1
|
Mitchell EJ, Goodman K, Wakefield N, Cochran C, Cockayne S, Connolly S, Desai R, Hartley S, Lawton SA, Oatey K, Rhodes S, Savage JS, Taylor J, Youssouf NFJ. Clinical trial management: a profession in crisis? Trials 2022; 23:357. [PMID: 35477835 PMCID: PMC9044377 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trial managers play a vital role in the design and conduct of clinical trials in the UK. There is a current recruitment and retention crisis for this specialist role due to a complex set of factors, most likely to have come to a head due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic clinical trial units and departments are struggling to recruit trial managers to vacant positions, and multiple influences are affecting the retention of this highly skilled workforce. Without tackling this issue, we face major challenges in the delivery on the Department of Health and Social Care's Future of UK Clinical Research Delivery implementation plan. This article, led by a leading network of and for UK Trial Managers, presents some of the issues and ways in which national stakeholders may be able to address this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Mitchell
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - K Goodman
- NMAHP Research Unit, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0NA, UK
| | - N Wakefield
- Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C Cochran
- Centre for Healthcare and Randomised Controlled Trials (CHaRT), Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB23 2ZD, UK
| | - S Cockayne
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Connolly
- Royal Marsden Clinical Trials Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - R Desai
- King's Ophthalmology Research Unit, King's College Hospital, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - S Hartley
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S A Lawton
- Keele Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - K Oatey
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK
| | - S Rhodes
- Exeter Clinical Trials Unit, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - J S Savage
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - J Taylor
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, Bristol Trials Centre, University of Bristol, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - N F J Youssouf
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bryant J, Valencia LCSW L, Cochran C, Md MC. Which heuristic to use? Plotting the position of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A comparison of clinical methods. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
3
|
Petitto LA, Langdon C, Stone A, Andriola D, Kartheiser G, Cochran C. Visual sign phonology: insights into human reading and language from a natural soundless phonology. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2016; 7:366-381. [PMID: 27425650 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among the most prevailing assumptions in science and society about the human reading process is that sound and sound-based phonology are critical to young readers. The child's sound-to-letter decoding is viewed as universal and vital to deriving meaning from print. We offer a different view. The crucial link for early reading success is not between segmental sounds and print. Instead the human brain's capacity to segment, categorize, and discern linguistic patterning makes possible the capacity to segment all languages. This biological process includes the segmentation of languages on the hands in signed languages. Exposure to natural sign language in early life equally affords the child's discovery of silent segmental units in visual sign phonology (VSP) that can also facilitate segmental decoding of print. We consider powerful biological evidence about the brain, how it builds sound and sign phonology, and why sound and sign phonology are equally important in language learning and reading. We offer a testable theoretical account, reading model, and predictions about how VSP can facilitate segmentation and mapping between print and meaning. We explain how VSP can be a powerful facilitator of all children's reading success (deaf and hearing)-an account with profound transformative impact on learning to read in deaf children with different language backgrounds. The existence of VSP has important implications for understanding core properties of all human language and reading, challenges assumptions about language and reading as being tied to sound, and provides novel insight into a remarkable biological equivalence in signed and spoken languages. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:366-381. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1404 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Petitto
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - C Langdon
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A Stone
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D Andriola
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Kartheiser
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Ph.D. in Educational Neuroscience (PEN) Program, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Cochran
- NSF Science of Learning Center, Visual Language and Visual Learning, VL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Brain and Language Laboratory for fNIRS Neuroimaging, BL2, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Linguistics, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glazener C, Boachie C, Buckley B, Cochran C, Dorey G, Grant A, Hagen S, Kilonzo M, McDonald A, McPherson G, Moore K, N'Dow J, Norrie J, Ramsay C, Vale L. Conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in Men After Prostate Surgery (MAPS): two parallel randomised controlled trials. Health Technol Assess 2011; 15:1-290, iii-iv. [PMID: 21640056 DOI: 10.3310/hta15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of active conservative treatment, compared with standard management, in regaining urinary continence at 12 months in men with urinary incontinence at 6 weeks after a radical prostatectomy or a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). BACKGROUND Urinary incontinence after radical prostate surgery is common immediately after surgery, although the chance of incontinence is less after TURP than following radical prostatectomy. DESIGN Two multicentre, UK, parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing active conservative treatment [pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) delivered by a specialist continence physiotherapist or a specialist continence nurse] with standard management in men after radial prostatectomy and TURP. SETTING Men having prostate surgery were identified in 34 centres across the UK. If they had urinary incontinence, they were invited to enroll in the RCT. PARTICIPANTS Men with urinary incontinence at 6 weeks after prostate surgery were eligible to be randomised if they consented and were able to comply with the intervention. INTERVENTIONS Eligible men were randomised to attend four sessions with a therapist over a 3-month period. The therapists provided standardised PFMT and bladder training for male urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. The control group continued with standard management. