1
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Casanova JL, MacMicking JD, Nathan CF. Interferon- γ and infectious diseases: Lessons and prospects. Science 2024; 384:eadl2016. [PMID: 38635718 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to claim many lives. Prevention of morbidity and mortality from these diseases would benefit not just from new medicines and vaccines but also from a better understanding of what constitutes protective immunity. Among the major immune signals that mobilize host defense against infection is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a protein secreted by lymphocytes. Forty years ago, IFN-γ was identified as a macrophage-activating factor, and, in recent years, there has been a resurgent interest in IFN-γ biology and its role in human defense. Here we assess the current understanding of IFN-γ, revisit its designation as an "interferon," and weigh its prospects as a therapeutic against globally pervasive microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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2
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Lee AM, Laurent P, Nathan CF, Barrat FJ. Neutrophil-plasmacytoid dendritic cell interaction leads to production of type I IFN in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350666. [PMID: 38161237 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can cause a latent infection that sometimes progresses to clinically active tuberculosis (TB). Type I interferons (IFN-I) have been implicated in initiating the progression from latency to active TB, in part because IFN-I stimulated genes are the earliest genes to be upregulated in patients as they advance to active TB. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are major producers of IFN-I during viral infections and in response to autoimmune-induced neutrophil extracellular traps. pDCs have also been suggested to be the major producers of IFN-I during Mtb infection of mice and nonhuman primates, but direct evidence has been lacking. Here, we found that Mtb did not stimulate isolated human pDCs to produce IFN-I, but human neutrophils infected with Mtb-activated co-cultured pDCs to do so. Mtb-infected neutrophils produced neutrophil extracellular traps, whose exposed DNA is a well-known mechanism to activate pDCs to secrete IFN-I. We conclude that pDCs contribute to the IFN-I response during Mtb infection by interacting with infected neutrophils which may then promote Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paôline Laurent
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Franck J Barrat
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Ottavi S, Li K, Cacioppo JG, Perkowski AJ, Ramesh R, Gold BS, Ling Y, Roberts J, Singh A, Zhang D, Mosior J, Goullieux L, Roubert C, Bacqué E, Sacchettini JC, Nathan CF, Aubé J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PptT Inhibitors Based on Heterocyclic Replacements of Amidinoureas. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:970-976. [PMID: 37465309 PMCID: PMC10351052 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
4'-Phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PptT) is an essential enzyme for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival and virulence and therefore an attractive target for a tuberculosis therapeutic. In this work, two modeling-informed approaches toward the isosteric replacement of the amidinourea moiety present in the previously reported PptT inhibitor AU 8918 are reported. Although a designed 3,5-diamino imidazole unexpectedly adopted an undesired tautomeric form and was inactive, replacement of the amidinourea moiety afforded a series of active PptT inhibitors containing 2,6-diaminopyridine scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ottavi
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson G. Cacioppo
- Department
of Chemistry, UNC College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew J. Perkowski
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ben S. Gold
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yan Ling
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David Zhang
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Mosior
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | | | - Eric Bacqué
- Evotec
ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue
Tony Garnier, 69001 Lyon, France
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department
of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill
Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, UNC College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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4
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Zhan W, Li D, Subramanyaswamy SB, Liu YJ, Yang C, Zhang H, Harris JC, Wang R, Zhu S, Rocha H, Sherman J, Qin J, Herring M, Simwela NV, Waters AP, Sukenick G, Cui L, Rodriguez A, Deng H, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Dual-pharmacophore artezomibs hijack the Plasmodium ubiquitin-proteasome system to kill malaria parasites while overcoming drug resistance. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:457-469.e11. [PMID: 37148884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinins (ART) are critical anti-malarials and despite their use in combination therapy, ART-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is spreading globally. To counter ART resistance, we designed artezomibs (ATZs), molecules that link an ART with a proteasome inhibitor (PI) via a non-labile amide bond and hijack parasite's own ubiquitin-proteasome system to create novel anti-malarials in situ. Upon activation of the ART moiety, ATZs covalently attach to and damage multiple parasite proteins, marking them for proteasomal degradation. When damaged proteins enter the proteasome, their attached PIs inhibit protease function, potentiating the parasiticidal action of ART and overcoming ART resistance. Binding of the PI moiety to the proteasome active site is enhanced by distal interactions of the extended attached peptides, providing a mechanism to overcome PI resistance. ATZs have an extra mode of action beyond that of each component, thereby overcoming resistance to both components, while avoiding transient monotherapy seen when individual agents have disparate pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daqiang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Yi Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacob C Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Songbiao Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hedy Rocha
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julian Sherman
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junling Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mikayla Herring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nelson V Simwela
- School of Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P Waters
- School of Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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5
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Zhang H, Ginn J, Zhan W, Leung A, Liu YJ, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Michino M, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Liverton N, Foley M, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Antimalarial Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors─Part II. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1484-1508. [PMID: 36630286 PMCID: PMC10157299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
With increasing reports of resistance to artemisinins and artemisinin-combination therapies, targeting the Plasmodium proteasome is a promising strategy for antimalarial development. We recently reported a highly selective Plasmodium falciparum proteasome inhibitor with anti-malarial activity in the humanized mouse model. To balance the permeability of the series of macrocycles with other drug-like properties, we conducted further structure-activity relationship studies on a biphenyl ether-tethered macrocyclic scaffold. Extensive SAR studies around the P1, P3, and P5 groups and peptide backbone identified compound TDI-8414. TDI-8414 showed nanomolar antiparasitic activity, no toxicity to HepG2 cells, high selectivity against the Plasmodium proteasome over the human constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome, improved solubility and PAMPA permeability, and enhanced metabolic stability in microsomes and plasma of both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi J. Liu
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roland A. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Nigel Liverton
