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Tanislav C, Grittner U, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Tatlisumak T, Huber R, von Sarnowski B, Putaala J, Schmidt R, Kropp P, Norrving B, Martus P, Gramsch C, Giese AK, Rolfs A, Enzinger C. Frequency and predictors of acute ischaemic lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging in young patients with a clinical diagnosis of transient ischaemic attack. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1174-82. [PMID: 27105904 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute lesions in patients with transient ischaemic attack (TIA) are important as they are associated with increased risk for recurrence. Characteristics associated with acute lesions in young TIA patients were therefore investigated. METHODS The sifap1 study prospectively recruited a multinational European cohort (n = 5023) of patients aged 18-55 years with acute cerebrovascular event. The detection of acute ischaemic lesions was based on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The frequency of DWI lesions was assessed in 829 TIA patients who met the criteria of symptom duration <24 h and their association with demographic, clinical and imaging variables was analysed. RESULTS The median age was 46 years (interquartile range 40-51 years); 45% of the patients were female. In 121 patients (15%) ≥1 acute DWI lesion was detected. In 92 patients, DWI lesions were found in the anterior circulation, mostly located in cortical-subcortical areas (n = 63). Factors associated with DWI lesions in multiple regression analysis were left hemispheric presenting symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-2.91], dysarthria (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.38-3.43) and old brain infarctions on MRI (territories of the middle and posterior cerebral artery: OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.42-4.15; OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.02-5.69, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In young patients with a clinical TIA 15% demonstrated acute DWI lesions on brain MRI, with an event pattern highly suggestive of an embolic origin. Except for the association with previous infarctions there was no clear clinical predictor for acute ischaemic lesions, which indicates the need to obtain MRI in young individuals with TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanislav
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - U Grittner
- Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Stroke Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - V Thijs
- Clinical and Experimental Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Tatlisumak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology and Department of Neurology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Huber
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - B von Sarnowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Putaala
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology and Department of Neurology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Kropp
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - B Norrving
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Martus
- Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Gramsch
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - A K Giese
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Gramsch C. ... und was sagt der Radiologe dazu?? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1373500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sirin S, Hüning B, Göricke SL, Kinner S, Gramsch C, Felderhoff-Müser U, Schweiger B. T2-gewichtete BLADE- oder Turbospinecho-Sequenz - Was sollte in der neonatalen zerebralen Bildgebung vorgezogen werden? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Krasny A, Nensa F, Sandalcioglu IE, Göricke SL, Wanke I, Gramsch C, Sirin S, Oezkan N, Sure U, Schlamann M. Association of aneurysms and variation of the A1 segment. J Neurointerv Surg 2013; 6:178-83. [PMID: 23612892 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous studies have described a correlation between variants of the circle of Willis and pathological findings, such as cerebrovascular diseases. Moreover, anatomic variations of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) seem to correspond to the prevalence of aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery (ACoA). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of aneurysms in patients with anatomical/morphological variations of the circle of Willis. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 223 patients who underwent cerebral angiography between January 2002 and December 2010 for aneurysm of the ACoA. Diagnostic imaging was reviewed and statistically evaluated to detect circle of Willis anomalies, aneurysm size, and rupture. 204 patients with an unrelated diagnosis served as the control group. RESULTS Variations of the A1 segment occurred significantly more frequently in the aneurysm group than in the control group. Mean aneurysm size in patients with grades I and III hypoplasia or aplasia was 6.58 mm whereas in patients with grade II hypoplasia it was 7.76 mm. CONCLUSIONS We found that variations in the A1 segment of the ACAs are correlated with a higher prevalence of ACoA aneurysms compared with patients with a symmetric circle of Willis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krasny
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gramsch C, Göricke S, Behrens F, Zimmer L, Schadendorf D, Forsting M, Schlamann M. Isolierte zerebrale Suszeptibilitätsartefakte bei Patienten mit malignem Melanom: Metastase oder nicht? ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1311158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krasny A, Lutz S, Gramsch C, Diepenbruck S, Schlamann M. Accessory eye muscle in a young boy with external ophthalmoplegia. Clin Anat 2011; 24:948-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
beta-Endorphin is an opioid peptide representing the C-terminal 31 amino acid residue fragment of proopiomelanocortin (POMC). The release of beta-endorphin from the pituitary into the cardiovascular compartment under physical or emotional stress has been frequently reported. However, besides beta-endorphin (1-31), nine acetylated or non-acetylated beta-endorphin analogues exist - in addition to N-terminally elongated beta-endorphin derivatives such as beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH). Since conventional radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and even commercially available two site-RIAs pick up at least some of those beta-endorphin derivatives, only "beta-endorphin immunoreactive materials" and not authentic beta-endorphin have been determined in those studies. We have developed a highly specific two site-RIA for beta-endorphin (1-31), which does not cross-react with all beta-endorphin derivatives known to occur as yet. Using this RIA as well as further assays for determination of beta-endorphin (1-31), beta-endorphin immunoreactive material (IRM), ACTH and Cortisol in the plasma of 14 volunteers upon intensive physical exercise, we found authentic beta-endorphin only in about 50% of the plasma samples, representing therein only a minor portion of the beta-endorphin IRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harbach
- Abt. Anaesthesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Giessen, Germany.
