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Vink E, Banda L, Amoah AS, Kasenda S, Read JM, Jewell C, Denis B, Mwale AC, Crampin A, Anscombe C, Menyere M, Ho A. Prevalence of Endemic Respiratory Viruses During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Urban and Rural Malawi. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad643. [PMID: 38312213 PMCID: PMC10836885 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated endemic respiratory virus circulation patterns in Malawi, where no lockdown was imposed, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Within a prospective household cohort in urban and rural Malawi, adult participants provided upper respiratory tract (URT) samples at 4 time points between February 2021 and April 2022. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and other endemic respiratory viruses. Results 1626 URT samples from 945 participants in 542 households were included. Overall, 7.6% (n = 123) samples were PCR- positive for >1 respiratory virus; SARS-CoV-2 (4.4%) and rhinovirus (2.0%) were most common. No influenza A virus was detected. Influenza B and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were rare. Higher virus positivity were detected in the rural setting and at earlier time points. Coinfections were infrequent. Conclusions Endemic respiratory viruses circulated in the community in Malawi during the pandemic, though influenza and RSV were rarely detected. Distinct differences in virus positivity and demographics were observed between urban and rural cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Vink
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louis Banda
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe and Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Abena S Amoah
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe and Chilumba, Malawi
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen Kasenda
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe and Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Jonathan M Read
- Centre for Health Information Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Chris Jewell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Brigitte Denis
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Amelia Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe and Chilumba, Malawi
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine Anscombe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mavis Menyere
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Banda L, Ho A, Kasenda S, Read JM, Jewell C, Price A, McLean E, Dube A, Chaima D, Samikwa L, Nyirenda TS, Hughes EC, Willett BJ, Mwale AC, Amoah AS, Crampin A. Characterizing the evolving SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in urban and rural Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022: A population-based cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 137:118-125. [PMID: 38465577 PMCID: PMC10695832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the changing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and associated health and sociodemographic factors in Malawi between February 2021 and April 2022. METHODS In total, four 3-monthly serosurveys were conducted within a longitudinal population-based cohort in rural Karonga District and urban Lilongwe, testing for SARS-CoV-2 S1 immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Population seroprevalence was estimated in all and unvaccinated participants. Bayesian mixed-effects logistic models estimated the odds of seropositivity in the first survey, and of seroconversion between surveys, adjusting for age, sex, occupation, location, and assay sensitivity/specificity. RESULTS Of the 2005 participants (Karonga, n = 1005; Lilongwe, n = 1000), 55.8% were female and median age was 22.7 years. Between Surveys (SVY) 1 and 4, population-weighted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 26.3% to 89.2% and 46.4% to 93.9% in Karonga and Lilongwe, respectively. At SVY4, seroprevalence did not differ by COVID-19 vaccination status in adults, except for those aged 30+ years in Karonga (unvaccinated: 87.4%, 95% credible interval 79.3-93.0%; two doses: 98.1%, 94.8-99.5%). Location and age were associated with seroconversion risk. Individuals with hybrid immunity had higher SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and antibody titers, than those infected. CONCLUSION High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence combined with low morbidity and mortality indicate that universal vaccination is unnecessary at this stage of the pandemic, supporting change in national policy to target at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Banda
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi
| | - Antonia Ho
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | - Alison Price
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Estelle McLean
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Dube
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi
| | - David Chaima
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lyson Samikwa
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ellen C Hughes
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abena S Amoah
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amelia Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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3
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Sammarro M, Rowlingson B, Cocker D, Chidziwisano K, Jacob ST, Kajumbula H, Mugisha L, Musoke D, Lester R, Morse T, Feasey N, Jewell C. Risk factors, temporal dependence, and seasonality of human ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae colonisation in Malawi: a longitudinal model-based approach. Clin Infect Dis 2023:7069457. [PMID: 36869813 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest estimated death rate attributable to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), especially due to Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). However, the dynamics of human colonisation in the community with ESBL-E are not well described. Inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure and associated behaviours are thought to play an important role in transmission of ESBL-E, and an improved understanding of the temporal dynamics of within-household transmission could help inform the design of future policies. METHODS In this 18-month study, using microbiological data and household surveys, we built a multivariable hierarchical harmonic logistic regression model to identify risk factors for colonisation with ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, reflecting household structure and temporal correlation of colonisation status. RESULTS Being male was associated with a lower risk of colonisation with ESBL-producing E. coli (OR 0.786 CrI[0.678-0.910]) whilst the use of a tube well or a borehole was associated with an increased risk (OR 1.550 CrI[1.003-2.394]). For ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, recent antibiotic exposure increased risk of colonisation (OR 1.281 CrI[1.049-1.565]) while sharing plates decreased that risk (OR 0.672 CrI[0.460-0.980]). Finally, the temporal correlation range of eight to eleven weeks provided evidence that within-household transmission occurs within this time frame. CONCLUSIONS We describe different risks for colonisation with different enteric bacterial species. Our findings suggest interventions to reduce transmission targeted at the household-level need to focus on improving WASH infrastructure and associated behaviours, whilst at the community level they should focus on both environmental hygiene and antibiotic stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Sammarro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Rowlingson
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Cocker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani Chidziwisano
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS), Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shevin T Jacob
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Global Health Security Department, Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Conservation & Ecosystem Health Alliance, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Musoke
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca Lester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tracy Morse
- Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS), Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Feasey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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4
