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Purnama U, Castro-Guarda M, Sahoo OS, Carr CA. Modelling Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Using Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to Complement Animal Models. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090832. [PMID: 36144236 PMCID: PMC9503602 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global epidemic, with cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. There is a pressing need for an in vitro model to aid understanding of the mechanisms driving diabetic heart disease, and to provide an accurate, reliable tool for drug testing. Human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have potential as a disease modelling tool. There are several factors that drive molecular changes inside cardiomyocytes contributing to diabetic cardiomyopathy, including hyperglycaemia, lipotoxicity and hyperinsulinemia. Here we discuss these factors and how they can be seen in animal models and utilised in cell culture to mimic the diabetic heart. The use of human iPSC-CMs will allow for a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis and open up new avenues for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujang Purnama
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Marcos Castro-Guarda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur 713216, India
| | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1865-282247
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Gamen E, Price EL, Pezzolla D, De Villiers C, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Salama R, Mole DR, Bishop T, Pugh CW, Choudhury RP, Carr CA, Vieira JM, Riley PR. Re-activation of HIF signalling pathway in the epicardium improves heart regeneration after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac066.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation
Background
In mouse, cardiac regenerative capacity is maintained for the first week after birth but lost thereafter. Reactivation of this process holds great therapeutic potential, however, the molecular pathways that might be targeted to extend neonatal regeneration remain elusive. Here, we explore a role for hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors on the regulation of epicardial activity which is essential for cardiac response to injury.
Purpose
HIF signalling might be involved in the quiescence of the epicardium observed in the first week of life. Thus, HIF stabilisation may induce epicardial re-activation and extend the 7-day regenerative window in a neonate mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods
We analysed epicardial expression of HIF signalling during embryonic development, and in a regenerative post-natal day 1 (P1) versus non-regenerative (P7) mouse model by single cell RNA-sequencing. Next, we established in vitro epicardial explants to confirm the role of HIF signalling in epicardial activation, and finally we induced MI by permanent ligation of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery in P7 mice to test weather HIF signalling re-activation improved heart regeneration in a non-regenerative model.
Results
Expression of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α is very pronounced at early stages of heart development and gradually decreases throughout gestation. The epicardium preferentially expresses HIF-1α by embryonic day (E) 16.5. Postnatally, GO term analysis showed an enrichment of hypoxia-related pathways in P1 compared to P7 hearts, largely in the epicardial cell population. Accordingly, expression of Phd2, encoding for the main suppressor of HIF signalling, was enriched in P7 derived epicardial cells. Notably, the increase in Phd2 levels coincided with a clear reduction in the expression of Wilms’ tumour 1 (Wt1) in P7 versus P1 hearts, a key player in the epicardial activation. In vitro studies on epicardial explants confirmed regulation of WT1 expression and migration capacity following genetical and pharmacological modulation of HIF signalling. Finally, in vivo targeting of PHD enzymes through pharmacological inhibition with clinically approved drugs in a neonatal mouse model of MI led to prolonged epicardial activation, increased vascularisation, augmented infarct resolution and preserved cardiac function up to 3 weeks after injury.
Conclusions
Together, these findings show that modulation of HIF signalling can regulate epicardial activity and improve heart regeneration capacity beyond the 7-day regenerative window and may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for treating ischaemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gamen
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - EL Price
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - D Pezzolla
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - C De Villiers
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M Gunadasa-Rohling
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Salama
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - DR Mole
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - T Bishop
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - CW Pugh
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - RP Choudhury
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - CA Carr
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - JM Vieira
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - PR Riley
- University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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Hulikova A, Park KC, Loonat AA, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Curtis MK, Chung YJ, Wilson A, Carr CA, Trafford AW, Fournier M, Moshnikova A, Andreev OA, Reshetnyak YK, Riley PR, Smart N, Milne TA, Crump NT, Swietach P. Alkaline nucleoplasm facilitates contractile gene expression in the mammalian heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:17. [PMID: 35357563 PMCID: PMC8971196 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00924-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac contractile strength is recognised as being highly pH-sensitive, but less is known about the influence of pH on cardiac gene expression, which may become relevant in response to changes in myocardial metabolism or vascularization during development or disease. We sought evidence for pH-responsive cardiac genes, and a physiological context for this form of transcriptional regulation. pHLIP, a peptide-based reporter of acidity, revealed a non-uniform pH landscape in early-postnatal myocardium, dissipating in later life. pH-responsive differentially expressed genes (pH-DEGs) were identified by transcriptomics of neonatal cardiomyocytes cultured over a range of pH. Enrichment analysis indicated "striated muscle contraction" as a pH-responsive biological process. Label-free proteomics verified fifty-four pH-responsive gene-products, including contractile elements and the adaptor protein CRIP2. Using transcriptional assays, acidity was found to reduce p300/CBP acetylase activity and, its a functional readout, inhibit myocardin, a co-activator of cardiac gene expression. In cultured myocytes, acid-inhibition of p300/CBP reduced H3K27 acetylation, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. H3K27ac levels were more strongly reduced at promoters of acid-downregulated DEGs, implicating an epigenetic mechanism of pH-sensitive gene expression. By tandem cytoplasmic/nuclear pH imaging, the cardiac nucleus was found to exercise a degree of control over its pH through Na+/H+ exchangers at the nuclear envelope. Thus, we describe how extracellular pH signals gain access to the nucleus and regulate the expression of a subset of cardiac genes, notably those coding for contractile proteins and CRIP2. Acting as a proxy of a well-perfused myocardium, alkaline conditions are permissive for expressing genes related to the contractile apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Hulikova
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Kyung Chan Park
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Aminah A Loonat
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - M Kate Curtis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Yu Jin Chung
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Abigail Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marjorie Fournier
- Department of Biochemistry, Advanced Proteomics Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Moshnikova
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, 2 Lippitt Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Oleg A Andreev
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, 2 Lippitt Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Physics Department, University of Rhode Island, 2 Lippitt Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Thomas A Milne
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas T Crump
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pawel Swietach
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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Sousa Fialho MDL, Purnama U, Dennis KMJH, Montes Aparicio CN, Castro-Guarda M, Massourides E, Tyler DJ, Carr CA, Heather LC. Activation of HIF1α Rescues the Hypoxic Response and Reverses Metabolic Dysfunction in the Diabetic Heart. Diabetes 2021; 70:2518-2531. [PMID: 34526367 PMCID: PMC8564414 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) impairs hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α activation, a master transcription factor that drives cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Reduced activation of HIF1α contributes to the impaired post-ischemic remodeling observed following myocardial infarction in T2D. Molidustat is an HIF stabilizer currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of renal anemia associated with chronic kidney disease; however, it may provide a route to pharmacologically activate HIF1α in the T2D heart. In human cardiomyocytes, molidustat stabilized HIF1α and downstream HIF target genes, promoting anaerobic glucose metabolism. In hypoxia, insulin resistance blunted HIF1α activation and downstream signaling, but this was reversed by molidustat. In T2D rats, oral treatment with molidustat rescued the cardiac metabolic dysfunction caused by T2D, promoting glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function, while suppressing fatty acid oxidation and lipid accumulation. This resulted in beneficial effects on post-ischemic cardiac function, with the impaired contractile recovery in T2D heart reversed by molidustat treatment. In conclusion, pharmacological HIF1α stabilization can overcome the blunted hypoxic response induced by insulin resistance. In vivo this corrected the abnormal metabolic phenotype and impaired post-ischemic recovery of the diabetic heart. Therefore, molidustat may be an effective compound to further explore the clinical translatability of HIF1α activation in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ujang Purnama
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Kaitlyn M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Marcos Castro-Guarda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Emmanuelle Massourides
- Centre d'Etude des Cellules Souches/I-Stem, INSERM UMR 861, AFM-Téléthon, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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5
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Kerr M, Dennis KMJH, Carr CA, Fuller W, Berridge G, Rohling S, Aitken CL, Lopez C, Fischer R, Miller JJ, Clarke K, Tyler DJ, Heather LC. Diabetic mitochondria are resistant to palmitoyl CoA inhibition of respiration, which is detrimental during ischemia. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21765. [PMID: 34318967 PMCID: PMC8662312 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100394r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive lipid intermediate palmitoyl CoA (PCoA) can inhibit mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport, though the physiological relevance of this regulation remains unclear. We questioned whether myocardial ischemia provides a pathological setting in which PCoA regulation of ADP/ATP transport would be beneficial, and secondly, whether the chronically elevated lipid content within the diabetic heart could make mitochondria less sensitive to the effects of PCoA. PCoA acutely decreased ADP‐stimulated state 3 respiration and increased the apparent Km for ADP twofold. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PCoA in control mitochondria was 22 µM. This inhibitory effect of PCoA on respiration was blunted in diabetic mitochondria, with no significant difference in the Km for ADP in the presence of PCoA, and an increase in the IC50 to 32 µM PCoA. The competitive inhibition by PCoA was localised to the phosphorylation apparatus, particularly the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC). During ischemia, the AAC imports ATP into the mitochondria, where it is hydrolysed by reversal of the ATP synthase, regenerating the membrane potential. Addition of PCoA dose‐dependently prevented this wasteful ATP hydrolysis for membrane repolarisation during ischemia, however, this beneficial effect was blunted in diabetic mitochondria. Finally, using 31P‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy we demonstrated that diabetic hearts lose ATP more rapidly during ischemia, with a threefold higher ATP decay rate compared with control hearts. In conclusion, PCoA plays a role in protecting mitochondrial energetics during ischemia, by preventing wasteful ATP hydrolysis. However, this beneficial effect is blunted in diabetes, contributing to the impaired energy metabolism seen during myocardial ischemia in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kerr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K M J H Dennis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - G Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C L Aitken
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Pakzad KK, Tan JJ, Anderson S, Board M, Clarke K, Carr CA. Metabolic maturation of differentiating cardiosphere-derived cells. Stem Cell Res 2021; 54:102422. [PMID: 34118565 PMCID: PMC8271094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen IV promotes proliferation of cardiosphere-derived cells. Fibronectin supports differentiation of cardiosphere-derived cells. Oxidative metabolism increases as cardiac progenitors mature. Stimulating fatty acid oxidation promotes cardiac progenitor cell maturation.