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Schulz S, Schulz S, Schmitt J, Wiborny D, Schmidt H, Olbricht S, Weise W, Roessner A, Gramsch C, Höllt V. Immunocytochemical detection of somatostatin receptors sst1, sst2A, sst2B, and sst3 in paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue using subtype-specific antibodies. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4:2047-52. [PMID: 9748118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201-995) inhibits growth of certain breast cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro. Because the antiproliferative action of octreotide depends on at least the presence of somatostatin receptors, it is crucial to determine the pattern of somatostatin receptor protein expression on the tumor cells. In the present study, we have raised polyclonal antibodies to somatostatin receptor subtypes (ssts) sst1, sst2A, sst2B, and sst3 using peptides corresponding to their COOH-terminal sequences. These antisera were used for immunocytochemical staining of paraffin sections of 33 primary breast cancers. Somatostatin receptor-like immunoreactivity (Li) was predominantly localized to the plasma membrane of the tumor cells. In the vast majority of positively stained tumors, somatostatin receptor-Li was uniformly present on nearly all tumor cells. Both the level and the pattern of expression of ssts varied greatly between individual carcinomas. sst2A-Li and/or sst2B-Li was detectable in 28 tumors (85%); among these, 14 tumors (42%) showed particularly high levels of sst2-Li. sst1-Li was found in 17 (52%) cases and sst3-Li in 16 (48%) cases. The expression of ssts was independent of patient age, menopausal status, diagnosis, histological grade, and levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors. The immunocytochemical determination of somatostatin receptor status allows direct detection of receptor protein on the tumor cells and, hence, may provide more precise information than reverse transcription-PCR for predicting response to octreotide therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otto-von Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Schulz S, Schreff M, Koch T, Zimprich A, Gramsch C, Elde R, Höllt V. Immunolocalization of two mu-opioid receptor isoforms (MOR1 and MOR1B) in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 1998; 82:613-22. [PMID: 9466465 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the cytoplasmic tail of the rat mu-opioid receptor undergoes alternative splicing giving rise to two isoforms, rMOR1 and rMOR1B. These isoforms exhibit similar pharmacological profiles, however, differ in agonist-induced desensitization of coupling to adenylate cyclase. In the present study, we have raised polyclonal antibodies that specifically detect either rMOR1 or rMOR1B and used these antisera for immunocytochemical localization of the receptor proteins in the rat central nervous system. Prominent MOR1B-like immunoreactivity was found in the external plexiform layer of the main olfactory bulb localized to a dense plexus of dendrites mostly originating from mitral cells and extending into the glomerular layer. MOR1-like immunoreactivity was restricted to the perikarya of mitral cells and to distinct juxtaglomerular cells as well as their processes. While MOR1-, DOR1- and KOR1-like immunoreactivity was absent from the external plexiform layer, high densities of opioid peptides were found in this layer suggesting that MOR1B may be a targeted receptor of these peptides. MOR1-like immunoreactivity was observed in many pain-controlling brain areas including the spinal cord dorsal horn, sensory trigeminal complex, raphe nuclei and periaqueductal gray while MOR1B-like immunoreactivity was not detectable in these regions. Taken together, we provide evidence that the mu receptor isoforms, MOR1 and MOR1B, exhibit a strikingly different distribution in that MOR1 appears to be the major isoform widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and MOR1B being predominantly localized to the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Schulz S, Schreff M, Nüss D, Gramsch C, Höllt V. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid peptides show overlapping distribution but not co-localization in pain-modulatory brain regions. Neuroreport 1996; 7:3021-5. [PMID: 9116232 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199611250-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antisera were generated against nociceptin/orphanin FQ, the putative ligand of the opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Dot blot analysis showed that the antibodies selectively detect nociceptin but not dynorphin or other opioid peptides. Immunofluorescent staining of tissue sections revealed dense plexus of nociceptin-immunoreactive nerve fibres and terminals within the spinal cord dorsal horn, sensory trigeminal complex, raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, periaqueductal grey, amygdala, habenula, hypothalamic region and septal area in mice and rats. When adjacent sections were stained either with the nociceptin antibody or the pan-opioid 3-E7 mouse monoclonal antibody, an overlapping distribution was observed in many nociceptive centres including the superficial dorsal horn, sensory trigeminal complex and periaqueductal grey. However, confocal microscopic examination of dual-labelled spinal cord and brain stem sections showed no instances of co-localization of nociceptin and opioid peptides in these regions. Intracerebroventricular administration of nociceptin has been shown to induce hyperalgesia. Thus, the present results suggest that nociceptin and opioids are released from different terminals thereby modulating pain signals in opposite ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Stein C, Gramsch C, Herz A. Intrinsic mechanisms of antinociception in inflammation: local opioid receptors and beta-endorphin. J Neurosci 1990; 10:1292-8. [PMID: 2158530 PMCID: PMC6570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined antinociception induced through the activation of local opioid receptors in inflammation by endogenous opioids. Rats developed a unilateral localized inflammation upon injection of Freund's adjuvant into one hindpaw. Four to 6 d later they were subjected to cold water swim (CWS), an environmental stimulus known to activate intrinsic opioid systems. Following CWS (1 min) the animals' withdrawal threshold to noxious pressure applied onto the paws increased significantly more on the inflamed paw than on the noninflamed paw. This unilateral antinociceptive effect in inflamed paws was dose-dependently and stereospecifically reversible by intraplantar (i.pl.) but not systemic (i.v. or s.c.) administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone (18 micrograms). This suggested that CWS-induced antinociception in inflamed tissue was brought about by the activation of local opioid receptors. Antiinflammatory or vasoconstrictive events, as measured by paw volume and temperature, did not contribute to this unilateral antinociception. Receptor-selective antagonists indicated the involvement of mu- and delta- but not kappa-receptors. Intravenous application of a universal antibody to endogenous opioid peptides (3-E7) and a specific antibody to beta-endorphin, but not antisera against metenkephalin or dynorphin, abolished the CWS effect. Finally, the i.pl. injection of synthetic beta-endorphin (1-31) produced an antinociceptive effect in inflamed paws which was reversible by i.pl. naloxone and selective mu- and delta-receptor antagonists. These findings suggest that antinociception in inflamed tissue can be induced through the activation of local opioid receptors by endogenous beta-endorphin released during CWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stein