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome of clinical effectiveness was urinary incontinence at 12 months after randomisation, and the primary measure of cost-effectiveness was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Outcome data were collected by postal questionnaires at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. RESULTS Within the radical group (n = 411), 92% of the men in the intervention group attended at least one therapy visit and were more likely than those in the control group to be carrying out any PFMT at 12 months {adjusted risk ratio (RR) 1.30 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 1.53]}. The absolute risk difference in urinary incontinence rates at 12 months between the intervention (75.5%) and control (77.4%) groups was -1.9% (95% CI -10% to 6%). NHS costs were higher in the intervention group [£ 181.02 (95% CI £ 107 to £ 255)] but there was no evidence of a difference in societal costs, and QALYs were virtually identical for both groups. Within the TURP group (n = 442), over 85% of men in the intervention group attended at least one therapy visit and were more likely to be carrying out any PFMT at 12 months after randomisation [adjusted RR 3.20 (95% CI 2.37 to 4.32)]. The absolute risk difference in urinary incontinence rates at 12 months between the intervention (64.9%) and control (61.5%) groups for the unadjusted intention-to-treat analysis was 3.4% (95% CI -6% to 13%). NHS costs [£ 209 (95% CI £ 147 to £ 271)] and societal costs [£ 420 (95% CI £ 54 to £ 785)] were statistically significantly higher in the intervention group but QALYs were virtually identical. CONCLUSIONS The provision of one-to-one conservative physical therapy for men with urinary incontinence after prostate surgery is unlikely to be effective or cost-effective compared with standard care that includes the provision of information about conducting PFMT. Future work should include research into the value of different surgical options in controlling urinary incontinence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Glazener
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bowers DC, Griffith T, Gargan L, Cochran C, Kleiber B, Foxwell A, Farrow-Gillespie A, Orlino A, Germann JN. Back pain and hip pain among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.9562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Stegner MM, Luckett PM, Fitzgerald JE, Eshelman D, Cochran C, Leavey PJ. Radiation induced lung injury in survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
20017 Background: The purpose of this study was to examine survivors of childhood cancer, treated with whole lung irradiation (WLI), for signs of pulmonary insufficiency and to correlate pulmonary function test (PFT) results to symptoms of pulmonary dysfunction as detected using the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on eligible patients (>2 years from WLI and <18 years at time of diagnosis) who are followed in our institution’s cancer survivor program. Participating patients had a history and physical examination and PFTs performed pre and post bronchodilator challenge. Patients (or their guardians) also completed the SGRQ. The SGRQ, validated for patients 17 to 80 years, generates four values that define respiratory dysfunction: a Symptoms score, an Activity Score, an Impact score, and a Total score. Results: Twenty eligible patients were identified, 12 of whom consented to participate in this study (11 Wilms, 1 Ewing sarcoma). The median current age was 18.4 years (7.5 to 43 years; n=6 < 14 yrs), while patients received WLI (1,200 cGy n=10, 1500 cGy n=2) at a median age of 4.4 years of age (1.7 to 8.7 years). The median time from radiation therapy was 12.6 years (4.7 to 34.3 years). All patients denied smoking, 4 had a history of asthma and all had a normal lung exam. Ten patients had PFTs, 5 of whom (4/5 adults and 1/5 children) had a restrictive pattern noted by PFTs. One further patient (7.5 yrs of age) had a total lung volume 70% predicted but a forced vital capacity 86% predicted. In the pediatric patients (<14 years currently) the FEF 25–75 (4/5) and SGaw (5/5) were increased following treatment with bronchodilator. Twelve participants completed the SGRQ, 4 had elevated total scores (22, 32, 37 and 64). 1 patient with echocardiographic evidence of a dilated cardiomyopathy had an elevated total score but normal symptom score. One patient with a recorded acute pneumonitis after WLI, now 18 years later had normal PFTs and normal SGRQ scores. No correlation was seen between PFT results and SGRQ scores. Conclusions: A restrictive lung function pattern is more common at a later age following WLI in childhood. Mid-expiratory flow and airway conductance following bronchodilator were increased in children. The functional significance of these findings requires further study. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D. Eshelman
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - C. Cochran
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Herein reported is the case of a young woman who had hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia which was biochemically consistent with an insulinoma. Initial imaging was negative and definitive treatment was delayed until repeat imaging localized the tumour several years later. This case demonstrates the importance of clinical judgment and biochemical testing in the diagnosis of insulinoma despite negative imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chin
- Department of Medicine', University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica, West Indies.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bascom E, Takla R, Sarvpreet B, Cochran C. 320. Ann Emerg Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.07.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Cochran C, Cotton SC, Sharp L, Gray NM, Cruickshank ME, Smart L. P-17 FREQUENCY OF AFTER-EFFECTS REPORTED BY WOMEN FOLLOWING A CERVICAL SMEAR TEST. Cytopathology 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2006.00392_13_17.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Rabinowitz HK, Xu G, Veloski JJ, Rattner SL, Robeson MR, Hojat M, Appel MH, Cochran C, Jones RL, Kanter SL. Choice of first-year residency position and long-term generalist career choices. JAMA 2000; 284:1081-2. [PMID: 10974685 DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.9.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
11
|
