1
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Sureshchandra S, Chan CN, Robino JJ, Parmelee LK, Nash MJ, Wesolowski SR, Pietras EM, Friedman JE, Takahashi D, Shen W, Jiang X, Hennebold JD, Goldman D, Packwood W, Lindner JR, Roberts CT, Burwitz BJ, Messaoudi I, Varlamov O. Maternal Western-style diet remodels the transcriptional landscape of fetal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in rhesus macaques. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2595-2609. [PMID: 36332628 PMCID: PMC9768582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity adversely impacts the in utero metabolic environment, but its effect on fetal hematopoiesis remains incompletely understood. During late development, the fetal bone marrow (FBM) becomes the major site where macrophages and B lymphocytes are produced via differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we analyzed the transcriptional landscape of FBM HSPCs at single-cell resolution in fetal macaques exposed to a maternal high-fat Western-style diet (WSD) or a low-fat control diet. We demonstrate that maternal WSD induces a proinflammatory response in FBM HSPCs and fetal macrophages. In addition, maternal WSD consumption suppresses the expression of B cell development genes and decreases the frequency of FBM B cells. Finally, maternal WSD leads to poor engraftment of fetal HSPCs in nonlethally irradiated immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL2rγ-/- mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that maternal WSD impairs fetal HSPC differentiation and function in a translationally relevant nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Virus Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chi N Chan
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Lindsay K Parmelee
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael J Nash
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Diana Takahashi
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Weining Shen
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiwen Jiang
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Devorah Goldman
- Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Virus Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006.
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2
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Aid M, Vidal SJ, Piedra-Mora C, Ducat S, Chan CN, Bondoc S, Colarusso A, Starke CE, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Martinot AJ, Barouch DH. Ad26.COV2.S prevents upregulation of SARS-CoV-2 induced pathways of inflammation and thrombosis in hamsters and rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009990. [PMID: 35395058 PMCID: PMC9020736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Syrian golden hamsters exhibit features of severe disease after SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 challenge and are therefore useful models of COVID-19 pathogenesis and prevention with vaccines. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulates type I interferon, myeloid, and inflammatory signatures similar to human disease and that weight loss can be prevented with vaccines. However, the impact of vaccination on transcriptional programs associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis and protective adaptive immune responses is unknown. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 challenge in hamsters stimulates myeloid and inflammatory programs as well as signatures of complement and thrombosis associated with human COVID-19. Notably, immunization with Ad26.COV2.S, an adenovirus serotype 26 vector (Ad26)-based vaccine expressing a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, prevents the upregulation of these pathways, such that the mRNA expression profiles of vaccinated hamsters are comparable to uninfected animals. Using proteomics profiling, we validated these findings in rhesus macaques challenged with SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 or SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351. Finally, we show that Ad26.COV2.S vaccination induces T and B cell signatures that correlate with binding and neutralizing antibody responses weeks following vaccination. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ad26.COV2.S protection against severe COVID-19 in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Vidal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cesar Piedra-Mora
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Section of Pathology, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ducat
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Section of Pathology, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bondoc
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Colarusso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carly E. Starke
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Martinot
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Lee MYH, Upadhyay AA, Walum H, Chan CN, Dawoud RA, Grech C, Harper JL, Karunakaran KA, Nelson SA, Mahar EA, Goss KL, Carnathan DG, Cervasi B, Gill K, Tharp GK, Wonderlich ER, Velu V, Barratt-Boyes SM, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Bosinger SE. Tissue-specific transcriptional profiling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reveals a hyperactivated state in chronic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34181694 PMCID: PMC8270445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated immune activation (IA) is associated with increased morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy, and remains a barrier for strategies aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir. The underlying mechanisms of IA have not been definitively elucidated, however, persistent production of Type I IFNs and expression of ISGs is considered to be one of the primary factors. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a major producer of Type I IFN during viral infections, and are highly immunomodulatory in acute HIV and SIV infection, however their role in chronic HIV/SIV infection has not been firmly established. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of pDCs in chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques, and in sooty mangabeys, a natural host non-human primate (NHP) species that undergoes non-pathogenic SIV infection. We also investigated the immunostimulatory capacity of lymph node homing pDCs in chronic SIV infection by contrasting gene expression of pDCs isolated from lymph nodes with those from blood. We observed that pDCs in LNs, but not blood, produced high levels of IFNα transcripts, and upregulated gene expression programs consistent with T cell activation and exhaustion. We apply a novel strategy to catalogue uncharacterized surface molecules on pDCs, and identified the lymphoid exhaustion markers TIGIT and LAIR1 as highly expressed in SIV infection. pDCs from SIV-infected sooty mangabeys lacked the activation profile of ISG signatures observed in infected macaques. These data demonstrate that pDCs are a primary producer of Type I IFN in chronic SIV infection. Further, this study demonstrated that pDCs trafficking to LNs persist in a highly activated state well into chronic infection. Collectively, these data identify pDCs as a highly immunomodulatory cell population in chronic SIV infection, and a putative therapeutic target to reduce immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.-H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Reem A. Dawoud
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Grech
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kyndal L. Goss
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiran Gill
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Tostanoski LH, Wegmann F, Martinot AJ, Loos C, McMahan K, Mercado NB, Yu J, Chan CN, Bondoc S, Starke CE, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Piedra-Mora C, Wrijil LM, Ducat S, Custers J, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Burke JS, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Bondzie EA, Dagotto G, Gebre MS, Jacob-Dolan C, Lin Z, Mahrokhian SH, Nampanya F, Nityanandam R, Pessaint L, Porto M, Ali V, Benetiene D, Tevi K, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Schmidt AG, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G, Estes JD, Schuitemaker H, Zahn R, Barouch DH. Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters. Nat Med 2020; 26:1694-1700. [PMID: 32884153 PMCID: PMC7671939 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans is often a clinically mild illness, but some individuals develop severe pneumonia, respiratory failure and death1-4. Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in hamsters5-7 and nonhuman primates8-10 have generally reported mild clinical disease, and preclinical SARS-CoV-2 vaccine studies have demonstrated reduction of viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in nonhuman primates11-13. Here we show that high-dose intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters results in severe clinical disease, including high levels of virus replication in tissues, extensive pneumonia, weight loss and mortality in a subset of animals. A single immunization with an adenovirus serotype 26 vector-based vaccine expressing a stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicited binding and neutralizing antibody responses and protected against SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss, pneumonia and mortality. These data demonstrate vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 clinical disease. This model should prove useful for preclinical studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, therapeutics and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Martinot
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noe B Mercado
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi N Chan
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cesar Piedra-Mora
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Linda M Wrijil
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Ducat
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Caradonna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther A Bondzie
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Dagotto
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Makda S Gebre
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shant H Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Nampanya
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramya Nityanandam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Deleage C, Chan CN, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD. Next-generation in situ hybridization approaches to define and quantify HIV and SIV reservoirs in tissue microenvironments. Retrovirology 2018; 15:4. [PMID: 29316956 PMCID: PMC5761108 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of increasingly safe and effective antiretroviral treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) over the past several decades has led to vastly improved patient survival when treatment is available and affordable, an outcome that relies on uninterrupted adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy for life. Looking to the future, the discovery of an elusive ‘cure’ for HIV will necessitate highly sensitive methods for detecting, understanding, and eliminating viral reservoirs. Next-generation, in situ hybridization (ISH) approaches offer unique and complementary insights into viral reservoirs within their native tissue environments with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity. In this review, we will discuss how modern ISH techniques can be used, either alone or in conjunction with phenotypic characterization, to probe viral reservoir establishment and maintenance. In addition to focusing on how these techniques have already furthered our understanding of HIV reservoirs, we discuss potential avenues for how high-throughput, next-generation ISH may be applied. Finally, we will review how ISH could allow deeper phenotypic and contextual insights into HIV reservoir biology that should prove instrumental in moving the field closer to viral reservoir elimination needed for an ‘HIV cure’ to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chi N Chan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA. .,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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6