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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Stein C, Gramsch C, Peter K, Herz A. Local opioid receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation: Activation by exogenous and endogenous ligands. Pain 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)92399-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pasi A, Kulling P, Voellmy D, Gramsch C, Mehraein P, Häni M, Messiha FS. Beta-endorphin in the brainstem and the cerebellum of the human infant: regional levels' profile assessed with immunoaffinity chromatography and solid phase radioimmunoassay. Physiol Behav 1989; 46:13-6. [PMID: 2530598 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The regional levels' profile of human beta-endorphin (beta h-EP) was studied in the brainstem and the cerebellum of 16 infant victims of "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome" and other death causes. An immunoaffinity chromatography procedure based on a monoclonal antibody directed specifically against the N-terminus of beta-EP was used to extract this peptide from the tissue samples. Beta-EP was then assessed quantitatively by means of a very sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay (using a polyclonal antibody specific for the C-terminus of beta-EP) developed especially for the study presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pasi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Pasi A, Mehraein P, Gramsch C, Jehle A, Briner J, Häni M, Külling P, Hauri R, Messiha FS. Cerebral beta-endorphin levels in a woman with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. Physiol Behav 1989; 46:17-8. [PMID: 2530599 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90313-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
By means of a specific two-site immunoradiometric assay, we explored the beta-endorphin levels in various brain regions of a patient affected by Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome. The rank of the beta-endorphin levels of five cerebral zones (hypothalamus, substantia grisea centralis, pons dorsalis, medulla oblongata dorsalis medialis, thalamus medialis) of the patient was homologous to that of subjects without the syndrome, except for the medulla oblongata dorsalis medialis. In patient with the Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome this region had a higher ranking level than in subjects without it. However, a functional meaning cannot be attributed to such difference because the patient of this study did not exhibit neurological disturbances relating to elevated beta-endorphin levels in the medullary region investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pasi
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Hassan AH, Almeida OF, Gramsch C, Herz A. Immunocytochemical demonstration of opioid receptors in selected rat brain areas and neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid (NG108-15) cells using a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody. Neuroscience 1989; 32:269-78. [PMID: 2555734 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal anti-idiotypic opioid receptor antibody was used for the light-microscopic visualization of opioid receptors in several brain structures and monolayer cultures of a neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell-line (NG108-15). The antibody proved to be specific, displaying affinity for mu greater than delta much greater than kappa opioid receptors. Receptor distribution in the brain areas studied was in agreement with previous autoradiographic analyses; of particular interest, high densities of immunoreactive opioid receptors were found in the perikarya and in the initial parts of the axons and dendrites; light microscopy did not allow an exact determination of the subcellular localization of opioid receptors, but the immunoreactivity seemed to be associated with the plasma membrane and to be present within the cytoplasm as well. Similar observations were made for the cell bodies and neurites of NG108-15 cells. The methodology described potentially permits the study of opioid receptor distribution in discrete brain areas under different physiological and pharmacological conditions and of the ontogeny of these receptors; in addition, it may help to find a morphological basis for events such as receptor internalization and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hassan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, F.R.G
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Gramsch C, Schulz R, Kosin S, Hassan AH, Herz A. Production and characterization of anti-idiotypic antiopioid receptor antibodies. Methods Enzymol 1989; 178:243-65. [PMID: 2557526 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)78019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Weihe E, Nohr D, Millan MJ, Stein C, Müller S, Gramsch C, Herz A. Peptide neuroanatomy of adjuvant-induced arthritic inflammation in rat. Agents Actions 1988; 25:255-9. [PMID: 2464272 DOI: 10.1007/bf01965027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of adjuvant-induced arthritis of the rat on central and peripheral peptide neuroanatomy was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The most striking feature of arthritic rats was the differential intensification of neuronal proenkephalin- and prodynorphin-related staining in dorsal horn. Changes were ipsilateral in monoarthritic and bilateral in polyarthritic rats as compared to controls. Opioid responsive neurons were target of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) fibers. Changes of SP and CGRP predominated in peripheral inflamed tissue and consisted of intensified immunostaining and an apparent sprouting of sensory fibers particularly around venules, in the epidermis and in areas infiltrated by immunocompetent cells. Opioid staining was absent from primary afferents but present in some immune cells of inflamed tissue. Endogenous antinociceptive opioids and pro-nociceptive/pro-inflammatory SP and CGRP may be crucial in the concerted response of the neuroimmune system to chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Weihe
- Department of Anatomy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, FRG
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Voellmy DR, Külling P, Gramsch C, Häni M, Mehraein P, Messiha FS, Pasi A. A novel two-site immunoradiometric assay for beta-endorphin using nitrocellulose as solid phase. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1988; 12:199-204. [PMID: 2976136 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(88)80042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A two-site immunoradiometric assay for the highly specific direct quantitation of nonacetylated beta h-EP in crude brain tissue samples has been developed with a detection limit of 10 fmol per well. The assay used two different antibodies with distinct specificities: a polyclonal rabbit anti-beta h-EP antibody binding between the middle portion and the C-terminal end of beta h-EP was bound to nitrocellulose membrane discs, a solid phase with a high protein binding capacity. In the following two incubation steps, the beta h-EP containing crude tissue extract--or the beta h-EP-standard--and, subsequently, the 125I-labeled monoclonal 3-E7 mouse antibody directed against the N-terminus of beta h-EP were added. Binding of beta h-EP to the solid phase antibody in the first incubation step was not affected by the addition of cross reacting opioid peptides derived from beta h-LPH up to 10 pmol per disc. Nonspecific binding of the labeled antibody to the solid phase could be lowered to 3% of total counts by the use of PBS containing nonfat dry milk as blocking solution and incubation buffer, a procedure that did not reduce maximum specific binding. Dilution studies performed with extracts sampled from the anterior hypothalamus excluded the interference of tissue factors in the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Voellmy