Rabinowitz HK, Hojat M, Veloski JJ, Rattner SL, Robeson MR, Xu G, Appel MH, Cochran C, Jones RL, Kanter SL. Who is a generalist? An analysis of whether physicians trained as generalists practice as generalists. Eval Health Prof 1999; 22:497-502. [PMID: 10623403 DOI: 10.1177/016327879902200406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate data on the number of generalist physicians are needed to monitor the physician workforce and to plan for future requirements in the changing health care system. This study assessed the relationship between two frequently used definitions of a generalist physician: completion of graduate medical education (GME) in only a generalist discipline and physician's self-report of practicing as a generalist. Data for 4,808 physician graduates from six Pennsylvania medical schools from 1986 to 1991 were analyzed using information from the GME tracking census of the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Physician Masterfile of the American Medical Association. Of 1,291 physicians trained in a generalist discipline, 1,205 (93%) reported practicing as generalists. Conversely, of the 3,517 not trained in a generalist discipline, 3,358 (95%) were not practicing as generalists. These results indicate GME training is a valid predictor of self-reported practice and provide baseline data to monitor future changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Rabinowitz
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kanter S, Rabinowitz H, Hojat M, Veloski J, Rattner S, Robeson M, Xu G, Appel M, Cochran C, Jones R. Who Is a Generalist?: An Analysis of Whether Physicians Trained As Generalists Practice As Generalists. Eval Health Prof 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/01632789922034437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Miller K, Buchanan GR, Zappa S, Cochran C, Laufenberg J, Medeiros D, Sanders J. Implantable venous access devices in children with hemophilia: a report of low infection rates. J Pediatr 1998; 132:934-8. [PMID: 9627581 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the efficacy and complications of implantable venous access devices (IVADs) in children with hemophilia. STUDY DESIGN Records were reviewed on all patients with congenital blood coagulation disorders monitored at two children's hospitals in whom one or more central venous catheters had been placed. RESULTS Since 1989 external and implantable central venous catheters have been inserted to enhance venous access for regular factor concentrate infusion in 45 patients with hemophilia ranging in age from 8 months to 19.5 years (median 7.4 years); 37 patients had factor VIII deficiency and 8 factor IX deficiency. Hemorrhagic complications of catheter placement were infrequent and minor. In the 41 patients having one or more IVADs in place for a median of 31 months, only six episodes of bacteremia occurred in 5 patients during 44,070 days of follow-up. The overall rate of bacteremia complicating IVADs in these patients was 0.14 episodes per 1000 catheter days. Other catheter-related complications were uncommon. Catheters are still in place in 33 patients for a median of 32 months. CONCLUSION The low risk of infection and other complications associated with the use of IVADs makes the use of these devices attractive in the treatment of patients with hemophilia who require frequent venous access for factor concentrate infusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rabinowitz HK, Xu G, Robeson MR, Hojat M, Rattner SL, Appel MH, Cochran C, Johnson JJ, Kanter SL, Veloski J. Generalist career plants: tracking medical school seniors through residency. Acad Med 1997; 72:S103-S105. [PMID: 9347755 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199710001-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H K Rabinowitz
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shafarenko M, Mahler J, Cochran C, Kisielewski A, Golding E, Wiseman R, Goodrow T. Similar incidence of K-ras mutations in lung carcinomas of FVB/N mice and FVB/N mice carrying a mutant p53 transgene. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18:1423-6. [PMID: 9230291 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/18.7.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutated p53 genes are capable of complementing activated ras genes in the transformation of primary rat embryo fibroblasts in vitro. Mutations in both genes have also been found in several human cancers, including lung carcinomas. We generated transgenic mice containing a p53 construct with a missense mutation in exon 5 (ala135val) to study the role of p53 mutations in lung tumorigenesis, and to facilitate identification of other genetic events that might complement p53 mutations in mouse lung carcinogenesis. The p53 transgenic lines exhibited a higher frequency of lethal lung tumors than the parental FVB/N strain. We examined the spontaneously-arising lung carcinomas from mice expressing the mutated p53 transgene for K-ras mutations using single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and/or direct sequencing approaches. Fifteen of 29 (52%) carcinomas contained mutations in the K-ras oncogene. Six of 15 of the K-ras mutations were in codon 61 and 9/15 were in codon 12. Subsequent analysis of spontaneous lung carcinomas from mice of the FVB/N parental strain showed that 9/12 (75%) carcinomas examined contained K-ras mutations. Two of these were in codon 12, one in codon 13, and 6 were in codon 61. These results demonstrate that the frequency of ras mutations does not differ between the p53 FVB/N transgenic mice and their parental FVB/N strain but suggest that a high frequency of mutations K-ras can be correlated with lung tumorigenesis in both groups of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Shafarenko
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhuang SM, Cochran C, Goodrow T, Wiseman RW, Söderkvist P. Genetic alterations of p53 and ras genes in 1,3-butadiene- and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-induced lymphomas. Cancer Res 1997; 57:2710-4. [PMID: 9205081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of p53 and ras genes were analyzed in 40 and 31 1,3-butadiene (BD)-induced lymphomas of B6C3F1 mice (BLFs), respectively, and in 63 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-induced lymphomas, which were collected from B6C3F1 (n = 16) or NIH Swiss mice (DLSs; n = 47). The frequencies of K- and N-ras mutations in BLFs (32 and 13%, respectively) were higher than those in DLSs (13 and 2%, respectively). Seven of 10 K-ras-mutated BLFs contained codon 13 CGC mutations, whereas no mutation in K-ras codon 13 was detected in DLSs, suggesting that the codon 13 CGC mutation is specific for BD exposure. Interestingly, 8 of 13 BLFs with ras mutations were from low-dose (< or = 200 ppm) or stop-exposure (26 weeks) groups. These results suggest that ras mutations play an important role in the development of BD-induced lymphoma and may represent an early event. Analysis of genetic alterations in exons 5-8 of the p53 gene revealed mutations in seven of the BLFs and three of the DLSs. All seven BLFs carrying p53 mutations were collected from the high-dose (625 ppm) continuous exposure group, which might indicate that p53 is involved in the progression of BD-induced lymphoma and in late stage of lymphomagenesis. Mutations in ras and p53 genes are relatively infrequent in 2',3'-dideoxycytidine-induced lymphomas, suggesting that other genes must be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Zhuang
