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Abstract
INTRODUCTION When cross-sucking persists beyond calf-hood, it represents an important problem in dairy heifers and cows. It can cause teat injuries and severe mastitis and lead to significant economic losses. The «SuckStop Müller,» a novel anti-sucking device, is designed to give the calf a negative feedback when cross-sucking on a conspecific. The aim of this study was to assess whether wearing a SuckStop would result in behavioral changes other than cross-sucking and thus, impair welfare in the short- and longer-term. Sixteen group-housed calves were observed in groups of four on five days, before and after fitting the SuckStop: day -2, day -1, day 0, day 1, and day 9. Maintenance behaviors (e.g., feeding, drinking, lying) were recorded using instantaneous scan sampling. In addition, the frequency of contact behaviors (e.g., exploring the feeding fence, touching own body) was recorded by means of continuous focal animal observations. Contact behaviors were classified as «impaired» or «normal» depending on whether or not the calf flinched in response to the contact. Finally, the number of visits to the milk and concentrate feeders was extracted from the computer-controlled feeding system. Fitting a SuckStop resulted in a higher proportion of observations spent lying and less exploration behavior on day 0 and day 1 than on day -2, day -1, and day 9. On day 0 and day 1, 6,3 % of exploration behaviors were classified as impaired, compared to 0,4 % (day -2, day -1) before and 0,2 % (day 9) after fitting the SuckStop. On day 9, all calves had superficial ulcerations on the nasal septum. In four calves, these ulcerations were moderately severe, whereas all other calves had slight ulcerations. In summary, the calves habituated quickly to this novel anti-sucking device. Follow-up studies are necessary to assess the long-term relevance of tissue alterations in the nasal septum for calf welfare as well as the effect of the SuckStop on cross-sucking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bisang
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern
| | - C Rufener
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Agroscope, Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern
| | - B Wechsler
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Agroscope, Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - N M Keil
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Agroscope, Ettenhausen, Switzerland
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Armstrong EA, Rufener C, Toscano MJ, Eastham JE, Guy JH, Sandilands V, Boswell T, Smulders TV. Keel bone fractures induce a depressive-like state in laying hens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3007. [PMID: 32080271 PMCID: PMC7033198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In commercial flocks of laying hens, keel bone fractures (KBFs) are prevalent and associated with behavioural indicators of pain. However, whether their impact is severe enough to induce a depressive-like state of chronic stress is unknown. As chronic stress downregulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in mammals and birds, we employ this measure as a neural biomarker of subjective welfare state. Radiographs obtained longitudinally from Lohmann Brown laying hens housed in a commercial multi-tier aviary were used to score the severity of naturally-occurring KBFs between the ages of 21-62 weeks. Individual birds' transitions between aviary zones were also recorded. Focal hens with severe KBFs at 3-4 weeks prior to sampling (n = 15) had lower densities of immature doublecortin-positive (DCX+) multipolar and bipolar neurons in the hippocampal formation than focal hens with minimal fractures (n = 9). KBF severity scores at this time also negatively predicted DCX+ cell numbers on an individual level, while hens that acquired fractures earlier in their lives had fewer DCX+ neurons in the caudal hippocampal formation. Activity levels 3-4 weeks prior to sampling were not associated with AHN. KBFs thus lead to a negative affective state lasting at least 3-4 weeks, and management steps to reduce their occurrence are likely to have significant welfare benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Armstrong
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - C Rufener
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA
- Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), University of Bern, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - M J Toscano
- Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), University of Bern, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - J E Eastham
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J H Guy
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - V Sandilands
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Boswell
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T V Smulders
- Centre for Behaviour & Evolution, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Rufener C, Berezowski J, Maximiano Sousa F, Abreu Y, Asher L, Toscano MJ. Finding hens in a haystack: Consistency of movement patterns within and across individual laying hens maintained in large groups. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12303. [PMID: 30120253 PMCID: PMC6098140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to objectively quantify and compare the recorded movement and location patterns of laying hens within a commercial system. Using a custom tracking system, we monitored the location within five zones of a commercial aviary for 13 hens within a flock of 225 animals for a contiguous period of 11 days. Most hens manifested a hen-specific pattern that was (visually) highly consistent across days, though, within that consistency, manifested stark differences between hens. Three different methods were used to classify individual daily datasets into groups based on their similarity: (i) Linear Discriminant Analysis based on six summary variables (transitions into each zone) and total transitions; (ii) Hierarchical Clustering, a naïve clustering analysis technique, applied to summary variables and iii) Hierarchical Clustering applied to dissimilarity matrices produced by Dynamic Time Warping. The three methods correctly classified more than 85% of the hen days and provided a unique means to assess behaviour of a system indicating a considerable degree of complexity and structure. We believe the current effort is the first to document these location and movement patterns within a large, complex commercial system with a large potential to influence the assessment of animal welfare, health, and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rufener