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) can be expanded in vitro and induced to differentiate along the cardiac lineage. To recapitulate the phenotype of an adult cardiomyocyte, differentiating progenitors need to upregulate mitochondrial glucose and fatty acid oxidation. Here we cultured and differentiated CDCs using protocols aimed to maintain stemness or to promote differentiation, including triggering fatty acid oxidation using an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Metabolic changes were characterised in undifferentiated CDCs and during differentiation towards a cardiac phenotype. CDCs from rat atria were expanded on fibronectin or collagen IV via cardiosphere formation. Differentiation was assessed using flow cytometry and qPCR and substrate metabolism was quantified using radiolabelled substrates. Collagen IV promoted proliferation of CDCs whereas fibronectin primed cells for differentiation towards a cardiac phenotype. In both populations, treatment with 5-Azacytidine induced a switch towards oxidative metabolism, as shown by changes in gene expression, decreased glycolytic flux and increased oxidation of glucose and palmitate. Addition of a PPARα agonist during differentiation increased both glucose and fatty acid oxidation and expression of cardiac genes. We conclude that oxidative metabolism and cell differentiation act in partnership with increases in one driving an increase in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Jie Tan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mary Board
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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Constantinides C, Maguire M, McNeill E, Carnicer R, Swider E, Srinivas M, Carr CA, Schneider JE. Correction: Fast, quantitative, murine cardiac 19F MRI/MRS of PFCE-labeled progenitor stem cells and macrophages at 9.4T. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225786. [PMID: 31751417 PMCID: PMC6872145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Malandraki-Miller S, Lopez CA, Alonaizan R, Purnama U, Perbellini F, Pakzad K, Carr CA. Metabolic flux analyses to assess the differentiation of adult cardiac progenitors after fatty acid supplementation. Stem Cell Res 2019; 38:101458. [PMID: 31102832 PMCID: PMC6618003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the most prevalent of cardiovascular diseases and pharmacological interventions do not lead to restoration of the lost cardiomyocytes. Despite extensive stem cell therapy studies, clinical trials using cardiac progenitor cells have shown moderate results. Furthermore, differentiation of endogenous progenitors to mature cardiomyocytes is rarely reported. A metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation occurs during cardiac development and cardiomyocyte maturation, however in vitro differentiation protocols do not consider the lack of fatty acids in cell culture media. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of this metabolic switch on control and differentiated adult cardiac progenitors, by fatty acid supplementation. Addition of oleic acid stimulated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha pathway and led to maturation of the cardiac progenitors, both before and after transforming growth factor-beta 1 differentiation. Addition of oleic acid following differentiation increased expression of myosin heavy chain 7 and connexin 43. Also, total glycolytic metabolism increased, as did mitochondrial membrane potential and glucose and fatty acid transporter expression. This work provides new insights into the importance of fatty acids, and of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, in cardiac progenitor differentiation. Harnessing the oxidative metabolic switch induced maturation of differentiated endogenous stem cells. (200 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Malandraki-Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Colleen A Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rita Alonaizan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ujang Purnama
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Kathy Pakzad
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics,Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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9
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Carr CA, Richards JM, Ross SA, Lowe G. The effect of 4′-substituents on the kinetics of ligand substitution in 2,2′: 6′,2″-terpyridine platinum(II) complexes. Journal of Chemical Research 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823400103166201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Carr
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Richards
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Steven A. Ross
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Gordon Lowe
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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10
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Constantinides C, McNeill E, Carnicer R, Al Haj Zen A, Sainz-Urruela R, Shaw A, Patel J, Swider E, Alonaizan R, Potamiti L, Hadjisavvas A, Padilla-Parra S, Kyriacou K, Srinivas M, Carr CA. Improved cellular uptake of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for in vivo murine cardiac 19F MRS/MRI and temporal tracking of progenitor cells. Nanomedicine 2018; 18:391-401. [PMID: 30448526 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we maximize the labeling efficiency of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) using perfluorocarbon nanoparticles (PFCE-NP) and 19F MRI detectability, determine the temporal dynamics of single-cell label uptake, quantify the temporal viability/fluorescence persistence of labeled CPCs in vitro, and implement in vivo, murine cardiac CPC MRI/tracking that could be translatable to humans. FuGENEHD-mediated CPC PFCE-NP uptake is confirmed with flow cytometry/confocal microscopy. Epifluorescence imaging assessed temporal viability/fluorescence (up to 7 days [D]). Nonlocalized murine 19F MRS and cardiac MRI studied label localization in terminal/longitudinal tracking studies at 9.4 T (D1-D8). A 4-8 fold 19F concentration increase is evidenced in CPCs for FuGENE vs. directly labeled cells. Cardiac 19F signals post-CPC injections diminished in vivo to ~31% of their values on D1 by D7/D8. Histology confirmed CPC retention, dispersion, and macrophage-induced infiltration. Intra-cardiac injections of PFCE-NP-labeled CPCs with FuGENE can be visualized/tracked in vivo for the first time with 19F MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christakis Constantinides
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics.
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
| | - Ricardo Carnicer
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
| | - Ayman Al Haj Zen
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
| | - Raquel Sainz-Urruela
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging Core, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Andrew Shaw
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
| | - Jyoti Patel
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
| | - Edyta Swider
- Radboud University Medical Center (Radboud UMC), Department of Tumor Immunology, 278, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Postbox 9101, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Alonaizan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louiza Potamiti
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Hadjisavvas
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging Core, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics and The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Radboud University Medical Center (Radboud UMC), Department of Tumor Immunology, 278, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Postbox 9101, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Miller JJ, Lau AZ, Nielsen PM, McMullen-Klein G, Lewis AJ, Jespersen NR, Ball V, Gallagher FA, Carr CA, Laustsen C, Bøtker HE, Tyler DJ, Schroeder MA. Hyperpolarized [1,4- 13C 2]Fumarate Enables Magnetic Resonance-Based Imaging of Myocardial Necrosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:1594-1606. [PMID: 29248653 PMCID: PMC6231534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]malate imaging could measure cardiomyocyte necrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). BACKGROUND MI is defined by an acute burst of cellular necrosis and the subsequent cascade of structural and functional adaptations. Quantifying necrosis in the clinic after MI remains challenging. Magnetic resonance-based detection of the conversion of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate to [1,4-13C2]malate, enabled by disrupted cell membrane integrity, has measured cellular necrosis in vivo in other tissue types. Our aim was to determine whether hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]malate imaging could measure necrosis after MI. METHODS Isolated perfused hearts were given hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate at baseline, immediately after 20 min of ischemia, and after 45 min of reperfusion. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy measured conversion into [1,4-13C2]malate. Left ventricular function and energetics were monitored throughout the protocol, buffer samples were collected and hearts were preserved for further analyses. For in vivo studies, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a novel spatial-spectral magnetic resonance imaging sequence were implemented to assess cardiomyocyte necrosis in rats, 1 day and 1 week after cryo-induced MI. RESULTS In isolated hearts, [1,4-13C2]malate production became apparent after 45 min of reperfusion, and increased 2.7-fold compared with baseline. Expression of dicarboxylic acid transporter genes were negligible in healthy and reperfused hearts, and lactate dehydrogenase release and infarct size were significantly increased in reperfused hearts. Nonlinear regression revealed that [1,4-13C2]malate production was induced when adenosine triphosphate was depleted by >50%, below 5.3 mmol/l (R2 = 0.904). In vivo, the quantity of [1,4-13C2]malate visible increased 82-fold over controls 1 day after infarction, maintaining a 31-fold increase 7 days post-infarct. [1,4-13C2]Malate could be resolved using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging in the infarct region one day after MI; [1,4-13C2]malate was not visible in control hearts. CONCLUSIONS Malate production in the infarcted heart appears to provide a specific probe of necrosis acutely after MI, and for at least 1 week afterward. This technique could offer an alternative noninvasive method to measure cellular necrosis in heart disease, and warrants further investigation in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Z Lau
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Per Mose Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Giles McMullen-Klein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Lewis
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie A Schroeder
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark.
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12
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Malandraki-Miller S, Lopez CA, Al-Siddiqi H, Carr CA. Changing Metabolism in Differentiating Cardiac Progenitor Cells-Can Stem Cells Become Metabolically Flexible Cardiomyocytes? Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:119. [PMID: 30283788 PMCID: PMC6157401 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a metabolic omnivore and the adult heart selects the substrate best suited for each circumstance, with fatty acid oxidation preferred in order to fulfill the high energy demand of the contracting myocardium. The fetal heart exists in an hypoxic environment and obtains the bulk of its energy via glycolysis. After birth, the "fetal switch" to oxidative metabolism of glucose and fatty acids has been linked to the loss of the regenerative phenotype. Various stem cell types have been used in differentiation studies, but most are cultured in high glucose media. This does not change in the majority of cardiac differentiation protocols. Despite the fact that metabolic state affects marker expression and cellular function and activity, the substrate composition is currently being overlooked. In this review we discuss changes in cardiac metabolism during development, the various protocols used to differentiate progenitor cells to cardiomyocytes, what is known about stem cell metabolism and how consideration of metabolism can contribute toward maturation of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Constantinides C, Basnett P, Lukasiewicz B, Carnicer R, Swider E, Majid QA, Srinivas M, Carr CA, Roy I. In Vivo Tracking and 1H/ 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoate/Polycaprolactone Blend Scaffolds Seeded with Labeled Cardiac Stem Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25056-25068. [PMID: 29965724 PMCID: PMC6338235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHAs) have demonstrated exceptional properties for cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) applications. Despite prior work on MCL-PHA/polycaprolactone (PCL) blends, optimal scaffold production and use as an alternative delivery route for controlled release of seeded cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in CTE applications in vivo has been lacking. We present herein applicability of MCL-PHA/PCL (95/5 wt %) blends fabricated as thin films with an improved performance compared to the neat MCL-PHA. Polymer characterization confirmed the chemical structure and composition of the synthesized scaffolds, while thermal, wettability, and mechanical properties were also investigated and compared in neat and porous counterparts. In vitro cytocompatibility studies were performed using perfluorocrown-ether-nanoparticle-labeled murine CPCs and studied using confocal microscopy and 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Seeded scaffolds were implanted and studied in the postmortem murine heart in situ and in two additional C57BL/6 mice in vivo (using single-layered and double-layered scaffolds) and imaged immediately after and at 7 days postimplantation. Superior MCL-PHA/PCL scaffold performance has been demonstrated compared to MCL-PHA through experimental comparisons of (a) morphological data using scanning electron microscopy and (b) contact angle measurements attesting to improved CPC adhesion, (c) in vitro confocal microscopy showing increased SC proliferative capacity, and (d) mechanical testing that elicited good overall responses. In vitro MRI results justify the increased seeding density, increased in vitro MRI signal, and improved MRI visibility in vivo, in the double-layered compared to the single-layered scaffolds. Histological evaluations [bright-field, cytoplasmic (Atto647) and nuclear (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) stains] performed in conjunction with confocal microscopy imaging attest to CPC binding within the scaffold, subsequent release and migration to the neighboring myocardium, and increased retention in the murine myocardium in the case of the double-layered scaffold. Thus, MCL-PHA/PCL blends possess tremendous potential for controlled delivery of CPCs and for maximizing possible regeneration in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christakis Constantinides
- Radcliffe Department
of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Department
of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of
Oxford, Roosevelt Drive,
Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Pooja Basnett
- Applied Biotechnology
Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, U.K.
| | - Barbara Lukasiewicz
- Applied Biotechnology
Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, U.K.
| | - Ricardo Carnicer
- Radcliffe Department
of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Department
of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of
Oxford, Roosevelt Drive,
Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, U.K.
| | - Edyta Swider
- Radboud University
Medical Center (Radboud UMC), Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 278, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Qasim A. Majid
- Department
of Myocardial Function, National Heart and
Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Radboud University
Medical Center (Radboud UMC), Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 278, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Applied Biotechnology
Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, U.K.