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Bridgen JR, Jewell C, Read JM. Social mixing patterns in the UK following the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, July-August 2020: a cross-sectional online survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059231. [PMID: 36523221 PMCID: PMC9748508 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify and characterise non-household contact and to identify the effect of shielding and isolating on contact patterns. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Anyone living in the UK was eligible to take part in the study. We recorded 5143 responses to the online questionnaire between 28 July 2020 and 14 August 2020. OUTCOME MEASURES Our primary outcome was the daily non-household contact rate of participants. Secondary outcomes were propensity to leave home over a 7 day period, whether contacts had occurred indoors or outdoors locations visited, the furthest distance travelled from home, ability to socially distance and membership of support bubble. RESULTS The mean rate of non-household contacts per person was 2.9 d-1. Participants attending a workplace (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 3.33, 95% CI 3.02 to 3.66), self-employed (aIRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.43 to 1.87) or working in healthcare (aIRR 5.10, 95% CI 4.29 to 6.10) reported significantly higher non-household contact rates than those working from home. Participants self-isolating as a precaution or following Test and Trace instructions had a lower non-household contact rate than those not self-isolating (aIRR 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.79). We found limited evidence that those shielding had reduced non-household contacts compared with non-shielders. CONCLUSION The daily rate of non-household interactions remained lower than prepandemic levels measured by other studies, suggesting continued adherence to social distancing guidelines. Individuals attending a workplace in-person or employed as healthcare professionals were less likely to maintain social distance and had a higher non-household contact rate, possibly increasing their infection risk. Shielding and self-isolating individuals required greater support to enable them to follow the government guidelines and reduce non-household contact and therefore their risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Re Bridgen
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster, UK
| | - Chris Jewell
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jonathan M Read
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster, UK
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5
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Overton CE, Pellis L, Stage HB, Scarabel F, Burton J, Fraser C, Hall I, House TA, Jewell C, Nurtay A, Pagani F, Lythgoe KA. EpiBeds: Data informed modelling of the COVID-19 hospital burden in England. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010406. [PMID: 36067224 PMCID: PMC9481171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first year of the COVID-19 pandemic put considerable strain on healthcare systems worldwide. In order to predict the effect of the local epidemic on hospital capacity in England, we used a variety of data streams to inform the construction and parameterisation of a hospital progression model, EpiBeds, which was coupled to a model of the generalised epidemic. In this model, individuals progress through different pathways (e.g. may recover, die, or progress to intensive care and recover or die) and data from a partially complete patient-pathway line-list was used to provide initial estimates of the mean duration that individuals spend in the different hospital compartments. We then fitted EpiBeds using complete data on hospital occupancy and hospital deaths, enabling estimation of the proportion of individuals that follow the different clinical pathways, the reproduction number of the generalised epidemic, and to make short-term predictions of hospital bed demand. The construction of EpiBeds makes it straightforward to adapt to different patient pathways and settings beyond England. As part of the UK response to the pandemic, EpiBeds provided weekly forecasts to the NHS for hospital bed occupancy and admissions in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland at national and regional scales. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, leads to a high proportion of cases requiring admission to hospital. Coupled with the high burden of infections worldwide, this put substantial pressure on healthcare systems. To enable public health systems to cope with the high levels of demand, forecasting models are vital. These models enable public health managers to plan their workloads accordingly. Here, we developed EpiBeds, which combines an epidemic model with a model for patient flow through hospitals. By fitting this model to data from England, EpiBeds has been used to provide short-term forecasts of hospital admissions and bed demand weekly throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we describe the motivation behind the structure of EpiBeds, how the model is fitted to data, and report the estimates of the key parameters throughout the pandemic. We then evaluate the performance of EpiBeds by comparing generated forecasts to future data points, finding good agreement between the forecasts and data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Overton
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Infectious Disease Modelling, All Hazards Intelligence, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenzo Pellis
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena B. Stage
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- The Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- The University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Francesca Scarabel
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Burton
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Fraser
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Hall
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Emergency Preparedness, Health Protection Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. House
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- Clinical Data Science Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Joint UNIversities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research, https://maths.org/juniper/. Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- IBM Research, Hartree Centre, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Jewell
- CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Anel Nurtay
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Pagani
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. Lythgoe
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Jewell C, Wittkowski A, Collinge S, Pratt D. A Brief Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Parents of Anxious Children: Feasibility and Acceptability Study. Child Youth Care Forum 2022; 52:661-681. [PMID: 35975268 PMCID: PMC9372936 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Parent-only psychological interventions can be effective treatments for child anxiety. Involving parents in treatment may be beneficial for children, ensuring that interventions are delivered effectively in a supportive environment. Few studies have investigated the feasibility and acceptability of parent-only interventions for child anxiety. Objective In this study, we report on feasibility, acceptability and preliminary clinical outcomes of a brief cognitive behavioural group intervention for parents of children (4- to 10-years-olds) experiencing anxiety in the absence of a diagnosed anxiety disorder. Method Parent participants attended a three-session group intervention delivered online. We collected feasibility information (recruitment and retention rates); parents and children (when appropriate) completed acceptability and clinical outcome measures after each session. Participants were also interviewed about the acceptability of the intervention and study processes. Results Nineteen parents consented to take part (child mean age 6.47, SD 1.23). Participant retention rates (68.4%) and intervention satisfaction (total mean CSQ score 28.52) were high. Calculated effect sizes were moderate to large for parent-rated outcomes, small for child self-reported anxiety, and small to moderate for parent confidence/efficacy. Thematic analysis of interview data identified benefits, such as connecting with parents and learning strategies, as well as challenges associated with the intervention. Conclusions Attendance appeared to be associated with positive changes for parents and children. Overall, participants found this to be an acceptable and useful intervention. These findings demonstrated the potential benefit of a brief intervention for parents of anxious children. A larger trial is required to further investigate these preliminary findings.