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Gramsch C, Schulz R, Kosin S, Herz A. Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to opioid receptors. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:5853-9. [PMID: 2833518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Id-135 and anti-Id-14, both of the IgM class) which interact with the binding site of opioid receptors were generated. A monoclonal anti-beta-endorphin antibody (3-E7) which displays binding characteristics for opioid ligands similar to opioid receptors served as the antigen (Gramsch, C., Meo, T., Riethmüller, G., and Herz, A., (1983) J. Neurochem. 40, 1220-1226; Meo, T., Gramsch, C., Inan, R., Höllt, V., Weber, E., Herz, A., and Riethmüller, G. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 4048-4088) and the hybridomas obtained were screened for anti-idiotypic antibodies with Fab fragments of 3-E7. The anti-idiotypes were then screened for opioid binding to rat brain membrane receptors, yielding several positive clones two of which were more intensively studied. Both anti-idiotypic antibodies were about equally potent in displacing the mu- and delta-opioid receptor ligands [3H]dihydromorphine, 125I-labeled beta-endorphin, [D-Ala2, D-Leu5-3H]enkephalin and [3H]naloxone from rat brain membrane opioid receptors; no interaction was observed with the kappa-ligands [3H]ethylketazocine or [3H]bremazocine. The anti-idiotypic antibodies were able to precipitate [3H] diprenorphine binding sites from solubilized opioid receptor preparations. In addition, both antibodies showed opioid antagonistic properties as demonstrated by their abilities to block the inhibitory effect of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5-3H]enkephalin on prostaglandin E1-stimulated cAMP accumulation in NG 108-15 hybrid cells. Our findings demonstrate the successful generation of monoclonal antibodies interacting with membrane-bound and solubilized opioid receptors of the mu- and delta-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gramsch
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Planegg-Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany
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Pasi A, Mehraein P, Pedrinis E, Hartmann H, Gramsch C, Külling P, Pagnamenta F, Messiha FS. Cerebral distribution of beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin in infantile progressive spinal muscular atrophy of Werdnig and Hoffman disease. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1987; 56:401-8. [PMID: 2957764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The regional distribution's profile of beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) was determined in the brain of an infant who died from Werdnig-Hoffmann's disease. Regional levels of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (beta-ELIR), resulting from beta-EP and beta-LPH, were generally low in comparison to the homologous levels found in victims dying of other diseases.
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Schulz R, Metzner K, Dandekar T, Gramsch C. Opiates induce long-term increases in prodynorphin-derived peptide levels in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1986; 333:381-6. [PMID: 3774018 DOI: 10.1007/bf00500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The subcutaneous administration of a single dose of an opiate agonist (levorphanol) or antagonist (naloxone) to guinea pigs results in an at least 3-fold elevation of dynorphin and alpha-neoendorphin-immunoreactivity in the longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation. The effects are time- and dose-dependent, significant elevations first being observed 6 h after treatment and lasting for up to 24 h. Pretreatment levels of opioid peptides were observed after 8 days. Combined injection of the narcotic agonist and antagonist, at sufficiently high doses, resulted in an additive effect of the individual drugs. The respective stereoisomers dextrorphan and (+)-naloxone did not affect prodynorphin-derived peptide concentrations. An increase of endogenous opioids was also observed after administration of the nonopiate clonidine, a compound which, like opiates, alters the activity of the myenteric plexus. It is suggested that feedback mechanisms in the myenteric plexus are responsible for the elevation of endogenous opioid peptides following exposure to exogenous opiates. Using a monoclonal antibody (3-E7), which recognizes virtually all endogenous opioid peptides, it was found that levels of higher molecular material were also increased upon opiate challenge. This suggests that a single dose of an exogenous opiate results in an increase in peptide synthesis.
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Liebisch DC, Weber E, Kosicka B, Gramsch C, Herz A, Seizinger BR. Isolation and structure of a C-terminally amidated nonopioid peptide, amidorphin-(8-26), from bovine striatum: a major product of proenkephalin in brain but not in adrenal medulla. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:1936-40. [PMID: 3456613 PMCID: PMC323199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and sequenced a C-terminally amidated peptide from bovine striatum. The peptide was purified to homogeneity by adsorption to XAD-2 resins and four different HPLC steps. Amino acid composition analysis and gas-phase sequence analysis revealed identity of this peptide with residues 8-26 of the proenkephalin-derived opioid peptide amidorphin, which we have recently isolated from bovine adrenal medulla. C-terminal amidation of amidorphin-(8-26) from bovine striatum was demonstrated by its stability to carboxypeptidase A digestion and full crossreactivity in a radioimmunoassay that required the C-terminal amide group as part of the recognition site. The nonopioid peptide amidorphin-(8-26), which lacks the N-terminal [Met]enkephalin sequence of amidorphin, is a major product of the opioid peptide precursor proenkephalin in the brain. In the adrenal medulla, however, where amidorphin occurs in remarkably high concentrations, amidorphin-(8-26) could not be detected. This is indicative of differential post-translational processing of proenkephalin in different tissues. In the brain, as opposed to the adrenal medulla, amidorphin is further processed at the typical cleavage signals of two basic residues, giving rise to the nonopioid peptide amidorphin-(8-26) and, possibly, to the opioid peptide [Met]enkephalin. Thus, proenkephalin in the brain might be considered as a precursor in which an opioid peptide is linked with a nonopioid peptide of possibly different biological function.