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Zainabadi K, Saito K, Mishra S, Walsh KF, Mathurin LD, Vilbrun SC, Ocheretina O, Pape JW, Fitzgerald DW, Nathan CF, Lee MH. Transcriptional Biomarkers of Differentially Detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Patient Sputum. mBio 2022; 13:e0270122. [PMID: 36326252 PMCID: PMC9765512 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02701-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain populations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis go undetected by standard diagnostics but can be enumerated using limiting dilution assays. These differentially detectable M. tuberculosis (DD M. tuberculosis) populations may have relevance for persistence due to their drug tolerance. It is unclear how well DD M. tuberculosis from patients is modeled by a recently developed in vitro model in which M. tuberculosis starved in phosphate-buffered saline is incubated with rifampin to produce DD M. tuberculosis (the PBS-RIF model). This study attempted to answer this question. We selected 14 genes that displayed differential expression in the PBS-RIF model and evaluated their expression in patient sputa containing various proportions of DD M. tuberculosis. The expression of 12/14 genes correlated with the relative abundance of DD M. tuberculosis in patient sputa. Culture filtrate (CF), which promotes recovery of DD M. tuberculosis from certain patient sputa, improved these correlations in most cases. The gene whose reduced expression relative to M. tuberculosis 16S rRNA showed the greatest association with the presence and relative abundance of DD M. tuberculosis in patient sputa, icl1, was recently shown to play a functional role in restraining DD M. tuberculosis formation in the PBS-RIF model. Expression of icl1, combined with two additional DD M. tuberculosis-related genes, showed strong performance for predicting the presence or absence of DD M. tuberculosis in patient sputa (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88). Thus, the in vitro DD M. tuberculosis model developed by Saito et al. (K. Saito, T. Warrier, S. Somersan-Karakaya, L. Kaminski, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E4832-E4840, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705385114) bears a resemblance to DD M. tuberculosis found in tuberculosis (TB) patients, and DD M. tuberculosis transcriptional profiles may be useful for monitoring DD M. tuberculosis populations in patient sputum. IMPORTANCE Differentially detectable M. tuberculosis (DD M. tuberculosis), which is detectable by limiting dilution assays but not by CFU, is present and enriched for in TB patient sputum after initiation of first-line therapy. These cryptic cells may play a role in disease persistence due to their phenotypic tolerance to anti-TB drugs. A recently developed in vitro model of DD M. tuberculosis (the PBS-RIF model) has expanded our understanding of these cells, though how well it translates to DD M. tuberculosis in patients is currently unknown. To answer this question, we selected 14 genes that displayed differential expression in the PBS-RIF model and evaluated their expression in TB patient sputa. We found that 12/14 of these genes showed a similar expression profile in patient sputa that correlated with the relative abundance of DD M. tuberculosis. Further, the expression of three of these genes showed strong performance for predicting the presence or absence of DD M. tuberculosis in patient sputa. The use of DD M. tuberculosis transcriptional profiles may allow for easier monitoring of DD M. tuberculosis populations in patient sputum in comparison to limiting dilution assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Zainabadi
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kohta Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Frances Walsh
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Oksana Ocheretina
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean William Pape
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Myung Hee Lee
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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7
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Zhang H, Ginn J, Zhan W, Liu YJ, Leung A, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Michino M, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Macrocyclic Peptides as Species-Selective Antimalaria Proteasome Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9350-9375. [PMID: 35727231 PMCID: PMC10152543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With over 200 million cases and close to half a million deaths each year, malaria is a threat to global health, particularly in developing countries. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes the most severe form of the disease, has developed resistance to all antimalarial drugs. Resistance to the first-line antimalarial artemisinin and to artemisinin combination therapies is widespread in Southeast Asia and is emerging in sub-Saharan Africa. The P. falciparum proteasome is an attractive antimalarial target because its inhibition kills the parasite at multiple stages of its life cycle and restores artemisinin sensitivity in parasites that have become resistant through mutation in Kelch K13. Here, we detail our efforts to develop noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide malaria proteasome inhibitors, guided by structural analysis and pharmacokinetic properties, leading to a potent, species-selective, metabolically stable inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yi J Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Annie Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Thijs Beuming
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, New York 10065, United States
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8
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Ottavi S, Scarry SM, Mosior J, Ling Y, Roberts J, Singh A, Zhang D, Goullieux L, Roubert C, Bacqué E, Lagiakos HR, Vendome J, Moraca F, Li K, Perkowski AJ, Ramesh R, Bowler MM, Tracy W, Feher VA, Sacchettini JC, Gold BS, Nathan CF, Aubé J. In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase PptT by Amidinoureas. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1996-2022. [PMID: 35044775 PMCID: PMC8842310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A newly validated target for tuberculosis treatment is phosphopantetheinyl transferase, an essential enzyme that plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of cellular lipids and virulence factors in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The structure-activity relationships of a recently disclosed inhibitor, amidinourea (AU) 8918 (1), were explored, focusing on the biochemical potency, determination of whole-cell on-target activity for active compounds, and profiling of selective active congeners. These studies show that the AU moiety in AU 8918 is largely optimized and that potency enhancements are obtained in analogues containing a para-substituted aromatic ring. Preliminary data reveal that while some analogues, including 1, have demonstrated cardiotoxicity (e.g., changes in cardiomyocyte beat rate, amplitude, and peak width) and inhibit Cav1.2 and Nav1.5 ion channels (although not hERG channels), inhibition of the ion channels is largely diminished for some of the para-substituted analogues, such as 5k (p-benzamide) and 5n (p-phenylsulfonamide).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ottavi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sarah M Scarry
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John Mosior
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Eric Bacqué
- Evotec ID (Lyon), SAS 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, Lyon 69001, France
| | - H Rachel Lagiakos
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Jeremie Vendome
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew J Perkowski
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Remya Ramesh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew M Bowler
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William Tracy
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Victoria A Feher
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 W. 45 Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ben S Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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9
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Pandey S, Singh A, Yang G, d’Andrea FB, Jiang X, Hartman TE, Mosior JW, Bourland R, Gold B, Roberts J, Geiger A, Tang S, Rhee K, Ouerfelli O, Sacchettini JC, Nathan CF, Burns-Huang K. Characterization of Phosphopantetheinyl Hydrolase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0092821. [PMID: 34550010 PMCID: PMC8557913 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00928-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphopantetheinyl hydrolase, PptH (Rv2795c), is a recently discovered enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that removes 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppt) from holo-carrier proteins (CPs) and thereby opposes the action of phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases). PptH is the first structurally characterized enzyme of the phosphopantetheinyl hydrolase family. However, conditions for optimal activity of PptH have not been defined, and only one substrate has been identified. Here, we provide biochemical characterization of PptH and demonstrate that the enzyme hydrolyzes Ppt in vitro from more than one M. tuberculosis holo-CP as well as holo-CPs from other organisms. PptH provided the only detectable activity in mycobacterial lysates that dephosphopantetheinylated acyl carrier protein M (AcpM), suggesting that PptH is the main Ppt hydrolase in M. tuberculosis. We could not detect a role for PptH in coenzyme A (CoA) salvage, and PptH was not required for virulence of M. tuberculosis during infection of mice. It remains to be determined why mycobacteria conserve a broadly acting phosphohydrolase that removes the Ppt prosthetic group from essential CPs. We speculate that the enzyme is critical for aspects of the life cycle of M. tuberculosis that are not routinely modeled. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was the leading cause of death from an infectious disease before COVID, yet the in vivo essentiality and function of many of the protein-encoding genes expressed by M. tuberculosis are not known. We biochemically characterize M. tuberculosis's phosphopantetheinyl hydrolase, PptH, a protein unique to mycobacteria that removes an essential posttranslational modification on proteins involved in synthesis of lipids important for the bacterium's cell wall and virulence. We demonstrate that the enzyme has broad substrate specificity, but it does not appear to have a role in coenzyme A (CoA) salvage or virulence in a mouse model of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpika Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amrita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guangli Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Felipe B. d’Andrea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Travis E. Hartman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John W. Mosior
