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Fehringer G, Kraft P, Pharoah PD, Eeles RA, Chatterjee N, Schumacher FR, Schildkraut JM, Lindström S, Brennan P, Bickeböller H, Houlston RS, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Risch A, Amin Al Olama A, Berndt SI, Giovannucci EL, Grönberg H, Kote-Jarai Z, Ma J, Muir K, Stampfer MJ, Stevens VL, Wiklund F, Willett WC, Goode EL, Permuth JB, Risch HA, Reid BM, Bezieau S, Brenner H, Chan AT, Chang-Claude J, Hudson TJ, Kocarnik JK, Newcomb PA, Schoen RE, Slattery ML, White E, Adank MA, Ahsan H, Aittomäki K, Baglietto L, Blomquist C, Canzian F, Czene K, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Eliassen AH, Figueroa JD, Flesch-Janys D, Fletcher O, Garcia-Closas M, Gaudet MM, Johnson N, Hall P, Hazra A, Hein R, Hofman A, Hopper JL, Irwanto A, Johansson M, Kaaks R, Kibriya MG, Lichtner P, Liu J, Lund E, Makalic E, Meindl A, Müller-Myhsok B, Muranen TA, Nevanlinna H, Peeters PH, Peto J, Prentice RL, Rahman N, Sanchez MJ, Schmidt DF, Schmutzler RK, Southey MC, Tamimi R, Travis RC, Turnbull C, Uitterlinden AG, Wang Z, Whittemore AS, Yang XR, Zheng W, Buchanan DD, Casey G, Conti DV, Edlund CK, Gallinger S, Haile RW, Jenkins M, Le Marchand L, Li L, Lindor NM, Schmit SL, Thibodeau SN, Woods MO, Rafnar T, Gudmundsson J, Stacey SN, Stefansson K, Sulem P, Chen YA, Tyrer JP, Christiani DC, Wei Y, Shen H, Hu Z, Shu XO, Shiraishi K, Takahashi A, Bossé Y, Obeidat M, Nickle D, Timens W, Freedman ML, Li Q, Seminara D, Chanock SJ, Gong J, Peters U, Gruber SB, Amos CI, Sellers TA, Easton DF, Hunter DJ, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Hung RJ. Cross-Cancer Genome-Wide Analysis of Lung, Ovary, Breast, Prostate, and Colorectal Cancer Reveals Novel Pleiotropic Associations. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5103-14. [PMID: 27197191 PMCID: PMC5010493 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic variants with pleiotropic associations can uncover common pathways influencing multiple cancers. We took a two-stage approach to conduct genome-wide association studies for lung, ovary, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer from the GAME-ON/GECCO Network (61,851 cases, 61,820 controls) to identify pleiotropic loci. Findings were replicated in independent association studies (55,789 cases, 330,490 controls). We identified a novel pleiotropic association at 1q22 involving breast and lung squamous cell carcinoma, with eQTL analysis showing an association with ADAM15/THBS3 gene expression in lung. We also identified a known breast cancer locus CASP8/ALS2CR12 associated with prostate cancer, a known cancer locus at CDKN2B-AS1 with different variants associated with lung adenocarcinoma and prostate cancer, and confirmed the associations of a breast BRCA2 locus with lung and serous ovarian cancer. This is the largest study to date examining pleiotropy across multiple cancer-associated loci, identifying common mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5103-14. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Kraft
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Lindström
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Angela Risch
- Division of Cancer Genetics/Epigenetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, DKFZ - German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany. Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Ma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth Muir
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Victoria L Stevens
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Walter C Willett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Robert E Schoen
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Emily White
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Muriel A Adank
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Carl Blomquist
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Olivia Fletcher
- Breakthrough Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mia M Gaudet
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nichola Johnson
- Breakthrough Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Per Hall
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aditi Hazra
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Hein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Department of Biobank Research, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Eiliv Lund
- Institute of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Enes Makalic
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Taru A Muranen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maria Jose Sanchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Publica, Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Graham Casey
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David V Conti
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Mark Jenkins
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Li Li
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center and Mary Ann Swetland Center for Environmental Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Michael O Woods
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongyue Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Kouya Shiraishi
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Ma'en Obeidat
- University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Nickle
- Merck & Co, Merck Research Laboratories, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Gong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - David J Hunter
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rayjean J Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
