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Bester C, Käsbohrer A, Wilkins N, Correia Carreira G, Marschik T. Identification of cost-effective biosecurity measures to reduce Salmonella along the pork production chain. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1380029. [PMID: 38562917 PMCID: PMC10983795 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1380029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued occurrence of salmonellosis cases in Europe attributed to the consumption of pork products highlights the importance of identifying cost-effective interventions. Certain biosecurity measures (BSMs) may be effective in reducing the prevalence of specific pathogens along the pork production chain and their presence in food products. The objective of this study was to identify pathogen-specific, cost-effective BSMs to reduce Salmonella at different stages of the pork production chain in two European countries - Austria (AT) and the United Kingdom (UK). For this purpose, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted based on the epidemiological output of an established quantitative microbiological risk assessment that simulated the implementation effect of the BSMs based on their risk ratios. For each of the BSMs, the associated costs and benefits were assessed individually and country-specifically. For both AT and UK, nine different BSMs were evaluated assuming a countrywide implementation rate of 100%. The results showed that four BSMs were cost-effective (benefit-cost ratio > 1) for AT and five for the UK. The uncertainty regarding the cost-effectiveness of the BSMs resulted from the variability of individual risk ratios, and the variability of benefits associated with the implementation of the BSMs. The low number of cost-effective BSMs highlights the need for holistic risk-based models and economic assessments. To increase the willingness to implement BSMs and maximize the benefits for stakeholders, who carry the majority of the implementation costs, epidemiological assessments of BSM effectiveness should consider the impact on several relevant pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bester
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil Wilkins
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Correia Carreira
- Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Marschik
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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O'Leary S, Mylanus E, Venail F, Lenarz T, Birman C, Di Lella F, Roland JT, Gantz B, Beynon A, Sicard M, Buechner A, Lai WK, Boccio C, Choudhury B, Tejani VD, Plant K, English R, Arts R, Bester C. Monitoring Cochlear Health With Intracochlear Electrocochleography During Cochlear Implantation: Findings From an International Clinical Investigation. Ear Hear 2023; 44:358-370. [PMID: 36395515 PMCID: PMC9957964 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electrocochleography (ECochG) is emerging as a tool for monitoring cochlear function during cochlear implant (CI) surgery. ECochG may be recorded directly from electrodes on the implant array intraoperatively. For low-frequency stimulation, its amplitude tends to rise or may plateau as the electrode is inserted. The aim of this study was to explore whether compromise of the ECochG signal, defined as a fall in its amplitude of 30% or more during insertion, whether transient or permanent, is associated with poorer postoperative acoustic hearing, and to examine how preoperative hearing levels may influence the ability to record ECochG. The specific hypotheses tested were threefold: (a) deterioration in the pure-tone average of low-frequency hearing at the first postoperative follow-up interval (follow-up visit 1 [FUV1], 4 to 6 weeks) will be associated with compromise of the cochlear microphonic (CM) amplitude during electrode insertion (primary hypothesis); (b) an association is observed at the second postoperative follow-up interval (FUV2, 3 months) (secondary hypothesis 1); and (c) the CM response will be recorded earlier during electrode array insertion when the preoperative high-frequency hearing is better (secondary hypothesis 2). DESIGN International, multi-site prospective, observational, between groups design, targeting 41 adult participants in each of two groups, (compromised CM versus preserved CM). Adult CI candidates who were scheduled to receive a Cochlear Nucleus CI with a Slim Straight or a Slim Modiolar electrode array and had a preoperative audiometric low-frequency average thresholds of ≤80 dB HL at 500, 750, and 1000 Hz in the ear to be implanted, were recruited from eight international implant sites. Pure tone audiometry was measured preoperatively and at postoperative visits (FUV1 and follow-up visit 2 [FUV2]). ECochG was measured during and immediately after the implantation of the array. RESULTS From a total of 78 enrolled individuals (80 ears), 77 participants (79 ears) underwent surgery. Due to protocol deviations, 18 ears (23%) were excluded. Of the 61 ears with ECochG responses, amplitudes were < 1 µV throughout implantation for 18 ears (23%) and deemed "unclear" for classification. EcochG responses >1 µV in 43 ears (55%) were stable throughout implantation for 8 ears and compromised in 35 ears. For the primary endpoint at FUV1, 7/41 ears (17%) with