Comparison of p57, c-erbB-2, CD117, and Bcl-2 expression in the differential diagnosis of hydatidiform mole and hydropic abortion

PURPOSE

To explore the utility of p57, c-erbB-2, CD 117, and Bel-2 immunostaining in the differential diagnosis of complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), partial hydatidiform mole (PHM), and hydropic abortion (HA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Immunohistochemical expression of the p57, c-erbB-2, CD117, and Bel-2 proteins were investigated semi-quantitatively using paraffin-embedded tissue sections from histologically unequivocal cases of CHM (n = 20), PHM (n = 23), and HA (n = 17).

RESULTS

All cases of CHM exhibited a striking absence of p57 expression. The percentage of positive p57 staining was similar between PHMs (73.9%) and HAs (76.5%) (p >0.05). The comparison of c-erbB-2 expression revealed a significantly higher percentage of positive c-erbB-2 staining in CHMs (45%) compared with that in PHMs (8.7%) and HAs (5.9%) (p = 0.006 and 0.01, respectively). The CD 117 expression pattern (immunoreactivity score, percentage of positive cells, and staining intensity) was significantly lower in HAs compared with that in PHMs and CHMs (p < 0.05 for all). A significantly increased Bel-2 expression pattern was observed in HAs compared with that in PHMs and CHMs (p < 0.05 for all).

CONCLUSION

Immunohistochemical examination of p57, c-erbB-2, CD 117, and Bel-2 expression represents a relatively simple, reliable, and cost-efficient procedure to definitively distinguish among CHM, PHM, and HA.

Serum level and placental expression of resistin in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia: relationship with disease severity

The authors aimed to compare the maternal serum level and placental expression of resistin in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and clarify their relationship with disease severity. This cross-sectional study included 50 healthy pregnant women, 50 women with mild preeclampsia, and 48 women with severe preeclampsia. Serum resistin levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay and placental resistin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Resistin levels were significantly higher in women with mild and severe preeclampsia than in the healthy controls (p = 0.012 andp < 0.001, respectively). Placental resistin expression was significantly higher in women with severe preeclampsia compared to women with mild preeclampsia (p = 0.003) and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Serum resistin levels were positively correlated with gestational age and umbilical and uterine artery Doppler indices, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but negatively correlated with birth weight (p < 0.05). On the other hand, placental resistin expression was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and uterine artery indices, but negatively correlated with birth weight (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increased cir- culating levels and placental expression of resistin in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia were correlated with disease severity.

Diagnostic value of thiols, paraoxonase 1, arylesterase and oxidative balance in colorectal cancer in human

Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. We hypothesize that serum oxidative and anti-oxidative factors work together to influence colon and rectal cancer through an oxidative balance mechanism. Total thiol (Ttl) is considered a plasma antioxidant and high density lipoprotein (HDL)- dependent paraoxonase l (PON1) is known as a free radical scavenger. This study was undertaken to determine the activity of PON1, arylesterase (ARE) and Ttl levels and oxidative balance in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy subjects.Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of the HDL-dependent PON1 enzyme and the level of Ttl, total oxidant status (TOS) ,total antioxidant status (TAS) in forty patients with CRC (19 female, 21 male; mean age, 56.5 ± 2.1) and thirty-nine age and sex matched healthy persons (22 female, 17 male; mean age 56 ± 1.7) were studied.PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in patients with CRC compared to controls (p<0.001 for each), whereas oxidant parameters (TOS and OSI) were significantly higher in CRC patients (p<0.001 for each). However, TAS and Ttl significantly decreased in patients with CRC (p=0.03 and p<0.0001, respectively). According to the ROC curve analysis, Ttl was superior to other parameters in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity which were 97.5% and 92.3%, respectively, and the AUC 0.97 in CRC patients. Decreased Ttl and HDL-dependent PON 1 enzyme activities and high TOS levels imply an imbalance of the free radical system which enhances the support the hypothesis that CRC is associated with excess reactive oxygen species.These findings show that of serum oxidative imbalance was associated with an increased risk of CRC. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating lower serum PON1, ARE activities in CRC patients. The mechanism behind this association needs further elucidation.

AKAP12/Gravin gene expression in colorectal cancer: clinical importance and review of the literature

PURPOSE

: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and potentially lethal disease. A number of genetic aberrations is known to take place in colorectal carcinogenesis, which leads to progressive alteration of normal mechanisms controlling cell growth. A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) plays a role in cell proliferation, angiogenesis and cytoskeletal remodeling. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the role of the AKAP12 gene expression in CRC patients and to determine its relationship (if any) with prognosis.