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ronnie Bourland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annie Geiger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Su Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Abstract
A unique experiment in bringing academic and industrial scientists together to tackle endemic infectious diseases has proved a success. The Tres Cantos Open Lab Foundation, guided and advised by independent experts, funds extended stays of academics at the campus of a pharmaceutical company, where they access the firm's resources in partnership with company scientists. Progress in tackling tuberculosis, protozoal infections, and enteric bacterial diseases has sustained the decade-long evolution of the model, whose distinctive features complement other public-private partnerships with similar goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Calderón
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mike Strange
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, London, UK
| | - Pauline Williams
- Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,Global Health Pharma Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, London, UK
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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11
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Zhang H, Hsu HC, Kahne SC, Hara R, Zhan W, Jiang X, Burns-Huang K, Ouellette T, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Kawasaki M, Michino M, Wong TT, Toita A, Yukawa T, Moraca F, Vendome J, Saha P, Sato K, Aso K, Ginn J, Meinke PT, Foley M, Nathan CF, Darwin KH, Li H, Lin G. Macrocyclic Peptides that Selectively Inhibit the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6262-6272. [PMID: 33949190 PMCID: PMC8194371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) currently takes at least 6 months. Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is phenotypically tolerant to most anti-TB drugs. A key hypothesis is that drugs that kill nonreplicating (NR) Mtb may shorten treatment when used in combination with conventional drugs. The Mtb proteasome (Mtb20S) could be such a target because its pharmacological inhibition kills NR Mtb and its genetic deletion renders Mtb unable to persist in mice. Here, we report a series of macrocyclic peptides that potently and selectively target the Mtb20S over human proteasomes, including macrocycle 6. The cocrystal structure of macrocycle 6 with Mtb20S revealed structural bases for the species selectivity. Inhibition of 20S within Mtb by 6 dose dependently led to the accumulation of Pup-tagged GFP that is degradable but resistant to depupylation and death of nonreplicating Mtb under nitrosative stress. These results suggest that compounds of this class have the potential to develop as anti-TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Hao-Chi Hsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Shoshanna C. Kahne
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 430 E. 29th Street, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Tierra Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | | | | | - Priya Saha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th St, New York, NY 10065
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
| | - K. Heran Darwin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 430 E. 29th Street, New York, NY 10016
| | - Huilin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave. NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065
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12
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Zhan W, Zhang H, Ginn J, Leung A, Liu YJ, Michino M, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong TT, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Martinez-Martinez MS, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Development of a Highly Selective Plasmodium falciparum Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti-malaria Activity in Humanized Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9279-9283. [PMID: 33433953 PMCID: PMC8087158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) inhibitors are active against Plasmodium at multiple stages-erythrocytic, gametocyte, liver, and gamete activation stages-indicating that selective Pf20S inhibitors possess the potential to be therapeutic, prophylactic, and transmission-blocking antimalarials. Starting from a reported compound, we developed a noncovalent, macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of the malarial proteasome with high species selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. The compound demonstrates specific, time-dependent inhibition of the β5 subunit of the Pf20S, kills artemisinin-sensitive and artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum isolates in vitro and reduces parasitemia in humanized, P. falciparum-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | | | - Maria Jose Lafuente-Monasterio
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, 94901, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E 69th St, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Laura A Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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13
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Zhan W, Zhang H, Ginn J, Leung A, Liu YJ, Michino M, Toita A, Okamoto R, Wong T, Imaeda T, Hara R, Yukawa T, Chelebieva S, Tumwebaze PK, Lafuente‐Monasterio MJ, Martinez‐Martinez MS, Vendome J, Beuming T, Sato K, Aso K, Rosenthal PJ, Cooper RA, Meinke PT, Nathan CF, Kirkman LA, Lin G. Development of a Highly Selective
Plasmodium falciparum
Proteasome Inhibitor with Anti‐malaria Activity in Humanized Mice. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - John Ginn
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Annie Leung
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Yi J. Liu
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Akinori Toita
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Tzu‐Tshin Wong
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Sevil Chelebieva
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Dominican University of California San Rafael CA 94901 USA
| | | | - Maria Jose Lafuente‐Monasterio
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW) Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus GlaxoSmithKline Severo Ochoa 2 28760, Tres Cantos Madrid Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez‐Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW) Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus GlaxoSmithKline Severo Ochoa 2 28760, Tres Cantos Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | | | - Roland A. Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Dominican University of California San Rafael CA 94901 USA
| | - Peter T. Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute 413 E 69th St New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Laura A. Kirkman
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Weill Cornell Medicine 1300 York Ave New York NY 10065 USA
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14
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Ah Kioon MD, Pierides M, Pannellini T, Lin G, Nathan CF, Barrat FJ. Noncytotoxic Inhibition of the Immunoproteasome Regulates Human Immune Cells In Vitro and Suppresses Cutaneous Inflammation in the Mouse. J Immunol 2021; 206:1631-1641. [PMID: 33674446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the immunoproteasome (i-20S) have shown promise in mouse models of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. In this study, we used a novel inhibitor of the immunoproteasome, PKS3053, that is reversible, noncovalent, tight-binding, and highly selective for the β5i subunit of the i-20S to evaluate the role that i-20S plays in regulating immune responses in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to irreversible, less-selective inhibitors, PKS3053 did not kill any of the primary human cell types tested, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells, conventional dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells, all of which expressed genes encoding both the constitutive proteasome (c-20S) and i-20S. PKS3053 reduced TLR-dependent activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, decreasing their maturation and IFN-α response and reducing their ability to activate allogenic T cells. In addition, PKS3053 reduced T cell proliferation directly and inhibited TLR-mediated activation of conventional dendritic cells and macrophages. In a mouse model of skin injury that shares some features of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, blocking i-20S decreased inflammation, cellular infiltration, and tissue damage. We conclude that the immunoproteasome is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, that their activation can be suppressed with an i-20S inhibitor without killing them, and that selective inhibition of β5i holds promise as a potential therapy for inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dominique Ah Kioon
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Michael Pierides
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Franck J Barrat
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
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15