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7
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Jewell C, Wittkowski A, Pratt D. The impact of parent-only interventions on child anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 309:324-349. [PMID: 35460744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent-only interventions for childhood anxiety may be an important alternative to resource and time intensive child-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of parent-only interventions in reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders in school-aged children. METHODS A systematic search of five databases (inception to March 2021) identified 29 eligible studies. A range of study designs were captured, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and case series. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on parent- and child-reported outcomes and pre-test post-test effect sizes were calculated for uncontrolled studies. RESULTS Findings indicated a significant treatment effect for parent-only interventions compared to waitlist controls. No significant differences were found when comparing parent-only interventions with other active interventions; anxiety symptoms reduced in both conditions. No significant treatment effects were found for child-rated outcomes. Calculated effect sizes for uncontrolled studies were typically large, although sample sizes were small. No clear evidence was found for a superior type, duration or format of intervention. LIMITATIONS The methodological quality of many studies in this review (19/29) was rated 'weak'. Only English language papers were included. CONCLUSIONS To date, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of parent-only interventions for reducing symptoms of child anxiety disorders. Our results suggest that parent-only interventions may be effective in reducing child anxiety. These findings are important for clinical practice because they suggest that efficient, low intensity interventions delivered to parents may lead to positive outcomes for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jewell
- Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - A Wittkowski
- Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - D Pratt
- Centre for New Treatments and Understanding in Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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8
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Swift BMC, Barron ES, Christley R, Corbetta D, Grau-Roma L, Jewell C, O'Cathail C, Mitchell A, Phoenix J, Prosser A, Rees C, Sorley M, Verin R, Bennett M. Tuberculosis in badgers where the bovine tuberculosis epidemic is expanding in cattle in England. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20995. [PMID: 34697381 PMCID: PMC8545939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important animal health and economic problem for the cattle industry and a potential zoonotic threat. Wild badgers (Meles meles) play a role on its epidemiology in some areas of high prevalence in cattle, particularly in the UK and Republic of Ireland and increasingly in parts of mainland Europe. However, little is known about the involvement of badgers in areas on the spatial edge of the cattle epidemic, where increasing prevalence in cattle is seen. Here we report the findings of a study of found-dead (mainly road-killed) badgers in six counties on the edge of the English epidemic of bTB in cattle. The overall prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) infection detected in the study area was 51/610 (8.3%, 95% CI 6.4-11%) with the county-level prevalence ranging from 15 to 4-5%. The MTC spoligotypes of recovered from badgers and cattle varied: in the northern part of the study area spoligotype SB0129 predominated in both cattle and badgers, but elsewhere there was a much wider range of spoligotypes found in badgers than in cattle, in which infection was mostly with the regional cattle spoligotype. The low prevalence of MTC in badgers in much of the study area, and, relative to in cattle, the lower density of sampling, make firm conclusions difficult to draw. However, with the exception of Cheshire (north-west of the study area), little evidence was found to link the expansion of the bTB epidemic in cattle in England to widespread badger infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rob Christley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Davide Corbetta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Colman O'Cathail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Andy Mitchell
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Jess Phoenix
- Department of Sociology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Alison Prosser
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK
| | - Catherine Rees
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Marion Sorley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ranieri Verin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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9
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Rylance S, Chinoko B, Mnesa B, Jewell C, Grigg J, Mortimer K. An enhanced care package to improve asthma management in Malawian children: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2021; 76:434-440. [PMID: 33479040 PMCID: PMC8070641 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortages of clinical staff make chronic asthma care challenging in low-income countries. We evaluated an outpatient asthma care package for children, including task-shifting of asthma management roles. METHODS We conducted a non-blinded individually randomised controlled trial at a tertiary-level government hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Children aged 6-15 years diagnosed with asthma were recruited from outpatient clinic, stratified by Childhood Asthma Control Test (cACT) score and allocated 1:1 from a concealed file, accessed during electronic questionnaire completion. The intervention, delivered by non-physicians, comprised clinical assessment, optimisation of inhaled treatment, individualised asthma education. The control group received standard care from outpatient physicians. Primary outcome for intention-to-treat analysis was change in cACT score at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included asthma exacerbations requiring emergency healthcare and school absence. FINDINGS Between September 2018 and December 2019, 120 children (59 intervention; 61 control) were recruited; 65.8% males, with mean (SD) age 9.8 (2.8) years, mean (SD) baseline cACT 20.3 (2.6). At 3 months, intervention children (n=56) had a greater mean (SD) change in cACT score from baseline (2.7 (2.8) vs 0.6 (2.8)) compared with standard care participants (n=59); a difference of 2.1 points (95% CI: 1.1 to 3.1, p<0.001). Fewer intervention children attended emergency healthcare (7.3% vs 25.4%, p=0.02) and missed school (20.0% vs 62.7%, p<0.001) compared with standard care children. INTERPRETATION The intervention resulted in decreased asthma symptoms and exacerbations. Wider scale-up could present substantial benefits for asthmatic patients in resource-limited settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR201807211617031.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rylance
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Beatrice Chinoko
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Bright Mnesa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Child Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Saleh S, Shepherd W, Jewell C, Lam NL, Balmes J, Bates MN, Lai PS, Ochieng CA, Chinouya M, Mortimer K. Air pollution interventions and respiratory health: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 24:150-164. [PMID: 32127098 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.19.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Indoor and ambient air pollution exposure is a major risk to respiratory health worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Interventional trials have mainly focused on alternatives to cooking stoves, with mixed results. Beyond cooking, additional sources of particulate matter also contribute to the burden of air pollution exposure. This review explores evidence from current randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the clinical effectiveness of interventions to reduce particulate matter in LMICs.METHODS: Twelve databases and the grey literature (e.g., Government reports and policy papers) were searched. Eligible studies were RCTs conducted in LMICs aiming to reduce particulate exposure from any source and reporting on at least one clinical respiratory outcome (respiratory symptoms, lung function or clinical diagnoses). Data from relevant studies were systematically extracted, the risk of bias assessed and narrative synthesis provided.RESULTS: Of the 14 included studies, 12 tested 'improved' cookstoves, most using biomass, but solar and bioethanol cookers were also included. One trial used solar lamps and another was an integrated intervention incorporating behavioural and environmental components for the treatment and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Of the six studies reporting child pneumonia outcomes, none demonstrated significant benefit in intention-to-treat analysis. Ten studies reported respiratory symptom outcomes with some improvements seen, but self-reporting made these outcomes highly vulnerable to bias. Substantial inter-study clinical and methodological heterogeneity precluded calculation of pooled effect estimates.CONCLUSION: Evidence from the RCTs performed to date suggests that individual household-level interventions for air pollution exposure reduction have limited benefits for respiratory health. More comprehensive approaches to air pollution exposure reduction must be developed so their potential health benefits can be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saleh
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Programme, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - W Shepherd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C Jewell
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - N L Lam
- Schatz Energy Research Center, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA
| | - J Balmes
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - M N Bates
- University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - P S Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C A Ochieng
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Chinouya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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11
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Owen SI, Hossain F, Ghosh P, Chowdhury R, Hossain MS, Jewell C, Cruz I, Picado A, Mondal D, Adams ER. Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in Bangladesh by antibody and antigen diagnostic tools shows an association with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) patients. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:111. [PMID: 33597000 PMCID: PMC7888088 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymptomatic Leishmania infections outnumber clinical infections on the Indian subcontinent (ISC), where disease reservoirs are anthroponotic. Diagnostics which detect active asymptomatic infection, which are suitable for monitoring and surveillance, may be of benefit to the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination campaign on the ISC. METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and the direct agglutination test (DAT) were carried out on blood samples, and the Leishmania antigen ELISA was carried out on urine samples collected from 720 household and neighbouring contacts of 276 VL and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) index cases, with no symptoms or history of VL or PKDL, in endemic regions of Bangladesh between September 2016 and March 2018. RESULTS Of the 720 contacts of index cases, asymptomatic infection was detected in 69 (9.6%) participants by a combination of qPCR (1.0%), LAMP (2.1%), DAT (3.9%), and Leishmania antigen ELISA (3.3%). Only one (0.1%) participant was detected positive by all four diagnostic tests. Poor agreement between tests was calculated using Cohen's kappa (κ) statistics; however, the Leishmania antigen ELISA and DAT in combination captured all participants as positive by more than one test. We find evidence for a moderately strong association between the index case being a PKDL case (OR 1.94, p = 0.009), specifically macular PKDL (OR 2.12, p = 0.004), and being positive for at least one of the four tests. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania antigen ELISA on urine detects active asymptomatic infection, requires a non-invasive sample, and therefore may be of benefit for monitoring transmission and surveillance in an elimination setting in combination with serology. Development of an antigen detection test in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) format would be of benefit to the elimination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie I Owen
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK
| | - Faria Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chris Jewell
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Isra Cruz
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland.,National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Picado
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK.