- ZTHZ, Division of Animal Welfare, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Berezowski
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Maximiano Sousa
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Y Abreu
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - L Asher
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, IoN, Newcastle University, Durham, England
| | - M J Toscano
- ZTHZ, Division of Animal Welfare, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Munõz Barragan L, Rufener C, Srikant CB, Dobbs RE, Shannon WA, Baetens D, Unger RH. Immunocytochemical evidence for glucagon-containing cells in the human stomach. Horm Metab Res 1977; 9:37-9. [PMID: 321317 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1093580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To determine if glucagon-containing cells could be identified in the human fundus, stomachs attained at autopsy within 4-hours of death from persons previously considered to be in good health were examined by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using antiglucagon serum 30K. Glucagon-containing cells were demonstrated in one of eight gastric fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the fundi examined. The glucagon content of acid alcohol extracts of the funci was low in all cases. Glucagon content was also low in canine stomach removed 4-hours after death. It is concluded that glucagon-containing cells, demonstrable by immunocytochemical techniques, may be present in the gastric fundus of humans.
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Rufener C, Baetens D, Orci L. Localization of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-like immunoreactivity in rat pancreatic monolayer culture. Experientia 1976; 32:919-20. [PMID: 60252 DOI: 10.1007/bf02003767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antiserum to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) has been used for immunofluorescent staining in the light microscope. With this technique it is possible to detect the presence of specific cells in monolayer culture from neonatal rat pancreas which contain BPP or a closely related peptide.
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Rufener C, Amherdt M, Baetens D, Yanaihara N, Orci L. Immunofluorescent localization of secretin in pancreatic monolayer culture. Histochemistry 1976; 47:171-3. [PMID: 783098 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescent cells to synthetic secretin were identified in monolayer culture of neonatal rat pancreas. No cross reaction of anti-secretin was observed with either glucagon, somatostatin or gastrin. The presence of cells containing secretin or a secretin-like peptide adds a new cell type to the three already characterized (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin containing cells) in monolayer culture.
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Abstract
An immunocytochemical technique using specific antiglucagon serum reveals the presence of glucagon-containing cells situated exclusively in the oxyntic glandular mucosa of the dog stomach. Electron microscope examination of the mucosa demonstrated endocrine cells containing secretory granules with a round dense core surrounded by a clear halo, indistinguishable from secretory granules of pancreatic A cells. Like the alpha granules of pancreatic A cells, the granules of these gastric endocrine cells exhibited a peripheral distribution of silver grains after Grimelius silver staining. Moreover, the granules of these cells were found to be specifically labeled with reaction product, using the peroxidase immunocytochemical technique at the ultrastructural level. Accordingly, these cells were named gastric A cells. These data suggest that the gastric oxyntic mucosa contains cells indistinguishable cytologically, cytochemically, and immunocytochemically from pancreatic A cells. It is believed that gastric A cells are responsible for the secretion of the gastric glucagon.
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Orci L, Baetens D, Rufener C, Amherdt M, Ravazzola M, Studer P, Malaisse-Lagae F, Unger RH. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:1338-42. [PMID: 131313 PMCID: PMC430269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.4.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-contianing cells, identified by immunofluorescent staining, were quantitated morphometrically in sections of pancreas obtained from diabetic and nondiabetic humans and rats. Both the volume density and number of somatostatin- and glucagon-containing cells were significantly increased in the islets of juvenile-type human diabetics and of streptozotocin diabetic rats.
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Baetens D, Rufener C, Unger RH, Renold AE, Orci L. [Immunocytochemical identification of the glucagon-secreting cells in gastric mucosa]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1976; 282:195-7. [PMID: 816538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical investigations at the light and electron microscope level, using specific antiglucagon serum, revealed in the gastric oxyntic mucosa of the Dog, the presence of positive cells, undistinguishable ultrastructurally from pancreatic A-cells. No positive reaction was detected in any other gastrointestinal segment. These results suggest that gastric A-cells are responsible for the secretion of gastric glucagon.