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Zhang L, Jiang X, Pfau D, Ling Y, Nathan CF. Type I interferon signaling mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced macrophage death. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200887. [PMID: 33125053 PMCID: PMC7608065 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages help defend the host against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the major cause of tuberculosis (TB). Once phagocytized, Mtb resists killing by macrophages, replicates inside them, and leads to their death, releasing Mtb that can infect other cells. We found that the death of Mtb-infected mouse macrophages in vitro does not appear to proceed by a currently known pathway. Through genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identified a critical role for autocrine or paracrine signaling by macrophage-derived type I IFNs in the death of Mtb-infected macrophages in vitro, and blockade of type I IFN signaling augmented the effect of rifampin, a first-line TB drug, in Mtb-infected mice. Further definition of the pathway of type I IFN-mediated macrophage death may allow for host-directed therapy of TB that is more selective than systemic blockade of type I IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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16
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Casanova JL, Holtzman DM, Kaech SM, Lanier LL, Nathan CF, Rudensky AY, Tuveson D, Wolchok JD. Immigration in science. J Exp Med 2020; 217:211467. [PMID: 33057576 PMCID: PMC7563685 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The advance of science is dependent upon collaboration, which does not have a visa attached to it. Indeed, over 40% of all American-based Nobel Prize winners are immigrants, and data from the National Science Foundation show that 49% of postdocs and 29% of science and engineering faculty in the US are foreign-born. However, restrictive new immigration policies in the US have left many scientists deeply concerned about their future and many American-based laboratories worried about attracting the best talent. At JEM, we’re celebrating immigration by sharing the experiences of immigrant and nonimmigrant scientists on our editorial board. Alexander Rudensky and Jean-Laurent Casanova give their firsthand perspective on immigrating to the US, while Jedd Wolchok, Carl Nathan, David Holtzman, Susan Kaech, Lewis Lanier, and David Tuveson reflect on how immigration has affected their laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - David Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
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17
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Zhan W, Singh PK, Ban Y, Qing X, Ah Kioon MD, Fan H, Zhao Q, Wang R, Sukenick G, Salmon J, Warren JD, Ma X, Barrat FJ, Nathan CF, Lin G. Structure-Activity Relationships of Noncovalent Immunoproteasome β5i-Selective Dipeptides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13103-13123. [PMID: 33095579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunoproteasome (i-20S) has emerged as a therapeutic target for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and hematological malignancies. Inhibition of the chymotryptic β5i subunit of i-20S inhibits T cell activation, B cell proliferation, and dendritic cell differentiation in vitro and suppresses immune responses in animal models of autoimmune disorders and allograft rejection. However, cytotoxicity to immune cells has accompanied the use of covalently reactive β5i inhibitors, whose activity against the constitutive proteasome (c-20S) is cumulative with the time of exposure. Herein, we report a structure-activity relationship study of a class of noncovalent proteasome inhibitors with picomolar potencies and 1000-fold selectivity for i-20S over c-20S. Furthermore, these inhibitors are specific for β5i over the other five active subunits of i-20S and c-20S, providing useful tools to study the functions of β5i in immune responses. The potency of these compounds in inhibiting human T cell activation suggests that they may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xiaoping Qing
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Marie Dominique Ah Kioon
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Quanju Zhao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, Room 1735, New York, New York 10065-6007, United States
| | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 East 68th Street, Room 1735, New York, New York 10065-6007, United States
| | - Jane Salmon
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - J David Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Franck J Barrat
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
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18
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Nathan CF, Nussenzweig MC, Pulvirenti T. We are here for you and ready to hear from you. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151602. [PMID: 32232431 PMCID: PMC7105390 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peer review at JEM during COVID-19
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Nathan
- Editorial Board Co-Chair, Journal of Experimental Medicine
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19
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Nathan CF, Nussenzweig MC, Pulvirenti T. JEM goes viral. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133625. [PMID: 31961374 PMCID: PMC7041700 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl F. Nathan
- Editorial Board Co-Chair, Journal of Experimental Medicine
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20
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Zhan W, Hsu HC, Morgan T, Ouellette T, Burns-Huang K, Hara R, Wright AG, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Sato K, Michino M, Ramjee M, Aso K, Meinke PT, Foley M, Nathan CF, Li H, Lin G. Selective Phenylimidazole-Based Inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9246-9253. [PMID: 31560200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes of pathogenic microbes have become attractive targets for anti-infectives. Coevolving with its human host, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has developed mechanisms to resist host-imposed nitrosative and oxidative stresses. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the Mtb proteasome (Mtb20S) renders nonreplicating Mtb susceptible to reactive nitrogen species in vitro and unable to survive in the lungs of mice, validating the Mtb proteasome as a promising target for anti-Mtb agents. Using a structure-guided and flow chemistry-enabled study of structure-activity relationships, we developed phenylimidazole-based peptidomimetics that are highly potent for Mtb20S. X-ray structures of selected compounds with Mtb20S shed light on their selectivity for mycobacterial over human proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Hao-Chi Hsu
- Structural Biology Program , Van Andel Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Trevor Morgan
- Cyclofluidic Limited , Biopark Broadwater Road , Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX , U.K
| | - Tierra Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Adrian G Wright
- Cyclofluidic Limited , Biopark Broadwater Road , Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX , U.K
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Manoj Ramjee
- Cyclofluidic Limited , Biopark Broadwater Road , Welwyn Garden City AL7 3AX , U.K
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Michael Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , 413 East 69th Street , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Huilin Li
- Structural Biology Program , Van Andel Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue Northeast , Grand Rapids , Michigan 49503 , United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , Weill Cornell Medicine , 1300 York Avenue , New York , New York 10065 , United States
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21
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Nathan CF, Nussenzweig MC, Pulvirenti T. JEM Editorial Board: Expanding on the basis of cancer. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1725. [PMID: 31262843 PMCID: PMC6683983 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carl F. Nathan
- Editorial Board Co-Chair, Journal of Experimental Medicine
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22
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Wu J, Mu R, Sun M, Zhao N, Pan M, Li H, Dong Y, Sun Z, Bai J, Hu M, Nathan CF, Javid B, Liu G. Derivatives of Natural Product Agrimophol as Disruptors of Intrabacterial pH Homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1087-1104. [PMID: 31016962 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the rational medicinal chemistry of a natural product, agrimophol (1), as a new disruptor of intrabacterial pH (pHIB) homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Through the systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationship of 1, scaffold-hopping of the diphenylmethane scaffold, pharmacophore displacement strategies, and studies of the structure-metabolism relationship, a new derivative 5a was achieved. Compound 5a showed 100-fold increased potency in the ability to reduce pHIB to pH 6.0 and similarly improved mycobactericidal activity compared with 1 against both Mycobacterium bovis-BCG and Mtb. Compound 5a possessed improved metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, lower cytotoxicity, higher selectivity index, and similar pKa value to natural 1. This study introduces a novel scaffold to an old drug, resulting in improved mycobactericidal activity through decreasing pHIB, and may contribute to the critical search for new agents to overcome drug resistance and persistence in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ran Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Miaomiao Pan
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongshuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yi Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Minwan Hu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Babak Javid
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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23