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12
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Radford AD, Singleton DA, Jewell C, Appleton C, Rowlingson B, Hale AC, Cuartero CT, Newton R, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Greenberg D, Brant B, Bentley EG, Stewart JP, Smith S, Haldenby S, Noble PJM, Pinchbeck GL. Outbreak of Severe Vomiting in Dogs Associated with a Canine Enteric Coronavirus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:517-528. [PMID: 33496240 PMCID: PMC7853541 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of population health surveillance for companion animal populations leaves them vulnerable to the effects of novel diseases without means of early detection. We present evidence on the effectiveness of a system that enabled early detection and rapid response a canine gastroenteritis outbreak in the United Kingdom. In January 2020, prolific vomiting among dogs was sporadically reported in the United Kingdom. Electronic health records from a nationwide sentinel network of veterinary practices confirmed a significant increase in dogs with signs of gastroenteric disease. Male dogs and dogs living with other vomiting dogs were more likely to be affected. Diet and vaccination status were not associated with the disease; however, a canine enteric coronavirus was significantly associated with illness. The system we describe potentially fills a gap in surveillance in neglected populations and could provide a blueprint for other countries.
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13
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Ssentongo P, Fronterre C, Geronimo A, Greybush SJ, Mbabazi PK, Muvawala J, Nahalamba SB, Omadi PO, Opar BT, Sinnar SA, Wang Y, Whalen AJ, Held L, Jewell C, Muwanguzi AJB, Greatrex H, Norton MM, Diggle P, Schiff SJ. Tracking and predicting the African COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv 2020:2020.11.13.20231241. [PMID: 33236036 PMCID: PMC7685354 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.13.20231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is heterogeneous throughout Africa and threatening millions of lives. Surveillance and short-term modeling forecasts are critical to provide timely information for decisions on control strategies. We use a model that explains the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic over time in the entire African continent, parameterized by socioeconomic and geoeconomic variations and the lagged effects of social policy and meteorological history. We observed the effect of the human development index, containment policies, testing capacity, specific humidity, temperature and landlocked status of countries on the local within-country and external between-country transmission. One week forecasts of case numbers from the model were driven by the quality of the reported data. Seeking equitable behavioral and social interventions, balanced with coordinated country-specific strategies in infection suppression, should be a continental priority to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy Ssentongo
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Claudio Fronterre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Geronimo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Steven J Greybush
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shamim A Sinnar
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew J Whalen
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA United States of America
| | - Leonhard Held
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI) University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris Jewell
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Greatrex
- Department of Geography, Department of Statistics, and Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Michael M Norton
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
| | - Peter Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA United States of America
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14
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Lin D, Glover B, Colley J, Thibault B, Steinberg C, Jewell C, Bernard M, Siddiqui U, Li J, Sarver A, Hsu J, Cooper D. Stability and performance of the EnSite Precision cardiac mapping system for electrophysiology mapping and ablation procedures: results from the EnSite Precision observational study. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The EnSite Precision™ Cardiac Mapping System is a catheter navigation and mapping system capable of displaying the three-dimensional (3D) position of conventional and sensor enabled electrophysiology catheters, as well as displaying cardiac electrical activity as waveform traces and dynamic 3-D maps of cardiac chambers.
Objective
The EnSite Precision™ Observational Study was designed to quantify and characterize the use of the EnSite Precision™ Cardiac Mapping System for mapping and ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in a real-world environment and to evaluate procedural and subsequent clinical outcomes.
Methods
1065 patients were enrolled at 38 centers in the U.S. and Canada between 2017–2018. Eligible subjects were adults undergoing a cardiac electrophysiology mapping and radiofrequency ablation procedures using the EnSite Precision™ System.
Results
Of 989 patients who completed the protocol, a geometry was created in 936 (94.7%). Most initial maps were created using Automap (n=545, 67.0%) or a combination of Automap and manually mapping (n=151, 18.6%). Median time to create an initial map was 9.0 min (IQR 5.0–15.0), with a median number of used mapping points per minute of 92.7 (IQR 30.0–192.0). During ablation, AutoMark was used in 817 (82.6%) of procedures. The most frequent metrics for lesion color were Impedance Drop or Impedance Drop Percent (45.5% combined), time (23.9%) and average force (14.2%). At Canadian sites where LSI was an option, it was used as the color metric in 87 (45.8%) of cases (10.6% overall). The EnSite System was stable throughout 79.7% (n=788 of 989) of procedures. Factors affecting stability were respiratory change (n=88 of 989, 8.9%), patient movement (n=73, 7.4%), CS Positional Reference dislodgement (n=32, 3.2%), and cardioversion (n=19, 1.9%). Conscious sedation was used in 189 (19.1%) of patients. Acute success was reached based on the pre-defined endpoints for the procedure in 97.4% (n=963) of cases.
