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Nelson BB, Mäkelä JTA, Lawson TB, Patwa AN, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Hurtig MB, Snyder BD, Moorman VJ, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR, Kawcak CE. Evaluation of equine articular cartilage degeneration after mechanical impact injury using cationic contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1219-1228. [PMID: 31075424 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cationic agent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (cationic CECT) characterizes articular cartilage ex vivo, however, its capacity to detect post-traumatic injury is unknown. The study objectives were to correlate cationic CECT attenuation with biochemical, mechanical and histological properties of cartilage and morphologic computed tomography (CT) measures of bone, and to determine the ability of cationic CECT to distinguish subtly damaged from normal cartilage in an in vivo equine model. DESIGN Mechanical impact injury was initiated in equine femoropatellar joints in vivo to establish subtle cartilage degeneration with site-matched controls. Cationic CECT was performed in vivo (clinical) and postmortem (microCT). Articular cartilage was characterized by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, biochemical moduli and histological scores. Bone was characterized by volume density (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N.), thickness (Tb.Th.) and spacing (Tb.Sp.). RESULTS Cationic CECT attenuation (microCT) of cartilage correlated with GAG (r = 0.74, P < 0.0001), compressive modulus (Eeq) (r = 0.79, P < 0.0001) and safranin-O histological score (r = -0.66, P < 0.0001) of cartilage, and correlated with BV/TV (r = 0.37, P = 0.0005), Tb.N. (r = 0.39, P = 0.0003), Tb.Th. (r = 0.28, P = 0.0095) and Tb.Sp. (r = -0.44, P < 0.0001) of bone. Mean [95% CI] cationic CECT attenuation at the impact site (2215 [1987, 2443] Hounsfield Units [HUs]) was lower than site-matched controls (2836 [2490, 3182] HUs, P = 0.036). Clinical cationic CECT attenuation correlated with GAG (r = 0.23, P = 0.049), Eeq (r = 0.26, P = 0.025) and safranin-O histology score (r = -0.32, P = 0.0046). CONCLUSIONS Cationic CECT (microCT) reflects articular cartilage properties enabling segregation of subtly degenerated from healthy tissue and also reflects bone morphometric properties on CT. Cationic CECT is capable of characterizing articular cartilage in clinical scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Nelson
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J T A Mäkelä
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T B Lawson
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A N Patwa
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; SLSE (Chemistry), Navrachana University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - M F Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C W McIlwraith
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M B Hurtig
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - B D Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V J Moorman
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - M W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - L R Goodrich
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C E Kawcak
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Nelson BB, Kawcak CE, Barrett MF, McIlwraith CW, Grinstaff MW, Goodrich LR. Recent advances in articular cartilage evaluation using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:564-579. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - C. W. McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Medicine Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Barrett MF, Manchon PT, Hersman J, Kawcak CE. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the proximal metacarpus in Quarter Horses used for cutting: Retrospective analysis of 32 horses 2009–2012. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:172-178. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - P. T. Manchon
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Nelson BB, Goodrich LR, Barrett MF, Grinstaff MW, Kawcak CE. Use of contrast media in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in horses: Techniques, adverse events and opportunities. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:410-424. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. B. Nelson
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - L. R. Goodrich
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - M. W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering and Medicine; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Adrian AM, Barrett MF, Werpy NM, Kawcak CE, Chapman PL, Goodrich LR. A comparison of arthroscopy to ultrasonography for identification of pathology of the equine stifle. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:314-321. [PMID: 26582764 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To evaluate and compare the diagnostic capability of arthroscopy and ultrasonography for the detection of pathological change in equine stifle joints. Although descriptions of the arthroscopic and ultrasonographic boundaries of the normal femorotibial joint exist, there are few examples in the literature comparing the pathological changes observed with each imaging modality. OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare arthroscopic and ultrasonographic examinations for characterising pathological change in the stifle joint. To describe how the results of arthroscopic and ultrasonographic examinations may differ in characterising the severity of lesions and to evaluate which lesions are best assessed with each modality. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examinations. METHODS The structures of the stifle joint were evaluated and graded for pathological change by scoring arthroscopic and ultrasonographic examinations. The presence and severity of the lesions were then compared between each modality. RESULTS Medial meniscal lesions were detected more often with ultrasonography than with arthroscopy. Conversely, arthroscopy was better for detection of cranial medial meniscotibial ligament (CrMMTL) tearing. Articular cartilage defects were best detected with arthroscopy and periarticular osteophytes of the medial femoral condyle with ultrasonography. Four cases had defects within one of the patellar ligaments, all of which were only characterised with ultrasonography. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonography and arthroscopy should be combined to best evaluate pathology of the stifle, since each modality has its own limitations depending on the location and type of lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adrian
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - M F Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - N M Werpy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.,Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - P L Chapman
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - L R Goodrich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.,Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Loughridge AB, Hess AM, Parkin TD, Kawcak CE. Qualitative assessment of bone density at the distal articulating surface of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred racehorses with and without condylar fracture. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:172-177. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Loughridge
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - A. M. Hess
- Department of Statistics College of Natural Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
| | - T. D. Parkin
- Weipers Equine Centre School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow UK
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins USA
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Barrett MF, Frisbie DD, King MR, Werpy NM, Kawcak CE. A review of how magnetic resonance imaging can aid in case management of common pathological conditions of the equine foot. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - D. D. Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - M. R. King
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
| | - N. M. Werpy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville USA
| | - C. E. Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins USA
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Smith MRW, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Science in brief: Report on the Havemeyer Foundation workshop on subchondral bone problems in the equine athlete. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:6-8. [PMID: 26663405 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C E Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - C W McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an important cause of
pain, disability and economic loss in humans, and is similarly important in
the horse. Recent knowledge on post-traumatic OA has suggested opportunities
for early intervention, but it is difficult to identify the appropriate
time of these interventions. The horse provides two useful mechanisms
to answer these questions: 1) extensive experience with clinical
OA in horses; and 2) use of a consistently predictable model of
OA that can help study early pathobiological events, define targets
for therapeutic intervention and then test these putative therapies.