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Kirkman LA, Zhan W, Visone J, Dziedziech A, Singh PK, Fan H, Tong X, Bruzual I, Hara R, Kawasaki M, Imaeda T, Okamoto R, Sato K, Michino M, Alvaro EF, Guiang LF, Sanz L, Mota DJ, Govindasamy K, Wang R, Ling Y, Tumwebaze PK, Sukenick G, Shi L, Vendome J, Bhanot P, Rosenthal PJ, Aso K, Foley MA, Cooper RA, Kafsack B, Doggett JS, Nathan CF, Lin G. Antimalarial proteasome inhibitor reveals collateral sensitivity from intersubunit interactions and fitness cost of resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6863-E6870. [PMID: 29967165 PMCID: PMC6055138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe noncovalent, reversible asparagine ethylenediamine (AsnEDA) inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum proteasome (Pf20S) β5 subunit that spare all active subunits of human constitutive and immuno-proteasomes. The compounds are active against erythrocytic, sexual, and liver-stage parasites, against parasites resistant to current antimalarials, and against P. falciparum strains from patients in Africa. The β5 inhibitors synergize with a β2 inhibitor in vitro and in mice and with artemisinin. P. falciparum selected for resistance to an AsnEDA β5 inhibitor surprisingly harbored a point mutation in the noncatalytic β6 subunit. The β6 mutant was resistant to the species-selective Pf20S β5 inhibitor but remained sensitive to the species-nonselective β5 inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib. Moreover, resistance to the Pf20S β5 inhibitor was accompanied by increased sensitivity to a Pf20S β2 inhibitor. Finally, the β5 inhibitor-resistant mutant had a fitness cost that was exacerbated by irradiation. Thus, used in combination, multistage-active inhibitors of the Pf20S β5 and β2 subunits afford synergistic antimalarial activity with a potential to delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinins and each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Kirkman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Joseph Visone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Chemical Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Xinran Tong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - Igor Bruzual
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rei Okamoto
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elena Fernandez Alvaro
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liselle F Guiang
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Laura Sanz
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicine Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel J Mota
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Rong Wang
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - George Sukenick
- NMR Analytical Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | | | - Purnima Bhanot
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 11201
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA 94901
| | - Bjorn Kafsack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065
| | - J Stone Doggett
- Department of Research and Development, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065;
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24
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Negri A, Javidnia P, Mu R, Zhang X, Vendome J, Gold B, Roberts J, Barman D, Ioerger T, Sacchettini JC, Jiang X, Burns-Huang K, Warrier T, Ling Y, Warren JD, Oren DA, Beuming T, Wang H, Wu J, Li H, Rhee KY, Nathan CF, Liu G, Somersan-Karakaya S. Identification of a Mycothiol-Dependent Nitroreductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:771-787. [PMID: 29465985 PMCID: PMC5952258 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as a pathogen depends on
the redundant and complex mechanisms it has evolved for resisting
nitrosative and oxidative stresses inflicted by host immunity. Improving
our understanding of these defense pathways can reveal vulnerable
points in Mtb pathogenesis. In this study, we combined genetic, structural,
computational, biochemical, and biophysical approaches to identify
a novel enzyme class represented by Rv2466c. We show that Rv2466c
is a mycothiol-dependent nitroreductase of Mtb and can reduce the
nitro group of a novel mycobactericidal compound using mycothiol as
a cofactor. In addition to its function as a nitroreductase, Rv2466c
confers partial protection to menadione stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Negri
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Prisca Javidnia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Jeremie Vendome
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deena A. Oren
- Structural Biology Resource Center, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Thijs Beuming
- Schrödinger, Inc., 120 West 45th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | | | - Selin Somersan-Karakaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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25
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Mundhra S, Bryk R, Hawryluk N, Zhang T, Jiang X, Nathan CF. Evidence for dispensability of protein kinase R in host control of tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:612-620. [PMID: 29436711 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiency of protein kinase R (PKR) in mice was reported to enhance macrophage activation in vitro in response to interferon-γ (IFNγ) and to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vivo (Wu et al. PloS One. 2012 7:e30512). Consistent with this, treatment of wild-type (WT) macrophages in vitro with a novel PKR inhibitor (Bryk et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011 21:4108-4114) also enhanced IFN-γ-dependent macrophage activation (Wu et al. PloS One. 2012 7:e30512). Here we show that co-treatment with IFN-γ and a new PKR inhibitor identified herein to be highly but not completely selective likewise induced macrophages to produce more reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and less interleukin 10 (IL-10) than seen with IFN-γ alone. Unexpectedly, however, this new PKR inhibitor had a comparable effect on PKR-deficient macrophages. Retrospective investigation revealed that the PKR-deficient mice in (Wu et al. PloS One. 2012 7:e30512) had not been backcrossed. On comparing genetically matched PKR-deficient and WT mice, we saw no impact of PKR deficiency on macrophage activation in vitro or during the course of Mtb infection in vivo. In addition, although 129S1/SvImJ macrophage responses to IFN-γ were greater than those of C57BL/6J macrophages, PKR was not required to mediate the IFN-γ-dependent production of IL-10, RNI or TNF-α in either strain. Together the data cast doubt on PKR as a potential therapeutic target for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashirekha Mundhra
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ruslana Bryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
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26
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Santos RDLA, Bai L, Singh PK, Murakami N, Fan H, Zhan W, Zhu Y, Jiang X, Zhang K, Assker JP, Nathan CF, Li H, Azzi J, Lin G. Structure of human immunoproteasome with a reversible and noncompetitive inhibitor that selectively inhibits activated lymphocytes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1692. [PMID: 29167449 PMCID: PMC5700161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors benefit patients with multiple myeloma and B cell-dependent autoimmune disorders but exert toxicity from inhibition of proteasomes in other cells. Toxicity should be minimized by reversible inhibition of the immunoproteasome β5i subunit while sparing the constitutive β5c subunit. Here we report β5i-selective inhibition by asparagine-ethylenediamine (AsnEDA)-based compounds and present the high-resolution cryo-EM structural analysis of the human immunoproteasome. Despite inhibiting noncompetitively, an AsnEDA inhibitor binds the active site. Hydrophobic interactions are accompanied by hydrogen bonding with β5i and β6 subunits. The inhibitors are far more cytotoxic for myeloma and lymphoma cell lines than for hepatocarcinoma or non-activated lymphocytes. They block human B-cell proliferation and promote apoptotic cell death selectively in antibody-secreting B cells, and to a lesser extent in activated human T cells. Reversible, β5i-selective inhibitors may be useful for treatment of diseases involving activated or neoplastic B cells or activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Bai
- Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Milstein Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Wenhu Zhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yingrong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- National Center for Macromolecular Imaging and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean Pierre Assker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Huilin Li
- Cryo-EM Structural Biology Laboratory, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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27
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Nathan CF. Introduction of Laurie H. Glimcher, MD. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3575. [PMID: 28968255 DOI: 10.1172/jci97404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Totaro KA, Barthelme D, Simpson PT, Jiang X, Lin G, Nathan CF, Sauer RT, Sello JK. Rational Design of Selective and Bioactive Inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteasome. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:176-181. [PMID: 28183185 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 20S core particle of the proteasome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a promising, yet unconventional, drug target. This multimeric peptidase is not essential, yet degrades proteins that have become damaged and toxic via reactions with nitric oxide (and/or the associated reactive nitrogen intermediates) produced during the host immune response. Proteasome inhibitors could render Mtb susceptible to the immune system, but they would only be therapeutically viable if they do not inhibit the essential 20S counterpart in humans. Selective inhibitors of the Mtb 20S were designed and synthesized on the bases of both its unique substrate preferences and the structures of substrate-mimicking covalent inhibitors of eukaryotic proteasomes called syringolins. Unlike the parent syringolins, the designed analogues weakly inhibit the human 20S (Hs 20S) proteasome and preferentially inhibit Mtb 20S over the human counterpart by as much as 74-fold. Moreover, they can penetrate the mycobacterial cell envelope and render Mtb susceptible to nitric oxide-mediated stress. Importantly, they do not inhibit the growth of human cell lines in vitro and thus may be starting points for tuberculosis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Totaro