Conclusion
In a real-world study analysis, the EnSite Precision™ mapping system was associated with a high prevalence of acute procedural success, low mapping times, and high system stability.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: None
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lin
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - B Glover
- Kingston General Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Colley
- Jackson Heart Clinic, Jackson, United States of America
| | - B Thibault
- Institut de Cardiologie, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - C Jewell
- Oklahoma Heart Hospital, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - M Bernard
- Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - U Siddiqui
- Florida Electrophysiology Associates, Orlando, United States of America
| | - J Li
- Abbott Laboratroies, Plymouth, MN, United States of America
| | - A Sarver
- Abbott Laboratroies, Plymouth, MN, United States of America
| | - J Hsu
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States of America
| | - D Cooper
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States of America
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15
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Singleton DA, Noble PJ, Radford AD, Brant B, Pinchbeck GL, Greenberg D, Appleton C, Jewell C, Newton R, Cuartero CT, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F. Prolific vomiting in dogs. Vet Rec 2020; 186:191. [PMID: 32054807 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Singleton
- University of Liverpool, Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - P J Noble
- University of Liverpool, Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Alan D Radford
- University of Liverpool, Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Beth Brant
- University of Liverpool, Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- University of Liverpool, Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | | | | | - Chris Jewell
- The Liverpool Vets, 11 Cleveland Square, Liverpool L1 5BE
| | - Richard Newton
- CHICAS, Furness College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG
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16
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Smith SL, Singleton DA, Noble PJ, Radford AD, Brant B, Pinchbeck GL, Appleton C, Jewell C, Newton R, Cuartero CT, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F. Possible cause of outbreak of prolific vomiting in dogs. Vet Rec 2020; 186:324. [PMID: 32165525 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Smith
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - David A Singleton
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - P J Noble
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Beth Brant
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE
| | | | - Chris Jewell
- CHICAS, Furness College, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG
| | - Richard Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU
| | - Carmen Tamayo Cuartero
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Churchill Building, Langford Campus, Bristol BS40 5DU
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Churchill Building, Langford Campus, Bristol BS40 5DU
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17
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Rylance S, Jewell C, Naunje A, Mbalume F, Chetwood JD, Nightingale R, Zurba L, Flitz G, Gordon SB, Lesosky M, Balmes JR, Mortimer K. Non-communicable respiratory disease and air pollution exposure in Malawi: a prospective cohort study. Thorax 2020; 75:220-226. [PMID: 32079666 PMCID: PMC7063402 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are no population-based studies from sub-Saharan Africa describing longitudinal lung function in adults. OBJECTIVES To explore the lung function trajectories and their determinants, including the effects of air pollution exposures and the cleaner-burning biomass-fuelled cookstove intervention of the Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS), in adults living in rural Malawi. METHODS We assessed respiratory symptoms and exposures, spirometry and measured 48-hour personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO), on three occasions over 3 years. Longitudinal data were analysed using mixed-effects modelling by maximum likelihood estimation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We recruited 1481 adults, mean (SD) age 43.8 (17.8) years, including 523 participants from CAPS households (271 intervention; 252 controls), and collected multiple spirometry and air pollution measurements for 654 (44%) and 929 (63%), respectively. Compared with Global Lung Function Initiative African-American reference ranges, mean (SD) FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) and FVC (forced vital capacity) z-scores were -0.38 (1.14) and -0.19 (1.09). FEV1 and FVC were determined by age, sex, height, previous TB and body mass index, with FEV1 declining by 30.9 mL/year (95% CI: 21.6 to 40.1) and FVC by 38.3 mL/year (95% CI: 28.5 to 48.1). There was decreased exposure to PM2.5 in those with access to a cookstove but no effect on lung function. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe accelerated lung function decline in this cohort of Malawian adults, compared with that reported in healthy, non-smoking populations from high-income countries; this suggests that the lung function deficits we measured in adulthood may have origins in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rylance
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Lung Health Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Andrew Naunje
- Lung Health Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Frank Mbalume
- Lung Health Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John D Chetwood
- John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lindsay Zurba
- Education for Health Africa, Vereeniging, South Africa
| | - Graham Flitz
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Lung Health Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Maia Lesosky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John R Balmes
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Rylance S, Nightingale R, Naunje A, Mbalume F, Jewell C, Balmes JR, Grigg J, Mortimer K. Lung health and exposure to air pollution in Malawian children (CAPS): a cross-sectional study. Thorax 2019; 74:1070-1077. [PMID: 31467192 PMCID: PMC6860406 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-communicable lung disease and exposure to air pollution are major problems in sub-Saharan Africa. A high burden of chronic respiratory symptoms, spirometric abnormalities and air pollution exposures has been found in Malawian adults; whether the same would be true in children is unknown. Methods This cross-sectional study of children aged 6–8 years, in rural Malawi, included households from communities participating in the Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS), a trial of cleaner-burning biomass-fuelled cookstoves. We assessed; chronic respiratory symptoms, anthropometry, spirometric abnormalities (using Global Lung Initiative equations) and personal carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. Prevalence estimates were calculated, and multivariable analyses were done. Results We recruited 804 children (mean age 7.1 years, 51.9% female), including 476 (260 intervention; 216 control) from CAPS households. Chronic respiratory symptoms (mainly cough (8.0%) and wheeze (7.1%)) were reported by 16.6% of children. Average height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores were −1.04 and −1.10, respectively. Spirometric abnormalities (7.1% low forced vital capacity (FVC); 6.3% obstruction) were seen in 13.0% of children. Maximum CO exposure and carboxyhaemoglobin levels (COHb) exceeded WHO guidelines in 50.1% and 68.5% of children, respectively. Children from CAPS intervention households had lower COHb (median 3.50% vs 4.85%, p=0.006) and higher FVC z-scores (−0.22 vs −0.44, p=0.05) than controls. Conclusion The substantial burden of chronic respiratory symptoms, abnormal spirometry and air pollution exposures in children in rural Malawi is concerning; effective prevention and control strategies are needed. Our finding of potential benefit in CAPS intervention households calls for further research into clean-air interventions to maximise healthy lung development in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rylance
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Lung Health Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Naunje
- Lung Health Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Frank Mbalume
- Lung Health Group, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - John R Balmes
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Child Health, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK .,Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Sandoval Barron E, Swift B, Chantrey J, Christley R, Gardner R, Jewell C, McGrath I, Mitchell A, O'Cathail C, Prosser A, Ridout S, Sanchez-Cabezudo G, Smith N, Timofte D, Williams N, Bennett M. A study of tuberculosis in road traffic-killed badgers on the edge of the British bovine TB epidemic area. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17206. [PMID: 30523345 PMCID: PMC6283848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of badgers in the geographic expansion of the bovine tuberculosis (bTB) epidemic in England is unknown: indeed there have been few published studies of bTB in badgers outside of the Southwest of England where the infection is now endemic in cattle. Cheshire is now on the edge of the expanding area of England in which bTB is considered endemic in cattle. Previous studies, over a decade ago when bovine infection was rare in Cheshire, found no or only few infected badgers in the south eastern area of the county. In this study, carried out in 2014, road-killed badgers were collected through a network of local stakeholders (farmers, veterinarians, wildlife groups, government agencies), and Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 21% (20/94) badger carcasses. Furthermore, there was strong evidence for co-localisation of M. bovis SB0129 (genotype 25) infection in both badgers and cattle herds at a county scale. While these findings suggest that both badgers and cattle are part of the same geographically expanding epidemic, the direction of any cross-species transmission and the drivers of this expansion cannot be determined. The study also demonstrated the utility of using road-killed badgers collected by stakeholders as a means of wildlife TB surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Ben Swift
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Colman O'Cathail