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14
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Vieira JM, Norman S, Villa Del Campo C, Cahill TJ, Barnette DN, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Johnson LA, Greaves DR, Carr CA, Jackson DG, Riley PR. The cardiac lymphatic system stimulates resolution of inflammation following myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3402-3412. [PMID: 29985167 PMCID: PMC6063482 DOI: 10.1172/jci97192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) arising from obstruction of the coronary circulation engenders massive cardiomyocyte loss and replacement by non-contractile scar tissue, leading to pathological remodeling, dysfunction, and ultimately heart failure. This is presently a global health problem for which there is no effective cure. Following MI, the innate immune system directs the phagocytosis of dead cell debris in an effort to stimulate cell repopulation and tissue renewal. In the mammalian adult heart, however, the persistent influx of immune cells, coupled with the lack of an inherent regenerative capacity, results in cardiac fibrosis. Here, we reveal that stimulation of cardiac lymphangiogenesis with VEGF-C improves clearance of the acute inflammatory response after MI by trafficking immune cells to draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) in a process dependent on lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1). Deletion of Lyve1 in mice, preventing docking and transit of leukocytes through the lymphatic endothelium, results in exacerbation of chronic inflammation and long-term deterioration of cardiac function. Our findings support targeting of the lymphatic/immune cell axis as a therapeutic paradigm to promote immune modulation and heart repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Miguel Vieira
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Sophie Norman
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | | | - Thomas J Cahill
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Damien N Barnette
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - Louise A Johnson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Paul R Riley
- Burdon-Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics
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15
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Carr CA, Dodd MS, Heather LC. Bernard and Joan Marshall Awards at the autumn meeting of the British Society for Cardiovascular Research 2017. Heart 2018; 104:1383-1384. [PMID: 29925542 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael S Dodd
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Mansor LS, Sousa Fialho MDL, Yea G, Coumans WA, West JA, Kerr M, Carr CA, Luiken JJFP, Glatz JFC, Evans RD, Griffin JL, Tyler DJ, Clarke K, Heather LC. Inhibition of sarcolemmal FAT/CD36 by sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate rapidly corrects metabolism and restores function in the diabetic heart following hypoxia/reoxygenation. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:737-748. [PMID: 28419197 PMCID: PMC5437367 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The type 2 diabetic heart oxidizes more fat and less glucose, which can impair metabolic flexibility and function. Increased sarcolemmal fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) imports more fatty acid into the diabetic myocardium, feeding increased fatty acid oxidation and elevated lipid deposition. Unlike other metabolic modulators that target mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, we proposed that pharmacologically inhibiting fatty acid uptake, as the primary step in the pathway, would provide an alternative mechanism to rebalance metabolism and prevent lipid accumulation following hypoxic stress. Methods and results Hearts from type 2 diabetic and control male Wistar rats were perfused in normoxia, hypoxia and reoxygenation, with the FAT/CD36 inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) infused 4 min before hypoxia. SSO infusion into diabetic hearts decreased the fatty acid oxidation rate by 29% and myocardial triglyceride concentration by 48% compared with untreated diabetic hearts, restoring fatty acid metabolism to control levels following hypoxia-reoxygenation. SSO infusion increased the glycolytic rate by 46% in diabetic hearts during hypoxia, increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by 53% and decreased lactate efflux rate by 56% compared with untreated diabetic hearts during reoxygenation. In addition, SSO treatment of diabetic hearts increased intermediates within the second span of the Krebs cycle, namely fumarate, oxaloacetate, and the FAD total pool. The cardiac dysfunction in diabetic hearts following decreased oxygen availability was prevented by SSO-infusion prior to the hypoxic stress. Infusing SSO into diabetic hearts increased rate pressure product by 60% during hypoxia and by 32% following reoxygenation, restoring function to control levels. Conclusions Diabetic hearts have limited metabolic flexibility and cardiac dysfunction when stressed, which can be rapidly rectified by reducing fatty acid uptake with the FAT/CD36 inhibitor, SSO. This novel therapeutic approach not only reduces fat oxidation but also lipotoxicity, by targeting the primary step in the fatty acid metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latt S Mansor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Maria da Luz Sousa Fialho
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Georgina Yea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Will A Coumans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James A West
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, and MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Joost J F P Luiken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan F C Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rhys D Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, and MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
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17
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Lewis AJM, Miller JJ, Lau AZ, Curtis MK, Rider OJ, Choudhury RP, Neubauer S, Cunningham CH, Carr CA, Tyler DJ. Noninvasive Immunometabolic Cardiac Inflammation Imaging Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance. Circ Res 2018; 122:1084-1093. [PMID: 29440071 PMCID: PMC5908252 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current cardiovascular clinical imaging techniques offer only limited assessment of innate immune cell-driven inflammation, which is a potential therapeutic target in myocardial infarction (MI) and other diseases. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (MR) is an emerging imaging technology that generates contrast agents with 10- to 20 000-fold improvements in MR signal, enabling cardiac metabolite mapping. OBJECTIVE To determine whether hyperpolarized MR using [1-13C]pyruvate can assess the local cardiac inflammatory response after MI. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MR studies in small and large animal models of MI and in macrophage-like cell lines and measured the resulting [1-13C]lactate signals. MI caused intense [1-13C]lactate signal in healing myocardial segments at both day 3 and 7 after rodent MI, which was normalized at both time points after monocyte/macrophage depletion. A near-identical [1-13C]lactate signature was also seen at day 7 after experimental MI in pigs. Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate MR spectroscopy in macrophage-like cell suspensions demonstrated that macrophage activation and polarization with lipopolysaccharide almost doubled hyperpolarized lactate label flux rates in vitro; blockade of glycolysis with 2-deoxyglucose in activated cells normalized lactate label flux rates and markedly inhibited the production of key proinflammatory cytokines. Systemic administration of 2-deoxyglucose after rodent MI normalized the hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate signal in healing myocardial segments at day 3 and also caused dose-dependent improvement in IL (interleukin)-1β expression in infarct tissue without impairing the production of key reparative cytokines. Cine MRI demonstrated improvements in systolic function in 2-DG (2-deoxyglucose)-treated rats at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Hyperpolarized MR using [1-13C]pyruvate provides a novel method for the assessment of innate immune cell-driven inflammation in the heart after MI, with broad potential applicability across other cardiovascular disease states and suitability for early clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J M Lewis
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Jack J Miller
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Angus Z Lau
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Mary K Curtis
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Oliver J Rider
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.)
| | - Damian J Tyler
- From the Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (A.J.M.L., J.J.M., M.K.C., C.A.C., D.J.T.), Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory (J.J.M.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine (A.J.M.L., O.J.R., R.P.C., S.N.), and Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (R.P.C.), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.Z.L., C.H.C.).
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18
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Barnette DN, Cahill TJ, Gunadasa-Rohling M, Carr CA, Freeman M, Riley PR. iRhom2-mediated proinflammatory signalling regulates heart repair following myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98268. [PMID: 29415889 PMCID: PMC5821194 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of proinflammation, and specifically TNF-α, on downstream fibrosis and healing after cardiac injury remains unknown. Using iRhom2-deficient mice, which lack myeloid-specific shedding of TNF-α, we reveal increased macrophages (MΦs) that were skewed towards a more proinflammatory (M1) state at day 4, followed by more reparative, antiinflammatory (M2) state at day 7 after myocardial infarction (MI). However, associated functional cytokine expression was significantly reduced in iRhom2-mutant M1 and M2 MΦs, respectively. A dampened proinflammatory signature in iRhom2-deficient mice during the acute phase of injury and subsequent changes in MΦ polarization were associated with reduced phagocytosis and a more sparse distribution within the scar region. This resulted in impaired collagen deposition and fibrosis, and increased left ventricular remodelling and mortality in iRhom2-deficient mice after MI. Our findings reveal a requirement for an iRhom2-mediated proinflammatory response during downstream scarring and fibrosis, which is driven in part by TNF-α signaling. These conclusions challenge the existing model that infarct repair is determined exclusively by antiinflammatory signaling of M2 MΦs, and as such we propose an alternative view of immunomodulation to maintain effective healing after infarction. Optimal scarring and survival after myocardial infarction is dependent upon the initial wave of inflammation after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien N Barnette
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Thomas J Cahill
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK).,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala Gunadasa-Rohling
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul R Riley
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)
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Lewis AJM, Miller JJ, Rider OJ, Choudhury RP, Neubauer S, Carr CA, Tyler DJ. C Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac inflammation and repair. Heart 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311726.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Constantinides C, Maguire ML, Stork L, Swider E, Srinivas M, Carr CA, Schneider JE. Temporal accumulation and localization of isoflurane in the C57BL/6 mouse and assessment of its potential contamination in 19 F MRI with perfluoro-crown-ether-labeled cardiac progenitor cells at 9.4 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 45:1659-1667. [PMID: 27990708 PMCID: PMC5484368 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the uptake, accumulation, temporal stability, and spatial localization of isoflurane (ISO) in the C57BL/6 mouse, and to identify its potential interference with the detection of labeled cardiac progenitor cells using 19F MRI/MR spectroscopy (MRS). Materials and Methods Objectives are demonstrated using (a) in vitro ISO tests, (b) in vivo temporal accumulation/spatial localization C57BL/6 studies (n = 3), and (c) through injections of perfluoro‐crown‐ether (PFCE) labeled cardiac progenitor cells into femoral muscle areas of the murine hindlimb post‐mortem (n = 1) using 1H/19F MRI/MRS at 9.4 Tesla. Data were acquired using double‐gated spoiled gradient echo images and pulse‐acquire spectra. For the in vivo study, the temporal stability of ISO resonances was quantified using coefficient of variability (CV) (5 min) estimates. Results Two ISO resonances were observed in vivo that correspond to the ‐CF3 and ‐OCHF2 moieties. CV values ranged between 3.2 and 6.4% (‐CF3) and 6.4 and 11.2% (‐OCHF2). Reductions of the ISO dose (2.0 to 1.7%) at 80 min postinduction had insignificant effects on ISO signals (P = 0.23; P = 0.71). PFCE‐labeled cells exhibited a resonance at −16.25 ppm in vitro that did not overlap with the ISO resonances, a finding that is confirmed with MRS post‐mortem using injected, labeled cells. Based on 19F MRI, similar in vivo/post‐mortem ISO compartmentalization was also confirmed in peripheral and thoracic skeletal muscles. Conclusion Significant ISO accumulation was observed by 19F MRS in vivo with temporally stable signals over 90 min postinduction. ISO effects on PFCE labels are anticipated to be minimal but may be more prominent for perfluoropolyether or perfluorooctyl bromide labels. Level of Evidence: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1659–1667
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Affiliation(s)
- Christakis Constantinides
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mahon L. Maguire
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Leeanne Stork
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Edyta Swider
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Tumor ImmunologyRadboud University Medical Center, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jurgen E. Schneider
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Abstract