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Dominik Barthelme
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 68-571A, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter T. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of
Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Robert T. Sauer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 68-571A, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason K. Sello
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Box H, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Nathan CF, Nussenzweig MC, Pulvirenti T. A time of change. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1-2. [PMID: 31993625 PMCID: PMC5206507 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As Co-Chairs and Executive Editor of The Journal of Experimental Medicine, we write to share some changes that will help us provide JEM authors with the best service we can. As Co-Chairs and Executive Editor of The Journal of Experimental Medicine, we write to share some changes that will help us provide JEM authors with the best service we can.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Nathan
- Editorial Board Co-Chairs, The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Abstract
N,C-capped dipeptides belong to a class of noncovalent proteasome inhibitors. Herein we report that the insertion of a β-amino acid into N,C-capped dipeptides markedly decreases their inhibitory potency against human constitutive proteasome β5c, while maintaining potent inhibitory activity against human immunoproteasome β5i, thereby achieving thousands-fold selectivity for β5i over β5c. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that β5c does not tolerate the β-amino acid based dipeptidomimetics as does β5i. In vitro, one such compound was found to inhibit human T cell proliferation. Compounds of this class may have potential as therapeutics for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases with less mechanism-based cytotoxicity than agents that also inhibit the constitutive proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, The Abby and Howard Milstein Synthetic Chemistry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Warrier T, Kapilashrami K, Argyrou A, Ioerger TR, Little D, Murphy KC, Nandakumar M, Park S, Gold B, Mi J, Zhang T, Meiler E, Rees M, Somersan-Karakaya S, Porras-De Francisco E, Martinez-Hoyos M, Burns-Huang K, Roberts J, Ling Y, Rhee KY, Mendoza-Losana A, Luo M, Nathan CF. N-methylation of a bactericidal compound as a resistance mechanism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4523-30. [PMID: 27432954 PMCID: PMC4978242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606590113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) makes it imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the single leading cause of death from a bacterial pathogen and estimated to be the leading cause of death from AMR. A pyrido-benzimidazole, 14, was reported to have potent bactericidal activity against Mtb. Here, we isolated multiple Mtb clones resistant to 14. Each had mutations in the putative DNA-binding and dimerization domains of rv2887, a gene encoding a transcriptional repressor of the MarR family. The mutations in Rv2887 led to markedly increased expression of rv0560c. We characterized Rv0560c as an S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase that N-methylates 14, abolishing its mycobactericidal activity. An Mtb strain lacking rv0560c became resistant to 14 by mutating decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2-oxidase (DprE1), an essential enzyme in arabinogalactan synthesis; 14 proved to be a nanomolar inhibitor of DprE1, and methylation of 14 by Rv0560c abrogated this activity. Thus, 14 joins a growing list of DprE1 inhibitors that are potently mycobactericidal. Bacterial methylation of an antibacterial agent, 14, catalyzed by Rv0560c of Mtb, is a previously unreported mechanism of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Warrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kanishk Kapilashrami
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Argyrides Argyrou
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3474
| | - David Little
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kenan C Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Madhumitha Nandakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Suna Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Jianjie Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 28760 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike Rees
- Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | | | - Minkui Luo
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021;
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Zhao N, Darby CM, Small J, Bachovchin DA, Jiang X, Burns-Huang KE, Botella H, Ehrt S, Boger DL, Anderson ED, Cravatt BF, Speers AE, Fernandez-Vega V, Hodder PS, Eberhart C, Rosen H, Spicer TP, Nathan CF. Target-based screen against a periplasmic serine protease that regulates intrabacterial pH homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:364-71. [PMID: 25457457 PMCID: PMC4340348 DOI: 10.1021/cb500746z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) maintains its intrabacterial pH (pHIB) near neutrality in the acidic environment of phagosomes within
activated macrophages. A previously reported genetic screen revealed
that Mtb loses this ability when the mycobacterial
acid resistance protease (marP) gene is disrupted.
In the present study, a high throughput screen (HTS) of compounds
against the protease domain of MarP identified benzoxazinones as inhibitors
of MarP. A potent benzoxazinone, BO43 (6-chloro-2-(2′-methylphenyl)-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one),
acylated MarP and lowered Mtb’s pHIB and survival during incubation at pH 4.5. BO43 had similar effects
on MarP-deficient Mtb, suggesting the existence of
additional target(s). Reaction of an alkynyl-benzoxazinone, BO43T,
with Mycobacterium bovis variant bacille
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) followed by
click chemistry with azido-biotin identified both the MarP homologue
and the high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) homologue, an essential
protein. Thus, the chemical probe identified through a target-based
screen not only reacted with its intended target in the intact cells
but also implicated an additional enzyme that had eluded a genetic
screen biased against essential genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Crystal M. Darby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Jennifer Small
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Daniel A. Bachovchin
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Kristin E. Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Helene Botella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Erin D. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Anna E. Speers
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | - Peter S. Hodder
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christina Eberhart
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Timothy P. Spicer
- Department
of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey
Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 445 E 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
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Zheng P, Somersan-Karakaya S, Lu S, Roberts J, Pingle M, Warrier T, Little D, Guo X, Brickner SJ, Nathan CF, Gold B, Liu G. Synthetic calanolides with bactericidal activity against replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3755-72. [PMID: 24694175 DOI: 10.1021/jm4019228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to introduce new drugs for tuberculosis to shorten the prolonged course of treatment and control drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). One strategy toward this goal is to develop antibiotics that eradicate both replicating (R) and nonreplicating (NR) Mtb. Naturally occurring (+)-calanolide A was active against R-Mtb. The present report details the design, synthesis, antimycobacterial activities, and structure-activity relationships of synthetic calanolides. We identified potent dual-active nitro-containing calanolides with minimal in vitro toxicity that were cidal to axenic Mtb and Mtb in human macrophages, while sparing Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and yeast. Two of the nitrobenzofuran-containing lead compounds were found to be genotoxic to mammalian cells. Although genotoxicity precluded clinical progression, the profound, selective mycobactericidal activity of these calanolides will be useful in identifying pathways for killing both R- and NR-Mtb, as well as in further structure-based design of more effective and drug-like antimycobacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purong Zheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences and ‡Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Haidian Dist., Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Fan H, Angelo NG, Warren JD, Nathan CF, Lin G. Oxathiazolones Selectively Inhibit the Human Immunoproteasome over the Constitutive Proteasome. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:405-10. [PMID: 24900849 DOI: 10.1021/ml400531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective inhibitors for the human immunoproteasome LMP7 (β5i) subunit over the constitutive proteasome hold promise for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and hematologic malignancies. Here we report that oxathiazolones inhibit the immunoproteasome β5i with up to 4700-fold selectivity over the constitutive proteasome, are cell permeable, and inhibit proteasomes inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Angelo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - J. David Warren