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dorina Timofte
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institutes of Infection and Global Health and Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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20
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Rouco C, Jewell C, Richardson K, French N, Buddle B, Tompkins D. Brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) social interactions and their implications for bovine tuberculosis epidemiology. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The brushtail possum is the main reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand. Disease prevalence is generally higher in males than in females. This has conventionally been assumed due to greater infection rates of males, but recent work has raised the hypothesis that it may instead be driven by survival differences. With bovine tuberculosis transmission among possums most likely occurring between individuals in close proximity, here we analyse social networks built on data from wild possums collared with contact loggers inhabiting a native New Zealand forest, to investigate whether there is mechanistic support for higher male infection rates. Our results revealed that adult female possums were generally just as connected with adult male possums as other adult males are, with male–female connection patterns not being significantly different. This result suggest that the new ‘survivorship’ hypothesis for the sex bias is more likely than the conventional ‘infection rate’ hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rouco
- aManaaki Whenua Landcare Research, 764 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- bDepartamento de Zoología, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - C. Jewell
- cCHICAS, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - K.S. Richardson
- dEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- eAgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N.P. French
- dEpiLab, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B.M. Buddle
- eAgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Hollings T, Robinson A, van Andel M, Jewell C, Burgman M. Species distribution models: A comparison of statistical approaches for livestock and disease epidemics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183626. [PMID: 28837685 PMCID: PMC5570337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In livestock industries, reliable up-to-date spatial distribution and abundance records for animals and farms are critical for governments to manage and respond to risks. Yet few, if any, countries can afford to maintain comprehensive, up-to-date agricultural census data. Statistical modelling can be used as a proxy for such data but comparative modelling studies have rarely been undertaken for livestock populations. Widespread species, including livestock, can be difficult to model effectively due to complex spatial distributions that do not respond predictably to environmental gradients. We assessed three machine learning species distribution models (SDM) for their capacity to estimate national-level farm animal population numbers within property boundaries: boosted regression trees (BRT), random forests (RF) and K-nearest neighbour (K-NN). The models were built from a commercial livestock database and environmental and socio-economic predictor data for New Zealand. We used two spatial data stratifications to test (i) support for decision making in an emergency response situation, and (ii) the ability for the models to predict to new geographic regions. The performance of the three model types varied substantially, but the best performing models showed very high accuracy. BRTs had the best performance overall, but RF performed equally well or better in many simulations; RFs were superior at predicting livestock numbers for all but very large commercial farms. K-NN performed poorly relative to both RF and BRT in all simulations. The predictions of both multi species and single species models for farms and within hypothetical quarantine zones were very close to observed data. These models are generally applicable for livestock estimation with broad applications in disease risk modelling, biosecurity, policy and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Hollings
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Robinson
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Chris Jewell
- Department of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Burgman
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Miller P, Marshall J, French N, Jewell C. sourceR: Classification and source attribution of infectious agents among heterogeneous populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005564. [PMID: 28558033 PMCID: PMC5473572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases are a major cause of morbidity, and productivity losses in both human and animal populations. Identifying the source of food-borne zoonoses (e.g. an animal reservoir or food product) is crucial for the identification and prioritisation of food safety interventions. For many zoonotic diseases it is difficult to attribute human cases to sources of infection because there is little epidemiological information on the cases. However, microbial strain typing allows zoonotic pathogens to be categorised, and the relative frequencies of the strain types among the sources and in human cases allows inference on the likely source of each infection. We introduce sourceR, an R package for quantitative source attribution, aimed at food-borne diseases. It implements a Bayesian model using strain-typed surveillance data from both human cases and source samples, capable of identifying important sources of infection. The model measures the force of infection from each source, allowing for varying survivability, pathogenicity and virulence of pathogen strains, and varying abilities of the sources to act as vehicles of infection. A Bayesian non-parametric (Dirichlet process) approach is used to cluster pathogen strain types by epidemiological behaviour, avoiding model overfitting and allowing detection of strain types associated with potentially high "virulence". sourceR is demonstrated using Campylobacter jejuni isolate data collected in New Zealand between 2005 and 2008. Chicken from a particular poultry supplier was identified as the major source of campylobacteriosis, which is qualitatively similar to results of previous studies using the same dataset. Additionally, the software identifies a cluster of 9 multilocus sequence types with abnormally high 'virulence' in humans. sourceR enables straightforward attribution of cases of zoonotic infection to putative sources of infection. As sourceR develops, we intend it to become an important and flexible resource for food-borne disease attribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy Miller
- CHICAS, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- mEpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- mEpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Studies, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Jewell
- CHICAS, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, England, United Kingdom
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23
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Webb CT, Ferrari M, Lindström T, Carpenter T, Dürr S, Garner G, Jewell C, Stevenson M, Ward MP, Werkman M, Backer J, Tildesley M. Ensemble modelling and structured decision-making to support Emergency Disease Management. Prev Vet Med 2017; 138:124-133. [PMID: 28237227 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological models in animal health are commonly used as decision-support tools to understand the impact of various control actions on infection spread in susceptible populations. Different models contain different assumptions and parameterizations, and policy decisions might be improved by considering outputs from multiple models. However, a transparent decision-support framework to integrate outputs from multiple models is nascent in epidemiology. Ensemble modelling and structured decision-making integrate the outputs of multiple models, compare policy actions and support policy decision-making. We briefly review the epidemiological application of ensemble modelling and structured decision-making and illustrate the potential of these methods using foot and mouth disease (FMD) models. In case study one, we apply structured decision-making to compare five possible control actions across three FMD models and show which control actions and outbreak costs are robustly supported and which are impacted by model uncertainty. In case study two, we develop a methodology for weighting the outputs of different models and show how different weighting schemes may impact the choice of control action. Using these case studies, we broadly illustrate the potential of ensemble modelling and structured decision-making in epidemiology to provide better information for decision-making and outline necessary development of these methods for their further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Webb
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Matthew Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tom Lindström
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; IFM, Theory and Modelling, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tim Carpenter
- EpiCentre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - Graeme Garner
- Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris Jewell
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Marleen Werkman
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jantien Backer
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Tildesley
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER) Group, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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24
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Richardson KS, Rouco C, Jewell C, French NP, Buddle BM, Tompkins DM. Investigating brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) home-range size determinants in a New Zealand native forest. Wildl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/wr16215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
The Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) introduction to New Zealand has exacted a heavy toll on native biodiversity and presented the country with its greatest wildlife reservoir host for bovine tuberculosis (TB). Management efforts to control both possums and TB have been ongoing for decades, and the biology of possums has been studied extensively in Australia and New Zealand over the past 50 years; however, we still do not have a clear understanding of its home-range dynamics.