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Vilhjálmsson B, Yang J, Finucane H, Gusev A, Lindström S, Ripke S, Genovese G, Loh PR, Bhatia G, Do R, Hayeck T, Won HH, Kathiresan S, Pato M, Pato C, Tamimi R, Stahl E, Zaitlen N, Pasaniuc B, Belbin G, Kenny EE, Schierup MH, De Jager P, Patsopoulos NA, McCarroll S, Daly M, Purcell S, Chasman D, Neale B, Goddard M, Visscher PM, Kraft P, Patterson N, Price AL, Ripke S, Neale B, Corvin A, Walters J, Farh KH, Holmans P, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier D, Huang H, Pers T, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu S, Begemann M, Belliveau R, Bene J, Bergen S, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli T, Black D, Bruggeman R, Buccola N, Buckner R, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor R, Carr V, Carrera N, Catts S, Chambert K, Chan R, Chen R, Chen E, Cheng W, Cheung E, Chong S, Cloninger C, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley J, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis K, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, DeLisi L, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous A, Farrell M, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer N, Friedl M, Friedman J, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Gershon E, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodrguez P, Godard S, Goldstein J, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, Grove J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere M, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann A, Henskens F, Herms S, Hirschhorn J, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard M, Hougaard D, Ikeda M, Joa I, Julia A, Kahn R, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller M, Kelly B, Kennedy J, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles J, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene Z, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kahler A, Laurent C, Keong J, Lee S, Legge S, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland C, Lubinski J, Lnnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson P, Maher B, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, McCarley R, McDonald C, McIntosh A, Meier S, Meijer C, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately R, Metspalu A, Michie P, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris D, Mors O, Mortensen P, Murphy K, Murray R, Myin-Germeys I, Mller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney D, Nestadt G, Nicodemus K, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill F, Oh SY, Olincy A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou G, Papiol S, Parkhomenko E, Pato M, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins D, Pietilinen O, Pimm J, Pocklington A, Powell J, Price A, Pulver A, Purcell S, Quested D, Rasmussen H, Reichenberg A, Reimers M, Richards A, Roffman J, Roussos P, Ruderfer D, Salomaa V, Sanders A, Schall U, Schubert C, Schulze T, Schwab S, Scolnick E, Scott R, Seidman L, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman J, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller J, So HC, Spencer C, Stahl E, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub R, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup T, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic D, Szatkiewicz J, Sderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tooney P, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb B, Weiser M, Wildenauer D, Williams N, Williams S, Witt S, Wolen A, Wong E, Wormley B, Wu J, Xi H, Zai C, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Wray N, Stefansson K, Visscher P, Adolfsson R, Andreassen O, Blackwood D, Bramon E, Buxbaum J, Børglum A, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman P, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman C, Iwata N, Jablensky A, Jonsson E, Kendler K, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson D, Li Q, Liu J, Malhotra A, McCarroll S, McQuillin A, Moran J, Mortensen P, Mowry B, Nthen M, Ophoff R, Owen M, Palotie A, Pato C, Petryshen T, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Riley B, Rujescu D, Sham P, Sklar P, St. Clair D, Weinberger D, Wendland J, Werge T, Daly M, Sullivan P, O’Donovan M, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Adank M, Ahsan H, Aittomäki K, Baglietto L, Berndt S, Blomquist C, Canzian F, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Crisponi L, Czene K, Dahmen N, Silva IDS, Easton D, Eliassen AH, Figueroa J, Fletcher O, Garcia-Closas M, Gaudet MM, Gibson L, Haiman CA, Hall P, Hazra A, Hein R, Henderson BE, Hofman A, Hopper JL, Irwanto A, Johansson M, Kaaks R, Kibriya MG, Lichtner P, Lindström S, Liu J, Lund E, Makalic E, Meindl A, Meijers-Heijboer H, Müller-Myhsok B, Muranen TA, Nevanlinna H, Peeters PH, Peto J, Prentice RL, Rahman N, Sánchez MJ, Schmidt DF, Schmutzler RK, Southey MC, Tamimi R, Travis R, Turnbull C, Uitterlinden AG, van der Luijt RB, Waisfisz Q, Wang Z, Whittemore AS, Yang R, Zheng W. Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium Increases Accuracy of Polygenic Risk Scores. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:576-92. [PMID: 26430803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores have shown great promise in predicting complex disease risk and will become more accurate as training sample sizes increase. The standard approach for calculating risk scores involves linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based marker pruning and applying a p value threshold to association statistics, but this discards information and can reduce predictive accuracy. We introduce LDpred, a method that infers the posterior mean effect size of each marker by using a prior on effect sizes and LD information from an external reference panel. Theory and simulations show that LDpred outperforms the approach of pruning followed by thresholding, particularly at large sample sizes. Accordingly, predicted R(2) increased from 20.1% to 25.3% in a large schizophrenia dataset and from 9.8% to 12.0% in a large multiple sclerosis dataset. A similar relative improvement in accuracy was observed for three additional large disease datasets and for non-European schizophrenia samples. The advantage of LDpred over existing methods will grow as sample sizes increase.