Decellularization offers great potential to the field of tissue engineering, as this method gives rise to scaffold material with the native organ architecture by removing all cellular material and leaving much of the extracellular matrix (ECM) intact. However, many parameters may affect decellularization efficacy and ECM retention and, therefore, decellularization protocols need to be optimized for specific needs. This requires robust methods for comparison of decellularized tissue composition. Various representation methods are used in literature to express tissue composition (DNA, glycosaminoglycans, collagen, other ECM proteins, and growth factors). Here, we present and compare the various methods used and demonstrate that normalization to either dry or wet decellularized weight might be misleading and may overestimate true component retention. Moreover, the magnitude of the confounding effect is likely to be decellularization treatment dependent. As a result, we propose alternative comparison strategies: normalization to whole organ or to a unit of whole initial organ weight. We believe proper assessment of decellularized tissue composition is paramount for the successful comparison of different decellularization protocols and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne A N Bruyneel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Cole MA, Abd Jamil AH, Heather LC, Murray AJ, Sutton ER, Slingo M, Sebag-Montefiore L, Tan SC, Aksentijević D, Gildea OS, Stuckey DJ, Yeoh KK, Carr CA, Evans RD, Aasum E, Schofield CJ, Ratcliffe PJ, Neubauer S, Robbins PA, Clarke K. On the pivotal role of PPARα in adaptation of the heart to hypoxia and why fat in the diet increases hypoxic injury. FASEB J 2016; 30:2684-97. [PMID: 27103577 PMCID: PMC5072355 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-mediated metabolic remodeling in cardiac adaptation to hypoxia has yet to be defined. Here, mice were housed in hypoxia for 3 wk before in vivo contractile function was measured using cine MRI. In isolated, perfused hearts, energetics were measured using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation were measured using [(3)H] labeling. Compared with a normoxic, chow-fed control mouse heart, hypoxia decreased PPARα expression, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) levels, while increasing glycolysis, all of which served to maintain normal ATP concentrations ([ATP]) and thereby, ejection fractions. A high-fat diet increased cardiac PPARα expression, fatty acid oxidation, and UCP3 levels with decreased glycolysis. Hypoxia was unable to alter the high PPARα expression or reverse the metabolic changes caused by the high-fat diet, with the result that [ATP] and contractile function decreased significantly. The adaptive metabolic changes caused by hypoxia in control mouse hearts were found to have occurred already in PPARα-deficient (PPARα(-/-)) mouse hearts and sustained function in hypoxia despite an inability for further metabolic remodeling. We conclude that decreased cardiac PPARα expression is essential for adaptive metabolic remodeling in hypoxia, but is prevented by dietary fat.-Cole, M. A., Abd Jamil, A. H., Heather, L. C., Murray, A. J., Sutton, E. R., Slingo, M., Sebag-Montefiore, L., Tan, S. C., Aksentijević, D., Gildea, O. S., Stuckey, D. J., Yeoh, K. K., Carr, C. A., Evans, R. D., Aasum, E., Schofield, C. J., Ratcliffe, P. J., Neubauer, S., Robbins, P. A., Clarke, K. On the pivotal role of PPARα in adaptation of the heart to hypoxia and why fat in the diet increases hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Cole
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amira H Abd Jamil
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Sutton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Slingo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Sebag-Montefiore
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suat Cheng Tan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dunja Aksentijević
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ottilie S Gildea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys D Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Aasum
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Neubauer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
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Garcia-Martinez V, Lopez Sanchez C, Hamed W, Hamed W, Hsu JH, Ferrer-Lorente R, Alshamrani M, Pizzicannella J, Vindis C, Badi I, Korte L, Voellenkle C, Niculescu LS, Massaro M, Babaeva AR, Da Silva F, Woudstra L, Berezin A, Bae MK, Del Giudice C, Bageghni SA, Krobert K, Levay M, Vignier N, Ranieri A, Magenta A, Orlandi A, Porro B, Jeon ES, Omori Y, Herold J, Barnett GA, Grochot-Przeczek A, Korpisalo P, Deffge C, Margariti A, Rong W, Maring JA, Gambardella J, Mitrofan CG, Karpinska O, Morbidelli L, Wilkinson FL, Berezin A, Kostina AS, De Mey JGR, Kumar A, Lupieri A, Pellet-Many C, Stamatiou R, Gromotowicz A, Dickhout A, Murina M, Roka-Moiia YM, Malinova L, Diaz-Canestro C, Vigliarolo T, Cuzzocrea S, Szantai A, Medic B, Cassambai S, Korda A, Revnic CR, Borile G, Diokmetzidou A, Murfitt L, Budko A, Fiordelisi A, De Wijs-Meijler DPM, Gevaert AB, Noriega De La Colina A, Benes J, Guillermo Solache Berrocal GSB, Gafarov V, Zhebel VM, Prakaschandra R, Stepien EL, Smith LE, Carluccio MA, Timasheva Y, Paci M, Dorofeyeva NA, Chimed CH, Petelina TI, Sorop O, Genis A, Parepa IR, Tscharre M, Krestjyaninov MV, Maia-Rocha C, Borges L, Sasonko ML, Kapel SS, Stam K, Sommariva E, Stojkovic S, O'reilly J, Chiva-Blanch G, Malinova L, Evtushenko A, Skopal J, Sunderland N, Gegenava T, Charnaia MA, Di Lascio N, Tarvainen SJ, Malandraki-Miller S, Uitterdijk A, Benzoni P, Ruivo E, Humphrey EJ, Arokiaraj MC, Franco D, Garcia-Lopez V, Aranega A, Lopez-Sanchez C, Franco D, Garcia-Lopez V, Aranega A, Garcia-Martinez V, Tayel S, Khader H, El-Helbawy N, Tayel S, Alrefai A, El-Barbary H, Wu JR, Dai ZK, Yeh JL, Sanjurjo-Rodriguez C, Richaud-Patin Y, Blanco FJ, Badimon L, Raya A, Cahill PA, Diomede F, Merciaro I, Trubiani O, Nahapetyan H, Swiader A, Faccini J, Boya P, Elbaz M, Zeni F, Burba I, Bertolotti M, Capogrossi MC, Pompilio G, Raucci A, Widmer-Teske R, Dutzmann J, Bauersachs J, Donde K, Daniel JM, Sedding DG, Simionescu N, Sanda GM, Carnuta MG, Stancu CS, Popescu AC, Popescu MR, Vlad A, Dimulescu DR, Sima AV, Scoditti E, Pellegrino M, Calabriso N, Carluccio MA, Storelli C, De Caterina R, Solodenkova KS, Kalinina EV, Usachiova MN, Lappalainen J, Lee-Rueckert MDEC, Kovanen PT, Biesbroek PS, Emmens RWE, Van Rossum AC, Juffermans LJM, Niessen JWM, Krijnen PAJ, Kremzer A, Samura T, Berezina T, Gronenko E, Kim MK, Park HJ, Bae SK, Sorriento D, Ciccarelli M, Vernieri E, Campiglia P, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Hemmings KE, Porter KE, Ainscough JF, Drinkhill MJ, Turner NA, Hiis HG, Cosson MV, Levy FO, Wieland T, Macquart C, Chatzifrangkeskou M, Evans A, Bonne G, Muchir A, Kemp E, Avkiran M, Carlomosti F, D'agostino M, Beji S, Zaccagnini G, Maimone B, Di Stefano V, De Santa F, Cordisco S, Antonini A, Ciarapica R, Dellambra E, Martelli F, Avitabile D, Capogrossi MC, Scioli MG, Bielli A, Agostinelli S, Tarquini C, Tarallo V, De Falco S, Zaninoni A, Fiorelli S, Bianchi P, Teruzzi G, Squellerio I, Turnu L, Lualdi A, Tremoli E, Cavalca V, Lee YJ, Ju ES, Choi JO, Lee GY, Lim BK, Manickam MANOJ, Jung SH, Omiya S, Otsu K, Deffge C, Nowak S, Wagner M, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Kostin S, Daniel JM, Francke A, Subramaniam S, Kanse SM, Al-Lamee K, Schofield CJ, Egginton S, Gershlick AH, Kloska D, Kopacz A, Augustyniak A, Dulak J, Jozkowicz A, Hytonen J, Halonen P, Taavitsainen J, Tarvainen S, Hiltunen T, Liimatainen T, Kalliokoski K, Knuuti J, Yla-Herttuala S, Wagner M, Weinert S, Isermann B, Lee J, Braun-Dullaeus RC, Herold J, Cochrane A, Kelaini S, Bojdo J, Vila Gonzalez M, Hu Y, Grieve D, Stitt AW, Zeng L, Xu Q, Margariti A, Reglin B, Xiang W, Nitzsche B, Maibier M, Pries AR, Vrijsen KR, Chamuleau SAJ, Verhage V, Metz CHG, Lodder K, Van Eeuwijk ECM, Van Dommelen SM, Doevendans PA, Smits AM, Goumans MJ, Sluijter JPG, Sorriento D, Bova M, Loffredo S, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M, Appleby S, Morrell N, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Kloza M, Ambrozewicz E, Kozlowski M, Malinowska B, Kozlowska H, Monti M, Terzuoli E, Ziche M, Mahmoud AM, Jones AM, Wilkinson JA, Romero M, Duarte J, Alexander MY, Kremzer A, Berezina T, Gronenko E, Faggian G, Kostareva AA, Malashicheva AB, Leurgans TM, Nguyen TN, Irmukhamedov A, Riber LP, Mcgeogh R, Comer S, Blanco Fernandez A, Ghigo A, Blaise R, Smirnova NF, Malet N, Vincent P, Limon I, Gayral S, Hirsch E, Laffargue M, Mehta V, Zachary I, Aidonidis I, Kramkowski K, Miltyk W, Kolodziejczyk P, Gradzka A, Szemraj J, Chabielska E, Dijkgraaf I, Bitsch N, Van Hoof S, Verhaegen F, Koenen R, Hackeng TM, Roshchupkin DI, Buravleva KV, Sergienko VI, Zhernossekov DD, Rybachuk VM, Grinenko TV, Furman N, Dolotovskaya P, Shamyunov M, Denisova T, Reiner M, Akhmedov A, Keller S, Miranda M, Briand S, Barile L, Kullak-Ublick G, Luscher T, Camici G, Guida L, Magnone M, Ameri P, Lazzarini E, Fresia C, Bruzzone S, Zocchi E, Di Paola R, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, Campolo M, Bruschetta G, Fusco R, Pugliatti P, Esposito E, Paloczi J, Ruivo E, Gaspar R, Dinnyes A, Kobolak J, Ferdinandy P, Gorbe A, Todorovic Z, Krstic D, Savic Vujovic K, Jovicic D, Basta Jovanovic G, Radojevic Skodric S, Prostran M, Dean S, Mee CJ, Harvey KL, Hussain A, Pena C, Paltineanu B, Voinea S, Revnic F, Ginghina C, Zaglia T, Ceriotti P, Campo A, Carullo P, Armani A, Coppini R, Vida V, Olivotto I, Stellin G, Rizzuto R, De Stefani D, Sandri M, Catalucci D, Mongillo M, Soumaka E, Kloukina I, Tsikitis M, Makridakis M, Varela A, Davos C, Vlachou A, Capetanaki Y, Iqbal MM, Bennett H, Davenport B, Pinali C, Cooper G, Cartwright E, Kitmitto A, Strutynska NA, Mys LA, Sagach VF, Franco A, Sorriento D, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M, Verzijl A, Stam K, Van Duin R, Reiss IKM, Duncker DJ, Merkus D, Shakeri H, Orije M, Leloup AJ, Van Hove CE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, De Meyer GRY, Vrints CJ, Lemmens K, Desjardins-Creapeau L, Wu R, Lamarre-Cliche M, Larochelle P, Bherer L, Girouard H, Melenovsky M, Kvasilova A, Benes J, Ruskova K, Sedmera D, Ana Barral ABV, Martin Fernandez M, Pablo Roman Garcia PRG, Juan Carlos Llosa JCLL, Manuel Naves Diaz MND, Cesar Moris CM, Jorge B Cannata-Andia JBCA, Isabel Rodriguez IR, Voevoda M, Gromova E, Maximov V, Panov D, Gagulin I, Gafarova A, Palahniuk H, Pashkova IP, Zhebel NV, Starzhynska OL, Naidoo DP, Rawojc K, Enguita FJ, Grudzien G, Cordwell SJ, White MY, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Calabriso N, Pellegrino M, Martinelli R, Gatta V, De Caterina R, Nasibullin TR, Erdman VV, Tuktarova IA, Mustafina OE, Hyttinen J, Severi S, Vorobyov GG, Sagach VF, Batmyagmar KH, Lkhagvasuren Z, Gapon LI, Musikhina NA, Avdeeva KS, Dyachkov SM, Heinonen I, Van Kranenburg M, De Beer VJ, Octavia Y, Van Geuns RJ, Van Den Meiracker AH, Van Der Velden J, Merkus D, Duncker DJ, Everson FP, Ogundipe T, Grandjean T, De Boever P, Goswami N, Strijdom H, Suceveanu AI, Suceveanu AP, Mazilu L, Tofoleanu DE, Catrinoiu D, Rohla M, Hauser C, Huber K, Wojta H, Weiss TW, Melnikova MA, Olezov NV, Gimaev RH, Khalaf H, Ruzov VI, Adao R, Mendes-Ferreira P, Santos-Ribeiro D, Rademaker M, Leite-Moreira AF, Bras-Silva C, Alvarenga LAA, Falcao RSP, Dias RR, Lacchini S, Gutierrez PS, Michel JB, Gurfinkel YUI, Atkov OYU, Teichert M, Korn C, Mogler C, Hertel S, Arnold C, Korff T, Augustin HG, Van Duin RWB, De Wijs-Meijler DPM, Verzijl A, Duncker DJ, Merkus D, D'alessandra Y, Farina FM, Casella M, Catto V, Carbucicchio C, Dello Russso A, Stadiotti I, Brambilla S, Chiesa M, Giacca M, Colombo GI, Pompilio G, Tondo C, Ahlin F, Andric T, Tihanyi D, Wojta J, Huber K, O'connell E, Butt A, Murphy L, Pennington S, Ledwidge M, Mcdonald K, Baugh J, Watson C, Suades R, Crespo J, Estruch R, Badimon L, Dyachenko A, Ryabukho V, Evtushenko V, Saushkina YU, Lishmanov YU, Smyshlyaev K, Bykov A, Popov S, Pavlyukova E, Anfinogenova Y, Szigetfu E, Kapornai B, Forizs E, Jenei ZS, Nagy Z, Merkely B, Zima E, Cai A, Dworakowski R, Gibbs T, Piper S, Jegard N, Mcdonagh T, Gegenava M, Dementieva II, Morozov YUA, Barsanti C, Stea F, Lenzarini F, Kusmic C, Faita F, Halonen PJ, Puhakka PH, Hytonen JP, Taavitsainen JM, Yla-Herttuala S, Supit EA, Carr CA, Groenendijk BCW, Gorsse-Bakker C, Panasewicz A, Sneep S, Tempel D, Van Der Giessen WJ, Duncker DJ, Rys J, Daraio C, Dell'era P, Paloczi J, Pigler J, Eder A, Ferdinandy P, Eschenhagen T, Gorbe A, Mazo MM, Amdursky N, Peters NS, Stevens MM, Terracciano CM. Poster session 2Morphogenetic mechanisms290MiR-133 regulates retinoic acid pathway during early cardiac chamber specification291Bmp2 regulates atrial differentiation through miR-130 during early heart looping formationDevelopmental genetics294Association of deletion allele of insertion/deletion polymorphism in alpha 2B adrenoceptor gene and hypertension with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus295Association of G1359A polymorphism of the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor (CNR1) with coronary artery disease (CAD) with type 2 diabetes mellitusCell growth, differentiation and stem cells - Vascular298Gamma-secretase inhibitor prevents proliferation and migration of ductus arteriosus smooth muscle cells: a role of Notch signaling in postnatal closure of ductus arteriosus299Mesenchymal stromal-like cells (MLCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells: a promising therapeutic option to promote neovascularization300Sonic Hedgehog promotes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to vascular smooth muscle cells in cardiovacsular disease301Proinflammatory cytokine secretion and epigenetic modification in endothelial cells treated LPS-GinfivalisCell death and apoptosis - Vascular304Mitophagy acts as a safeguard mechanism against human vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis induced by atherogenic lipidsTranscriptional control and RNA species - Vascular307MicroRNA-34a role in vascular calcification308Local delivery of a miR-146a inhibitor utilizing a clinically applicable approach attenuates neointima formation after vascular injury309Long noncoding RNA landscape of hypoxic endothelial cells310Specific circulating microRNAs levels associate with hypertension, hyperglycemia and dysfunctional HDL in acute coronary syndrome patientsCytokines and cellular inflammation - Vascular313Phosphodiesterase5A up-regulation in vascular endothelium under pro-inflammatory conditions: a newly disclosed anti-inflammatory activity for the omega-3polyunsaturated aatty acid docosahexaenoic acid314Cardiovascular risk modifying with extra-low dose anticytokine drugs in rhematoid arthritis315Conversion of human M-CSF macrophages into foam cells reduces their proinflammatory responses to classical M1-polarizing activation316Lymphocytic myocarditis coincides with increased plaque inflammation and plaque hemorrhage in coronary arteries, facilitating myocardial infarction317Serum osteoprotegerin level predictsdeclined numerous of circulating endothelial- derived and mononuclear-derived progenitor cells in patients with metabolic syndromeGrowth factors and neurohormones - Vascular320Effect of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) on vascular inflammationSignal transduction - Heart323A new synthetic peptide regulates hypertrophy in vitro through means of the inhibition of nfkb324Inducible fibroblast-specific knockout of p38 alpha map kinase is cardioprotective in a mouse model of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy325Regulation of beta-adrenoceptor-evoked inotropic responses by inhibitory G protein, adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6 and phosphodiesterases326Binding to RGS3 and stimulation of M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors modulates the substrate specificity of p190RhoGAP in cardiac myocytes327Cardiac regulation of post-translational modifications, parylation and deacetylation in LMNA dilated cardiomyopathy mouse model328Beta-adrenergic regulation of the b56delta/pp2a holoenzyme in cardiac myocytes through b56delta phosphorylation at serine 573Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species - Vascular331Oxidative stress-induced miR-200c disrupts the regulatory loop among SIRT1, FOXO1 and eNOS332Antioxidant therapy