This paper summarises the syndromes of clinical OA in horses including
pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, and details controlled studies
of various treatment options using an equine model of clinical OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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King MR, Haussler KK, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Reiser RF. Mechanisms of aquatic therapy and its potential use in managing equine osteoarthritis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Drum MG, Les CM, Park RD, Norrdin RW, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE. Correlation of quantitative computed tomographic subchondral bone density and ash density in horses. Bone 2009; 44:316-9. [PMID: 18852072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare subchondral bone density obtained using quantitative computed tomography with ash density values from intact equine joints, and to determine if there are measurable anatomic variations in mean subchondral bone density. Five adult equine metacarpophalangeal joints were scanned with computed tomography (CT), disarticulated, and four 1-cm(3) regions of interest (ROI) cut from the distal third metacarpal bone. Bone cubes were ashed, and percent mineralization and ash density were recorded. Three-dimensional models were created of the distal third metacarpal bone from CT images. Four ROIs were measured on the distal aspect of the third metacarpal bone at axial and abaxial sites of the medial and lateral condyles for correlation with ash samples. Overall correlations of mean quantitative CT (QCT) density with ash density (r=0.82) and percent mineralization (r=0.93) were strong. There were significant differences between abaxial and axial ROIs for mean QCT density, percent bone mineralization and ash density (p<0.05). QCT appears to be a good measure of bone density in equine subchondral bone. Additionally, differences existed between axial and abaxial subchondral bone density in the equine distal third metacarpal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Drum
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Werpy NM, Park RD, McIlwraith CW. Effects of exercise vs experimental osteoarthritis on imaging outcomes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1519-25. [PMID: 18504148 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify changes in imaging outcomes in a controlled model of osteoarthritis (OA) vs exercise. METHOD Sixteen 2-year-old horses were randomly assigned to an exercise control (n=8) or an exercise OA (n=8) group. All horses had middle carpal joints arthroscopically explored and an osteochondral fragment was induced in one middle carpal joint of the OA group. All horses were treadmill exercised for the duration of the study (91 days). Clinical, radiographic, nuclear scintigraphic, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were performed and outcomes of these were compared between groups. Imaging results were correlated to clinical, biomarker and gross pathologic results. RESULTS The OA group had significant increases in clinical outcomes and most imaging parameters. Specifically, the OA group showed significant increases in radiographic lysis and nuclear scintigraphic uptake. There was very little change in subchondral bone density, but a significant change in subchondral bone edema. Radiographic lysis, radial carpal bone edema and nuclear scintigraphy were strongly correlated with clinical changes and radial carpal bone edema was strongly correlated with changes in Type I and Type II collagen found in the synovial fluid. CONCLUSIONS OA induced significant changes in imaging parameters beyond the adaptation seen with exercise. Bone edema detected with MRI was closely correlated with collagen biomarkers detected in the synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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Frisbie DD, Al-Sobayil F, Billinghurst RC, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW. Changes in synovial fluid and serum biomarkers with exercise and early osteoarthritis in horses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1196-204. [PMID: 18442931 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discriminate between changes in biomarkers with exercise compared to changes in biomarkers with osteoarthritis (OA) in exercising horses. METHOD Sixteen, 2-year-old horses were randomly assigned either to an exercise-alone (n=8) or OA-affected (also exercised) (n=8) group. All horses had both mid-carpal joints arthroscoped and OA induced in one mid-carpal joint in the OA-affected joints of OA-affected horses. Two weeks after surgery all horses commenced a strenuous exercise program on a high-speed treadmill. Clinical outcomes and synovial fluid and serum biomarkers, were evaluated weekly. Synovial and serum biomarkers evaluated were epitope CS846 (CS846), epitope CPII (CPII), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), epitope Col CEQ (Col CEQ) (a marker of type II collagen degradation), type I and II collagen degradation fragments (C1,2C), osteocalcin, C-terminal of bone type I collagen (CTX1), type I collagen (Col I) and (synovial fluid only of cartilage) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Horses were euthanized at day 91 and their joints assessed grossly, histopathologically, and histochemically. RESULTS Exercise induced a significant increase in synovial fluid CS846, CPII, GAG, Col CEQ, C1,2C, osteocalcin and Col I concentrations. There was a significant increase in synovial fluid CS846, CPII, Col CEQ, C1,2C, osteocalcin, Col I and PGE2 concentrations in OA-affected joints compared to exercise-alone joints. The concentration of serum CS846, CPII, GAG, osteocalcin, C1,2C and Col I increased with exercise. For each of these biomarkers there was also a statistically significant increase in serum biomarker levels in OA-affected horses compared to exercise-alone horses. CONCLUSIONS Six synovial fluid and serum biomarkers were useful in separating early experimental OA from exercise alone but synovial fluid CTX1 and serum Col CEQ and CTX1 were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
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Rogers CW, Firth EC, McIlwraith CW, Barneveld A, Goodship AE, Kawcak CE, Smith RKW, van Weeren PR. Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in Thoroughbred performance horses by imposing track-based exercise during growth. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:111-8. [PMID: 18093894 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x268923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY No data exist on the intensity of exercise required or on possible harmful effects of increasing exercise in foals over the natural level when free at pasture. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether an increase in workload over free pasture exercise in the period from directly after birth to the start of training is tolerated by Thoroughbred (TB) foals without increasing injury rate or producing other undesired side effects. METHODS Thirty-three TB foals were allocated to one of 2 exercise groups directly after birth. One group (PASTEX) was raised on pasture and the other (CONDEX) kept under identical circumstances, but was additionally subjected to an exercise protocol of gradually increasing intensity. Foals were monitored periodically and scored for the presence of clinical signs related to the musculoskeletal system (joint effusion, pain at flexion, occurrence of physeal swelling), and radiographs taken at the end of the conditioning phase. Also, behavioural studies were performed to detect any changes in behaviour related to the exercise programme. Cortisol levels were measured in both groups, to assess the level of stress. RESULTS Workload in the CONDEX group was significantly higher than in the PASTEX group (approximately 30%). Conditioning increased the likelihood for joint effusion in the antebrachiocarpal joint, but reduced tarsocrural effusion and physeal swelling at the lateral distal radius, the third metacarpal bone (medial aspect) and lateral and medial aspects of the third metatarsal bone. CONCLUSIONS The 30% increase in workload did not affect the animals' welfare, effects of conditioning exercise on clinical musculoskeletal health were few and there were no adverse effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study supports the feasibility of imposing early conditioning exercise in horses and is a benchmark for its effects on the development of equine musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Rogers
- Global Equine Research Alliance/Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Moffat PA, Firth EC, Rogers CW, Smith RKW, Barneveld A, Goodship AE, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, van Weeren PR. The influence of exercise during growth on ultrasonographic parameters of the superficial digital flexor tendon of young Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2008; 40:136-40. [PMID: 18093890 DOI: 10.2746/042516408x253109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY Conditioning by early training may influence the composition of certain musculoskeletal tissues, but very few data exist on its effect during growth on tendon structure and function. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether conditioning exercise in young foals would lead to any ultrasonographically detectable damage to the superficial digital flexor tendon or an increase in cross-sectional area (CSA). METHODS Thirty-three Thoroughbred foals reared at pasture were allocated to 2 groups: control (PASTEX) allowed exercise freely at pasture; and CONDEX, also at pasture, began conditioning exercise from mean age 21 days over 1030 m on a purpose-built oval grass track, for 5 days/week until mean age 18 months. Foals were observed daily, and underwent orthopaedic examination monthly. Ultrasonographic images of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) at the mid-metacarpal level of both forelimbs were obtained in all foals at ages 5, 8, 12, 15 and 18 months. CSA was validated (r(2) = 0.89) by determining CSA from digital photographs of the transected SDFT surface from 12 of the horses necropsied at age 17.1 months. RESULTS here was no clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of tendonopathy in either group and the greatest increase in mean CSA in both groups occurred between age 5 and 8 months. Across all age categories, there was no significant difference in mean CSA between the left and right limbs, or colts and fillies; there was a trend towards a larger CSA in the CONDEX group (P = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS There was no conclusive evidence for a structural adaptive hypertrophy of the SDFT, probably because the regimen was insufficiently rigorous or because spontaneous pasture exercise may induce maximal development of energy storing tendons. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE A moderate amount of early conditioning exercise against a background of constant exercise at pasture is not harmful to the development of the flexor tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Moffat
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Firth EC, Rogers CW, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Goodship AE, Smith RK. Changes in diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone parameters in thoroughbred horses after withdrawal from training. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2007; 7:74-6. [PMID: 17396010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Firth
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Walker JE, Lewis CW, MacLeay JM, Kawcak CE, Wheeler DL. Assessment of subchondral bone mineral density in equine metacarpophalangeal and stifle joints. Biomed Sci Instrum 2004; 40:272-6. [PMID: 15133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional relationships between articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone have been shown to be associated with the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, quantifiable factors substantiating this relationship do not exist. Therefore, the study objective involved quantifying subchondral bone mineral density (BMD) of the equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and stifle joints as a step in determining if regional subchondral BMD may be associated with OA changes. BMD was bilaterally quantified using dual energy xray absorptiometry (DEXA) for four subchondral regions: palmer and dorsal aspect of the medial 3rd metacarpal (MC3P, MC3D), medial femoral condyle (MFC), and the medial trochlear ridge (MTR). BMD (g/cm2) was measured using a 5.2 x 5.2 mm region of interest in the subchondral bone area. To account for the differences in thickness, BMD (g/cm2) was divided by sample thickness providing volumetric BMD (g/cm3). No significant effect of side on BMD values was found (p > 0.72). However, there were significant differences in BMD found between all regions (p < 0.05). The volumetric BMD of the MC3P region was significantly greater than the MC3D and the MC3D was greater than the MFC, while the MFC was greater than the MTR (MC3P > MC3D > MFC > MTR). The MCP regions had a higher volumetric BMD than the stifle regions possibly due to higher weight distribution, smaller articular surface area, and joint geometry. The adaptive bone structural variations between the regions studied were shown to be significant. Mechanical properties of the overlying cartilage are currently being analyzed to correlate with these results and provide a possible diagnostic method to investigate OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Walker
- Orthopaedic Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
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Abstract
Subchondral bone plays a role in the pathogenesis of osteochondral damage and osteoarthritis in horses and humans. Osteochondral fragmentation and fracture, subchondral bone necrosis and osteoarthritis are common diseases in athletic horses, and subchondral bone is now thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. There have been numerous research efforts focused on articular cartilage damage and its pathogenesis, yet comparatively little effort focused on subchondral bone pathology or the coordinated disease states of the osteochondral tissues. The purpose of this report is to review the current understanding of osteochondral disease in all species and its application to equine research and practice. It can be concluded from this review that our current understanding of osteochondral disease is based on clinical and pathological sources; and that the lack of information about joint tissue adaptation and disease has hampered objective studies of osteochondral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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19