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Rosendahl M, Ahlgren J, Andersen J, Bergh J, Blomquist C, Lidbrink E, Lindman H, Mouridsen H, Bjerre K, Andersson M. The risk of amenorrhoea after adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer is related to inter-individual variations in chemotherapy-induced leukocyte nadir in young patients: Data from the randomised SBG 2000-1 study. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:3198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martin FN, Coffey MD, Zeller K, Hamelin RC, Tooley P, Garbelotto M, Hughes KJD, Kubisiak T, Bilodeau GJ, Levy L, Blomquist C, Berger PH. Evaluation of molecular markers for Phytophthora ramorum detection and identification: testing for specificity using a standardized library of isolates. Phytopathology 2009; 99:390-403. [PMID: 19271981 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-99-4-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of Phytophthora ramorum from a regulatory standpoint, it is imperative that molecular markers for pathogen detection are fully tested to evaluate their specificity in detection of the pathogen. In an effort to evaluate 11 reported diagnostic techniques, we assembled a standardized DNA library using accessions from the World Phytophthora Genetic Resource Collection for 315 isolates representing 60 described Phytophthora spp. as well as 11 taxonomically unclassified isolates. These were sent blind to collaborators in seven laboratories to evaluate published diagnostic procedures using conventional (based on internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and cytochrome oxidase gene [cox]1 and 2 spacer regions) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (based on ITS and cox1 and 2 spacer regions as well as beta-tubulin and elicitin genes). Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis using an automated sequencer for data collection was also evaluated for identification of all species tested. In general, the procedures worked well, with varying levels of specificity observed among the different techniques. With few exceptions, all assays correctly identified all isolates of P. ramorum and low levels of false positives were observed for the mitochondrial cox spacer markers and most of the real-time assays based on nuclear markers (diagnostic specificity between 96.9 and 100%). The highest level of false positives was obtained with the conventional nested ITS procedure; however, this technique is not stand-alone and is used in conjunction with two other assays for diagnostic purposes. The results indicated that using multiple assays improved the accuracy of the results compared with looking at a single assay alone, in particular when the markers represented different genetic loci. The SSCP procedure accurately identified P. ramorum and was helpful in classification of a number of isolates to a species level. With one exception, all procedures accurately identified P. ramorum in blind evaluations of 60 field samples that included examples of plant infection by 11 other Phytophthora spp. The SSCP analysis identified eight of these species, with three identified to a species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA, USA.
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Vigo-Pelfrey C, Seubert P, Barbour R, Blomquist C, Lee M, Lee D, Coria F, Chang L, Miller B, Lieberburg I. Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1995; 45:788-93. [PMID: 7723971 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.4.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no biochemical marker clinically available to test for the presence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies suggest that the core component of AD-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the microtubule-associated protein tau, might be present in CSF. This study focuses on establishing both the presence of tau in CSF and its potential utility in the diagnosis of AD. We obtained CSF from 181 individuals; 71 of these were diagnosed as having probable AD by NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. The remaining 110 individuals were divided into three groups: (1) age-matched demented non-AD patients (n = 25), (2) neurologic controls (n = 59), and (3) other controls (n = 26). We developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent tau assay using monoclonal antibodies prepared against recombinant human tau. We confirmed specificity of the antibodies by a combination of immunoprecipitation and immunoblot results. By this assay we measured that the AD population has a mean level of tau 50% greater than the non-AD dementia patients. Comparing AD patients with all other groups, the difference in tau levels as analyzed by one-way ANOVA is highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). Postmortem analysis of two AD patients with high levels of CSF tau revealed a high density of NFTs in the hippocampus. There was no significant correlation between tau and age in the non-AD groups. This study suggests that CSF tau is elevated in AD and might be a useful aid in antemortem diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vigo-Pelfrey