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Chan CN, Trinité B, Lee CS, Mahajan S, Anand A, Wodarz D, Sabbaj S, Bansal A, Goepfert PA, Levy DN. HIV-1 latency and virus production from unintegrated genomes following direct infection of resting CD4 T cells. Retrovirology 2016; 13:1. [PMID: 26728316 PMCID: PMC4700562 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 integration is prone to a high rate of failure, resulting in the accumulation of unintegrated viral genomes (uDNA) in vivo and in vitro. uDNA can be transcriptionally active, and circularized uDNA genomes are biochemically stable in non-proliferating cells. Resting, non-proliferating CD4 T cells are prime targets of HIV-1 infection and latently infected resting CD4 T cells are the major barrier to HIV cure. Our prior studies demonstrated that uDNA generates infectious virions when T cell activation follows rather than precedes infection. Results Here, we characterize in primary resting CD4 T cells the dynamics of integrated and unintegrated virus expression, genome persistence and sensitivity to latency reversing agents. Unintegrated HIV-1 was abundant in directly infected resting CD4 T cells. Maximal gene expression from uDNA was delayed compared with integrated HIV-1 and was less toxic, resulting in uDNA enrichment over time relative to integrated proviruses. Inhibiting integration with raltegravir shunted the generation of durable latency from integrated to unintegrated genomes. Latent uDNA was activated to de novo virus production by latency reversing agents that also activated latent integrated proviruses, including PKC activators, histone deacetylase inhibitors and P-TEFb agonists. However, uDNA responses displayed a wider dynamic range, indicating differential regulation of expression relative to integrated proviruses. Similar to what has recently been demonstrated for latent integrated proviruses, one or two applications of latency reversing agents failed to activate all latent unintegrated genomes. Unlike integrated proviruses, uDNA gene expression did not down modulate expression of HLA Class I on resting CD4 T cells. uDNA did, however, efficiently prime infected cells for killing by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that contributions by unintegrated genomes to HIV-1 gene expression, virus production, latency and immune responses are inherent properties of the direct infection of resting CD4 T cells. Experimental models of HIV-1 latency employing directly infected resting CD4 T cells should calibrate the contribution of unintegrated HIV-1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0234-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi N Chan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Caroline S Lee
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Saurabh Mahajan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Akanksha Anand
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, School of Biological, Sciences, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - David N Levy
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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7
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Dietrich I, McMonagle EL, Petit SJ, Víjayakríshnan S, Logan N, Chan CN, Towers GJ, Hosie MJ, Willett BJ. Feline tetherin (BST-2) restricts feline immunodeficiency virus release but not spreading infection. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3236854 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s2-o10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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8
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Chan CN, Pratanu I, Lim ST, Sim LL, Bromwich N, Johan A. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in Singapore General Hospital in 1995: a medical audit. Singapore Med J 1997; 38:161-3. [PMID: 9269395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few reports which describe the outcomes of unselected groups of patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) locally. This study has undertaken to audit the outcome of patients undergoing elective PTCA at Singapore General Hospital. METHODS Procedural data and acute outcomes were recorded prospectively in all patients undergoing PTCA over a 12 month period. A retrospective casenotes review of all patients were carried by independent observers to determine out-of-lab complications. RESULTS Seven hundred and eight-two patients underwent PTCA in 1995. Acute angiographic success rate was 90.9% and early clinical success rate was 89% ie excluding death, coronary bypass surgery and non fatal myocardial infarction. There were only two deaths in the series (0.26%). CONCLUSION The audit confirms the importance of a high volume PTCA cases to achieve excellent results. The data serve as a useful background for future comparison of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Goh PP, Chan CN, Ding ZP. Prosthetic valve thrombosis: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Acad Med Singap 1996; 25:147-51. [PMID: 8779536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An elderly man with a St Jude mitral prosthesis presented to our institution in cardiogenic shock. Acute thrombosis of the valve was diagnosed by fluoroscopy and transoesophageal echocardiography. Successful lysis of the thrombus was achieved with intravenous streptokinase therapy and the patient recovered without any adverse sequelae. Prosthetic valve thrombosis is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt detection and surgical intervention. Thrombolytic therapy is a promising alternative to surgery especially in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Goh