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Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Norrdin RW, Park RD, Steyn PS. Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints in horses. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1252-8. [PMID: 11039557 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of treadmill exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of 2-year-old horses. ANIMALS 12 healthy 2-year-old horses. PROCEDURE Horses were randomly assigned to the control (n = 6) or exercised (6) groups. Horses in the exercised group ran on a high-speed treadmill 5 d/wk for 6 months. Horses in the control group were hand walked for the same amount of time. Results of clinical, radiographic, nuclear scintigraphic, and computed tomographic examinations, and serum and synovial concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism were compared between groups. RESULTS Exercised horses were significantly lamer at the end of the study than control horses. Radionuclide uptake in the metacarpal condyles, but not in the carpal joints, was greater in exercised horses, compared with control horses. Exercised horses also had a higher subchondral bone density in the metacarpal condyles than control horses, but such differences were not detected in the carpal bones. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE None of the diagnostic techniques evaluated was sufficiently sensitive to detect all osteochondral damage. Computed tomography and computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry were superior to conventional radiography for detecting small osteochondral fragments. Nuclear scintigraphy was a sensitive indicator of subchondral bone change but lacked specificity for describing lesions and discerning normal bone remodeling from damage. Newer techniques such as computed tomography may help clinicians better diagnose early and subtle joint lesions in horses prior to development of gross joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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20
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Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Stashak TS, Frisbie DD. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses. Vet Surg 2000; 29:415-9. [PMID: 10999455 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2000.7543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the history, clinical findings, and outcome of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with acute small intestinal obstruction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Six horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis. METHODS Retrospective review of medical records of horses with idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis, with acute abdominal pain and small intestinal obstruction, associated with a focal region of eosinophilic enteritis of unknown cause. Information retrieved from the medical records included signalment, physical examination, laboratory findings, surgical procedure, histologic diagnosis, and postoperative management. Outcome was determined by telephone communication with owners. RESULTS Six horses met the selection criteria. Horses had persistent pain, distended small intestine, and nasogastric reflux. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions associated with a small intestinal obstruction were treated surgically by intestinal resection and anastomosis or wedge resection. There were no observed complications associated with extension of the disease from the lesion site. Five horses were alive at follow-up 5 to 60 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although the cause of these focal eosinophilic enteritis lesions is unknown, the long-term outcome after lesion resection was favorable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Small intestinal obstruction associated with a focal eosinophilic enteritis lesion may be a cause of acute abdominal pain in horses. Horses apparently have a good prognosis after lesion resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Southwood
- Department of Clinical and Radiological Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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21
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Abstract
Twelve Quarter Horses, 18 to 24 mo of age and having an average body weight of 460+/-12 kg, were randomly assigned to one of two exercise treatments (control and exercise) to study the effect of initiation of exercise training in young horses on vitamin K status. The control treatment consisted of hand-walking the horses 7 min/d and 5 d/wk for 180 d. Exercise consisted of the following treadmill exercise regimen: 2 min at 4.5 to 5.4 m/s, 3 min at 13.4 to 14.3 m/s, and 2 min at 4.5 to 5.4 m/s on 5 d/wk for 180 d. Both groups were allowed free access to brome grass hay (273 mg of phylloquinone/100 g) individually. Additionally, the exercise group was fed .45 kg of a grain-mix concentrate (40 mg of phylloquinone/100 g) on the days they were exercised. Jugular venous blood samples were collected at d 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180. Blood samples were analyzed for total serum osteocalcin and vitamin K status via the hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin calculated as follows: Hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin = [(total serum osteocalcin - serum osteocalcin following extraction of serum with hydroxyapatite)/total serum osteocalcin] x 100. All horses were killed with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital on d 180. Computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry was used to measure relative bone density distribution on the surface of the distal radial carpal bone, proximal third carpal bone, and the distal third metacarpal condyle. Relative bone density distribution was measured in Hounsfield units and categorized as low-, medium-, and high-density bone corresponding to 800 to 1,199, 1,200 to 1,299, and 1,300 to 3,000 Hounsfield units, respectively. Carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints were assigned a score of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) that reflected the presence and severity of joint lesions. Hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin and serum osteocalcin were unchanged over the 180-d period in both groups. Exercised horses had a higher percentage of high density bone (P < .01) and a lower percentage of low density bone (P < .01) on the surface of the third metacarpal condyle and a higher cumulative gross lesion score (P < .01) in the metacarpophalangeal joint than controls. There were no differences between treatments in relative bone density distribution in the carpal bones, or cumulative gross lesion score of the carpal joints. No significant correlation was present between the serum measures, osteocalcin and hydroxyapatite binding capacity of serum osteocalcin, and the bone measures, relative bone density distribution and joint gross lesion score.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Siciliano