- Athena Neurosciences, Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Resing KA, al-Alawi N, Blomquist C, Fleckman P, Dale BA. Independent regulation of two cytoplasmic processing stages of the intermediate filament-associated protein filaggrin and role of Ca2+ in the second stage. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:25139-45. [PMID: 8227077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the final events in cornification of epidermal cells is processing of profilaggrin to the keratin-associated protein filaggrin. Processing involves several proteolytic events and occurs in two discrete proteolytic stages (Resing, K. A., Walsh, K. A., and Dale, B. A. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 1372-1378; Resing, K. A., Walsh, K. A., Haugen-Scofield, J., and Dale, B. A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 1837-1846). In a keratinocyte cell line derived from newborn rat epidermis, these two stages are independently regulated. Profilaggrin was expressed when the cells reached confluence; processing to intermediates began 24-36 h later (stage one), with filaggrin appearing at 48 h (stage two). Stage two processing required calcium in the medium with maximum processing occurring at 5-10 mM. Furthermore, stage two processing was inhibited by nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, suggesting that calcium influx activates this event. Second-stage processing was also inhibited by the protease inhibitor leupeptin, implicating calpain. Confluent cells had higher levels of calpain I than subconfluent cells; in confluent cells, two immunoreactive bands were detected, comigrating with inactive (80 kDa) and activated (78 kDa) calpain I. In cells processing profilaggrin, most of the calpain I was in the 78-kDa form, implying extensive activation, supporting a role for calpain in processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Resing
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Resing KA, al-Alawi N, Blomquist C, Fleckman P, Dale BA. Independent regulation of two cytoplasmic processing stages of the intermediate filament-associated protein filaggrin and role of Ca2+ in the second stage. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Haydock PV, Blomquist C, Brumbaugh S, Dale BA, Holbrook KA, Fleckman P. Antisense profilaggrin RNA delays and decreases profilaggrin expression and alters in vitro differentiation of rat epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:118-26. [PMID: 7688400 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyosis vulgaris is an epidermal disorder in which profilaggrin expression is decreased or absent. To determine whether the ichthyosis vulgaris phenotype could be mimicked by eliminating profilaggrin expression, a rat epidermal cell line was transfected with a plasmid that directs the constitutive expression of an RNA that is antisense to normal profilaggrin mRNA. Non-transfected and neomycin-resistant cells not containing antisense plasmid that were grown in the neomycin analogue G418 served as controls. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis showed that profilaggrin protein expression and processing to filaggrin were delayed by 3 to 4 d and decreased in transfected cells. Profilaggrin mRNA was detected in both control and transfected cells only after the cells reached confluence, whereas antisense RNA was detected in transfectants at all times, even prior to confluence. Ultrastructural examination revealed that keratohyalin granules were decreased in number, globular, and heterogeneous in appearance in transfected cells in-contrast to angular structures seen in control cells. Unexpectedly, stratification was impaired, intermediate filaments were noticeably reduced, and cornified cell envelope formation was delayed in transfectants. Unlike ichthyosis vulgaris keratinocytes, where keratin expression is unaffected, appearance of K1 and K10 was delayed and K1/K10 synthesis was delayed and decreased in transfected cells. The precipitous drop in 35S-methionine incorporation into cytoskeletal protein seen at confluence in control cells was delayed by 3 d in transfected cells. We conclude that, rather than producing the ichthyosis vulgaris phenotype, antisense profilaggrin RNA has more broad-reaching effects on in vitro differentiation of rat epidermal keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Haydock
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Seubert P, Oltersdorf T, Lee MG, Barbour R, Blomquist C, Davis DL, Bryant K, Fritz LC, Galasko D, Thal LJ. Secretion of beta-amyloid precursor protein cleaved at the amino terminus of the beta-amyloid peptide. Nature 1993; 361:260-3. [PMID: 7678698 DOI: 10.1038/361260a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation in brain of senile plaques containing beta-amyloid protein (A beta) is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease. The amyloid precursor protein (APP)4 from which A beta is derived is subject to several genetic mutations which segregate with rare familial forms of the disease, resulting in early onset of dementia and plaque formation, suggesting that APP metabolism plays a causal role in the disease. Various cell types have been shown to release a soluble form of A beta, thus allowing for the in vitro study of A beta generation. We report here evidence that a substantial portion of the APP secreted by human mixed brain cell cultures, as well as that present in cerebrospinal fluid, is of a novel form cleaved precisely at the amino terminus of A beta, suggesting that a secretory pathway is involved in A beta genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seubert
- Athena Neurosciences Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
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10