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Schulz R, Gramsch C. Polyclonal anti-idiotypic opioid receptor antibodies generated by the monoclonal beta-endorphin antibody 3-E7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 132:658-65. [PMID: 2998376 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)91183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised in rabbits against the monoclonal beta-endorphin antibody 3-E7. These antibodies inhibit beta-endorphin binding to the 3-E7 antibody, binding of 3H-diprenorphine to solubilized opioid receptors and the binding of 125I-beta-endorphin to rat brain membranes. Exposure of NG-108CC15 hybrid cells to anti-idiotypic antibodies produces an opioid-like inhibition of PGE1-stimulated cAMP accumulation. These data suggest that the antibodies raised by the anti-idiotypic route both bind to and activate opioid receptors.
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Costa T, Wüster M, Gramsch C, Herz A. Multiple states of opioid receptors may modulate adenylate cyclase in intact neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells. Mol Pharmacol 1985; 28:146-54. [PMID: 2991735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptor binding and opioid-mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation were studied simultaneously in intact NG108-15 cells. The dose-response curves for the biological response were suggestive of positive cooperativity and systematically occurred at lower ligand concentrations than those for the binding of [3H] [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE), which were instead shallow and suggestive of a site heterogeneity or of a cooperative phenomenon. Computer modeling of the binding isotherms revealed that the data are best described assuming two binding sites with different affinities for the agonist; the mean ratio between the DADLE concentrations yielding half-maximal occupancy of the high affinity site and half-maximal response was 1.5, but it was 36 when the fractional occupancy of the sum of the two sites was considered. On examining several opioids, no direct correlation was found between high affinity site and biological response; however, several agonists displayed different affinities for the two sites, while the antagonist naloxone and the partial agonist diprenorphine bound to them with identical affinities. Furthermore, naloxone exhibited a good agreement between half-maximal receptor occupancy and Ki in blocking the agonist response. Thus, the binding heterogeneity detectable in intact cells is agonist-specific, and suggests rather that the sites are states of an identical receptor population. When [3H]diprenorphine was used to label the opioid receptors, the competition curves for DADLE were consistent with the existence of an additional, very low affinity state undetectable by direct binding with labeled agonist and, again, not discriminated by naloxone. Multiple affinity states of the opioid receptor in intact cells may reflect its interaction with the effector system in the plasma membrane.
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Brantl V, Gramsch C, Lottspeich F, Henschen A, Jaeger KH, Herz A. Novel opioid peptides derived from mitochondrial cytochrome b: cytochrophins. Eur J Pharmacol 1985; 111:293-4. [PMID: 4018131 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(85)90773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Seizinger BR, Liebisch DC, Gramsch C, Herz A, Weber E, Evans CJ, Esch FS, Böhlen P. Isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla. Nature 1985; 313:57-9. [PMID: 3965972 DOI: 10.1038/313057a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active peptide hormones and neurotransmitters have been shown to be enzymatically liberated from larger, inactive precursor molecules by tissue-specific post-translational processing, particularly at the typical cleavage signals of paired basic residues. Subsequent N-terminal or C-terminal modifications may be of importance in regulating the biological activities of these peptides. C-terminal alpha-amidation is considered to be essential for the biological function of several non-opioid peptides. Here we present the isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla. Amidorphin and the recently isolated octapeptide metorphamide (adrenorphin) are the only endogenous opioid peptides in mammals known to possess a C-terminal amide group. The amino acid sequence of amidorphin corresponds to the sequence 104-129 of bovine proenkephalin A. Very high concentrations of amidorphin were detected in bovine adrenal medulla and in a further endocrinological system, the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis. Amidorphin may therefore be considered to be a major gene product of the opioid peptide precursor proenkephalin A in these endocrine tissues.
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Maysinger D, Vermes I, Tilders F, Seizinger BR, Gramsch C, Höllt V, Herz A. Differential effects of various opioid peptides on vasopressin and oxytocin release from the rat pituitary in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1984; 328:191-5. [PMID: 6152015 DOI: 10.1007/bf00512071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynorphin (1-17), and to a lesser extent, beta-endorphin and [Leu]enkephalin (10(-6) M each) decreased the spontaneous release of vasopressin (VP) from the rat neurointermediate pituitary in vitro, whereas the oxytocin (OT) release remained unchanged. Naloxone, however, did not significantly alter the spontaneous VP and OT release. Dynorphin (1-17) (10(-7) M) increased the electrically evoked release of VP and OT, while 10(-6) M had a significant, somewhat less pronounced stimulatory effect only on VP, but not on OT release. The opiate inactive fragment [des-Tyr1]dynorphin (1-17) did not change the evoked VP and OT release, indicating that the dynorphin effect was mediated by opiate receptors. beta-Endorphin (10(-6) M and 10(-7) M) did not alter the evoked VP and OT secretion. 10(-6) M [Leu]enkephalin induced a stimulation of the evoked OT, but not VP release; 10(-7) M [Leu]enkephalin had no effect, neither on VP nor on OT release. The opiate antagonist naloxone (10(-5) M) induced an increase in the evoked VP and, even more pronounced, OT release. In a concentration of 10(-6) M, however, naloxone only increased the evoked OT release. When naloxone and dynorphin (1-17) were concomitantly applied, their stimulatory effects on the evoked VP and OT release were additive. Similarly to the effects of naloxone, addition of a monoclonal antibody which binds to the common N-terminal sequence of all endogenous opioid peptides, resulted in a marked increase in the evoked secretion of VP and, to an even more pronounced degree, of OT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised against the monoclonal antibody 3-E7. One of these anti-idiotypic antibodies interferes with the binding of 3H-diprenorphine at solubilized opioid receptors, and exhibits opioid agonistic activity on NG108CC15 hybrid cells.