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zwiener RJ, Fielman BA, Cochran C, Rogers BB, Dawson DB, Timmons CF, Buchanan GR. Interferon-alpha-2b treatment of chronic hepatitis C in children with hemophilia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:906-8. [PMID: 8895925 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199610000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Zwiener
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhuang SM, Eklund LK, Cochran C, Rao GN, Wiseman RW, Söderkvist P. Allelotype analysis of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine- and 1,3-butadiene-induced lymphomas in B6C3F1 mice. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3338-43. [PMID: 8764131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential tumor suppressor genes involved in lymphoma development, we generated allelotypes of 16 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC and 31 1,3-butadiene (BD)-induced lymphomas from C57BL/6 x C3H/He F1 (hereafter called B6C3F1) mice. Two or more anonymous simple sequence length polymorphisms per autosome were examined for loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Allelic losses throughout the genome were generally infrequent, except for markers on chromosome 2, 4, 11 and 12. The highest frequency of allelic losses was observed on chromosome 12, with 38 and 39% in ddC and BD-induced lymphomas, respectively. The most prevalent LOH was localized to the distal region bounded by markers D12Mit263 and D12Nds2. No known tumor suppressor genes have been mapped to this region, and no obvious candidates could be identified, suggesting the presence of novel suppressor gene(s). LOH on chromosome 2 was observed in 31% of ddC-induced lymphomas but in only 3% (1/31) of BD-induced lymphomas, suggesting a ddC-specific genetic effect. Detailed analysis localized a potential tumor suppressor gene residing on the distal region of chromosome 2, between markers D2Mit147 and D2Mit148. Twenty-five % of ddC-induced and 23% of BD-induced lymphomas showed LOH on chromosome 4, and two discrete regions were identified. One of the regions includes the IFN gene cluster and is syntenic to human chromosome 9p2l-22. Candidate tumor suppressor genes, Mts1 (multiple tumor suppressor 1) and Mts2 have been mapped to this region. The second region is located on the distal part of chromosome 4, which is homologous to human chromosome 1p35-36, a region that is frequently deleted in various types of human tumors. Finally, 19% of ddC-induced and 29% of BD-induced lymphomas revealed LOH on chromosome 11 at the Acrb locus, which lies within 1 cM of p53, suggesting that the p53 tumor suppressor gene also plays a role in lymphomagenesis. These results suggest that multiple potential suppressor loci contribute to lymphoma development in B6C3F1 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Zhuang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linkoping University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lancaster JM, Wooster R, Mangion J, Phelan CM, Cochran C, Gumbs C, Seal S, Barfoot R, Collins N, Bignell G, Patel S, Hamoudi R, Larsson C, Wiseman RW, Berchuck A, Iglehart JD, Marks JR, Ashworth A, Stratton MR, Futreal PA. BRCA2 mutations in primary breast and ovarian cancers. Nat Genet 1996; 13:238-40. [PMID: 8640235 DOI: 10.1038/ng0696-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The second hereditary breast cancer gene, BRCA2, was recently isolated. Germline mutations of this gene predispose carriers to breast cancer, and, to a lesser extent, ovarian cancer. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the BRCA2 locus has been observed in 30-40% of sporadic breast and ovarian tumours, implying that BRCA2 may act as a tumour suppressor gene in a proportion of sporadic cases. To define the role of BRCA2 in sporadic breast and ovarian cancer, we screened the entire gene for mutations using a combination of techniques in 70 primary breast carcinomas and in 55 primary epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Our analysis revealed alterations in 2/70 breast tumours and none of the ovarian carcinomas. One alteration found in the breast cancers was a 2-basepair (bp) deletion (4710delAG) which was subsequently shown to be a germline mutation, the other was a somatic missense mutation (Asp3095Glu) of unknown significance. Our results suggest that BRCA2 is a very infrequent target for somatic inactivation in breast and ovarian carcinomas, similar to the results obtained for BRCA1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lancaster
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phelan CM, Lancaster JM, Tonin P, Gumbs C, Cochran C, Carter R, Ghadirian P, Perret C, Moslehi R, Dion F, Faucher MC, Dole K, Karimi S, Foulkes W, Lounis H, Warner E, Goss P, Anderson D, Larsson C, Narod SA, Futreal PA. Mutation analysis of the BRCA2 gene in 49 site-specific breast cancer families. Nat Genet 1996; 13:120-2. [PMID: 8673090 DOI: 10.1038/ng0596-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hereditary breast cancer gene BRCA2 was recently cloned and is believed to account for almost half of site-specific breast cancer families and the majority of male breast cancer families. We screened 49 site-specific breast cancer families for mutations in the BRCA2 gene using single strand conformation analysis (SSCA) followed by direct sequencing. We found mutations in eight families, including all four families with male breast cancer. The eight mutations were small deletions with the exception of a single nonsense mutation, an all were predicted to interrupt the BRCA2 coding sequence and to lead to a truncated protein product. Other factors which predicted the presence of a BRCA2 mutation included a case of breast cancer diagnosed at age 35 or below (P = 0.01) and a family history of pancreatic cancer (P = 0.03). Two mutations were seen twice, including a 8535delAG, which was detected in two French Canadian families. Our results suggest the possibility that the proportion of site-specific breast cancer families attributable to BRCA2 may be overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Phelan