Aims
To investigate determinants of home range size by using a uniquely large dataset in the Orongorongo Valley, a highly monitored research area in New Zealand and compare our findings with those of other studies.
Methods
Possum density was estimated, for subpopulations on four 13-ha cage-trap grids, by the spatially explicit capture–mark–recapture analysis of trapping data from 10 consecutive months. Home ranges were estimated from trap locations using a 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP) method for 348 individuals and analysed with respect to grid, age and sex.
Key results
Mean (standard error) possum density, estimated as 4.87 (0.19), 6.92 (0.29), 4.08 (0.21) and 4.20 (0.19) ha–1 for the four grids, was significantly negatively correlated with mean MCP home-range size. Grid, age, and the interaction of age and sex were significantly related to home-range size. Older possums had larger home ranges than did younger possums. When ‘juvenile cohort’ and ‘adult cohort’ data were analysed separately, to investigate the significant interaction, males in the ‘adult cohort’ had significantly larger home ranges than did females, with the grid effect still being apparent, whereas neither sex nor grid effects were significant for the ‘juvenile cohort’.
Conclusions
Our findings indicate that, in addition to density, age and sex are likely to be consistent determinants of possum home-range size, but their influences may be masked in some studies by the complexity of wild-population dynamics.
Implications
Our findings have strong implications regarding both disease transmission among possums and possum management. The fact that adult males occupy larger home ranges and the understanding that possum home range increases as population density decreases are an indication that males may be the primary drivers of disease transmission in possum populations. The understanding that possum home range increases as population density decreases could be a direct reflection of the ability of TB to persist in the wild that counteracts current management procedures. If individuals, and particularly males, infected with TB can withstand control measures, their ensuing home-range expansion will result in possible bacteria spread in both the expanded area of habitation and new individuals becoming subjected to infection (both immigrant possums and other control survivors). Therefore, managers should consider potential approaches for luring possum males in control operations.
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25
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Minh PQ, Stevenson MA, Jewell C, French N, Schauer B. Spatio–temporal analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, 2009. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2011; 2:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Doyle L, Jewell C, Mullen A, Nugent AP, Roche HM, Cashman KD. Effect of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on markers of calcium and bone metabolism in healthy adult men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:432-40. [PMID: 15674313 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to positively influence calcium and bone metabolism in experimental animals and cells in culture, but there are limited human data available. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of CLA supplementation on biomarkers of calcium and bone metabolism in healthy adult males. DESIGN The study consisted of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 60 healthy adult males (aged 39-64 y) were randomly assigned to receive daily either 3.0 g CLA isomer blend (50:50% cis-9,trans-11:trans-10,cis-12 isomers) or a palm/bean oil blend (placebo) for 8 weeks. Urine and blood samples were collected at weeks 0 and 8 and were analysed for biomarkers of calcium and bone metabolism. RESULTS Supplementation with CLA or placebo for 8 weeks had no significant effects on markers of bone formation (serum osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) or bone resorption (serum C-telopeptide-related fraction of type 1 collagen degradation products, urinary N-telopeptide-related fraction of type 1 collagen degradation products, urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline), or on serum or urinary calcium levels. Baseline levels of these biochemical parameters were similar in both groups of subjects. While the placebo had no effect, CLA supplementation resulted in a three-fold increase (P<0.00001) in cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer in total plasma lipids. CONCLUSION Under the conditions tested in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in adult men, a CLA supplement of mixed isomers did not affect markers of calcium or bone metabolism. Further investigation of the effects of CLA on calcium and bone metabolism in other gender- and age-groups is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doyle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
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27
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Jewell C, Cusack S, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on transepithelial calcium transport and mediators of paracellular permeability in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:163-71. [PMID: 15664300 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increases paracellular permeability across human intestinal-like Caco-2 cell monolayers, which transport Ca predominantly by the transcellular route. In vivo, however, paracellular Ca transport is the predominant route of Ca transport. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CLA on transepithelial Ca transport in Caco-2 cells transporting Ca predominantly by the paracellular route. Cells were seeded onto permeable transport membranes and allowed to differentiate, over 14 d, into intestinal-like cell monolayers. Monolayers (n=9/treatment) were exposed to 0 (control) or 80 microM- 18:2, -cis-9, trans-11 CLA or -trans-10, cis-12 CLA for 14 d prior to Ca transport studies. Overall transepithelial Ca transport as well as transcellular and parcellular Ca transport was significantly increased (P<0.001) by exposure of Caco-2 cells to both isomers of CLA, an effect which appeared to be related to altered localization of zona occludens 1 (a tight junction protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jewell
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on the viability and metabolism of human osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:29-39. [PMID: 15589397 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in experimental animals and murine osteoblast cells in culture have produced conflicting findings on the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on bone formation. The present study investigated the influence of CLA on viability and metabolism of two human osteoblast-like cell lines (SaOS2 and MG63). Both cell lines were exposed to increasing concentrations (0-50 microM) of CLA either as pure cis (c) 9: trans (t) 11 and t10:c12 CLA isomers or a blend of isomers, or linoleic acid (C18:2). Cell cytotoxicity and degree of DNA fragmentation were unaffected by any fatty acid treatment. PGE2 biosynthesis by both cell lines was variably reduced by CLA isomer blend and t10:c12 CLA, but not c9:t11 CLA. Alkaline phosphatase activity was variably increased by all CLA treatments. These results suggest a lack of cytotoxic effect of CLA on human osteoblast-like cells and tentatively suggest a possible beneficial effect on bone formation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cusack