METHODS

AKAP12 gene expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

A total of 55 patients (63.6% males, 36.4% females) with histologically confirmed CRC were studied. Normal intestinal epithelium showed weak basal staining, dysplastic areas were stained mildly, whereas all of the cancer cells were stained completely with AKAP12.

CONCLUSION

AKAP12 gene seems to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Prognostic significance of biological apoptosis factors in gastric cancer

PURPOSE

Gastric cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease containing many genetic and epigenetic alterations. In our study, the expression status of apoptosis-inducing p53 and apoptosis-inhibiting Bcl-2 in gastric cancer and their relation with prognosis, if any, was investigated.

METHODS

Patients that were being followed in our clinic and had histopathologically diagnosed gastric adenocarcinoma were included in this study. The p53 and bcl-2 expressions were investigated immunohistochemically and patients were grouped according to p53 and Bcl-2 expression as follows: group A: both p53 and Bcl-2 negative; group B: p53 positive and Bcl-2 negative; group C: p53 negative and Bcl-2 positive; group D: both p53 and Bcl-2 positive.

RESULTS

In 19 (51.4%) patients positive immunostaining with p53 was observed, while negative in 18 (48.6%). A significant relationship between the metastatic ability of the tumor and p53 expression was determined (p=0.004). In 78.6% of the metastatic tumors no p53 expression was observed, while in 69.6% of the non-metastatic tumors p53 expression was positive. No significant relationship was detected between p53 expression and survival. Positive immunostaining with Bcl-2 was observed in 9 (16.7%) patients, and negative in 45 (83.3%). No significant relationship was determined between the Bcl-2 expression and the depth of invasion, dissemination to lymph nodes and metastatic ability of the tumor. A borderline statistically significant relationship was determined between the Bcl-2 expression and survival (p=0.051). Group B patients showed a statistically significant survival difference compared with the other groups (p=0.022).

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that concurrent evaluation of p53 and Bcl-2 in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma may have prognostic importance.

The predictive role of Bcl-2 expression in operable locally advanced or metastatic gastric carcinoma

PURPOSE

Gastric carcinoma is an aggressive disease with different epidemiologic and clinical profiles. Combination chemotherapy containing docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil/5-FU (DCF) is a frequently used regimen in metastatic gastric cancer. We studied the role of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression in predicting the response to DCF combination chemotherapy in metastatic gastric carcinoma.

METHODS

This study included patients with pathologically confirmed locally advanced, surgically inoperable gastric carcinoma, or with metastatic disease. For immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 oncoprotein, lyophilized mouse monoclonal antibody (clone100/D5, 1:50, Thermo Scientific, Fremont, ABD) was used. Bcl-2 expression was evaluated with respect to the nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of the cells. Staining > 10% was accepted as positive and ≤ 10% as negative.

RESULTS

Bcl-2 expression was positive in 5 (23.8%) patients and negative in 16 (76.2%), while partial response was achieved in 12 (57%) patients. No complete response was seen in any patient. The effect of positive Bcl-2 expression on survival was statistically significant by log-rank test (p=0.035).

CONCLUSION

The patient group that expressed Bcl-2 survived longer confirming that Bcl-2 expression is a good prognostic factor in advanced-stage patients. We believe that Bcl-2 expression has an additional contribution in predicting response to this chemotherapy combination.

Omentum prevents intestinal adhesions to mesh graft in abdominal infections and serosal defects

BACKGROUND

Many studies have evaluated the use of grafts in the reconstruction of abdominal wall defects. In this study, the effects resulting from the presence or absence of the omentum were evaluated in the setting of infection or serosal defects in the formation of adhesions in abdominal closures using mesh grafts.

METHODS

For this study, 60 Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. A circular 3.79-cm(2) fascioperitoneal defect was created. After group-specific procedures, defects were reconstructed using polypropylene mesh grafts. In group C (control group), only a mesh graft recontruction was performed, whereas group O (O for omentectomy) underwent an omentectomy plus mesh closure. In group SD (serosal defect group), the cecum was abrased with a brush before mesh closure. Group SDO underwent cecal abrasion plus an omentectomy. In group I (infection group), the intraabdominal space was filled with 1 ml of solution containing 100,000 colony-forming units (CFUs) of Escherichia coli per milliliter. Group IO received the same same amount of E. coli solution plus an omentectomy before mesh closure. After 28 days, the groups were evaluated by intraabdominal and blood cultures, grading of intraabdominal adhesions, graft-organ adhesions, proportion of adhesions to graft size, and histopathologic studies. The results were statistically evaluated using one-way variant analysis and Scheffe's and Fisher's definite chi-square tests.