- Department of Human Genetic and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bennett LM, Haugen-Strano A, Cochran C, Brownlee HA, Fiedorek FT, Wiseman RW. Isolation of the mouse homologue of BRCA1 and genetic mapping to mouse chromosome 11. Genomics 1995; 29:576-81. [PMID: 8575748 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1995.9963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The BRCA1 gene is in large part responsible for hereditary human breast and ovarian cancer. Here we report the isolation of the murine Brca1 homologue cDNA clones. In addition, we identified genomic P1 clones that contain most, if not all, of the mouse Brca1 locus. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the mouse and human coding regions are 75% identical at the nucleotide level while the predicted amino acid identity is only 58%. A DNA sequence variant in the Brca1 locus was identified and used to map this gene on a (Mus m. musculus Czech II x C57BL/KsJ)F1 x C57BL/KsJ intersubspecific backcross to distal mouse chromosome 11. The mapping of this gene to a region highly syntenic with human chromosome 17, coupled with Southern and Northern analyses, confirms that we isolated the murine Brca1 homologue rather than a related RING finger gene. The isolation of the mouse Brca1 homologue will facilitate the creation of mouse models for germline BRCA1 defects.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- BRCA1 Protein
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA Primers
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Bennett
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Devitt J, Gorman KS, Skidmore P, Miracle Y, Cochran C, Staw I. CARDIOPULMONARY FITNESS, RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE, AND BINGE EATING DISORDER IN OBESE WOMEN. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199505001-00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
Futreal PA, Liu Q, Shattuck-Eidens D, Cochran C, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Bennett LM, Haugen-Strano A, Swensen J, Miki Y. BRCA1 mutations in primary breast and ovarian carcinomas. Science 1994; 266:120-2. [PMID: 7939630 DOI: 10.1126/science.7939630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity data from familial tumors suggest that BRCA1, a gene that confers susceptibility to ovarian and early-onset breast cancer, encodes a tumor suppressor. The BRCA1 region is also subject to allelic loss in sporadic breast and ovarian cancers, an indication that BRCA1 mutations may occur somatically in these tumors. The BRCA1 coding region was examined for mutations in primary breast and ovarian tumors that show allele loss at the BRCA1 locus. Mutations were detected in 3 of 32 breast and 1 of 12 ovarian carcinomas; all four mutations were germline alterations and occurred in early-onset cancers. These results suggest that mutation of BRCA1 may not be critical in the development of the majority of breast and ovarian cancers that arise in the absence of a mutant germline allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Futreal
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, Futreal PA, Harshman K, Tavtigian S, Liu Q, Cochran C, Bennett LM, Ding W. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994; 266:66-71. [PMID: 7545954 DOI: 10.1126/science.7545954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4046] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strong candidate for the 17q-linked BRCA1 gene, which influences susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer, has been identified by positional cloning methods. Probable predisposing mutations have been detected in five of eight kindreds presumed to segregate BRCA1 susceptibility alleles. The mutations include an 11-base pair deletion, a 1-base pair insertion, a stop codon, a missense substitution, and an inferred regulatory mutation. The BRCA1 gene is expressed in numerous tissues, including breast and ovary, and encodes a predicted protein of 1863 amino acids. This protein contains a zinc finger domain in its amino-terminal region, but is otherwise unrelated to previously described proteins. Identification of BRCA1 should facilitate early diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility in some individuals as well as a better understanding of breast cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Miki
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City 84132
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kamb A, Futreal PA, Rosenthal J, Cochran C, Harshman KD, Liu Q, Phelps RS, Tavtigian SV, Tran T, Hussey C. Localization of the VHR phosphatase gene and its analysis as a candidate for BRCA1. Genomics 1994; 23:163-7. [PMID: 7829067 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The VH1-related human protein (VHR) gene was localized to human chromosome 17q21 in a region thought to contain the BRCA1 locus, a locus that confers susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. VHR encodes a phosphatase with dual specificity for tyrosine and serine residues. Thus it is a plausible candidate for a tumor suppressor gene such as BRCA1. To test this possibility, the VHR coding sequence was screened in individuals with familial breast cancer and in sporadic breast tumor and breast cancer cell lines. No mutations were detected, suggesting that the VHR gene is not BRCA1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- BRCA1 Protein
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3
- Female
- Genes
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kamb
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Futreal PA, Cochran C, Rosenthal J, Miki Y, Swenson J, Hobbs M, Bennett LM, Haugen-Strano A, Marks J, Barrett JC. Isolation of a diverged homeobox gene, MOX1, from the BRCA1 region on 17q21 by solution hybrid capture. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:1359-64. [PMID: 7987315 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.8.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the technique of solution hybridization coupled with magnetic bead capture, we have isolated a novel homeobox-containing gene from the BRCA1 region of 17q21. This gene is the human homologue of the mouse Mox1 gene previously localized to a syntenic region of mouse chromosome 11. Multiple overlapping cDNAs of human MOX1 were identified using both a cosmid and a P1 genomic clone containing the microsatellite markers D17S750 and D17S858 which map within the BRCA1 region defined by D17S776 and D17S78. MOX1 expression was observed in a variety of normal tissues examined, including breast and ovary. Given that the gene contains a homeobox domain and has the potential to regulate growth and differentiation, MOX1 represents an attractive candidate for the BRCA1 gene. This possibility was investigated in a series of BRCA1 kindreds and primary sporadic breast tumors. No evidence for mutation was found in the coding sequence, making it unlikely that MOX1 is the BRCA1 gene. However, the widespread expression of MOX1 in non-embryonal tissues suggests a role in normal cell biology which warrants further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Futreal
