isofunctional proteins from other Pseudomonas strains. The upper pathway genes for the conversion of biphenyl to benzoate have also been cloned but no linkage with the lower pathway operon has been detected. Pseudomonas strain IC contains a large plasmid pWW110 (> 200 kb) and there are indications that this plasmid carries the bph genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carrington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
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Thatcher N, Dazzi H, Mellor M, Ghosh A, Carrington B, Johnson RJ, Loriaux EM, Craig RP. Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) with flavone acetic acid (FAA) in advanced malignant melanoma: a phase II study. Br J Cancer 1990; 61:618-21. [PMID: 2331447 PMCID: PMC1971351 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1990.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) and flavone acetic acid (FAA) were used to treat 34 patients with progressing metastatic melanoma. Five patients had solely non-visceral disease and the median number of organ sites involved was two. Five doses of rIL-2 were given, the first dose intrasplenically via a femoral artery catheter with a further dose 4 h later i.v. and the other doses i.v. on alternate days. The rIL-2 dose was 11 x 10(6) Cetus units m-2; the day before rIL-2, FAA (4.8 G m-2) was given as a 6 h i.v. infusion, in order to enhance further killer cell activity. A total of three courses at 21-day intervals was planned and 74 courses in all were given. Despite the high dose of rIL-2 and the potential overlapping toxicity affecting blood pressure with the addition of FAA, side-effects were generally mild. There were only five episodes of grade 4 toxicity: one of ventricular tachycardia and four other episodes of transient biochemical or haematological disturbance. Grade 3 hypotension or hypertension occurred on 22 courses but again was transient. No patient required intensive care facilities. Five patients had tumour response, one being complete. Responses occurred in pulmonary and hepatic metastases, but mainly in non-visceral sites. Eleven patients remain alive at 6-17 months and in five there is no relapse or progression of disease. Despite the impressive results in animal tumour models, the addition of FAA to rIL-2 in the present study has not markedly improved results over rIL-2 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thatcher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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