prevents oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction and Enhances Wound Healing333Morphological and biochemical characterization of red blood cell in coronary artery diseaseCytoskeleton and mechanotransduction - Heart336Novel myosin activator, JSH compounds, increased myocardial contractility without chronotropic effect in ratsExtracellular matrix and fibrosis - Vascular339Ablation of Toll-like receptor 9 causes cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction by attenuating proliferation and differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts340Altered vascular remodeling in the mouse hind limb ischemia model in Factor VII activating protease (FSAP) deficiencyVasculogenesis, angiogenesis and arteriogenesis343Pro-angiogenic effects of proly-hydroxylase inhibitors and their potential for use in a novel strategy of therapeutic angiogenesis for coronary total occlusion344Nrf2 drives angiogenesis in transcription-independent manner: new function of the master regulator of oxidative stress response345Angiogenic gene therapy, despite efficient vascular growth, is not able to improve muscle function in normoxic or chronically ischemic rabbit hindlimbs -role of capillary arterialization and shunting346Effect of PAR-1 inhibition on collateral vessel growth in the murine hind limb model347Quaking is a key regulator of endothelial cell differentiation, neovascularization and angiogenesis348"Emerging angiogenesis" in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). An in vivo study349Exosomes from cardiomyocyte progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells stimulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo via EMMPRINEndothelium352Reciprocal regulation of GRK2 and bradykinin receptor stimulation modulate Ca2+ intracellular level in endothelial cells353The roles of bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 in endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis354The contribution of GPR55 to the L-alpha-lysophosphatidylinositol-induced vasorelaxation in isolated human pulmonary arteries355The endothelial protective ACE inhibitor Zofenoprilat exerts anti-inflammatory activities through H2S production356A new class of glycomimetic drugs to prevent free fatty acid-induced endothelial dysfunction357Endothelial progenitor cells to apoptotic endothelial cell-derived microparticles ration differentiatesas preserved from reduced ejection fractionheart failure358Proosteogenic genes are activated in endothelial cells of patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm359Endothelin ETB receptors mediate relaxing responses to insulin in pericardial resistance arteries from patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD)Smooth muscle and pericytes362CX3CR1 positive myeloid cells regulate vascular smooth muscle tone by inducing calcium oscillations via activation of IP3 receptors363A novel function of PI3Kg on cAMP regulation, role in arterial wall hyperplasia through modulation of smooth muscle cells proliferation364NRP1 and NRP2 play important roles in the development of neointimal hyperplasia in vivo365Azithromycin induces autophagy in aortic smooth muscle cellsCoagulation, thrombosis and platelets368The real time in vivo evaluation of platelet-dependent aldosterone prothrombotic action in mice369Development of a method for in vivo detection of active thrombi in mice370The antiplatelet effects of structural analogs of the taurine chloramine371The influence of heparin anticoagulant drugs on functional state of human platelets372Regulation of platelet aggregation and adenosine diphosphate release by d dimer in acute coronary syndrome (in vitro study)Oxygen sensing, ischaemia and reperfusion375Sirtuin 5 mediates brain injury in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion376Abscisic acid: a new player in cardiomyocyte protection from ischaemia?377Protective effects of ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA-um) in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury in vivo378Identification of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes using cardiac specific markers and additional testing of these cells in simulated ischemia/reperfusion system379Single-dose intravenous metformin treatment could afford significant protection of the injured rat kidney in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion380Cardiotoxicity of long acting muscarinic receptor antagonists used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease381Dependence antioxidant potential on the concentration of amino acids382The impact of ischemia-reperfusion on physiological parameters,apoptosis and ultrastructure of rabbit myocardium with experimental aterosclerosisMitochondria and energetics385MicroRNA-1 dependent regulation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in normal and hypertrophied hearts386Mitochondrial homeostasis and cardioprotection: common targets for desmin and aB-crystallin387Overexpression of mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) and associated mitochondrial dysfunction in the diabetic heart388NO-dependent prevention of permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening by H2S and its regulation of Ca2+ accumulation in rat heart mitochondria389G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is fundamental in recovering mitochondrial morphology and function after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR)Gender issues392Sex differences in pulmonary vascular control; focus on the nitric oxide pathwayAging395Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction develops when feeding western diet to senescence-accelerated mice396Cardiovascular markers as predictors of cognitive decline in elderly hypertensive patients397Changes in connexin43 in old rats with volume overload chronic heart failureGenetics and epigenetics400Calcium content in the aortic valve is associated with 1G>2G matrix metalloproteinase 1 polymorphism401Neuropeptide receptor gene s (NPSR1) polymorphism and sleep disturbances402Endothelin-1 gene Lys198Asn polymorphism in men with essential hypertension complicated and uncomplicated with chronic heart failure403Association of common polymorphisms of the lipoprotein lipase and pon1 genes with the metabolic syndrome in a sample of community participantsGenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and glycomics405Gene expression quantification using multiplexed color-coded probe pairs to determine RNA content in sporadic cardiac myxoma406Large-scale phosphorylation study of the type 2 diabetic heart subjected to ischemia / reperfusion injury407Transcriptome-based identification of new anti-inflammatory properties of the olive oil hydroxytyrosol in vascular endothelial cell under basal and proinflammatory conditions408Gene polymorphisms combinations and risk of myocardial infarctionComputer modelling, bioinformatics and big data411Comparison of the repolarization reserve in three state-of-the-art models of the human ventricular action potentialMetabolism, diabetes mellitus and obesity414Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II improves heart function in type -I Diabetes mellitus415Admission glucose level is independent predictor of impaired left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a two dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography study416Association between biochemical markers of lipid profile and inflammatory reaction and stiffness of the vascular wall in hypertensive patients with abdominal obesity417Multiple common co-morbidities produce left ventricular diastolic dysfunction associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and myocardial stiffening418Investigating the cardiovascular effects of antiretroviral drugs in a lean and high fat/sucrose diet rat model of obesity419Statins in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Our experience from a 2-year prospective study in Constanta County, Romania420Epicardial adipose tissue as a predictor of cardiovascular outcome in patients with ACS undergoing PCI?Arterial and pulmonary hypertension423Dependence between heart rhythm disorers and ID polymorphism of ACE gene in hypertensive patients424Molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Urocortin 2 in pulmonary arterial hypertension425Inhibition of TGf-b axis and action of renin-angiotensin system in human ascending aorta aneurysms426Early signs of microcirculation and macrocirculation abnormalities in prehypertension427Vascular smooth muscle cell-expressed Tie-2 controls vascular tone428Cardiac and vascular remodelling in the development of chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension in a novel swine modelBiomarkers431Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: a new, non invasive biomarker432Can circulating microRNAs distinguish type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction?433Design of a high-throughput multiplex proteomics assay to identify left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in diabetes434Monocyte-derived and P-selectin-carrying microparticles are differently modified by a low fat diet in patients with cardiovascular risk factors who will and who will not develop a cardiovascular event435Red blood cell distribution width assessment by polychromatic interference microscopy of thin films in chronic heart failure436Invasive and noninvasive evaluation of quality of radiofrequency-induced cardiac denervation in patients with atrial fibrillation437The effect of therapeutic hypothermia on the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in sera following cardiopulmonary resustitation438Novel biomarkers to predict outcome in patients with heart failure and severe aortic stenosis439Biological factors linking depression and anxiety to cardiovascular disease440Troponins and myoglobin dynamic at coronary arteries graftingInvasive, non-invasive and molecular imaging443Diet composition effects on the genetic typing of the mouse ob mutation: a micro-ultrasound characterization of cardiac function, macro and micro circulation and liver steatosis444Characterization of pig coronary and rabbit aortic lesions using IV-OCT quantitative analysis: correlations with histologyGene therapy and cell therapy447Enhancing the survival and angiogenic potential of mouse atrial mesenchymal cells448VCAM-1 expression in experimental myocardial infarction and its relation to bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell retentionTissue engineering451Advanced multi layered scaffold that increases the maturity of stem cell-derived human cardiomyocytes452Response of engineered heart tissue to simulated ischemia/reperfusion in the presence of acute hyperglycemic conditions453Serum albumin hydrogels prevent de-differentiation of neonatal cardiomyocytes454A novel paintbrush technique for transfer of low viscosity ultraviolet light curable cyan methacrylate on saline immersed in-vitro sheep heart. Cardiovasc Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Mansor LS, Mehta K, Aksentijevic D, Carr CA, Lund T, Cole MA, Le Page L, Sousa Fialho MDL, Shattock MJ, Aasum E, Clarke K, Tyler DJ, Heather LC. Increased oxidative metabolism following hypoxia in the type 2 diabetic heart, despite normal hypoxia signalling and metabolic adaptation. J Physiol 2015; 594:307-20. [PMID: 26574233 DOI: 10.1113/jp271242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Adaptation to hypoxia makes the heart more oxygen efficient, by metabolising more glucose. In contrast, type 2 diabetes makes the heart metabolise more fatty acids. Diabetes increases the chances of the heart being exposed to hypoxia, but whether the diabetic heart can adapt and respond is unknown. In this study we show that diabetic hearts retain the ability to adapt their metabolism in response to hypoxia, with functional hypoxia signalling pathways. However, the hypoxia-induced changes in metabolism are additive to abnormal baseline metabolism, resulting in hypoxic diabetic hearts metabolising more fat and less glucose than controls. This stops the diabetic heart being able to recover its function when stressed. These results demonstrate that the diabetic heart retains metabolic flexibility to adapt to hypoxia, but is hindered by the baseline effects of the disease. This increases our understanding of how the diabetic heart is affected by hypoxia-associated complications of the disease. ABSTRACT Hypoxia activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), promoting glycolysis and suppressing mitochondrial respiration. In the type 2 diabetic heart, glycolysis is suppressed whereas fatty acid metabolism is promoted. The diabetic heart experiences chronic hypoxia as a consequence of increased obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease. Given the opposing metabolic effects of hypoxia and diabetes, we questioned whether diabetes affects cardiac metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Control and type 2 diabetic rats were housed for 3 weeks in normoxia or 11% oxygen. Metabolism and function were measured in the isolated perfused heart using radiolabelled substrates. Following chronic hypoxia, both control and diabetic hearts upregulated glycolysis, lactate efflux and glycogen content and decreased fatty acid oxidation rates, with similar activation of HIF signalling pathways. However, hypoxia-induced changes were superimposed on diabetic hearts that were metabolically abnormal in normoxia, resulting in glycolytic rates 30% lower, and fatty acid oxidation 36% higher, in hypoxic diabetic hearts than hypoxic controls. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α target proteins were suppressed by hypoxia, but activated by diabetes. Mitochondrial respiration in diabetic hearts was divergently activated following hypoxia compared with controls. These differences in metabolism were associated with decreased contractile recovery of the hypoxic diabetic heart following an acute hypoxic insult. In conclusion, type 2 diabetic hearts retain metabolic flexibility to adapt to hypoxia, with normal HIF signalling pathways. However, they are more dependent on oxidative metabolism following hypoxia due to abnormal normoxic metabolism, which was associated with a functional deficit in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latt S Mansor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keshavi Mehta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dunja Aksentijevic
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trine Lund
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
| | - Mark A Cole
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lydia Le Page
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael J Shattock
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Ellen Aasum