RESULTS

For the groups in which the greater omentum was preserved, intestinal adhesions to the graft surface were less frequently observed, especially in cases with intraabdominal infections and serosal defects (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Preservation of the greater omentum reduces the formation of intestinal adhesions, especially in cases with underlying infections and serosal defects in abdominal closures using mesh grafts. This could be beneficial in related clinical situations in lowering the rate of intestinal fistulas, erosions, and obstructions that can be attributed to the formation of adhesions.

Relationship between mast cell and iNOS expression in testicular tissue associated with infertility

The objective of this study was to investigate mast cells and iNOS expression in testis tissue, and to correlate these results with spermatogenic disorders. A total of 136 testicular biopsies were obtained from the testes of 80 patients with infertility. Their age ranged from 21 to 45 years. The biopsy specimens were immunohistochemically stained with antihuman tryptase for mast cells. In each section, all interstitial fields were evaluated for the total number of mast cells as well as the total number of Leydig cells. The number of mast cells per Leydig cell was calculated and recorded as mast cell index. Immunohistochemical iNOS staining was evaluated semiquantitatively according to intensity and the proportion of the stained cells. There was a significant increase of the mast cell index in all groups with testicular disorder compared with normal spermatogenesis group (p < 0.05). Increase of the index was in the order of hypospermatogenesis, maturation arrest and SCO, and index of SCO group was especially higher, i.e, more than twice than other groups. iNOS score was significantly higher in the SCO group than in the men with normal spermatogenesis, hypospermatogenesis, and maturation arrest (p < 0.05). Finally, a significantly statistical correlation was found between the iNOS score and mast cells index (r = 0.758, p = 0.001). Increase of mast cell index was observed in the groups of infertile testis, and high expression of iNOS in Leydig cells was associated with the highest mast cell index in SCO, the lesion with the most severe damage of the germ cell.

Effect of mechanical vs dilute ethanol epithelial removal on keratocyte apoptosis and polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration

PURPOSE

To investigate keratocyte apoptosis and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell infiltration to the corneal stroma after mechanical epithelial scraping and chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol solution.

METHODS

Twelve New Zealand Albino rabbits (24 eyes) were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was the control group with no epithelial removal. Group B underwent a 7.5-mm mechanical epithelial removal with a blunt spatula. Group C underwent 7.5-mm chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol-balanced salt solution. Corneas were stained with terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay after 24 h. Only nuclear staining in keratocytes was counted. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte densities were also assessed by light microscopy.

RESULTS

Mechanical de-epithelialization (group B) and chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol (group C) showed no difference in keratocyte apoptosis compared with the control group. There was also no difference between groups B and C. Group B showed no difference in PMN leukocyte counts compared with the control group. But the number of PMN leukocytes observed in group C was significantly higher than those encountered in the corneas of the control group (P < 0.05) and group B (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Dilute alcohol induces more PMN cell infiltration when compared with mechanical de-epithelialization although there is no difference in the apoptosis rates.

Keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities after refractive corneal surgery

PURPOSE

Refractive corneal surgery induces keratocyte apoptosis and generates reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cornea. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities after different refractive surgical procedures in rabbits.

METHODS

Rabbits were divided into six groups. All groups were compared with the control group (Group 1), after epithelial scraping (Group 2), epithelial scrape and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (traditional PRK: Group 3), transepithelial PRK (Group 4), creation of a corneal flap with microkeratome (Group 5) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK, Group 6). Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling assay (to detect DNA fragmentation in situ) and light microscopy were used to detect apoptosis in rabbit eyes. Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the corneal tissues were measured with spectrophotometric methods.

RESULTS

Corneal Gpx and SOD activities decreased significantly in all groups when compared with the control group (P<0.05) and groups 2, 3 and 6 showed a significantly higher amount of keratocyte apoptosis (P<0.05). Not only a negative correlation was observed between corneal SOD activity and keratocyte apoptosis (cc: -0.3648) but Gpx activity also showed negative correlation with keratocyte apoptosis (cc: -0.3587).

CONCLUSION

The present study illustrates the negative correlation between keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities. This finding suggests that ROS may be partly responsible for keratocyte apoptosis after refractive surgery.

Effects of topical vitamin E on keratocyte apoptosis after traditional photorefractive keratectomy

PURPOSE

To evaluate the keratocyte apoptosis and effects of topical vitamin E on keratocyte apoptosis after photorefractive surgery.

METHODS

Rabbits were divided into 7 groups, and all groups were compared with controls after epithelial scraping, epithelial scrape and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (traditional PRK), transepithelial PRK, production of a corneal flap with microkeratome and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The effects of topical Vitamin E treatment were investigated in the traditional PRK group. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling assay (to detect DNA fragmentation in situ) and light microscopy have been used to detect apoptosis in rabbit cornea.