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quon MJ, Cochran C, Taylor SI, Eastman RC. Non-insulin-mediated glucose disappearance in subjects with IDDM. Discordance between experimental results and minimal model analysis. Diabetes 1994; 43:890-6. [PMID: 8013753 DOI: 10.2337/diab.43.7.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Both insulin and glucose contribute to the regulation of glucose metabolism in vivo. We directly measured the ability of glucose per se to promote glucose disposal in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We compared our results with predictions of the minimal model of glucose metabolism. To identify minimal model parameters, a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) was administered to each subject while they were connected to a Biostator (a device that monitors blood glucose and gives insulin to mimic normal insulin secretion). Data from this test reflected normal glucose tolerance and were in excellent agreement with minimal model predictions. The FSIVGTT was then repeated without the Biostator in the same diabetic subjects in order to directly measure the effect of glucose per se to promote glucose disposal in the absence of an incremental insulin effect (a basal insulin drip was maintained). To compare these results with minimal model predictions, the equations describing glucose disappearance in the absence of an incremental insulin effect were solved using parameters identified from the Biostator experiment. The glucose disappearance measured in the absence of an incremental insulin response was much slower than the minimal model predictions. Thus, the minimal model appears to overestimate the effect of glucose per se on glucose uptake and underestimate the contribution of incremental insulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Quon
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Devitt J, Staw I, McMahon P, Miracle Y, Gorman KS, Cochran C. 1041 THE EFFECTS OF AN INTERVAL AEROBIC TRAINING PROGRAM IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199405001-01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Wiseman RW, Cochran C, Dietrich W, Lander ES, Söderkvist P. Allelotyping of butadiene-induced lung and mammary adenocarcinomas of B6C3F1 mice: frequent losses of heterozygosity in regions homologous to human tumor-suppressor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:3759-63. [PMID: 8170984 PMCID: PMC43661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.9.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the potential involvement of tumor-suppressor gene inactivation during neoplastic development in B6C3F1 mice, genetic losses were determined from allelotypes of butadiene-induced lung and mammary adenocarcinomas. By using length polymorphisms in restriction fragments and simple sequence repeats, or "microsatellites," markers on each autosome were analyzed for allele losses in tumor DNAs. Losses of heterozygosity on chromosome 11 were observed at several loci surrounding the p53 tumor-suppressor gene (Trp53) in 12 of 17 mammary tumors and 2 of 8 lung tumors. Although most of these alterations appeared to result from nondisjunction, at least two examples of somatic recombination or deletion were also observed. Southern analysis revealed a homozygous deletion of the remaining Trp53 allele of one of these mammary tumors. Losses of heterozygosity were also detected at the Rb-1 tumor-suppressor gene in 7 of 17 mammary tumors and 1 lung tumor. Finally, frequent allele losses were observed on chromosome 4 in lung tumors. Analysis of nine chromosome 4 loci defined an interstitial deletion containing the Ifa gene cluster in one of the lung tumors. A tumor-suppressor gene was previously mapped to this region of chromosome 4 in studies with somatic cell hybrids. In addition, homozygous deletions have been reported in a homologous region of human chromosome 9p for acute lymphocytic leukemias, glioblastomas, melanomas, and lung carcinomas. These findings suggest that the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes including Trp53, Rb-1, and an unidentified gene on chromosome 4 plays a significant role during carcinogenesis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Wiseman
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Futreal PA, Cochran C, Marks JR, Iglehart JD, Zimmerman W, Barrett JC, Wiseman RW. Mutation analysis of the THRA1 gene in breast cancer: deletion/fusion of the gene to a novel sequence on 17q in the BT474 cell line. Cancer Res 1994; 54:1791-4. [PMID: 7511052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described a common region of deletion and allele loss on chromosome 17q in sporadic breast cancers that is likely to contain a tumor suppressor gene. The region, mapped to 17q12-q21, was bordered by D17S250 and D17S579 on the centromeric and telomeric sides, respectively. This deletion region overlaps the BRCA1 locus, which predisposes to familial breast and ovarian cancer. The most frequent loss of heterozygosity was observed at the thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA1) locus. Southern analysis revealed a rearrangement of THRA1 in the BT474 breast cancer cell line. This rearrangement represented a deletion of exons 8-10 of one THRA1 allele that was also coamplified with ERBB2. Northern blots showed two mutant transcripts in BT474 cells. Analysis of the mutant transcripts revealed fusion of the THRA1 exon 7 by splicing to a novel sequence designated BTR for "BT474 transcribed rearrangement." BTR was found to be highly conserved and mapped to 17q. The deletion in BT474 cells spans the entire BRCA1 region. To search for additional mutations in the THRA1 gene, all nine protein-encoding exons of THRA1 were examined for point mutations via single strand conformation analysis in a series of primary breast tumors, breast cancer cell lines, and lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the youngest affected members of several German breast cancer families. No point mutations were detected, including the unrearranged THRA1 allele in BT474. We have thus excluded THRA1 as a commonly mutated sporadic breast cancer tumor suppressor gene and as the BRCA1 gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Exons
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Point Mutation
- Poly A/analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA/analysis
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Futreal