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Perbellini F, Gomes RSM, Vieira S, Buchanan D, Malandraki-Miller S, Bruyneel AAN, Sousa Fialho MDL, Ball V, Clarke K, Faggian G, Carr CA. Chronic High-Fat Feeding Affects the Mesenchymal Cell Population Expanded From Adipose Tissue but Not Cardiac Atria. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1403-14. [PMID: 26518239 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells offer a promising approach to the treatment of myocardial infarction and prevention of heart failure. However, in the clinic, cells will be isolated from patients who may be suffering from comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes, which are known to adversely affect progenitor cells. Here we determined the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on mesenchymal stem cells from cardiac and adipose tissues. Mice were fed a HFD for 4 months, after which cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) were cultured from atrial tissue and adipose-derived mesenchymal cells (ADMSCs) were isolated from epididymal fat depots. HFD raised body weight, fasted plasma glucose, lactate, and insulin. Ventricle and liver tissue of HFD-fed mice showed protein changes associated with an early type 2 diabetic phenotype. At early passages, more ADMSCs were obtained from HFD-fed mice than from chow-fed mice, whereas CDC number was not affected by HFD. Migratory and clonogenic capacity and release of vascular endothelial growth factor did not differ between cells from HFD- and chow-fed animals. CDCs from chow-fed and HFD-fed mice showed no differences in surface marker expression, whereas ADMSCs from HFD-fed mice contained more cells positive for CD105, DDR2, and CD45, suggesting a high component of endothelial, fibroblast, and hematopoietic cells. Both Noggin and transforming growth factor β-supplemented medium induced an early stage of differentiation in CDCs toward the cardiomyocyte phenotype. Thus, although chronic high-fat feeding increased the number of fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells within the ADMSC population, it left cardiac progenitor cells largely unaffected. SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal cells are a promising candidate cell source for restoring lost tissue and thereby preventing heart failure. In the clinic, cells are isolated from patients who may be suffering from comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes. This study examined the effect of a high-fat diet on mesenchymal cells from cardiac and adipose tissues. It was demonstrated that a high-fat diet did not affect cardiac progenitor cells but increased the number of fibroblasts and hematopoietic cells within the adipose-derived mesenchymal cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Perbellini
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona,Verona, Italy
| | - Renata S M Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vieira
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dougal Buchanan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Arne A N Bruyneel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona,Verona, Italy
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Le Page LM, Rider OJ, Lewis AJ, Ball V, Clarke K, Johansson E, Carr CA, Heather LC, Tyler DJ. Increasing Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Flux as a Treatment for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Combined 13C Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance and Echocardiography Study. Diabetes 2015; 64:2735-43. [PMID: 25795215 PMCID: PMC4516266 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although diabetic cardiomyopathy is widely recognized, there are no specific treatments available. Altered myocardial substrate selection has emerged as a candidate mechanism behind the development of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. As pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity appears central to the balance of substrate use, we aimed to investigate the relationship between PDH flux and myocardial function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes and to explore whether or not increasing PDH flux, with dichloroacetate, would restore the balance of substrate use and improve cardiac function. All animals underwent in vivo hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy and echocardiography to assess cardiac PDH flux and function, respectively. Diabetic animals showed significantly higher blood glucose levels (10.8 ± 0.7 vs. 8.4 ± 0.5 mmol/L), lower PDH flux (0.005 ± 0.001 vs. 0.017 ± 0.002 s(-1)), and significantly impaired diastolic function (transmitral early diastolic peak velocity/early diastolic myocardial velocity ratio [E/E'] 12.2 ± 0.8 vs. 20 ± 2), which are in keeping with early diabetic cardiomyopathy. Twenty-eight days of treatment with dichloroacetate restored PDH flux to normal levels (0.018 ± 0.002 s(-1)), reversed diastolic dysfunction (E/E' 14 ± 1), and normalized blood glucose levels (7.5 ± 0.7 mmol/L). The treatment of diabetes with dichloroacetate therefore restored the balance of myocardial substrate selection, reversed diastolic dysfunction, and normalized blood glucose levels. This suggests that PDH modulation could be a novel therapy for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Le Page
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Oliver J Rider
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Andrew J Lewis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | | | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
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Klotz L, Norman S, Vieira JM, Masters M, Rohling M, Dubé KN, Bollini S, Matsuzaki F, Carr CA, Riley PR. Cardiac lymphatics are heterogeneous in origin and respond to injury. Nature 2015; 522:62-7. [PMID: 25992544 PMCID: PMC4458138 DOI: 10.1038/nature14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is a blind-ended network crucial for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and lipid absorption from the gut. Recent evidence has proposed an entirely venous-derived mammalian lymphatic system. In contrast, we reveal here that cardiac lymphatic vessels have a heterogeneous cellular origin, whereby formation of at least part of the cardiac lymphatic network is independent of sprouting from veins. Multiple cre-lox based lineage tracing revealed a potential contribution from the hemogenic endothelium during development and discrete lymphatic endothelial progenitor populations were confirmed by conditional knockout of Prox1 in Tie2+ and Vav1+ compartments. In the adult heart, myocardial infarction (MI) promoted a significant lymphangiogenic response, which was augmented by treatment with VEGF-C resulting in improved cardiac function. These data prompt the re-evaluation of a century-long debate on the origin of lymphatic vessels and suggest that lymphangiogenesis may represent a therapeutic target to promote cardiac repair following injury.
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Perbellini F, Carr CA. Uterine cells-an immunoprivileged cell source for therapy-but are they for everyone? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:127-30. [PMID: 26027783 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Betts CA, Saleh AF, Carr CA, Hammond SM, Coenen-Stass AML, Godfrey C, McClorey G, Varela MA, Roberts TC, Clarke K, Gait MJ, Wood MJA. Prevention of exercised induced cardiomyopathy following Pip-PMO treatment in dystrophic mdx mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8986. [PMID: 25758104 PMCID: PMC4355666 DOI: 10.1038/srep08986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the Dmd gene. In addition to skeletal muscle wasting, DMD patients develop cardiomyopathy, which significantly contributes to mortality. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) are a promising DMD therapy, restoring functional dystrophin protein by exon skipping. However, a major limitation with current AOs is the absence of dystrophin correction in heart. Pip peptide-AOs demonstrate high activity in cardiac muscle. To determine their therapeutic value, dystrophic mdx mice were subject to forced exercise to model the DMD cardiac phenotype. Repeated peptide-AO treatments resulted in high levels of cardiac dystrophin protein, which prevented the exercised induced progression of cardiomyopathy, normalising heart size as well as stabilising other cardiac parameters. Treated mice also exhibited significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis and improved sarcolemmal integrity. This work demonstrates that high levels of cardiac dystrophin restored by Pip peptide-AOs prevents further deterioration of cardiomyopathy and pathology following exercise in dystrophic DMD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Betts
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Amer F Saleh
- 1] Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK [2] AstraZeneca R&D, Discovery Safety, Drug safety and Metabolism, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Suzan M Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Anna M L Coenen-Stass
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Caroline Godfrey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Miguel A Varela
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- 1] Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX [2] Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 NTorrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK, OX1 3QX
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Tan SC, Gomes RSM, Yeoh KK, Perbellini F, Malandraki-Miller S, Ambrose L, Heather LC, Faggian G, Schofield CJ, Davies KE, Clarke K, Carr CA. Preconditioning of Cardiosphere-Derived Cells With Hypoxia or Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase Inhibitors Increases Stemness and Decreases Reliance on Oxidative Metabolism. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:35-53. [PMID: 25751158 PMCID: PMC6042641 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x687697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs), which can be isolated from heart explants, are a promising candidate cell source for infarcted myocardium regeneration. However, current protocols used to expand CDCs require at least 1 month in vitro to obtain sufficient cells for transplantation. We report that CDC culture can be optimized by preconditioning the cells under hypoxia (2% oxygen), which may reflect the physiological oxygen level of the stem cell niche. Under hypoxia, the CDC proliferation rate increased by 1.4-fold, generating 6 × 10(6) CDCs with higher expression of cardiac stem cell and pluripotency gene markers compared to normoxia. Furthermore, telomerase (TERT), cytokines/ligands involved in stem cell trafficking (SDF/CXCR-4), erythropoiesis (EPO), and angiogenesis (VEGF) were increased under hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning was mimicked by treatment with two types of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDIs): dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) and 2-(1-chloro-4-hydroxyisoquinoline-3-carboxamido) acetic acid (BIC). Despite the difference in specificity, both PHDIs significantly increased c-Kit expression and activated HIF, EPO, and CXCR-4. Furthermore, treatment with PHDIs for 24 h increased cell proliferation. Notably, all hypoxic and PHDI-preconditioned CDCs had decreased oxygen consumption and increased glycolytic metabolism. In conclusion, cells cultured under hypoxia could have potentially enhanced therapeutic potential, which can be mimicked, in part, by PHDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Cheng Tan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Health Science, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Renata S. M. Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
- School of Chemical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Lucy Ambrose
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C. Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Kay E. Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Seymour AML, Giles L, Ball V, Miller JJ, Clarke K, Carr CA, Tyler DJ. In vivo assessment of cardiac metabolism and function in the abdominal aortic banding model of compensated cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:249-60. [PMID: 25750189 PMCID: PMC4400188 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Left ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptive response of the heart to chronic mechanical overload and can lead to functional deterioration and heart failure. Changes in cardiac energy metabolism are considered as key to the hypertrophic remodelling process. The concurrence of obesity and hypertrophy has been associated with contractile dysfunction, and this work therefore aimed to investigate the in vivo structural, functional, and metabolic remodelling that occurs in the hypertrophied heart in the setting of a high-fat, high-sucrose, Western diet (WD). Methods and results Following induction of cardiac hypertrophy through abdominal aortic banding, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to either a standard diet or a WD (containing 45% fat and 16% sucrose) for up to 14 weeks. Cardiac structural and functional characteristics were determined by CINE MRI, and in vivo metabolism was investigated using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled pyruvate. Cardiac hypertrophy was observed at all time points, irrespective of dietary manipulation, with no evidence of cardiac dysfunction. Pyruvate dehydrogenase flux was unchanged in the hypertrophied animals at any time point, but increased incorporation of the 13C label into lactate was observed by 9 weeks and maintained at 14 weeks, indicative of enhanced glycolysis. Conclusion Hypertrophied hearts revealed little evidence of a switch towards increased glucose oxidation but rather an uncoupling of glycolytic metabolism from glucose oxidation. This was maintained under conditions of dietary stress provided by a WD but, at this compensated phase of hypertrophy, did not result in any contractile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie L Seymour
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Lucia Giles
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Vicky Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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Carr CA, Ball D, Tyler DJ, Bushell A, Sykes A, Clarke K, Evans RD. Varying degrees of ventricular unloading in the heterotopic rat heart transplant model demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Biomed Sci 2014; 10:223-8. [PMID: 25598751 PMCID: PMC4289694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Left ventricular assist device placement is an increasingly common treatment for cardiac failure, resulting in cardiac unloading and potentially reversing the remodelling changes seen in heart failure. A popular animal model for human ventricular unloading is the rodent heterotopic non-working heart transplant; the volume loading status of this preparation is important to interpreting the resulting reverse remodelling yet has not been previously investigated. This study was designed to assess the variability of left ventricular volume loading in the rodent transplant model. METHODS Heterotopic abdominal heart transplant was performed on syngeneic rats; high resolution cine magnetic resonance imaging was subsequently performed on the heterotopic transplanted hearts in anesthetised rats, after variable post-transplant recovery times, in order to assess ventricular loading status. RESULTS Highly variable left ventricular volume loading status was demonstrated, with some hearts exhibiting considerable ventricular filling and ejection. CONCLUSIONS These observations call into question the assumption that studies using this model are consistently examining fully unloaded ventricles, and indicate the desirability of in vivo imaging of such hearts to quantify the degree of ventricular loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Daniel Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Damian J. Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Andrew Bushell
- Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
| | - Amelia Sykes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
| | - Rhys D. Evans
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, U.K.