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Orci L, Baetens D, Rufener C, Amherdt M, Ravazzola M, Studer P, Malaisse-Lagae F, Unger RH. [Activity of somatostatin-containing cells of the Ilets of Langerhans in experimental diabetes]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1975; 281:1883-5. [PMID: 130991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-containing cells were evaluated by morphometry in sections of pancreas treated for immunofluorescence. Glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells were found to be increased in islets of streptozotocin-diabetic rats as compared to control islets.
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Rufener C, DuBois MP, Orci L. Letter: Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in rat pancreatic monolayer culture. J Histochem Cytochem 1975; 23:866-9. [PMID: 1194672 DOI: 10.1177/23.11.1194672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
By immunofluorescence, somatostatin-, glucagon- and insulin-containing cells are localized in serial sections of the pigeon pancreas. The distribution of the somatostatin immunofluorescent-cells corresponds to that of the D-cells (A1-cells), which are particularly numerous in this animal species. This observation, coupled with the finding of D, A and B-cells at the ultrastructural level, indicates that the D-cell is responsible for the secretion of somatostatin.
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Abstract
Evidence is presented that somatostatin-containing cells are present in the gastro-intestinal tract of the dog. Thus immuno-fluorescent cells were detected by the use of antiserum to cyclic somatostatin. These cells were mainly encountered in the antral mucosa and in the neighbourhood of gastrin-producing cells. No cross reaction was observed between gastrin and somatostatin. It is suggested that locally produced somatostatin controls gastrin secretion, and, more generally, that somatostatin-containing cells, multifocally distributed, modulates secretion of a large number of glands.
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Rufener C, Mira-Moser F, Escher F. Ultrastructural study of the human anterior pituitary. Preliminary results. Acta Otolaryngol 1973; 76:300-4. [PMID: 4355882 DOI: 10.3109/00016487309121512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Pometta D, Amherdt M, Rufener C, Scherrer JR. Capillary basement membrane thickness in early diabetes. Adv Metab Disord 1973; 2:Suppl 2:357-61. [PMID: 4720372 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-027362-1.50043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rufener C, Rey P, Press P. [Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis in Geneva]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1972; 102:1461-6. [PMID: 4647932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chmouliovsky M, Dunant Y, Graf J, Straub RW, Rufener C. Inhibition of creatine phosphokinase activity and synaptic transmission by black widow spider venom. Brain Res 1972; 44:289-93. [PMID: 4341463 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Press P, Rufener C. [Epidemiology of chronic bronchitis]. Vie Med Can Fr 1972; 1:222-8. [PMID: 4643624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rufener C, Nordmann J, Rouiller C. [Effect of vincristine on the rat posterior pituitary in vitro]. Neurochirurgie 1972; 18:137-41. [PMID: 5074919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rufener C, Orci L, Rouiller C. The effect of hyperoxia on the ultrastructure of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat in vitro. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1971; 7:293-308. [PMID: 4994536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02892099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rouiller C, Nicolescu P, Orci L, Rufener C. The effect of anoxia on the ultrastructure of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat in vitro. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol 1971; 7:269-92. [PMID: 4994535 DOI: 10.1007/bf02892098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Amherdt M, Scherrer JR, Rufener C, Pometta D. Early capillary changes in diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol Lat 1971; 8 Suppl 1:88-116. [PMID: 5146923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Orci L, Stauffacher W, Rufener C, Lambert AE, Rouiller C, Renold AE. Acid phosphatase activity in secretory granules of pancreatic beta cells of normal rats. Diabetes 1971; 20:385-8. [PMID: 4104173 DOI: 10.2337/diab.20.6.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cytochemical staining method for acid phosphatase combined with electron microscopy was applied to the islets of Langerhans of adult normal rats. In addition to dense bodies, some Golgi cisternae as well as a varying number of secretory granules of β cells were found to contain acid phosphatase. In view of the paucity of the knowledge concerning the role of acid phosphatase, the possible functional significance of its presence in the secretory granules of pancreatic β cells cannot be denned at the present time.
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Langer B, Peytremann A, Rufener C, Jenny M. [Comparative effects of single-dose administration of synthetic calcitonin (human and salmon) in normal subjects and patients with Paget's disease or hypercalcemia]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1971; 101:69-80. [PMID: 5544230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Pometta D, Amherdt M, Rufener C, Scherrer JR, Orci L. [Diabetic microangiopathy, early or late manifestation of the disease? Electron microscopy study of muscular capillaries]. Helv Med Acta Suppl 1970:Suppl 50:98. [PMID: 5288620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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