- Department of Animal Sciences, Equine Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
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Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Powers BE, Park RD, Turner AS. Comparison of bone healing by demineralized bone matrix and autogenous cancellous bone in horses. Vet Surg 2000; 29:218-26. [PMID: 10871223 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2000.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare bone healing induced by equine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) to autogenous cancellous bone graft (ACB) or no graft (control) in a rib-defect model in horses. STUDY DESIGN The osteogenic properties of ACB and DBM were evaluated in bilateral 19-mm circular defects created in the outer cortex of the 6th and 8th ribs of each horse. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION Eight mature horses. METHODS Three rib defects in each horse were randomly treated with each of the 3 treatment groups, and the fourth rib defect received a random treatment. Rib sections, including the defects, were harvested 56 days after implantation and examined for bone mineral density, percent ash and calcium and graded for signs of radiographic and histological healing. RESULTS All ribs were fractured at the defect site and were classified as nonunion fractures 56 days after implantation. There were no significant differences among groups in bone mineral density and signs of radiographic or histological healing. There was an increased volume of bone in control and ACB-treated sites compared with DBM-treated sites. Rib defects treated with ACB were significantly higher in percent ash and calcium than those treated with DBM. DBM elicited no inflammatory reaction, and remodeling occurred around the periphery and within vascular channels of the decalcified particles. CONCLUSION DBM particles remodel from the periphery, which may explain the significantly lower percent ash, calcium, and bone when compared with ACB, because 2- to 4-microL pieces of DBM may act as space-occupying masses until completely mineralized. There was no evidence of enhanced healing associated with the use of DBM in this model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Particles of 2 to 4 mm DBM should not be used as an aid to fracture repair because particles of this size interfere with normal mineralization. However, our model of nonunion fracture healing may be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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23
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Abstract
The calcified layer of articular cartilage is known to be affected by age and mechanical factors that may play a role in the development of arthrosis. Because these factors are also related to subchondral remodeling and sclerosis, a morphometric study was carried out in fluorochrome-labeled animals to determine whether the level of subchondral remodeling affected the thickness of the calcified cartilage layer and its irregularity and vascularity at the interface with subchondral bone. These parameters were also studied at a site of increased mechanical stress. The area and thickness of the calcified cartilage layer was determined in basic fuchsin-stained ground sections (120 microm). The irregularity of the chondro-osseous interface was expressed as the ratio of its length to that of the relatively straight tidemark (Int/Tid) and the number of abutting vessels with and without fluochrome labels were counted (N.Ves/Tid,%L.Ves/Tid). These were compared with single-labeled surface (sLS/BS, %) in subchondral bone, which was used as an index of remodeling. In a group of 12 horses, in which one carpus had an osteochondral fragment surgically created 10 weeks earlier, there was activation of subchondral remodeling in the third carpal bone opposite the fragment. An increase in %L.Ves/Tid (p < 0.01) at the interface was correlated with the increase in %sLS/BS in subchondral bone (r=0.431, p=0.035). The number of abutting vessels and the interface irregularity were not significantly changed on the fragmented side. In the metacarpal condyles from the fetlock joints of the same horses there were no differences associated with the surgically created fragment in the carpus and no correlation of %L.Ves/Tid with subchondral %sLS/BS. At a site where mechanical overload and traumatic osteochondrosis is known to occur on the palmar surface, the calcified cartilage was thinner, and the interface irregularity tended to be greater. These findings indicate that activated subchondral remodeling extends to involve the calcified layer, but the thickness and irregularity of the calcified cartilage are not consistently related to current subchondral remodeling. At sites of mechanical overload the calcified cartilage was thinner and the interface tended to be more irregular, suggesting previous increased remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Norrdin
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA.
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Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Baxter GM, Trotter GW, Powers BE, Lassen ED, McIlwraith CW. Effects of 6alpha-methylprednisolone acetate on an equine osteochondral fragment exercise model. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1619-28. [PMID: 9858417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of intra-articularly administered 6alpha-methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in exercised horses with carpal osteochondral fragmentation. ANIMALS 18 horses: 3 groups of 6 each. PROCEDURE An osteochondral (chip) fragment was created in 1 randomly chosen middle carpal joint of each horse. Polyionic fluid (PF) was injected into both middle carpal joints of horses in the control group. In horses of the MPA-control group, MPA was injected into the middle carpal joint without an osteochondral fragment; a similar volume of PF was injected into the contralateral middle carpal joint. In the MPA-treated group of horses, 100 mg of MPA was injected into the middle carpal joint containing the osteochondral fragment; a similar volume of PF was injected into the contralateral joint. Injections were administered on postsurgical days 14 and 28, and horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill for 8 weeks, starting on postsurgical day 15. RESULTS Clinical improvement in degree of lameness was not associated with MPA administration. Joints that contained an osteochondral fragment and were treated with MPA had lower prostaglandin E2 concentration in synovial fluid, and lower scores for intimal hyperplasia and vascularity in synovial membrane, compared with PF-treated joints. However, articular cartilage erosion and morphologic lesions suggested possible deleterious effect of intra-articular MPA administration. CONCLUSIONS Some beneficial effects of MPA administration on synovial fluid and synovial membrane were identified; however, the deleterious findings contrast with those associated with triamcinolone acetonide used in a similar model, but agree with other results of MPA administration in normal and abnormal joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW. The assessment of chondrocyte proteoglycan metabolism using molecular sieve column chromatography as compared to three commonly utilized techniques. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998; 6:137-45. [PMID: 9692068 DOI: 10.1053/joca.1997.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various methods have been used to quantify [35S] sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans and separate this from unincorporated [35S] sulfate. The methods currently used have not been compared for accuracy or precision, ease of completion and relative economics. This experiment evaluated and compared cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) precipitation, potassium acetate (KAc) precipitation, rapid filtration, modified dye-binding (AB) technique to molecular weight exclusion chromatography (PD-10) as techniques to quantitate chondrocyte proteoglycan metabolism. METHODS Each of the first three techniques was compared to the PD-10 technique as a 'gold standard' based on this technique's accuracy, precision and repeatability in molecular weight exclusion utilizing sieve chromatography. Articular cartilage was harvested, cultured and labeled with [35S] sulfate in a routine manner. Seventeen samples were processed and each was analyzed by the four different methodologies. Linear regression analysis was used to predict the linear relationship of PD-10 chromatography to the other methods (CPC, KAc, and AB) in the amount of proteoglycan synthesis in a pulse chase experiment. RESULTS The KAc and AB methods had a significant linear relationship to the PD-10 method but the CPC did not. The AB technique was much easier than the KAc method to complete although the relative economics were similar per sample, when capital equipment costs were not considered. CONCLUSIONS Either the KAc or AB methods compared favorably to the PD-10 method, although the AB procedure was much easier, and was more precise and more accurate. The CPC method did not compare favorably to the PD-10 method in precision or accuracy although it was easier and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Abstract
Gross examination of metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints from racehorses revealed defects on the condylar surface that ranged from cartilage fibrillation and erosion to focal cartilage indentations and cavitation in subchondral bone characteristic of traumatic osteochondrosis. Because these lesions represented a spectrum of mechanically induced arthrosis in which microdamage is thought to play a role, a histologic study of sagittal sections was made to study the morphogenesis. Subchondral bone failure developed beneath a flattened section of the condyle where the margin of the sesamoid bone produces compression as well as shear on impact of the foot with the ground. Milder lesions had thickening of subchondral bone and underlying trabeculae. With advancing sclerosis an increased amount of osteocyte necrosis was present. Occasional vascular channels with plugs of matrix debris and cells were present just beneath the cartilage. There was increased prominence of subchondral vessels, and osteoclastic remodeling was seen in and around the sclerotic zone. Apparent fragmentation lines in the subchondral bone suggested increased matrix fragility. Irregular trabecular microfractures developed at a depth of a few millimeters. Increased vascularity with hemorrhage, fibrin, and fibroplasia could be seen in enlarged marrow spaces at this more advanced stage. The overlying articular cartilage was variably indented but remained largely viable with degeneration and erosion limited to the superficial layers. Focally, breaks in the calcified layer appeared to lead to collapse and cartilage infolding. In metacarpal condyles from experimental horses run on a treadmill, there were milder changes at the site. The subchondral bone was increased in volume and there was increased diffuse staining with basic fuchsin, but no increase in the number of microcracks was seen. The findings in the racehorses indicate that the equine fetlock condyle is a consistent site of overload arthrosis in which microfracture and failure in subchondral bone may occur. Controlled exercise in treadmill horses may provide a model in which to study the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Norrdin
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kawcak CE, Norrdin RW, Frisbie DD, Trotter GW, Mcilwraith CW. Effects of osteochondral fragmentation and intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide treatment on subchondral bone in the equine carpus. Equine Vet J 1998; 30:66-71. [PMID: 9458401 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effects of osteochondral fragmentation and intra-articular corticosteroid treatment on dynamics of bone remodelling and fragility, 12 horses each had a unilateral, 8 mm osteochondral fragment created in the distal aspect of one radiocarpal bone. Six of the horses were treated in the fragmented joint, and the other 6 were treated in the nonfragmented joint with 12 mg of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) 14 and 28 days after surgery. All horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill starting 15 days, and ending 72 days after surgery. Horses treated with TA in the fragmented joints were significantly less lame than those treated in the nonfragmented joints. Third carpal bones from joints with fragments showed significantly more vascularity, single labelled surface, total labelled surface and mineralising surface in subchondral and subjacent trabecular bone. Trends were also seen towards higher vascular canal volume and osteochondral junction remodelling sites in third carpal bones from fragmented joints. No significant differences were seen in microdamage density or size between fragmented and nonfragmented joints. No significant influence of TA treatment was seen on any parameter measured. The results from this study show that osteochondral fragmentation induces significant changes in remodelling of opposing bones, and that the administration of corticosteroids into joints with fragmentation does not significantly alter bone remodelling or fragility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Bone Development/drug effects
- Bone Development/physiology
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Bone Remodeling/physiology
- Carpal Bones/injuries
- Carpus, Animal/blood supply
- Carpus, Animal/drug effects
- Carpus, Animal/pathology
- Exercise Test/methods
- Exercise Test/veterinary
- Fractures, Bone/drug therapy
- Fractures, Bone/physiopathology
- Fractures, Bone/veterinary
- Horses/injuries
- Horses/physiology
- Injections, Intra-Articular/veterinary
- Lameness, Animal/etiology
- Lameness, Animal/physiopathology
- Lameness, Animal/prevention & control
- Triamcinolone Acetonide/administration & dosage
- Triamcinolone Acetonide/pharmacology
- Triamcinolone Acetonide/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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28