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Gramsch C, Emrich HM, John S, Haas S, Beckmann H, Zaudig M, von Zerssen D. The effect of neuroleptic treatment and of high dosage diazepam therapy on beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in plasma of schizophrenic patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1984; 59:133-41. [PMID: 6144724 DOI: 10.1007/bf01255411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In 14 schizophrenic patients, treated with neuroleptic drugs, and in 7 patients, treated with high-dosage diazepam, beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in plasma has been measured by use of a highly sensitive and relatively specific radioimmunoassay. Neuroleptic treatment induced a significant increase of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (beta-ELI). The pharmacological and clinical implications of this finding are discussed. High-dosage diazepam treatment induces a slight reduction of plasma beta-ELI, a finding which is attributed to antistress effect of diazepam.
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Pasi A, Moccetti T, Legler M, Mueller J, Foletta D, Gramsch C, Hartmann H. Elevation of blood levels of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in patients with shock. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1983; 42:509-12. [PMID: 6320322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In ten shock patients studied, there was a significant positive correlation between beta-ELIR blood plasma levels and the ratio of pulse rate of radial artery to systolic blood pressure.
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Przewłocki R, Gramsch C, Pasi A, Herz A. Characterization and localization of immunoreactive dynorphin, alpha-neo-endorphin, Met-enkephalin and substance P in human spinal cord. Brain Res 1983; 280:95-103. [PMID: 6197139 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
By use of specific antisera, the distributions of immunoreactive dynorphin (ir-DYN), alpha-neo-endorphin (ir-alpha-NEO), Met-enkephalin (ir-MET) and substance P (ir-SP) were evaluated in discrete regions of human spinal cord and spinal ganglia. The relative concentrations of immunoreactive peptides in particular regions were as follows: sacral greater than lumbar greater than cervical greater than thoracic. Concentrations of ir-DYN, ir-alpha-NEO and ir-SP were 2-10-fold, but of ir-MET 1-2-fold, higher in the dorsal as compared to the ventral parts of cervical, lumbar and sacral cord. The concentrations of all peptides (when examined in discrete areas of thoracic cord) were found to be highest in the substantia gelatinosa. All peptides were present in the gray matter but only ir-MET was found in white matter. Gel-permeation chromatography of dorsal sacral spinal cord extracts revealed two major ir-DYN peaks. The smaller molecular weight peak, eluted at the position of synthetic dynorphin1-17. ir-alpha-NEO and ir-SP comigrated exactly with their respective synthetic marker peptides. Substantial amounts of ir-SP and also, as confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography, ir-MET, were found in the dorsal and ventral roots and spinal ganglia, and very low concentrations of ir-DYN or ir-alpha-NEO were also detected in these tissue. These results suggest that dynorphin and alpha-neo-endorphin, in addition to enkephalins, may be involved in transmission of somatosensory information in the human spinal cord.
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Meo T, Gramsch C, Inan R, Höllt V, Weber E, Herz A, Riethmüller G. Monoclonal antibody to the message sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe of opioid peptides exhibits the specificity requirements of mammalian opioid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4084-8. [PMID: 6191329 PMCID: PMC394205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.13.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Six myeloma cell hybrids producing antibodies to human beta-endorphin were isolated from a single mouse spleen. The monoclonal antibodies displayed different binding patterns with the antigen. We report the characterization of one antibody which recognizes the tetrapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe representing the message sequence found at the NH2 terminus of all naturally occurring mammalian opioid peptides. Competition experiments in radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry show that the antibody fails to bind the beta-endorphin precursor beta-lipotrophin, does not discriminate among opioid peptides that share the same message sequence but have different COOH-terminal extensions, and does not react with pharmacologically inactive derivatives of beta-endorphin. The antibody recognition of the message sequence of natural opioid peptides is sensitive to those molecular changes that affect their receptor binding competence.
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Pasi A, Foletta D, Molz G, Hartmann H, Gramsch C, Mehraein P, Pedrinis E. Regional levels of beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin in the brain and hypophysis of victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983; 107:336-7. [PMID: 6303267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gramsch C, Meo T, Riethmüller G, Herz A. Binding characteristics of a monoclonal beta-endorphin antibody recognizing the N-terminus of opioid peptides. J Neurochem 1983; 40:1220-6. [PMID: 6187900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb13560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present paper describes the isolation and characterization of a clone of hybrid myelomas (3-E7) secreting a mouse monoclonal antibody to beta-endorphin. An examination of its specificity against a series of human beta-lipotropin fragments and other opioid peptides revealed that the N-terminus portion of beta-endorphin is the determinant. Complete or almost complete cross-reactivity was obtained to methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, beta-lipotropin 60-65, and BAM 22; partial cross-reactivity was seen to dynorphin1-13 and alpha-neo-endorphin, whereas beta-lipotropin, alpha-N-acetyl-beta-endorphin, Des-Tyr1-beta-endorphin, in addition to a series of synthetic enkephalin derivatives, completely lacked cross-reactivity. The use of the monoclonal antibody in radioimmunoassay (RIA) for beta-endorphin resulted in a lower sensitivity related to respective polyclonal antibodies. An increase of 100% in tracer binding could, however, be obtained by use of beta-endorphin iodinated with its N-terminal tyrosine protected by coupling to an antibody. A solid-phase RIA was developed involving the internally 3H-labeled monoclonal antibody, which resulted in a 10-fold increase in sensitivity as compared with the homogenous RIA. These data indicate that for the binding to this antibody a tyrosine residue in position 61 is essential, and it thus recognizes a site that is of functional significance for many naturally occurring opioid peptides.