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Chakraborty B, Chan CN, Tan A. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of an anomalous right coronary artery arising from a separate ostium in the left sinus of Valsalva. A case report. Angiology 1995; 46:629-32. [PMID: 7618767 DOI: 10.1177/000331979504600711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a case of angioplasty in an anomalous right coronary artery arising from an aberrant ostium in the left sinus of Valsalva anterior and slightly superior to the ostium of the left main coronary artery. The patient also had associated bicuspid aortic valve. To the best of their knowledge, this is the first case of angioplasty in an aberrant right coronary artery originating from an ectopic ostium. The choice of guiding catheter and balloon angioplasty catheter is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chakraborty
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Park
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Barendra C, Chan CN, Tan A. Single coronary artery: a case report and review of current literature. Singapore Med J 1995; 36:335-7. [PMID: 8553109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a single coronary artery where the right coronary artery (RCA) arose from its proximal part. This rare anomaly was detected during elective coronary angiography in a patient with suspected coronary artery disease. The single coronary artery originated from the left sinus of valsalva, giving rise to RCA proximally and distally dividing into left anterior descending (LAD), ramus intermedius and left circumflex (LCX) arteries. The anginal symptoms in this patient was attributed to a significant stenosis at the proximal LAD which was subsequently dilated by coronary angioplasty. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of angioplasty of LAD in an anomalous single coronary artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barendra
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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12
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Chan CN, Tan AT, Koh TH, Koh P, Lau KW, Gunawan SA, Chakraborty B, Ng A. Intracoronary stenting in the treatment of acute or threatened closure in angiographically small coronary arteries (< 3.0 mm) complicating percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75:23-5. [PMID: 7801858 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the Flex-Stent on immediate and long-term angiographic and clinical results for acute and threatened closure was evaluated in 42 consecutive patients with coronary arterial segments < 3.0 mm in diameter after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Forty-two consecutive patients were treated with Flex-Stent (2.0 or 2.5 mm) for acute or threatened closure complicating PTCA. Ten patients (24%) had acute closure and 32 (76%) had threatened closure with a residual luminal stenosis of > 50%. Successful stent deployment was achieved in 40 patients (95%) with a primary clinical success rate of 90% (freedom from myocardial infarction, coronary artery surgery, and death). In-hospital complications occurred in 5 patients (some patients fell into more than one category): 3 (7.1%) had coronary bypass surgery, 1 (2.4%) had acute stent thrombosis, 1 (2.4%) had subacute stent thrombosis, 2 (4.8%) had myocardial infarction, and 1 (2.4%) had dextran allergy. There was no hospital death. Clinical follow-up was complete at a mean of 14.8 +/- 7.6 months, and recurrence of angina was noted in 20 of 38 eligible patients (53%). Angiographic restenosis was found in 19 of 29 patients (66%) (76.3% of eligible patients) on follow-up angiography (mean 5.9 +/- 4.6 months). Fourteen patients (74%) underwent successful repeat PTCA at the stented site, 4 of 38 patients (11%) had bypass surgery. Intracoronary stenting in the treatment of acute or threatened closure in arteries < 3.0 mm is effective in improving the acute clinical outcome and is a viable nonsurgical alternative for this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital
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Koh TH, Chan CN. A lesion marker to facilitate placement of the Simpson's atherocath device during directional atherectomy of left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses. J Invasive Cardiol 1994; 6:197-201. [PMID: 10155069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Placement of the directional coronary atherectomy cutter requires frequent angiographic contrast injections to aid in the precise location of the device in relation to the target stenosis. A method is described to enable rapid positioning of this device across stenotic lesions occurring in the left anterior descending coronary artery, with the use of a simple lesion marker. Two short lines demarcating the limits of the stenotic lesion are drawn onto a transparent one-sided adhesive plastic sheet that has been pasted beforehand onto the active monitor screen. Using this reference marker, the atherectomy device can be reliably positioned across the stenotic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Koh
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital
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Chan CN, Berland J, Cribier A, Rocha P, Stix G, Derumeaux G, Letac B. Results of percutaneous transseptal mitral commissurotomy in patients 40 years and above with those under 40 years of age: immediate and 5-year follow-up results. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1994; 32:223-30; discussion 231. [PMID: 7954769 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.1810320305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients with mitral stenosis in Western countries are relatively old. It is anticipated that percutaneous transseptal mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) may have more complications and may not be as effective in this group of patient as in younger patients due to more calcification and fibrosis of the mitral valve. We analysed the clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic data in 296 consecutive patients divided prospectively into two groups; group 1 consisted of 184 patients > or = 40 years and group 2 of 112 patients < 40 years coming mostly from developing countries. The immediate gain in valve area was 2.18 +/- 0.61 cm2 in group 1 vs. 2.31 +/- 0.65 cm2 in group 2 (P = ns). The incidence of acute regurgitation requiring surgical intervention was similar in both groups. Follow-up data up to 5 years after PTMC was available in 170 patients (92.4%) in group 1 (mean 20 +/- 13 months) and 83 patients (74.1%) in group 2 (mean 29 +/- 17 months). Restenosis by Doppler method (valve area less than 1.5 cm2 with loss of at least 50% initial gain in valve area) was found in 33 patients in group 1 (29.2%) vs. 11 (14.9%) in group 2 (P < 0.05). Events free from death, need for mitral valve replacement or repeat PTMC at 5 year follow-up was 76% in group 1 vs. 87% in group 2 (P < 0.05). We conclude that the immediate effectiveness and acute complications of PTMC in patients 40 years and above are comparable to younger patients. Restenosis is clearly higher and there is a trend towards need for mitral valve replacement in patients 40 years and above at follow-up. However, the continuing benefit for the majority of the patients 40 years and above (76% free from adverse events) would suggest that PTMC is an appropriate treatment modality even in the older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, University of Rouen, France