RESULTS

Transepithelial PRK induced minimal keratocyte apoptosis, less than in all other refractive surgical procedures. The greatest amount of keratocyte apoptosis was observed after traditional PRK (p = 0.001), therefore we tested the effects of topical vitamin E in this group. The number of apoptotic keratocytes significantly reduced after vitamin E therapy (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Keratocytes undergo apoptosis after refractive surgery in response to mechanical epithelial removal, preparing of corneal flap and excimer laser stromal photoablation. The topical application of vitamin E immediately after surgery can prevent keratocyte apoptosis, and this result suggests that free radicals may be partly responsible for keratocyte apoptosis after excimer laser keratectomy.

Magnetic resonance imaging and morphometric histologic analysis of prostate tissue composition in predicting the clinical outcome of terazosin therapy in benign prostatic hyperplasia

PURPOSE

To determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or quantitative color-imaged morphometric analysis (MA) of the prostate gland are related to the clinical response to terazosin.

METHODS

Thirty-six male patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with a serum prostate-specific antigen level of 4-10 ng/mL underwent MRI with body coil, transrectal prostate ultrasonography and biopsy prior to terazosin therapy. For MRI-determined stromal and non-stromal BPH, the ratio of the signal intensity of the inner gland to the obturator internus muscle was evaluated. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The MA of the specimens was performed by Samba 2000. Results of the two techniques were interpreted according to the terazosin therapy results.

RESULTS

The mean stromal percentage was 60.5 +/- 18.0%. No statistically significant relationship was found between the clinical outcome of terazosin and the MRI findings. The MA results showed a significant relationship between the percentage of stroma and the percent change of the peak urinary flow rate, but not with the percent change of the international prostate symptom score after terazosin therapy (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Magnetic resonance imaging alone is not sufficient in predicting the response to terazosin therapy. Morphometric analysis of BPH tissue composition can be used in predicting the clinical outcome of terazosin therapy but it is suitable only in patients for whom prostatic biopsy is necessary in order to rule out prostate cancer.

Expression of Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 in colorectal neoplasia

Several studies have been demonstrated the value of c-ErbB-2 and Bcl-2 in predicting the biological behaviour of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 expression in colorectal carcinomas and the correlation between their presence and other clinicopathologic parameters. Eighty-six colorectal carcinomas and 17 adenomas were stained with Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 immunohistochemically. Staining patterns were assessed semi-quantitatively and correlated with tumor size, Duke s classification, tumor differentiation, mucinous characteristic and anatomic locations. We detected Bcl-2 expression in 10 of 17 adenomas (58.8 %) and 31 of 86 carcinomas (36.04 %). Positive staining in normal mucosa was observed only in the compartment of cryptic cells. However neither the difference in the rates of Bcl-2 positivity in adenoma and carcinoma groups, nor the correlation with other mentioned clinicopathological parameters, were found statistically significant. Bcl-2 expression was found to be significantly high in mucinous carcinomas. Expression of c-ErbB-2 was observed in 12 of 86 (13.95 %) carcinomas. It was not detected in adenomas and normal mucosa. Although the incidence of c-ErbB-2 in nonmucinous carcinoma was higher than that of mucinous carcinoma, this was not significant. In addition we were unable to show any significant relation between c-ErbB-2 expression and other clinicopathologic features. Our result suggest that c-ErbB-2 protein expression in colorectal carcinomas, is not very frequent event. There is no correlation between c-ErbB-2 expression and malignant potential of colorectal carcinomas. Higher expressions of Bcl-2 in adenomas than carcinomas suggest us a possible role of Bcl-2 in early carcinogenesis of colon. However since we were unable to find any significant correlation between Bcl-2 expression and other parameters the impact of this gene on biological behavior is still unclear for us.

Pleomorphic adenoma of an unusual size in the deep lobe of the parotid gland

Tumors of the salivary glands in children are not as common as in adults and they are mostly benign. The most common benign epithelial neoplasm seen in children is pleomorphic adenoma. As is usually the case in the adult population, it is usually found in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. Its localization in the deep lobe is rare. Pleomorphic adenomas of the deep lobe present with a neck mass and when it is large, it may have an intraoral extension as well. It may also assume a dumb-bell shape as it enlarges and may be observed on CT or MRI scans as a prestyloid mass. The choice of treatment depends on the localization and the size of the tumor. The method can be transoral, cervical, transmandibular, transparotid, retromandibular fossa or a combination of these. A child with an unusually large pleomorphic adenoma of the deep lobe of the parotid gland is presented in this study. The deep lobe tumor was totally removed using a combination of cervical and transmandibular approaches.