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Emrich HM, Nusselt L, Gramsch C, John S. Heroin addiction: beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in plasma increases during withdrawal. Pharmacopsychiatria 1983; 16:93-6. [PMID: 6310651 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1017457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Seven patients with heroin addiction were hospitalized and immediately withdrawn from opiates. Abstinence symptomatology was evaluated quantitatively by use of the Himmelsbach Score. Maximal intensity of withdrawal symptomatology was reached within 2 days. beta-Endorphin immunoreactivity in plasma was measured by use of a very sensitive radioimmunoassay with a low cross-reactivity (28%) against beta-LPH. A statistically significant increase of mean plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity during withdrawal could be demonstrated.
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells (NG 108CC15) and tumors derived thereof were examined for dynorphin- and alpha-neoendorphin-like material. The techniques employed for analyses of opiate-like material were the isolated mouse vas deferens bioassay and gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography in combination with radioimmunoassays. Dynorphin- and alpha-neoendorphin-like material was detected in both the hybrid cells and the corresponding tumors. Immunoreactive dynorphin and alpha-neoendorphin was also in NCB 20 hybrid cells and in tumors thereof assayed. In all samples investigated, the amounts of alpha-neoendorphin-like material was higher than that of dynorphin-like material. The results revealed considerable variability in the amount of dynorphin- and alpha-neoendorphin-activity between particular samples, suggesting the need for studies into the responsible mechanisms.
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Abstract
Experiments were performed to find biochemical evidence of an activation of endogenous opiate peptides in the brain by incentive reward. A method used to estimate specific in vivo opiate binding in rats using the labelled opiate agonist, 3H-etorphine, indicated a considerable reduction in opiate binding exclusively in the hypothalamus of non-deprived animals given a highly palatable food to eat for 20 min. Radioimmunoassay of the hypothalamus of rats under similar conditions found a pronounced drop in the concentration of beta-endorphin, but not in dynorphin, in the hypothalamus, indicating a release and breakdown of beta-endorphin. Therefore, the reduction in opiate binding in the hypothalamus may at least be partially explained by an occupation of opiate receptors by beta-endorphin, causing a reduced availability of receptors to etorphine. A possible role of hypothalamic beta-endorphin in the facilitation of reward pathways in the brain is discussed.
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Abstract
Dynorphin, an opioid peptide whose functions are unknown, is found in brain, pituitary, and peripheral organs. Specific radioimmunoassays were used to measure dynorphin in the hypothalamus and pituitary, during the day and at night, as a function of food and water deprivation. Immunoreactive dynorphin was increased in the hypothalamus and decreased in the pituitary at night. Water deprivation led to more than 50 percent reduction in daytime levels of pituitary dynorphin and concomitant increases in hypothalamic dynorphin.
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Oertel WH, Riethmüller G, Mugnaini E, Schmechel DE, Weindl A, Gramsch C, Herz A. Opioid peptide-like immunoreactivity localized in GABAErgic neurons of rat neostriatum and central amygdaloid nucleus. Life Sci 1983; 33 Suppl 1:73-6. [PMID: 6664248 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Opioid peptide-like (OPL)-immunoreactivity and (the GABA-biosynthetic enzyme) glutamic acid decarboxylase-like (GAD)-immunoreactivity were localized in rat neostriatum and central amygdaloid nucleus (ACE) using a polyclonal sheep antiserum to rat brain GAD and a monoclonal mouse antibody to the N-terminus of beta-endorphin (3-E7) as primary antisera. PAP-immunohistochemistry revealed GAD-immunoreactivity in the majority of neurons in neostriatum and ACE. OPL-immunoreactivity was observed in numerous neurons in ACE, but only in few neostriatal nerve cells. In double immunofluorescence in the same section OPL- and GAD-immunoreactivity colocalized in few medium size cells in the neostriatum, but in numerous neurons in ACE. The existence of opioid peptide containing GABAergic neurons in ACE and neostriatum is demonstrated.
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Wüster M, Costa T, Gramsch C. Uncoupling of receptors is essential for opiate-induced desensitization (tolerance) in neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells NG 108-15. Life Sci 1983; 33 Suppl 1:341-4. [PMID: 6319890 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells NG 108-15 were chronically treated with opioid agonists and tested for their development of "tolerance" as evaluated by the loss of inhibitory activity of opioids upon cAMP-accumulation. Desensitization was dose-dependent and non-competitive and highly selective, since the activity of other, non-opioid inhibitory compounds, such as noradrenaline and carbachol, was not altered. Moreover, naloxone-induced "withdrawal signs" (revealed in the lack of change in cAMP) were lacking in preparations completely desensitized ("tolerant") towards opiate effects. These results reject the assumption of a common biochemical mechanism underlying both opiate tolerance and dependence and rather support the significance of an uncoupling of receptors from subsequent effector systems upon chronic opiate action.
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Herz A, Gramsch C, Höllt V, Meo T, Riethmüller G. Characteristics of a monoclonal beta-endorphin antibody recognizing the N-terminus of opioid peptides. Life Sci 1982; 31:1721-4. [PMID: 6296574 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a mouse monoclonal antibody to beta-endorphin secreted by a clone of hybrid myelomas (3-E7) are described. The antibody displays virtually complete cross-reactivity to met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin, but no cross-reactivity to beta-lipotropin, alpha-N-acetyl-beta-endorphin and des-Tyr1-beta-endorphin. Substantial cross-reactivity is seen with some other naturally occurring opioid peptides bearing the enkephalin sequence, such as dynorphin, alpha-neo-endorphin and BAM 22, but cross-reactivity is lacking in the case of certain synthetic enkephalin derivatives possessing a D-amino acid in position 2. The data indicate that for the binding of an antigen to the antibody the N-terminal tyrosine moiety is essential. The antibody recognizes, thus, a site which is of functional significance for the interaction of many naturally occurring opioid peptides with the opiate receptor.