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Gong Y, Somersan Karakaya S, Guo X, Zheng P, Gold B, Ma Y, Little D, Roberts J, Warrier T, Jiang X, Pingle M, Nathan CF, Liu G. Benzimidazole-based compounds kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:336-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Cunningham-Bussel A, Zhang T, Nathan CF. Nitrite produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages in physiologic oxygen impacts bacterial ATP consumption and gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4256-65. [PMID: 24145454 PMCID: PMC3831502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316894110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In high enough concentrations, such as produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Lesional macrophages in macaques and humans with tuberculosis express iNOS, and mice need iNOS to avoid succumbing rapidly to tuberculosis. However, Mtb's own ability to produce RNS is rarely considered, perhaps because nitrate reduction to nitrite is only prominent in axenic Mtb cultures at oxygen tensions ≤1%. Here we found that cultures of Mtb-infected human macrophages cultured at physiologic oxygen tensions produced copious nitrite. Surprisingly, the nitrite arose from the Mtb, not the macrophages. Mtb responded to nitrite by ceasing growth; elevating levels of ATP through reduced consumption; and altering the expression of 120 genes associated with adaptation to acid, hypoxia, nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and iron deprivation. The transcriptomic effect of endogenous nitrite was distinct from that of nitric oxide. Thus, whether or not Mtb is hypoxic, the host expresses iNOS, or hypoxia impairs the action of iNOS, Mtb in vivo is likely to encounter RNS by producing nitrite. Endogenous nitrite may slow Mtb's growth and prepare it to resist host stresses while the pathogen waits for immunopathology to promote its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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Cunningham-Bussel A, Bange FC, Nathan CF. Nitrite impacts the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in response to isoniazid and hydrogen peroxide. Microbiologyopen 2013; 2:901-11. [PMID: 24019302 PMCID: PMC3892337 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When access to molecular oxygen is restricted, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can respire an alternative electron acceptor, nitrate. We found that Mtb within infected primary human macrophages in vitro at physiologic tissue oxygen tensions respired nitrate, generating copious nitrite. A strain of Mtb lacking a functioning nitrate reductase was more susceptible than wild-type Mtb to treatment with isoniazid during infection of macrophages. Likewise, nitrate reductase-deficient Mtb was more susceptible to isoniazid than wild-type Mtb in axenic culture, and more resistant to hydrogen peroxide. These phenotypes were reversed by the addition of exogenous nitrite. Further investigation suggested that nitrite might inhibit the bacterial catalase. To the extent that Mtb itself is the most relevant source of nitrite acting within Mtb, these findings suggest that inhibitors of Mtb's nitrate transporter or nitrate reductase could enhance the efficacy of isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cunningham-Bussel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Balakrishnan A, Jordan F, Nathan CF. Influence of allosteric regulators on individual steps in the reaction catalyzed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21688-702. [PMID: 23760263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation often controls key branch points in metabolic processes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase (HOAS), a thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme, produces 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate using 2-ketoglutarate and glyoxylate. The proposed chemical mechanism in analogy with other ThDP-dependent carboligases involves multiple ThDP-bound covalent intermediates. Acetyl coenzyme A is an activator, and GarA, a forkhead association domain-containing protein known to regulate glutamate metabolism, is an allosteric inhibitor of HOAS. Steady state kinetics using assays to study the first half and the full catalytic cycle suggested that the regulators act at different steps in the overall mechanism. To explore the modes of regulation and to test the effects on individual catalytic steps, we performed circular dichroism (CD) studies using a non-decarboxylatable 2-ketoglutarate analog and determined the distribution of ThDP-bound covalent intermediates during the steady state of the HOAS reaction using one-dimensional (1)H gradient carbon heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR. The results suggest that acetyl coenzyme A acts as a mixed V and K type activator and predominantly affects the predecarboxylation steps. GarA does not inhibit the formation of the predecarboxylation analog and does not affect the accumulation of the postdecarboxylation covalent intermediate derived from 2-ketoglutarate; however, it decreases the abundance of the product ThDP adduct in the HOAS pathway. Thus, the two regulators act on different halves of the catalytic cycle in an unusual regulatory regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Darby CM, Venugopal A, Ehrt S, Nathan CF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene Rv2136c is dispensable for acid resistance and virulence in mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:343-7. [PMID: 21778115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gene Rv2136c is annotated to encode the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) homolog of Escherichia coli's undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase. In previous work, a genetic screen of 10,100 Mtb transposon mutants identified Rv2136c as being involved in acid resistance in Mtb. The Rv2136c:Tn strain was also sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate, lipophilic antibiotics, elevated temperature and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and was attenuated for growth and persistence in mice. However, none of these phenotypes could be genetically complemented, leading us to generate an Rv2136c knockout strain to test its role in Mtb pathogenicity. Genetic deletion revealed that Rv2136c is not responsible for any of the phenotypes observed in the transposon mutant strain. An independent genomic mutation is likely to have accounted for the extreme attenuation of this strain. Identification of the mutated gene will further our understanding of acid resistance mechanisms in Mtb and may offer a target for anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Darby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Beaulieu AM, Rath P, Imhof M, Siddall ME, Roberts J, Schnappinger D, Nathan CF. Genome-wide screen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes that regulate host immunity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15120. [PMID: 21170273 PMCID: PMC3000826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its highly immunogenic properties, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) establishes persistent infection in otherwise healthy individuals, making it one of the most widespread and deadly human pathogens. Mtb's prolonged survival may reflect production of microbial factors that prevent even more vigorous immunity (quantitative effect) or that divert the immune response to a non-sterilizing mode (qualitative effect). Disruption of Mtb genes has produced a list of several dozen candidate immunomodulatory factors. Here we used robotic fluorescence microscopy to screen 10,100 loss-of-function transposon mutants of Mtb for their impact on the expression of promoter-reporter constructs for 12 host immune response genes in a mouse macrophage cell line. The screen identified 364 candidate immunoregulatory genes. To illustrate the utility of the candidate list, we confirmed the impact of 35 Mtb mutant strains on expression of endogenous immune response genes in primary macrophages. Detailed analysis focused on a strain of Mtb in which a transposon disrupts Rv0431, a gene encoding a conserved protein of unknown function. This mutant elicited much more macrophage TNFα, IL-12p40 and IL-6 in vitro than wild type Mtb, and was attenuated in the mouse. The mutant list provides a platform for exploring the immunobiology of tuberculosis, for example, by combining immunoregulatory mutations in a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Poonam Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marianne Imhof
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Siddall