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Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Trotter GW, McIlwraith CW, Gillette SM, Powers BE, Walton RM. Effects of intravenous administration of sodium hyaluronate on carpal joints in exercising horses after arthroscopic surgery and osteochondral fragmentation. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:1132-40. [PMID: 9328667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of arthroscopic surgery, osteochondral fragmentation, and treatment with IV administered hyaluronate on histologic, histochemical, and biochemical measurements within the carpal joints of horses. ANIMALS 12 clinically normal horses, 2 to 7 years of age. PROCEDURE Horses had an osteochondral fragment created at the distal aspect of the radiocarpal bone of 1 randomly chosen middle carpal joint to simulate osteochondral fragmentation. Horses were treated with 40 mg of hyaluronate or saline solution (placebo) intravenously once a week for 3 consecutive weeks (days 13, 20, and 27 after surgery). Treadmill exercise proceeded 5 days per week beginning 15 days, and ending 72 days, after surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study. Synovial fluid samples were obtained aseptically from both middle carpal joints on days 0, 13, 20, 27, 34, and 72 after surgery, and total protein, inflammatory cell, hyaluronate, glycosaminoglycan, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations were measured in each sample. All horses were euthanatized on day 72. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage were obtained for histologic evaluation. Articular cartilage samples were also obtained aseptically for determining glycosaminoglycan content and chondrocyte synthetic rate for glycosaminoglycans. RESULTS Horses treated with hyaluronate intravenously had lower lameness scores (were less lame), significantly better synovial membrane histologic scores, and significantly lower concentrations of total protein and prostaglandin E2 within synovial fluid 72 days after surgery, compared with placebo-treated horses. Treatment with intravenously administered hyaluronate had no significant effects on glycosaminoglycan content, synthetic rate or morphologic scoring in articular cartilage, or other synovial fluid measurements. CONCLUSION Intravenously administered hyaluronate appears to alleviate signs of lameness by interacting with synoviocytes, and by decreasing production and release of inflammatory mediators.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthroscopy/methods
- Arthroscopy/veterinary
- Carpus, Animal/drug effects
- Carpus, Animal/injuries
- Carpus, Animal/pathology
- Cartilage, Articular/chemistry
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Dinoprostone/analysis
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/pathology
- Fractures, Bone/veterinary
- Glycosaminoglycans/analysis
- Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism
- Horse Diseases/metabolism
- Horse Diseases/pathology
- Horse Diseases/physiopathology
- Horses
- Hyaluronic Acid/administration & dosage
- Hyaluronic Acid/pharmacology
- Incidence
- Injections, Intravenous/methods
- Injections, Intravenous/veterinary
- Lameness, Animal/epidemiology
- Lameness, Animal/etiology
- Lameness, Animal/pathology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Synovial Fluid/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/drug effects
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Frisbie DD, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Powers BE, Walton RM, McIlwraith CW. Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on an in vivo equine osteochondral fragment exercise model. Equine Vet J 1997; 29:349-59. [PMID: 9306060 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of intra-articularly administered triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in exercised equine athletes with carpal osteochondral fragmentation. Eighteen horses were randomly assigned to each of 3 groups. An osteochondral chip fragment was created in one randomly chosen intercarpal joint of each horse. Both intercarpal joints in the placebo control group (CNT) horses were injected with intra-articular administration (IA) of polyionic fluid. Both joints in the TA control group (TA CNT) horses were treated with 12 mg of TA in the intercarpal joint without an osteochondral fragment, and the opposite intercarpal joint was injected with a similar volume of polyionic fluid. The TA treated group (TA TX) horses were treated with 12 mg of TA in the joint that contained the osteochondral fragment and the opposite intercarpal joint was injected with a similar volume of polyionic fluid. All horses were treated IA on days 13 and 27 after surgery and exercised on a high speed treadmill for 6 weeks starting on Day 14. Horses in the TA TX group were significantly less lame than horses in the CNT and TA CNT groups. Horses in either TA CNT or TA TX groups had lower total protein, and higher hyaluronan, and glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid than did those in the CNT group. Synovial membrane collected from subjects in TA CNT and TA TX groups had significantly less inflammatory cell infiltration, subintimal hyperplasia and subintimal fibrosis compared to the CNT group. Articular cartilage histomorphological parameters were significantly better from the TA CNT and TA TX groups compared to the CNT group. In conclusions, results from this study support favourable effects of TA on degree of clinically detectable lameness, and on synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage morphological parameters, both with direct intra-articular administration and remote site administration as compared to placebo treatment. The clinical use of IA administered TA in horses may be therapeutically beneficial in selected cases of osteochondral fragmentation and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Frisbie DD, McIlwraith CW. Maintenance of equine articular cartilage explants in serum-free and serum-supplemented media, compared with that in a commercial supplemented medium. Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:1261-5. [PMID: 8874717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of a commercially defined, serum-free medium additive on equine articular cartilage explants, compared with effects of serum-free and serum-supplemented media. ANIMALS Articular cartilage from a 3-year-old, mixed breed horse euthanatized for reasons other than musculoskeletal disease or sepsis. PROCEDURE Media were changed every 48 hours, and the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was determined in media collected at each time point. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis by explant chondrocytes, and residual GAG content of articular cartilage (as a measure of explant GAG loss) were determined at the end of the study (day 8). RESULTS Articular cartilage explants in serum-free medium and the commercial supplemented medium had significantly lower GAG synthesis and GAG content than did those incubated in serum-supplemented medium. There were no significant differences in GAG synthesis and content between serum-free and commercial supplemented medium groups. When comparing medium GAG content for all treatment groups, the GAG content in serum-free medium on day 8 was significantly greater than that in commercial supplemented medium, but significant differences were not evident in percentage of release of GAG (as an indicator of GAG degradation) among all 3 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Commercial supplemented medium had effects on articular cartilage matrix GAG loss into medium equal to those of serum-supplemented medium (eg, both lost articular cartilage explant GAG to a similar degree). However, residual articular cartilage GAG content was higher in serum-supplemented medium, as was GAG synthesis. Commercial supplemented medium appears to either lack the proper ingredients to maintain steady-state GAG synthesis, or lacks proper concentrations of these ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kawcak CE, Baxter GM. Surgical materials and wound closure techniques. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1996; 12:195-205. [PMID: 8856874 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent innovations in surgical materials have helped to enhance wound healing and protect surgical wounds from infection. Materials such as polyglyconate have been evaluated in equine tissues and found efficacious. Other materials, such as poliglecaprone 25, appear to have qualities useful to equine surgery but are untested in equine tissues. Care must be taken to fully evaluate a new surgical material because its usefulness in equine tissues may not match that in human or laboratory animal tissues. Furthermore, use of disposable materials in surgery, although considered ideal for maintenance of sterility, may come under more scrutiny in the future as environmental issues gain prominence. We tend to reserve disposable materials for prolonged procedures and for procedures that carry high risk of failure if infection develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, McIllwraith CW, Trotter GW, Gillette SM, Powers BE, Walton RM. Effects of intravenously administered sodium hyaluronate on equine carpal joints with oesteochondral fragments under exercise. PFERDEHEILKUNDE 1996. [DOI: 10.21836/pem19960452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kawcak CE, Baxter GM, Getzy DM, Stashak TS, Chapman PL. Abnormalities in oxygenation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis in colonic blood of horses with experimentally induced strangulation obstruction. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:1642-50. [PMID: 8599527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure arterial and venous blood gas, coagulation, and fibrinolysis variables in blood from isolated segments of control and ischemic large colons for the purpose of identifying variables for rapid, indirect assessment of colonic mucosal injury. DESIGN Variables were determined at specific intervals during the 4-hour study (3 hours of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion). ANIMALS Seven clinically normal horses between 2 and 15 years old. PROCEDURES Horses underwent laparotomy and occlusion of the lumen and vasculature of the mid-portion of the pelvic flexure of the large colon. During ischemia of 1 randomly-chosen colonic segment, variables were measured to determine colonic mucosal damage and were compared with histologic scores of colonic biopsy specimens. RESULTS Significant (P < 0.05) differences from control values were observed over time for venous pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and lactate and glucose concentrations. Mean histologic scores of biopsy specimens obtained from ischemic colons were significantly (P < 0.05) greater (indicating greater damage) than those from control colons, and increased significantly (P < 0.05) with duration of ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Venous lactate, oxygen saturation, and PO2 values were the most significant predictors of the severity of histologic damage within the ischemic colons (R2 = 0.661). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Venous blood gas and lactate values in the large colon are good predictors of the amount of intestinal damage incurred during 3 hours of ischemia, and may be clinically useful for the rapid determination of colonic viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kawcak CE, Stashak TS. Predisposing factors, diagnosis, and management of large abdominal wall defects in horses and cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 206:607-11. [PMID: 7744677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kawcak CE, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM. Diagnosis and management of incomplete fracture of the distal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 206:335-7. [PMID: 7751242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete fracture of the distal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone was diagnosed in 5 horses. Mild to moderate lameness and positive response to flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint were evident in all horses. Fractures were not detectable in 4 horses when the routine 30 degrees proximodorsal-palmarodistal radiographic view was used. Visualization of the fractures in these 4 horses required imaging of the palmar condylar surface by use of a dorsopalmar view of the flexed joint or a 125 degrees dorsoproximal-dorsodistal view. The dorsopalmar view of the flexed joint was used in a fifth horse to evaluate fracture healing when the fracture was no longer evident on routine radiographic views. Scintigraphy was used to locate the fracture sites in 2 horses. Treatment in all horses involved rest with gradual return to exercise, and all horses returned to their previous levels of racing. Scintigraphy and imaging of the palmar condylar surface of the third metacarpal bone allow for a more complete evaluation when other diagnostic images are within normal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40580, USA
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Abstract
The results of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of osteochondral fragmentation of the proximodorsal aspect of the first phalanx and the influence of other fetlock joint lesions on prognosis were evaluated in 336 horses. Horses were classified as: 1) returning to previous use at the same or higher class of performance; 2) returning to previous use (regardless of class of performance); or 3) failing to return to previous use. Ninety-six horses (29%) had fragmentation alone; 140 horses (42%) had fragmentation and additional fetlock lesions, and 100 horses (29%) underwent concurrent carpal arthroscopy. Of the 100 horses that underwent carpal arthroscopy, 63 had proximodorsal first phalanx fragmentation alone and 37 had other fetlock lesions associated with the fragment. There was significant association between lesion type and return to previous use for the Thoroughbred racehorse group. There was also a significant association between lesion type and return to the same or higher class of racing for the Thoroughbred racehorse group. No significant association in return to previous use existed for racehorses vs. non-racehorses, Thoroughbred racehorses vs. Quarter Horse racehorses, single vs. multiple joint involvement, and single vs multiple fragmentation per joint. The Thoroughbred racehorses in this study were sensitive to additional fetlock or carpal lesions, as was exemplified by the significant effect lesion type had on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Kawcak
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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