preserved CM had a median hearing loss of 12.6 dB versus 34/41 ears (83%) with compromised CM and a median hearing loss of 26.9 dB ( p < 0.014). In assessing the practicalities of measuring intraoperative ECochG, the presence of a measurable CM (>1 µV) during implantation was dependent on preoperative, low-frequency thresholds, particularly at the stimulus frequency (0.5 kHz). High-frequency, preoperative thresholds were also associated with a measurable CM > 1 µV during surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our data shows that CM drops occurring during electrode insertion were correlated with significantly poorer hearing preservation postoperatively compared to CMs that remained stable throughout the electrode insertion. The practicality of measuring ECochG in a large cohort is discussed, regarding the suggested optimal preoperative low-frequency hearing levels ( < 80 dB HL) considered necessary to obtain a CM signal >1 µV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Leary
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Mylanus
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Venail
- University Hospital of Montpellier & Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier INSERM U1298, Montpellier, France
| | - T Lenarz
- Department Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Birman
- Cochlear Implant Program, NextSense, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Di Lella
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J T Roland
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - B Gantz
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - A Beynon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Sicard
- University Hospital of Montpellier & Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier INSERM U1298, Montpellier, France
| | - A Buechner
- Department Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - W K Lai
- Cochlear Implant Program, NextSense, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Boccio
- Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B Choudhury
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - V D Tejani
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - K Plant
- Cochlear Limited, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - R Arts
- Cochlear Benelux NV, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - C Bester
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Lo J, Bester C, Collins A, Newbold C, Hampson A, Chambers S, Eastwood H, O'Leary S. Intraoperative force and electrocochleography measurements in an animal model of cochlear implantation. Hear Res 2018; 358:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Koopman TA, Meitz-Hopkins JC, Bester-van der Merwe AE, Tobutt KR, Bester C, Lennox CL. Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow of Four South African Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab) Populations. Phytopathology 2017; 107:455-462. [PMID: 27868478 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-16-0279-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Venturia inaequalis isolates were collected during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons from the four principal apple growing regions of South Africa, Elgin (n = 114), Koue Bokkeveld (n = 126), Lower Langkloof (n = 92), and Upper Langkloof (n = 103). Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions and genotyping with six (2012/13) and seven (2013/14) microsatellite (SSR) markers was conducted. A subset of 12 isolates from the individual ITS haplotype groups were sequenced for the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) and the large subunit of the RNA polymerases II (RPB1) gene regions. Four haplotypes were found for ITS, whereas all isolates were identical for the TEF1 and RPB1 gene regions. The SSR markers revealed considerable variation with an average gene diversity (H) of 0.675. Multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis of principal components [DAPC]) revealed that the two Langkloof populations clustered together with the Koue Bokkeveld population. The population from the warmer winter region, Elgin, clustered separately from the rest of the populations (ΦPT = 0.076 to 0.116; P ≤ 0.05). Estimates of gene flow showed the highest migration rate from the Koue Bokkeveld, toward the Lower Langkloof (M = 151.1), and the least migration to and from the Elgin region (average M = 42.75). Occasionally, identical genotypes (clones) were detected across seasons in the Koue Bokkeveld and Elgin area, which might contribute to overwintering conidia. From this study, it is evident that South Africa most likely has V. inaequalis subpopulations linked to diverse climatic conditions of the coastal Elgin region compared with the mountainous inland regions of the Koue Bokkeveld and the Langkloof.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Koopman
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - J C Meitz-Hopkins
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - A E Bester-van der Merwe
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - K R Tobutt
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - C Bester
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - C L Lennox