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Chan CN, Berland J, Cribier A, Letac B. Angioplasty of the right coronary artery with origin of all three coronary arteries from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva. Am Heart J 1993; 126:985-7. [PMID: 8213459 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90716-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Charles Nicolle, Rouen University, France
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16
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Ng KS, Tan AT, Chan CN, Ding ZP. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy. Singapore Med J 1993; 34:208-10. [PMID: 8266174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report our first case of percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy in a 72-year-old Chinese female with critical aortic stenosis and carcinoma of the stomach. The presence of critical aortic stenosis (mean aortic pressure gradient of 65 mmHg and an aortic valve area of 0.5 cm2) placed her at a high risk for gastrectomy. After balloon valvotomy of the aortic valve, the mean pressure gradient fell to 21 mmHg and the aortic valvular area increased to 1.0 cm2. She improved clinically and subsequently underwent surgery with no haemodynamic complication. Overseas experience has shown that percutaneous balloon valvotomy can be done with little technical difficulty and excellent patient tolerance, resulting in good haemodynamic and clinical improvement and a low acute complication rate. Present follow-up data however suggest significant mortality and restenosis rates at the end of one year. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy (PBAV) has a significant though narrowly defined role in the management of patients with severe calcific aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ng
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital
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Chan CN, Tan AT, Koh TH, Chee TS, Ding ZP. Percutaneous transseptal balloon mitral valvotomy: initial experience in Singapore. Singapore Med J 1993; 34:115-7. [PMID: 8266147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Between June 1990 and August 1991, 28 percutaneous transseptal balloon mitral valvotomy procedures were attempted in 27 patients (23 women and 4 men; mean age 39.8 +/- 9.3 years) with severe mitral stenosis. Successful mitral valvotomy was achieved in 25 patients (primary success rate of 92%). Mitral valve area increased from 0.82 +/- 0.17 cm2 to 1.53 +/- 0.48 cm2 (p < 0.001) and the mean mitral valve gradient decreased from 13.4 +/- 7.4 to 6.0 +/- 5.4 mmHg (p < 0.05). There were no deaths, one patient had cardiac tamponade after transseptal puncture and required emergency pericardiocentesis with successful percutaneous balloon valvotomy 6 months later. One patient had an unsuccessful valvotomy because the mitral valve could not be crossed and another patient had an inadequate dilatation. Our initial experience in percutaneous transseptal mitral valvotomy confirms the safety and efficacy of this new technique for the treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Singapore General Hospital
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Chan CN, Li E, Lai FM, Pang JA. An unusual case of systemic lupus erythematosus with isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy, fulminant acute pneumonitis, and pulmonary amyloidosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48:236-9. [PMID: 2930279 PMCID: PMC1003728 DOI: 10.1136/ard.48.3.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A 53 year old Chinese man with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had an isolated 12th nerve palsy and acute pneumonitis. He died of respiratory failure despite intensive treatment. A limited necropsy was performed, and amyloid deposits were identified in both lung and kidney tissue. This case is highly unusual because (a) to our knowledge an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy associated with active SLE has never been reported; (b) only one of nine reported cases of amyloidosis in patients with SLE had amyloid deposits in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT
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Chan CN, Lai FM, Lai KN, Pang JA. Relapse of idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Postgrad Med J 1988; 64:52-5. [PMID: 2843844 PMCID: PMC2428739 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.64.747.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A 49 year old man who developed idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage and glomerulonephritis responded initially to immunosuppressive treatment and plasmapheresis. However, he died later from massive pulmonary haemorrhage and necropsy showed cytomegalovirus infection of the lungs. We propose that relapse of pulmonary haemorrhage may be associated with cytomegalovirus infection and that preventive measures against acquiring the virus through blood products should be considered for elective transfusions in view of the relatively good long term prognosis of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Chan
- Department of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT
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