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Dodd MS, Atherton HJ, Carr CA, Stuckey DJ, West JA, Griffin JL, Radda GK, Clarke K, Heather LC, Tyler DJ. Impaired in vivo mitochondrial Krebs cycle activity after myocardial infarction assessed using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014; 7:895-904. [PMID: 25201905 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of heart failure. An increasing body of evidence links alterations in cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function with the progression of heart disease. The aim of this work was to, therefore, follow the in vivo mitochondrial metabolic alterations caused by MI, thereby allowing a greater understanding of the interplay between metabolic and functional abnormalities. METHODS AND RESULTS Using hyperpolarized carbon-13 ((13)C)-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in vivo alterations in mitochondrial metabolism were assessed for 22 weeks after surgically induced MI with reperfusion in female Wister rats. One week after MI, there were no detectable alterations in in vivo cardiac mitochondrial metabolism over the range of ejection fractions observed (from 28% to 84%). At 6 weeks after MI, in vivo mitochondrial Krebs cycle activity was impaired, with decreased (13)C-label flux into citrate, glutamate, and acetylcarnitine, which correlated with the degree of cardiac dysfunction. These changes were independent of alterations in pyruvate dehydrogenase flux. By 22 weeks, alterations were also seen in pyruvate dehydrogenase flux, which decreased at lower ejection fractions. These results were confirmed using in vitro analysis of enzyme activities and metabolomic profiles of key intermediates. CONCLUSIONS The in vivo decrease in Krebs cycle activity in the 6-week post-MI heart may represent an early maladaptive phase in the metabolic alterations after MI in which reductions in Krebs cycle activity precede a reduction in pyruvate dehydrogenase flux. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism in heart disease are progressive and proportional to the degree of cardiac impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Dodd
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Helen J Atherton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - James A West
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - George K Radda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (M.S.D., H.J.A., C.A.C., G.K.R., K.C., L.C.H., D.J.T.); Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (D.J.S.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.W., J.L.G.)
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Perbellini F, Buchanan DA, Gomes RSM, Vieira S, Clarke K, Faggian G, Carr CA. P592The effect of a high fat diet on cardiac and adipose mesenchymal cells.:. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu098.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mansor L, Carr CA, Le Page L, Lund T, Aasum E, Clarke K, Tyler D, Heather L. P667Impaired chronic hypoxic response in type 2 diabetic hearts is associated with inability to downregulate PPARa. Cardiovasc Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu098.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ambrose LJA, Abd-Jamil AH, Gomes RSM, Carter EE, Carr CA, Clarke K, Heather LC. Investigating mitochondrial metabolism in contracting HL-1 cardiomyocytes following hypoxia and pharmacological HIF activation identifies HIF-dependent and independent mechanisms of regulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 19:574-85. [PMID: 24607765 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414524480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a consequence of cardiac disease and downregulates mitochondrial metabolism, yet the molecular mechanisms through which this occurs in the heart are incompletely characterized. Therefore, we aimed to use a contracting HL-1 cardiomyocyte model to investigate the effects of hypoxia on mitochondrial metabolism. Cells were exposed to hypoxia (2% O2) for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours to characterize the metabolic response. Cells were subsequently treated with the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-activating compound, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), to determine whether hypoxia-induced mitochondrial changes were HIF dependent or independent, and to assess the suitability of this cultured cardiac cell line for cardiovascular pharmacological studies. Hypoxic cells had increased glycolysis after 24 hours, with glucose transporter 1 and lactate levels increased 5-fold and 15-fold, respectively. After 24 hours of hypoxia, mitochondrial networks were more fragmented but there was no change in citrate synthase activity, indicating that mitochondrial content was unchanged. Cellular oxygen consumption was 30% lower, accompanied by decreases in the enzymatic activities of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I and IV, and aconitase by 81%, 96%, and 72%, relative to controls. Pharmacological HIF activation with DMOG decreased cellular oxygen consumption by 43%, coincident with decreases in the activities of aconitase and complex I by 26% and 30%, indicating that these adaptations were HIF mediated. In contrast, the hypoxia-mediated decrease in complex IV activity was not replicated by DMOG treatment, suggesting HIF-independent regulation of this complex. In conclusion, 24 hours of hypoxia increased anaerobic glycolysis and decreased mitochondrial respiration, which was associated with changes in ETC and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities in contracting HL-1 cells. Pharmacological HIF activation in this cardiac cell line allowed both HIF-dependent and independent mitochondrial metabolic changes to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J A Ambrose
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Amira H Abd-Jamil
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Renata S M Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Emma E Carter
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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Hsiao LC, Perbellini F, Gomes RSM, Tan JJ, Vieira S, Faggian G, Clarke K, Carr CA. Murine cardiosphere-derived cells are impaired by age but not by cardiac dystrophic dysfunction. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1027-36. [PMID: 24351030 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To be clinically relevant as a therapy for heart failure, endogenous progenitor cells must be isolated and expanded from aged and/or diseased tissue. Here, we investigated the effect of age and cardiac impairment resulting from lack of dystrophin on murine cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). CDCs were isolated and expanded from atrial biopsies from wild-type mice aged 1.5, 6, 18, and 24 months and from mdx mice aged 6 and 18 months. Cardiac function was measured in mdx mice and age-matched wild-type mice using high-resolution cine magnetic resonance imaging. CDCs could be isolated and expanded from all mice, however, the number of cells obtained, and their regenerative potential, decreased with age, as demonstrated by decreased expression of stem cell markers, c-kit and Sca-1, and decreased cell proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and differentiation. Six-month-old mdx mice showed right ventricular (RV) dilation and reduced RV ejection fraction (EF) in comparison to wild-type mice. Older mdx mice displayed significant RV and left ventricular dilation and decreased EF in both ventricles, compared with age-matched wild-type mice. Mdx mouse hearts contained significantly more fibrotic tissue than age-matched wild-type mouse hearts. However, CDCs isolated from mice aged 6 and 18 months had the same number and regenerative potential from mdx mice and age-matched wild-type mice. Thus, the cardiac progenitor cell population is impaired by age but is not substantially altered by the progressive deterioration in function of the dystrophic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien-Cheng Hsiao
- 1 Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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Pang J, Borjeson TM, Muthupalani S, Ducore RM, Carr CA, Feng Y, Sullivan MP, Cristofaro V, Luo J, Lindstrom JM, Fox JG. Megaesophagus in a line of transgenic rats: a model of achalasia. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:1187-200. [PMID: 24457157 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Megaesophagus is defined as the abnormal enlargement or dilatation of the esophagus, characterized by a lack of normal contraction of the esophageal walls. This is called achalasia when associated with reduced or no relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). To date, there are few naturally occurring models for this disease. A colony of transgenic (Pvrl3-Cre) rats presented with megaesophagus at 3 to 4 months of age; further breeding studies revealed a prevalence of 90% of transgene-positive animals having megaesophagus. Affected rats could be maintained on a total liquid diet long term and were shown to display the classic features of dilated esophagus, closed lower esophageal sphincter, and abnormal contractions on contrast radiography and fluoroscopy. Histologically, the findings of muscle degeneration, inflammation, and a reduced number of myenteric ganglia in the esophagus combined with ultrastructural lesions of muscle fiber disarray and mitochondrial changes in the striated muscle of these animals closely mimic that seen in the human condition. Muscle contractile studies looking at the response of the lower esophageal sphincter and fundus to electrical field stimulation, sodium nitroprusside, and L-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester also demonstrate the similarity between megaesophagus in the transgenic rats and patients with achalasia. No primary cause for megaesophagus was found, but the close parallel to the human form of the disease, as well as ease of care and manipulation of these rats, makes this a suitable model to better understand the etiology of achalasia as well as study new management and treatment options for this incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T M Borjeson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R M Ducore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - C A Carr
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M P Sullivan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - V Cristofaro
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Lindstrom
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Ball DR, Cruickshank R, Carr CA, Stuckey DJ, Lee P, Clarke K, Tyler DJ. Metabolic imaging of acute and chronic infarction in the perfused rat heart using hyperpolarised [1-13C]pyruvate. NMR Biomed 2013; 26:1441-1450. [PMID: 23775685 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarised (13)C MRI can be used to generate metabolic images of the heart in vivo. However, there have been no similar studies performed in the isolated perfused heart. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method for the creation of (13)C metabolite maps of the perfused rat heart and to demonstrate the technique in a study of acute and chronic myocardial infarction. Male Wistar rat hearts were isolated, perfused and imaged before and after occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, creating an acute infarct group. In addition, a chronic infarct group was generated from hearts which had their LAD coronary artery occluded in vivo. Four weeks later, hearts were excised, perfused and imaged to generate metabolic maps of infused pyruvate and its metabolites lactate and bicarbonate. Myocardial perfusion and energetics were assessed by first-pass perfusion imaging and (31)P MRS, respectively. In both acute and chronically infarcted hearts, perfusion was reduced to the infarct region, as revealed by reduced gadolinium influx and lower signal intensity in the hyperpolarised pyruvate images. In the acute infarct region, there were significant alterations in the lactate (increased) and bicarbonate (decreased) signal ratios. In the chronically infarcted region, there was a significant reduction in both bicarbonate and lactate signals. (31)P-derived energetics revealed a significant decrease between control and chronic infarcted hearts. Significant decreases in contractile function between control and both acute and chronic infracted hearts were also seen. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that hyperpolarised pyruvate can detect reduced perfusion in the rat heart following both acute and chronic infarction. Changes in lactate and bicarbonate ratios indicate increased anaerobic metabolism in the acute infarct, which is not observed in the chronic infarct. Thus, this study has successfully demonstrated a novel imaging approach to assess altered metabolism in the isolated perfused rat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ball
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mansor LS, Gonzalez ER, Cole MA, Tyler DJ, Beeson JH, Clarke K, Carr CA, Heather LC. Cardiac metabolism in a new rat model of type 2 diabetes using high-fat diet with low dose streptozotocin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:136. [PMID: 24063408 PMCID: PMC3849358 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, reliable animal models of type 2 diabetes are required. Physiologically relevant rodent models are needed, which not only replicate the human pathology but also mimic the disease process. Here we characterised cardiac metabolic abnormalities, and investigated the optimal experimental approach for inducing disease, in a new model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for three weeks, with a single intraperitoneal injection of low dose streptozotocin (STZ) after fourteen days at 15, 20, 25 or 30 mg/kg body weight. Compared with chow-fed or high-fat diet fed control rats, a high-fat diet in combination with doses of 15-25 mg/kg STZ did not change insulin concentrations and rats maintained body weight. In contrast, 30 mg/kg STZ induced hypoinsulinaemia, hyperketonaemia and weight loss. There was a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose and plasma lipids with increasing concentrations of STZ. Cardiac and hepatic triglycerides were increased by all doses of STZ, in contrast, cardiac glycogen concentrations increased in a dose-dependent manner with increasing STZ concentrations. Cardiac glucose transporter 4 protein levels were decreased, whereas fatty acid metabolism-regulated proteins, including uncoupling protein 3 and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase 4, were increased with increasing doses of STZ. Cardiac PDH activity displayed a dose-dependent relationship between enzyme activity and STZ concentration. Cardiac insulin-stimulated glycolytic rates were decreased by 17% in 15 mg/kg STZ high-fat fed diabetic rats compared with control rats, with no effect on cardiac contractile function. CONCLUSIONS High-fat feeding in combination with a low dose of STZ induced cardiac metabolic changes that mirror the decrease in glucose metabolism and increase in fat metabolism in diabetic patients. While low doses of 15-25 mg/kg STZ induced a type 2 diabetic phenotype, higher doses more closely recapitulated type 1 diabetes, demonstrating that the severity of diabetes can be modified according to the requirements of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latt S Mansor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Eileen R Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Cole
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica H Beeson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