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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29
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Kelly C, Jewell C, O’Brien N. The effect of dietary supplementation with the citrus limonoids, limonin and nomilin on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and small intestine of the rat. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Woods JA, Jewell C, O'Brien NM. Sedanolide, a natural phthalide from celery seed oil: effect on hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced toxicity in HepG2 and CaCo-2 human cell lines. In Vitr Mol Toxicol 2002; 14:233-40. [PMID: 11846995 DOI: 10.1089/109793301753407984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sedanolide is a natural compound occurring in edible umbelliferous plants. Celery seed oil, a significant source of sedanolide, is used as an herbal remedy to treat inflammatory-associated conditions such as gout and rheumatism. The objective of this study was to assess the potential protective properties of sedanolide against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))- and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)-induced toxicity in HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells. Viability of HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells was unaffected by a 24-h exposure to sedanolide (7-500 microM), however, when the cells were cultured in sedanolide-free medium for a further two cell cycles (72 h), a decrease in cell viability was observed for HepG2 cells previously exposed to 500 microM of the compound. Cells pretreated with sedanolide (100 microM for 24 h) and exposed to either H(2)O(2) or tBOOH did not exhibit statistically significant difference in viability from controls. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in DNA strand breaks, as measured by the comet assay, was observed in HepG2 but not CaCo-2 cells following a 24-h incubation with 500 microM sedanolide. Sedanolide did not modulate H(2)O(2)- and tBOOH-induced DNA damage. Sedanolide is relatively nontoxic to cells in culture, however, the protection it afforded against H(2)O(2)- and tBOOH-induced toxicity was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Woods
- Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition, University College, Cork, Ireland
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31
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Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that is diagnosed primarily by the presence of generalized pain along with tenderness on palpation of certain body regions. Unfortunately, the pharmacological treatment of fibromyalgia remains problematic. Two patients are described who highlight the use of the atypical neuroleptic olanzapine for the control of symptoms related to fibromyalgia. Prior to the use of olanzapine, both patients had received a multitude of treatments, none of which greatly improved their ability to function in daily activities. With olanzapine, both patients reported a significant decrease in pain and marked improvement in daily functioning. In one case, the pain returned during a period of time when olanzapine was discontinued, an effect that was reversed when olanzapine was reintroduced. The paucity of serious side effects (i.e., extrapyramidal signs) with the atypical neuroleptic olanzapine strongly favors further exploration and use of this drug for the treatment of fibromyalgia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kiser
- Texas Pain Medicine Clinic, 5327 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, TX 75205, USA
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32
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Abstract
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) absorption through mouse and rat dorsal skin, pig ear skin and human abdominal skin in vitro was determined, and local metabolism to the glutathione conjugate was related to glutathione transferase activities and glutathione status in the skin. Absorption studies were conducted using skin mounted in a flow-through diffusion cell with tissue culture medium as receptor fluid. DNCB applied to the surface of skin in acetone penetrated through 26-day-old rat skin better than through the skin of the other species investigated. The amounts of absorption through pig and human skin and conjugation formation were similar. In general, occlusion resulted in increased penetration of DNCB but no change in conjugation. Human skin showed the highest gluta-thione-S-transferase activity towards DNCB, followed by 26-day-old rat, pig, mouse and neonatal rat skin. Levels of glutathione were highest in mouse skin, followed by neonatal rat, 26-day-old rat, pig and human skin, with pig and human skin showing similar levels. These studies indicated that the glutathione level in skin was the determining factor influencing the degree of DNCB conjugation during percutaneous absorption, and this was greatly depleted during percutaneous penetration of DNCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jewell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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33
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Jewell C, O'Brien NM. Effect of dietary supplementation with carotenoids on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of the rat. Br J Nutr 1999; 81:235-42. [PMID: 10434850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 16 d intake of 300 mg carotenoids/kg diet (beta-carotene (beta C), bixin (BX), lycopene (LY), lutein (LU), canthaxanthin (CX) or astaxanthin (AX) on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of male Wistar rats was assessed. A control group received the basal diet (AIN-76) without carotenoids and a positive control group for enzyme induction received 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) at 666 mg/kg diet. Cytochrome P450 activity was assessed using the substrates ethoxyresorufin for P450 1A1, methoxyresorufin for P450 1A2, pentoxyresorufin for P450 2B1/2 and benzyloxyresorufin for P450 types 1A1/2, 2B1/2 and 3A. Glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) and reduced glutathione status were assessed. Carotenoid uptake by the tissues was also determined. 3-MC and the carotenoids BX, CX and AX led to significant increases compared with control in liver, lung and kidney ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation. Methoxyresorufin-O-demethylation activity was significantly increased in liver and lung by BX, CX and AX but only CX and AX significantly increased activity in kidney. Pentoxyresorufin-O-depentylation and benzyloxyresorufin-O-dearylation increased in liver of 3-MC-, BX-, CX- and AX-treated rats, but to a much lesser degree than for the other two substrates. Benzyloxyresorufin-O-dearylation in lung was significantly decreased by all carotenoids. Activities of any of the measured enzymes in the small intestine were undetectable in all treatment groups except the 3-MC group. Glutathione status was unaffected by any of the treatments. This is the first study identifying the carotenoids BX, CX and AX as inducers of rat lung and kidney xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jewell
- Department of Nutrition, University College, Cork, Ireland
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