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Przewłocki R, Millan MJ, Gramsch C, Millan MH, Herz A. The influence of selective adeno- and neurointermedio-hypophysectomy upon plasma and brain levels of beta-endorphin and their response to stress in rats. Brain Res 1982; 242:107-17. [PMID: 6286047 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective ablation of the anterior lobe (AL) of the pituitary led to a fall in basal plasma levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (beta-EI) at 3 and 20 weeks post-surgery (p.s.). Further, the stress-evoked rise in circulating levels of beta-EI was abolished. This operation did, however, severely deplete the beta-EI content of the neurointermediate lobe (NIL). Removal of the NIL did not, in contrast, decrease the beta-EI content of the AL but depressed basal plasma levels of beta-EI at 3 weeks p.s. and attenuated, but did not abolish, the increase in these elicited by stress at both 3 and 20 weeks p.s. In rats not possessing a NIL, a secretion of beta-EI into plasma can thus occur. The possibility that NIL pools of beta-EI contribute to circulating levels of beta-EI is discussed. Removal of the AL depressed the beta-EI content of the hypothalamus and periventricular tissue at 3 and 20 weeks p.s. The Met-enkephalin-immunoreactivity (ME-I) content of the hypothalamus was, in contrast, unaffected. These animals still responded to stress at 20 weeks p.s. with a significant fall in hypothalamic levels of beta-EI. Extirpation of the NIL did not, in contrast, change brain levels of either beta-EI or ME-I. The presence of the AL, but not the NIL, is thus essential for the maintenance of usual levels of beta-EI and ME-I in the brain.
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Pasi A, Wettstein A, Foletta D, Gramsch C. Idiopathic narcolepsy: effect of naloxone studied in one of three patients with unelevated beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity plasma levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1982; 2:216-7. [PMID: 6284804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pasi A, Meyer M, Boltshauser E, Foletta D, Gramsch C. Failure of naloxone to reverse analgesia in congenital insensitivity to pain, and variable plasma levels of beta-endorphin-like activity. Lancet 1982; 1:622. [PMID: 6174837 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin (ir-dyn) has been determined in various regions of human brain and pituitary by use of a highly specific radioimmunoassay. The concentrations of ir-dyn in the substantia nigra (24.5 pmol/g) and hypothalamus were among the highest in the 26 brain areas examined. Substantial amounts were also measurable in other extrapyramidal structures such as the caudate nucleus, pallidus and putamen. Lower concentrations of ir-dyn were detected in the amygdala, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray matter, colliculi, pons, medulla and area postrema, but only low amounts were found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary, while no ir-dyn was detectable in the anterior lobe. By gel permeation chromatography the brain immunoreactivity was shown to consist of 3-4 peaks of apparent molecular weights of about 12,000, 6000, 1800 and less than 1000. It was possible to demonstrate the high opioid potency of 2 of these peaks in the guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle bioassay after purification by immunoprecipitation. A comparison of the distribution pattern of ir-dyn revealed some parallels with enkephalin, whereas the distribution of ir-beta-endorphin is quite different.
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Schulz R, Wilhelm A, Pirke KM, Gramsch C, Herz A. Beta-endorphin and dynorphin control serum luteinizing hormone level in immature female rats. Nature 1981; 294:757-9. [PMID: 6119618 DOI: 10.1038/294757a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Millan MJ, Przewłocki R, Jerlicz M, Gramsch C, Höllt V, Herz A. Stress-induced release of brain and pituitary beta-endorphin: major role of endorphins in generation of hyperthermia, not analgesia. Brain Res 1981; 208:325-38. [PMID: 6260287 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(81)90561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present paper examines the conjectured causal relationship between the alterations in brain, pituitary and plasma levels of endorphins and the antinociception (analgesia) and hyperthermia elicited by acute stress. A 5-min foot-shock instigated a significant depression in the levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity (beta-EI) in both the hypothalamus and periventricular beta-endorphinergic fibre-containing tissue. A large elevation in plasma levels of beta-EI, consisting of about 70% beta-endorphin (beta-EP), and 30% beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) was associated with a significant reduction in the beta-EI content of both the anterior (AL) and neurointermediate (NIL) lobes of the pituitary. No concomitant changes in the levels of Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity (M-EI) in discrete areas of brain and pituitary were detectable. Application of a high (10 mg/kg) but not a low (1 mg/kg) dose of naloxone, prior to foot-shock, slightly reduced the increase in tail-flick latency evoked by this stress. In contrast, both of these doses strongly and dose-dependently attenuated the accompanying rise in core temperature (Tc). Chronic (approximately 30 day) morphine treatment resulted in a 45% decrease in the NIL content of beta-EI and a clear depression in its basal plasma levels, although a substantial post-stress rise in plasma beta-EI was still found: stress-induced analgesia (SIA) was enhanced, but the concurrent stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH), reduced in morphinized animals. These data demonstrate that stress produces a generalized mobilization of both central and pituitary pools of beta-EI, and indicate that endorphins may play a more important role in the mediation of changes in Tc than in the generation of the concomitant increase in nociceptive threshold, upon activation by stress.
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Millan MJ, Gramsch C, Przewłocki R, Herz A. Lesions of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus produce a temporary hyperalgesia and attenuate stress-evoked analgesia. Life Sci 1980; 27:1513-23. [PMID: 7442458 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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