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) on non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in comparison with its reported effect on replicating Mtb. METHODS The MIC of 8HQ for replicating H37Rv Mtb was determined by microdilution in 7H9 broth. Bactericidal activity was determined by exposing H37Rv Mtb to 8HQ for 4 days under conditions that otherwise allowed exponential replication (20% O(2), pH 6.6) and conditions under which replication was precluded: 1% O(2), pH 6.6; 20% O(2), pH 5.5; or 20% O(2), pH 5.5, 0.5 mM sodium nitrite. Serial dilutions were plated on 7H11 agar to quantify cfu. Frequency of resistance (FOR) was determined with >10(9) bacteria plated on 7H9 agar plates containing 2x MIC 8HQ. RESULTS 8HQ was active against replicating Mtb (MIC 2.5 microM, 0.36 mg/L). Under both replicating and non-replicating conditions, cfu were reduced in 4 days by > or = 5 log(10) at the highest concentration tested (10 microM). Bactericidal activity was maximal at low pH, where 8HQ reduced cfu by 1-1.5 log(10) at 1 microM. We were unable to recover any 8HQ-resistant colonies. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that 8HQ has bactericidal activity of comparable potency against non-replicating and replicating Mtb, a property not observed for anti-infective agents currently approved for treatment of tuberculosis, and a very low FOR. Drugs with these properties are urgently needed to shorten the course of treatment for both active and latent tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Darby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Vandal OH, Pierini LM, Schnappinger D, Nathan CF, Ehrt S. A membrane protein preserves intrabacterial pH in intraphagosomal Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Med 2008; 14:849-854. [PMID: 18641659 PMCID: PMC2538620 DOI: 10.1038/nmxxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Acidification of the phagosome is considered to be a major mechanism used by macrophages against bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb blocks phagosome acidification, but interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) restores acidification and confers antimycobacterial activity. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether acid kills Mtb, whether the intrabacterial pH of any pathogen falls when it is in the phagosome and whether acid resistance is required for mycobacterial virulence. In vitro at pH 4.5, Mtb survived in a simple buffer and maintained intrabacterial pH. Therefore, Mtb resists phagolysosomal concentrations of acid. Mtb also maintained its intrabacterial pH and survived when phagocytosed by IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. We used transposon mutagenesis to identify genes responsible for Mtb's acid resistance. A strain disrupted in Rv3671c, a previously uncharacterized gene encoding a membrane-associated protein, was sensitive to acid and failed to maintain intrabacterial pH in acid in vitro and in activated macrophages. Growth of the mutant was also severely attenuated in mice. Thus, Mtb is able to resist acid, owing in large part to Rv3671c, and this resistance is essential for virulence. Disruption of Mtb's acid resistance and intrabacterial pH maintenance systems is an attractive target for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Vandal
- Department of Microbiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Nathan CF, Tsunawaki S. Secretion of toxic oxygen products by macrophages: regulatory cytokines and their effects on the oxidase. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 118:211-30. [PMID: 3089712 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720998.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We are attempting to identify cytokines that regulate macrophage secretion of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and to analyse the biochemical basis of their effects. In both humans and mice, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) appears to be the chief factor secreted by clonally unselected lymphocytes that enhances macrophage oxidative metabolism and antiprotozoal activity. In vivo administration of recombinant IFN-gamma enhances the ROI secretory capacity of monocytes in humans, and the secretion of ROI and killing of protozoa by peritoneal macrophages in mice. A protein secreted by murine tumours and certain non-malignant cells exerts opposing effects. This macrophage deactivation factor (MDF) both blocks the induction of activation by IFN-gamma and reverses pre-existent activation. MDF action is non-toxic and selective, suppressing the secretion of ROI, killing of intracellular protozoa, and expression of Ia antigen, without inhibiting secretion of several other products, or synthesis of protein, ingestion of particles or adherence to culture vessels. The suppressive effect of MDF is reversed over several days after its removal. This reversal is hastened by IFN-gamma. Profound suppression of oxidative metabolism accompanies the differentiation of murine monocytes into Kupffer cells. The capacity of Kupffer cells to secrete ROI and kill intracellular protozoa remains deficient even after exposure to IFN-gamma. Thus, four states of macrophage activation can provisionally be discerned: the transition of mouse peritoneal macrophages from the non-activated to the activated state is accompanied by a ninefold increase in affinity of the superoxide-producing enzyme for NADPH, without a marked increase in cellular Vmax or content of cytochrome b559. The MDF-induced transition of mouse peritoneal macrophages from the activated to the deactivated state is accompanied by both an increase in Km and a decrease in apparent V max of the oxidase. There are no changes in the phorbol myristate acetate receptor number or affinity, glucose transport, NADPH levels, cytochrome b559 content, catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) GSH, GSH peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), GSH reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) or myeloperoxidase, consistent with the suppressed ROI secretory capacity and antiprotozoal activity of these cells. The Kupffer cell, whose non-responsiveness to IFN-gamma may mark it as inactivated, appears to lack detectable NADPH oxidase activity, despite the probable presence of cytochrome b559, and in this regard differs from both non-activated and deactivated macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Abstract
For the first time in decades, say the authors, there is a tuberculosis drug pipeline, but the paucity of candidates is still cause for alarm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Casenghi
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Geneva.
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Bass AR, Schneider R, Sanders A, Flieder D, Nathan CF, Erkan D. Pulmonary nodules in an infliximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patient: a clinical pathology conference held by the Division of Rheumatology at Hospital for Special Surgery. HSS J 2007; 3:119-25. [PMID: 18751782 PMCID: PMC2504090 DOI: 10.1007/s11420-006-9032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne R. Bass
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA ,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Robert Schneider
- Department of Radiology, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Abraham Sanders
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Douglas Flieder
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA ,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Vandal OH, Gelb MH, Ehrt S, Nathan CF. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 enzymes are not required by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1751-6. [PMID: 16495548 PMCID: PMC1418652 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1751-1756.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis predominantly resides within macrophages, where it encounters and is often able to resist the antibacterial mechanisms of the host. In this study, we assessed the role of macrophage phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) in defense against M. tuberculosis. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) expressed cPLA2-IVA, cPLA2-IVB, iPLA2-VI, sPLA2-IIE, and sPLA2-XIIA. The expression of cPLA2-IVA was increased in response to M. tuberculosis, gamma interferon, or their combination, and cPLA2-IVA mediated the release of arachidonic acid, which was stimulated by M. tuberculosis in activated, but not unactivated, macrophages. We confirmed that arachidonic acid is highly mycobactericidal in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner in vitro. However, when M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages were treated with PLA2 inhibitors, intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis was not affected, even in inducible nitric oxide synthase-deficient macrophages, in which a major bactericidal mechanism is removed. Moreover, intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis was similar in cPLA2-IVA-deficient and wild-type macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the cytosolic PLA2s are not required by murine BMDMs to kill M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar H Vandal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 57, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Rajashankar KR, Bryk R, Kniewel R, Buglino JA, Nathan CF, Lima CD. Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of Lipoamide Dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:33977-83. [PMID: 16093239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507466200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the 2.4 A crystal structure for lipoamide dehydrogenase encoded by lpdC from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the Lpd structure and sequence alignment between bacterial and eukaryotic Lpd sequences, we generated single point mutations in Lpd and assayed the resulting proteins for their ability to catalyze lipoamide reduction/oxidation alone and in complex with other proteins that participate in pyruvate dehydrogenase and peroxidase activities. The results suggest that amino acid residues conserved in mycobacterial species but not conserved in eukaryotic Lpd family members modulate either or both activities and include Arg-93, His-98, Lys-103, and His-386. In addition, Arg-93 and His-386 are involved in forming both "open" and "closed" active site conformations, suggesting that these residues play a role in dynamically regulating Lpd function. Taken together, these data suggest protein surfaces that should be considered while developing strategies for inhibiting this enzyme.
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