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Ball DR, Rowlands B, Dodd MS, Le Page L, Ball V, Carr CA, Clarke K, Tyler DJ. Hyperpolarized butyrate: a metabolic probe of short chain fatty acid metabolism in the heart. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:1663-9. [PMID: 23798473 PMCID: PMC4238803 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid, was studied as a novel hyperpolarized substrate for use in dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments, to define the pathways of short chain fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in real time. Methods Butyrate was polarized via the dynamic nuclear polarization process and subsequently dissolved to generate an injectable metabolic substrate. Metabolism was initially assessed in the isolated perfused rat heart, followed by evaluation in the in vivo rat heart. Results Hyperpolarized butyrate was generated with a polarization level of 7% and was shown to have a T1 relaxation time of 20 s. These physical characteristics were sufficient to enable assessment of multiple steps in its metabolism, with the ketone body acetoacetate and several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates observed both in vitro and in vivo. Metabolite to butyrate ratios of 0.1–0.4% and 0.5–2% were observed in vitro and in vivo respectively, similar to levels previously observed with hyperpolarized [2-13C]pyruvate. Conclusions In this study, butyrate has been demonstrated to be a suitable hyperpolarized substrate capable of revealing multi-step metabolism in dynamic nuclear polarization experiments and providing information on the metabolism of fatty acids not currently achievable with other hyperpolarized substrates. Magn Reson Med 71:1663–1669, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ball
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Cochlin LE, Gomes RSM, Clarke K, Carr CA. 25 An MRI Coil Dual-Tuned by RF Shielding for In-Vivo Detection of Fluorine Labelled Stem-Cells in a Rodent Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Heart 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302951.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gomes RSM, Neves R, Cochlin LE, Lima AF, Carvalho R, Korpisalo P, Dragneva G, Paiva A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Clarke K, Carr CA, Ferreira L. 02 Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Cell Tracking & Microrna Delivery. Heart 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302951.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chan HHL, Meher Homji Z, Gomes RSM, Sweeney D, Thomas GN, Tan JJ, Zhang H, Perbellini F, Stuckey DJ, Watt SM, Taggart D, Clarke K, Martin-Rendon E, Carr CA. Human cardiosphere-derived cells from patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease can be routinely expanded from atrial but not epicardial ventricular biopsies. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:678-87. [PMID: 22752803 PMCID: PMC3447135 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of age and disease on endogenous cardiac progenitor cells, we obtained right atrial and left ventricular epicardial biopsies from patients (n = 22) with chronic ischaemic heart disease and measured doubling time and surface marker expression in explant- and cardiosphere-derived cells (EDCs, CDCs). EDCs could be expanded from all atrial biopsy samples, but sufficient cells for cardiosphere culture were obtained from only 8 of 22 ventricular biopsies. EDCs from both atrium and ventricle contained a higher proportion of c-kit+ cells than CDCs, which contained few such cells. There was wide variation in expression of CD90 (atrial CDCs 5–92 % CD90+; ventricular CDCs 11–89 % CD90+), with atrial CDCs cultured from diabetic patients (n = 4) containing 1.6-fold more CD90+ cells than those from non-diabetic patients (n = 18). No effect of age or other co-morbidities was detected. Thus, CDCs from atrial biopsies may vary in their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H L Chan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Tan SC, Carr CA, Yeoh KK, Schofield CJ, Davies KE, Clarke K. Identification of valid housekeeping genes for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of cardiosphere-derived cells preconditioned under hypoxia or with prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitors. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:4857-67. [PMID: 22065248 PMCID: PMC3294216 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infarction irreversibly damages the heart, with formation of an akinetic scar that may lead to heart failure. Endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are a promising candidate cell source for restoring lost tissue and thereby preventing heart failure. CSCs may be isolated in vitro, via the formation of cardiospheres, to give cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). Although qRT-PCR analyses of CDCs have been performed, no justification for the selection of the housekeeping gene has been published. Here, we evaluated the most suitable housekeeping gene for RNA expression analysis in CDCs cultured under normoxia, hypoxia or with prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitors (PHDIs), from both neonatal and adult rats, to determine the effects of ageing and different culture conditions on the stability of the housekeeping gene for CDCs. Six candidate housekeeping genes, [glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), beta-actin (Actb), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT-1), beta-2-microtubulin (β2M), 60S acidic ribosomal protein large P1 (RPLP-1) and TATA box binding protein (Tbp)] were evaluated in this study. Analysis using geNorm and NormFinder revealed that GAPDH was the most constant housekeeping gene among all genes tested under normoxia for both neonatal and adult CDCs, whereas Actb was the most stable housekeeping gene under hypoxia. For the PHDI-treated CDCs, overall, GADPH, Actb and β2M were more consistently expressed, whereas HPRT-1, RPLP-1 and Tbp showed unstable expression. The ranking for β2M, HPRT-1 and RPLP-1 stability was different for neonatal and adult cells, indicating that expression of these genes was age-dependent. Lastly, independent of age or culture conditions, Tbp was the least stable housekeeping gene. In conclusion, a combination of Actb and GADPH gave the most reliable normalization for comparative analyses of gene transcription in neonatal and adult rat CDCs preconditioned by hypoxia or PHDIs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia/genetics
- DNA Primers/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Essential/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Myocardium/cytology
- Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reference Standards
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards
- Software
- Spheroids, Cellular/cytology
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Cheng Tan
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | - Carolyn A. Carr
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | - Kar Kheng Yeoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kay E. Davies
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
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Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Camelliti P, Tyler DJ, Davies KE, Clarke K. In vivo MRI characterization of progressive cardiac dysfunction in the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28569. [PMID: 22235247 PMCID: PMC3250389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The mdx mouse has proven to be useful in understanding the cardiomyopathy that frequently occurs in muscular dystrophy patients. Here we employed a comprehensive array of clinically relevant in vivo MRI techniques to identify early markers of cardiac dysfunction and follow disease progression in the hearts of mdx mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Serial measurements of cardiac morphology and function were made in the same group of mdx mice and controls (housed in a non-SPF facility) using MRI at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after birth. Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, response to dobutamine stress and myocardial fibrosis were assessed. RV dysfunction preceded LV dysfunction, with RV end systolic volumes increased and RV ejection fractions reduced at 3 months of age. LV ejection fractions were reduced at 12 months, compared with controls. An abnormal response to dobutamine stress was identified in the RV of mdx mice as early as 1 month. Late-gadolinium-enhanced MRI identified increased levels of myocardial fibrosis in 6, 9 and 12-month-old mdx mice, the extent of fibrosis correlating with the degree of cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS MRI could identify cardiac abnormalities in the RV of mdx mice as young as 1 month, and detected myocardial fibrosis at 6 months. We believe these to be the earliest MRI measurements of cardiac function reported for any mice, and the first use of late-gadolinium-enhancement in a mouse model of congenital cardiomyopathy. These techniques offer a sensitive and clinically relevant in vivo method for assessment of cardiomyopathy caused by muscular dystrophy and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stuckey
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Tan SC, Carr CA, Yeoh KK, Heather LC, Ambrose L, Schofield C, Clarke K. Abstract P027: Preconditioning Cardiosphere-Derived Cells by Hypoxia and Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors to Induce HIF-Related Metabolic Changes and C-Kit Expression. Circ Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1161/res.109.suppl_1.ap027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) decrease loss of cardiac function following infarction, but the potential of CDC therapy is limited due to the low retention rate and the time required to obtain sufficient cells for transplantation.
AIM: Here, we aimed to precondition CDCs by culturing under hypoxia, or with prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (PHIs), to prepare the cells for the hypoxic environment within the infarcted heart.
METHODS: Rat heart explants were cultured under hypoxia (2% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) to generate explant-derived cells (EDC). EDCs were isolated, cultured to form cardiosphere and expanded into monolayer CDCs. At 80% confluency, normoxic CDCs were treated with dimethyloxalyl glycine (DMOG), Ethyl 2-(2,3-dihyroxybenzamido) (KKC226) and FG-2216 for 24 h.
RESULTS: Hypoxia, 1 mM DMOG, 0.5 mM KKC226 and 30 μM FG-2216 treated CDCs showed significantly increased HIF-1α protein expression (3.9-fold, 2.6-fold, 2.1-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively) and reduced oxygen consumption (81%, 32%, 47% and 35%, respectively), compared with normoxic CDCs. Hypoxia and PHI treatment increased protein levels of GLUT-1 (6.7-fold, 3.2-fold, 4.0-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively), resulting in significant increases in glucose uptake and lactate accumulation in the culture medium, compared with controls, commensurate with increased glycolytic metabolism after hypoxia or PHI treatment. Further, hypoxia and KKC226 increased c-Kit mRNA expression 5.1-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. qRT-PCR confirmed increased CXCR-4 mRNA in all hypoxia and PHI-treated CDCs. EDC and CDC proliferation were 1.7-fold faster under hypoxia, compared with normoxia, but did not increase with PHI treatment.
CONCLUSION: Hypoxia and PHIs stabilized and activated HIF, which induced metabolic changes in CDCs, including GLUT-1 upregulation and a switch to anaerobic glycolytic metabolism. All preconditioned cells had reduced oxygen consumption and were better adapted to survive within an hypoxic infarct scar. HIF-induced upregulation of CXCR-4 may increase the homing of these cells to the infarcted myocardium. Finally, increased proliferation and expression of the cardiac stem cell marker, c-Kit, could decrease the time required for cell expansion prior to therapy by a week.
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Carr CA, Stuckey DJ, Tan JJ, Tan SC, Gomes RSM, Camelliti P, Messina E, Giacomello A, Ellison GM, Clarke K. Cardiosphere-derived cells improve function in the infarcted rat heart for at least 16 weeks--an MRI study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25669. [PMID: 22043289 PMCID: PMC3197153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Endogenous cardiac progenitor cells, expanded from explants via cardiosphere formation, present a promising cell source to prevent heart failure following myocardial infarction. Here we used cine-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track administered cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) and to measure changes in cardiac function over four months in the infarcted rat heart. Methods and Results CDCs, cultured from neonatal rat heart, comprised a heterogeneous population including cells expressing the mesenchymal markers CD90 and CD105, the stem cell marker c-kit and the pluripotency markers Sox2, Oct3/4 and Klf-4. CDCs (2×106) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP+) were labelled with fluorescent micron-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO). Labelled cells were administered to the infarcted rat hearts (n = 7) by intramyocardial injection immediately following reperfusion, then by systemic infusion (4×106) 2 days later. A control group (n = 7) was administered cell medium. MR hypointensities caused by the MPIOs were detected at all times and GFP+ cells containing MPIO particles were identified in tissue slices at 16 weeks. At two days after infarction, cardiac function was similar between groups. By 6 weeks, ejection fractions in control hearts had significantly decreased (47±2%), but this was not evident in CDC-treated hearts (56±3%). The significantly higher ejection fractions in the CDC-treated group were maintained for a further 10 weeks. In addition, CDC-treated rat hearts had significantly increased capillary density in the peri-infarct region and lower infarct sizes. MPIO-labelled cells also expressed cardiac troponin I, von Willebrand factor and smooth muscle actin, suggesting their differentiation along the cardiomyocyte lineage and the formation of new blood vessels. Conclusions CDCs were retained in the infarcted rat heart for 16 weeks and improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Meader SJ, Tyler DJ, Cole MA, Clarke K. First-pass perfusion CMR two days after infarction predicts severity of functional impairment six weeks later in the rat heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2011; 13:38. [PMID: 21812990 PMCID: PMC3162911 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, dynamic contrast CMR of the first pass of a bolus infusion of Gadolinium-based contrast agent has become a standard technique to identify under-perfused regions of the heart and can accurately demonstrate the severity of myocardial infarction. Despite the clinical importance of this method, it has rarely been applied in small animal models of cardiac disease. In order to identify perfusion delays in the infarcted rat heart, here we present a method in which a T1 weighted MR image has been acquired during each cardiac cycle. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated perfused rat hearts, contrast agent infusion gave uniform signal enhancement throughout the myocardium. Occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery significantly reduced the rate of signal enhancement in anterior regions of the heart, demonstrating that the first-pass method was sensitive to perfusion deficits. In vivo measurements of myocardial morphology, function, perfusion and viability were made at 2 and 8 days after infarction. Morphology and function were further assessed using cine-MRI at 42 days. The perfusion delay was larger in rat hearts that went on to develop greater functional impairment, demonstrating that first-pass CMR can be used as an early indicator of infarct severity. First-pass CMR at 2 and 8 days following infarction better predicted outcome than cardiac ejection fraction, end diastolic volume or end systolic volume. CONCLUSION First-pass CMR provides a predictive measure of the severity of myocardial impairment caused by infarction in a rodent model of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stuckey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
- Biological Imaging Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie J Meader
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark A Cole
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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