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jerry DJ, Butel JS, Donehower LA, Paulson EJ, Cochran C, Wiseman RW, Medina D. Infrequent p53 mutations in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors in BALB/c and p53 hemizygous mice. Mol Carcinog 1994; 9:175-83. [PMID: 8142019 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940090309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We conducted experiments to determine if p53 alterations, which are frequent in human breast cancers, were also common in murine mammary tumors. In 13 mammary tumors from 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-treated BALB/c mice were immunohistochemically analyzed for overexpression of p53; p53 protein was not detectable. Three of the tumors were established as cell lines in vitro. p53 protein was rarely detected at passage 4 in these lines but was overexpressed by passage 8 in two of them. The p53 nucleotide sequence was shown to be wild type in one primary mammary tumor and in the two p53-overexpressing cell lines. One cell line that overexpressed p53 in vitro was implanted into BALB/c mice. The resulting tumors retained the wild-type p53 nucleotide sequence but no longer expressed detectable levels of p53 protein, suggesting that the overexpression of wild-type p53 was related to in vitro culture conditions. The effect of DMBA on mammary-tumor development was also tested in mice rendered hemizygous for p53. These mice and wild-type littermate controls had no differences in susceptibility to induction of mammary tumors by oral administration of DMBA. Furthermore, Southern blot hybridization detected no gross alterations in the wild-type p53 allele in mammary tumors from the p53-deficient mice. Point mutation of the wild-type p53 allele was also infrequent in the DMBA-induced mammary tumors from hemizygous p53 mice; it occurred in only one of seven tumors. Thus, the p53 gene is apparently not a primary target for genetic alterations in DMBA-induced mammary tumors. Next, we examined mammary tumors derived from D1 and D2 transplantable hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) outgrowths, which rapidly form tumors containing Ha-ras mutations after DMBA treatment. As ras and p53 mutants can cooperate in transformation, we examined whether D1 and D2 HAN outgrowths have p53 mutations. Unlike in the DMBA-induced primary mammary tumors, nuclear p53 accumulation was observed frequently (10 of 14) in tumors that arose from D1 and D2 HAN outgrowths. Direct sequencing of the entire coding region of the p53 cDNA from six D1 and D2 tumors confirmed that the sequence was wild type. Although wild-type p53 was retained in both DMBA-induced mammary tumors and mammary tumors derived from D1 and D2 preneoplastic outgrowths, wild-type p53 overexpression was detected only in D1 and D2 tumors. Therefore, D1 and D2 tumors appear to arise by a pathway in which p53 expression is altered, whereas DMBA induction affects a different pathway that does not require such alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Jerry
- Divison of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Futreal PA, Söderkvist P, Marks JR, Iglehart JD, Cochran C, Barrett JC, Wiseman RW. Detection of frequent allelic loss on proximal chromosome 17q in sporadic breast carcinoma using microsatellite length polymorphisms. Cancer Res 1992; 52:2624-7. [PMID: 1568230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of losses of heterozygosity and linkage studies have implicated a gene(s) on chromosome 17q in the genesis of sporadic and early-onset familial breast carcinomas, respectively. To define the critical region of 17q, we examined DNAs from a series of 20 sporadic breast carcinomas and corresponding blood samples for allelic losses of chromosome 17q using microsatellite length polymorphisms. With these highly informative markers (average heterozygosity, 0.73), we observed frequent deletions of 17q at several loci. We found that D17S250 was deleted in 50% (7 of 14), THRA1 in 79% (11 of 14), D17S579 in 59% (11 of 19), NME1 in 29% (5 of 17), MPO in 36% (4 of 11), and GH in 25% (4 of 16) in the tumor set examined. A common region of deletion was found that was flanked by D17S250 to D15S579. These markers have recently been localized to a 6-cM interval of proximal chromosome 17q in bands 17q11.2-q21 and map within the region of the early-onset familial breast cancer locus, implying that the same gene or genes may be involved in both sporadic and familial breast tumors. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha and retinoic acid receptor alpha are two potential candidate genes in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Futreal
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pike S, Prati RC, Cochran C, Gorman MA, Ashby J, Liepa GU. Lack of effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation on the lipoprotein profile of post-menopausal chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Diet Assoc 1990; 90:968-72. [PMID: 2365939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the effect of vitamin B-6 supplementation on the lipoprotein profile of chronic hemodialysis patients. Individuals on chronic hemodialysis experience an acceleration of atherosclerosis, which is often accompanied by abnormal lipid metabolism. Although total plasma cholesterol is usually normal, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is often low. Recently, it has been suggested that the development of atherosclerotic lesions in chronic hemodialysis patients may be the result of a decreased plasma concentration of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and concomitant alterations in plasma amino acid and/or lipoprotein profiles. All subjects in this study were supplemented with 0.97 mmol (200 mg) pyridoxine hydrochloride per day for 28 days; then, concentrations of PLP, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions were determined in the plasma. No significant difference was noted in PLP concentration between Group 1 (five post-menopausal women with a history of atherosclerosis who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis therapy) and Group 2 (six subjects who were non-symptomatic). However, both groups had significant increases in PLP concentrations between the pre- and post-supplementation periods (p less than .01). In contrast, there was a statistically significant difference in total plasma cholesterol and very-low-density- and low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL and LDL) cholesterol concentrations between groups, but no significant changes in total cholesterol or VLDL and LDL cholesterol content were found during vitamin B-6 supplementation. No statistically significant differences in HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations were observed between Group 1 and Group 2 subjects or within either group during vitamin B-6 supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pike
- Kidney Care, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas 76124
