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Groman JD, Hefferon TW, Casals T, Bassas L, Estivill X, Des Georges M, Guittard C, Koudova M, Fallin MD, Nemeth K, Fekete G, Kadasi L, Friedman K, Schwarz M, Bombieri C, Pignatti PF, Kanavakis E, Tzetis M, Schwartz M, Novelli G, D’Apice MR, Sobczynska-Tomaszewska A, Bal J, Stuhrmann M, Macek, Jr. M, Claustres M, Cutting GR. Variation in a repeat sequence determines whether a common variant of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene is pathogenic or benign. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:176-9. [PMID: 14685937 PMCID: PMC1181905 DOI: 10.1086/381001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An abbreviated tract of five thymidines (5T) in intron 8 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is found in approximately 10% of individuals in the general population. When found in trans with a severe CFTR mutation, 5T can result in male infertility, nonclassic cystic fibrosis, or a normal phenotype. To test whether the number of TG repeats adjacent to 5T influences disease penetrance, we determined TG repeat number in 98 patients with male infertility due to congenital absence of the vas deferens, 9 patients with nonclassic CF, and 27 unaffected individuals (fertile men). Each of the individuals in this study had a severe CFTR mutation on one CFTR gene and 5T on the other. Of the unaffected individuals, 78% (21 of 27) had 5T adjacent to 11 TG repeats, compared with 9% (10 of 107) of affected individuals. Conversely, 91% (97 of 107) of affected individuals had 12 or 13 TG repeats, versus only 22% (6 of 27) of unaffected individuals (P<.00001). Those individuals with 5T adjacent to either 12 or 13 TG repeats were substantially more likely to exhibit an abnormal phenotype than those with 5T adjacent to 11 TG repeats (odds ratio 34.0, 95% CI 11.1-103.7, P<.00001). Thus, determination of TG repeat number will allow for more accurate prediction of benign versus pathogenic 5T alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Groman
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Timothy W. Hefferon
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Teresa Casals
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Lluís Bassas
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Marie Des Georges
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Caroline Guittard
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Monika Koudova
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Krisztina Nemeth
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Gyorgy Fekete
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Ludovit Kadasi
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Ken Friedman
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Cristina Bombieri
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Pier Franco Pignatti
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Emmanuel Kanavakis
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Maria Tzetis
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Marianne Schwartz
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Maria Rosaria D’Apice
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Agnieszka Sobczynska-Tomaszewska
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Jerzy Bal
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Manfred Stuhrmann
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Milan Macek, Jr.
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Mireille Claustres
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
| | - Garry R. Cutting
- Training Program in Human Genetics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Medical and Molecular Genetics Center—Institut Recerca Oncologica, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Institut d'Urologia, Nefrologia i Andrologia, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona; Genes and Diseases Program, Centre de Regulacio Genomica, Barcelona; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU de Montpellier, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), Montpellier; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Second School of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague; Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom; Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona; Department of Medical Genetics, Athens University, St. Sophia’s Children’s Hospital, Athens; Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” Rome; Medical Genetics Department, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw; and Institut für Humangenetik Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover
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