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Blomquist C, Thorell LH, Wretmark G. [Examination and clinical reality--"TV-examination" trials]. Nord Med 1979; 94:267-8. [PMID: 492946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Blomquist C. [A contribution to the euthanasia debate]. Lakartidningen 1978; 75:416-7. [PMID: 628250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Blomquist C. The psychiatrist's role in moral dilemmas. Is a crisis of conscience a medical problem? Hastings Cent Rep 1976; 6:26-7. [PMID: 955878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Blomquist C. [How medical are medical ethics?]. Nord Med 1976; 91:99-101. [PMID: 1264588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Blomquist C. A new era in European medical ethics. Hastings Cent Rep 1976; 6:7-8. [PMID: 931734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Blomquist C. [Education in medical ethics. Ethics should not remain a spare time occupation]. Nord Med 1976; 91:102-4. [PMID: 1264576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Blomquist C. [Ethic committees and representatives]. Lakartidningen 1976; 73:1039-41. [PMID: 1256155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Blomquist C. Ethical guidelines for biomedical research. Ann Clin Res 1975; 7:291-4. [PMID: 1211845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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18
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Blomquist C. [Editorial: Ethical guidelines for biomedical research]. Lakartidningen 1975; 72:3403-5. [PMID: 1160444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The following two papers, the first from Sweden, the second from the United States of America, form the first of a series on the teaching of medical ethics. In Sweden the teaching of medical ethics is not obligatory but many professors and clinical teachers include it in their approach to the practice of the different branches of medicine. In the United States hundreds of formal courses are being offered and research projects and the tools of research are beginning to emerge. Dr Blomquist defines the concept of medical ethics, and proposes criteria for its application, for example, to euthanasia. Dr Veatch and Miss Fenner outline the courses and provision for the teaching of medical ethics to undergraduate and postgraduate students both in the medical schools of America and in other university schools.
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Blomquist C. [The limits and unlimitedness of medicine]. Nord Med 1975; 90:178-81. [PMID: 1153273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Blomquist C. [Science, acupuncture and satanism]. Nord Med 1975; 90:133-4. [PMID: 1134915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Blomquist C, Enger-E, Riis P. [Nordic proposal concerning new ethical rules for biomedical research. Broadened researcher responsibility for results. Animal experiments, genetic manipulation should be regulated]. Nord Med 1975; 90:79-80. [PMID: 1153259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Blomquist C. [Genetic manipulation. 2. Ethical aspects]. Nord Med 1975; 90:19-22. [PMID: 1055988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Blomquist C. [Genetic manipulation. 1. Possibilities and risks]. Nord Med 1975; 90:17-9. [PMID: 1055987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Blomquist C, Giertz G. [Ethic aspects on treatment of children with spina bifida]. Lakartidningen 1974; 71:5283-87. [PMID: 4615221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Blomquist C. [Modern medical ethics]. Nord Med 1974; 89:130-1. [PMID: 4830017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Blomquist C. [The ethics of torture]. Lakartidningen 1973; 70:4148-9. [PMID: 4787632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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28
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Blomquist C. [The National Social Welfare Board and death--a neglected chance]. Lakartidningen 1973; 70:2566-7. [PMID: 4787328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Blomquist C. [Health- and mentalhygienic values in relation to different psychotherapeutic methods]. Nord Psykiatr Tidsskr 1972; 26:98-101. [PMID: 5021043 DOI: 10.3109/08039487209132791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Blomquist C. [Psychiatric credo]. Lakartidningen 1970; 67:4906-7. [PMID: 5477780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Blomquist C. [Discussion or announcement?]. Lakartidningen 1970; 67:2135-40. [PMID: 5450551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Blomquist C. [The psychiatric conversation]. Lakartidningen 1969; 66:3956-60. [PMID: 5384299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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33
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Blomquist C. [R.D. Laing and schizophrenia as a manner of living]. Lakartidningen 1968; 65:5026-30. [PMID: 5741921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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34
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Blomquist C. [After the TV-programs: are mental hospitals needed?]. Lakartidningen 1966; 63:4585-4588. [PMID: 5979945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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35
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Blomquist C. [Medical ethics and its implications]. Lakartidningen 1965; 62:2725-32. [PMID: 5868091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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36
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Blomquist C. [How to deal with a psychiatric case without being a trained psychiatrist]. Lakartidningen 1965; 62:2565-70. [PMID: 5868085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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