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kemeny N, Israel K, Niedzwiecki D, Chapman D, Botet J, Minsky B, Vinciguerra V, Rosenbluth R, Bosselli B, Cochran C. Randomized study of continuous infusion fluorouracil versus fluorouracil plus cisplatin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:313-8. [PMID: 2405107 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1990.8.2.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred twenty-two chemotherapy-naive patients with histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma were entered into a randomized trial comparing infusional fluorouracil (FU) versus cisplatin (CDDP) and FU. In both groups, patients received continuous infusion FU 1,000 mg/m2/d for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks. Patients randomized to CDDP/FU also received CDDP 20 mg/m2 intravenous (IV) bolus on days 1 to 5 of each cycle. Patients were comparable in terms of age, performance status, baseline laboratory values, dominant sites of measurable disease, and percent of liver involvement. The partial response rate was significantly greater in patients who received CDDP/FU versus FU alone (25% v 3%, P = .001). Patients who received CDDP/FU experienced significantly greater toxicity compared with FU alone: grades 3 and 4 hematologic toxicity occurred in 22% and 0% of patients, respectively (P = .0001); grades 2 to 4 nausea and vomiting occurred in 80% and 15% of patients, respectively (P = .0001). There were no significant differences in either the duration of response (median, 6 and 4.7 months for CDDP/FU and FU groups, respectively) or survival (median 10, and 12 months, respectively). Compared with infusional FU alone, CDDP/FU provided a significantly greater partial response rate with increased toxicity, but it did not improve overall survival in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, the use of CDDP/FU as routine therapy for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma cannot be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kemeny
- Solid Tumor Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gupta V, Cochran C, Parker TF, Long DL, Ashby J, Gorman MA, Liepa GU. Effect of aspartame on plasma amino acid profiles of diabetic patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49:1302-6. [PMID: 2729170 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.6.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind study was conducted to determine the possible effects of aspartame on the plasma amino acid profiles of 23 diabetic patients with renal failure who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Subjects were given a single dose of 10 mg aspartame/kg (approximately equivalent to 25 packets of Equal [NutraSweet Consumer Products, Inc, Chicago, IL] or the amount of phenylalanine in a 300-mL glass of milk) or a placebo in a crossover study design. Three postdialysis blood samples were drawn just before and 1 and 2 h after aspartame or placebo consumption. After aspartame consumption statistically significant increases in only two amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were noted at 1 and 2 h when compared with placebo values. The increases in phenylalanine were within the normal postprandial range for healthy subjects; no other increases in essential or nonessential amino acids, except for tyrosine, were detected. This study supports the view that aspartame is safe for diabetic subjects with chronic renal failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton 76204
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Quinn SF, Jones W, Knochel J, Cochran C, Clark RA. MRI of the testicle: preliminary observations. J Fla Med Assoc 1988; 75:371-4. [PMID: 3397709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
37
|
Bodne D, Quinn SF, Kloss J, Bolton T, Murray WT, Roberts W, Cochran C. Reactive perineurial fibroblastic proliferation of the median nerve: MR characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12:532-4. [PMID: 2835404 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-198805010-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of fibroblastic proliferation of the median nerve presenting as a focal mass. This report discusses the pathological and magnetic resonance correlations and reviews the differential diagnosis for median nerve masses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bodne
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33682-0179
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) at 1.5 T was used preoperatively and prior to aspiration to determine extent and location of infection in eight patients with chronic osteomyelitis. There was excellent correlation between MR and surgical findings in all cases. Infected areas, both intraosseous and extraosseous, displayed increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Sequestra, sinus tracts, and soft tissue abscesses were seen. By directly imaging foci of infection MR may have certain advantages over CT and scintigraphy in the evaluation of chronic osteomyelitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Quinn
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33682-0179
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Chronic patellar tendinitis can be a frustrating diagnostic and therapeutic problem. This report evaluates seven tendons in five patients with chronic patellar tendinitis. The etiologies included "jumper's knee" and Osgood-Schlatter disease. In all cases magnetic resonance images (MRI) showed thickening of the tendon. Some of the tendons had focal areas of thickening which helped establish the etiology. All cases had intratendinous areas of increased signal which, in four cases, proved to be chronic tendon tears. MRI is useful in evaluating chronic patellar tendinitis because it establishes the diagnosis, detects associated chronic tears, and may help determine appropriate rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Bodne
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33682-0179
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cochran C, Petrone S. Elder abuse: the physician's role in identification and prevention. IMJ Ill Med J 1987; 171:241-6. [PMID: 2884204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
41
|
Abstract
Disseminated osseous tuberculosis is a rare disease. This is a report of two cases of disseminated osseous tuberculosis imaged with MRI at 1.5-T, CT, plain radiography and bone scintigraphy. CT and plain radiography demonstrated either highly destructive or cystic lesions with sclerotic margins. Bone scintigraphy and plain radiography were quite insensitive in detecting areas of involvement compared to MRI. On MRI the abnormal areas had short T-1 relaxation values, which is an atypical appearance for bony infections, and prolonged T-2 relaxation values. The reason for the T-1 relaxation behavior is uncertain. MRI also provided delineation of epidural extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Quinn
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center University of South Florida, Tampa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|