- First, fourth, and fifth authors: Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij (Institute of Deciduous Fruit), Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; first, second, and sixth authors: Fruit and Postharvest Pathology Research Programme, Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; and third author: Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Groneberg DA, Bester C, Grützkau A, Serowka F, Fischer A, Henz BM, Welker P. Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis--potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis. Allergy 2005; 60:90-7. [PMID: 15575937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis skin lesions are characterized by inflammatory changes and epithelial hyperplasia requiring angiogenesis. As mast cells may participate in this process via bidirectional secretion of tissue-damaging enzymes and pro-angiogenic factors, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence and possible function of mast cells in the papillary dermis and in epidermal layers of atopic dermatitis lesions. METHODS Semi-thin and serial sections in combination with immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-activity assays were used and related to epidermal thickness and targeted gene expression studies. RESULTS Mast cells were located in the papillary dermis and migrated through the basal lamina into the epidermis of atopic dermatitis lesions. An increased PCNA-activity in cells of superficial epidermal layers indicated an activation of keratinocytes and stimulation of endothelial growth. Only approximately 30% of the papillary mast cells stained with the tryptase were toluidin-blue-positive, and approximately 80% were chymase positive. A high number of mast cells expressed c-kit. Most papillary and epidermal mast cells were localized close to endothelial cells. Vascular expression of endoglin (CD105) demonstrated neoangiogenic processes. Mast cells stimulation led to the expression of proangiogenic factors. Also, gene expression of tissue-damaging factors such as matrix metalloproteinases was increased. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that in atopic dermatitis, mast cells are abundantly localized close to and within the epidermis where they may stimulate neoangiogenesis. Via the new vessels, inflammatory cells, together with complement components and antibodies, can be transported to the epidermis to aid in the defense against environmental antigens and to maintain chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Groneberg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Division of Allergy Research, Charité School of Medicine, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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van Leth F, Conway B, Laplumé H, Martin D, Fisher M, Jelaska A, Wit FW, Lange JMA, Laplumé H, Lasala MB, Losso MH, Bogdanowicz E, Lattes R, Krolewiecki A, Zala C, Orcese C, Terlizzi S, Duran A, Ebensrteijn J, Bloch M, Russell O, Russell DB, Roth NR, Eu B, Austin D, Gowers A, Quan D, Demonty J, Peleman R, Vandercam B, Vogelaers D, van der Gucht B, van Wanzeele F, Moutschen MM, Badaro R, Grinsztejn B, Schechter M, Uip D, Netto EN, Coelho SS, Badaró F, Pilotto JH, Schubach A, Barros ML, Leite OHM, Kiffer CRV, Wunsch CT, Nunes D, Catalani A, de Cassia Alves LR, Dossin TJ, D'Alló de Oliveira MT, Martini S, Conway B, de Wet JJ, Montaner JSG, Murphy C, Woodfall B, Sestak P, Phillips P, Montessori V, Harris M, Tesiorowski A, Willoughby B, Voigt R, Farley J, Reynolds R, Devlaming S, Livrozet JM, Rozenbaum W, Sereni D, Valantin MA, Lascoux C, Milpied B, Brunet C, Billaud E, Huart A, Reliquet V, Charonnat MF, Sicot M, Esnault JL, Slama L, Staszewski S, Bickel M, Lazanas MK, Stavrianeas N, Mangafas N, Zagoreos I, Kourkounti S, Paparizos V, Botsi C, Clarke S, Brannigan E, Boyle N, Chiriani A, Leoncini F, Montella F, Francesco L, Ambu S, Farese A, Gargiulo M, Di Sora F, Lavria F, Folgori F, Beniowski M, Boron Kaczmarska A, Halota W, Prokopowicz D, Bander DB, Leszuzyszyn-Pynka MLP, Wnuk AW, Bakowska E, Pulik P, Flisiak R, Wiercinska-Drapalo A, Mularska E, Witor A, Antunes F, Sarmento RSE, Doroana M, Horta AA, Vasconcelos O, Andrews SM, Huisamen CB, Johnson D, Martin O, Bekker LG, Maartens G, Wilson D, Visagie CJ, David NJ, Rattley M, Nettleship E, Martin DJ, Keyser V, Moraites TM, Moorhouse MA, Pitt JA, Orrell CJ, Bester C, Parboosing R, Moodley P, Gathiram V, Woolf D, Bernasconi E, Magenta L, Cardiello P, Kroon E, Ungsedhapand C, Fisher M, Wilkins EGL, Stockwell E, Day J, Daintith RS, Perry N, Timaeus C, Intosh-Roffet JM, Powell A, Youle M, Tyrer M, Madge S, Drinkwater A, Cuthbertson Z, Carroll A, Becker S, Katner H, Rimland D, Saag MS, Thompson M, Witt M, Aguilar MM, LaVoy A, Illeman M, Guerrero M, Gatell J, Belsey E, Hirschel B, Potarca A, Cronenberg M, Kreekel L, Meester R, Khodabaks J, Botma HJ, Esrhir N, Farida I, Feenstra M, Jansen K, Klotz A, Mulder M, Ruiter G, Bass CB, Pluymers E, de Vlegelaer E, Leeneman (VCL) R, Carlier H, van Steenberge E, Hall D. Quality of Life in Patients Treated with First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Containing Nevirapine And/Or Efavirenz. Antivir Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350400900512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess whether differences in safety profiles between nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV), as observed in the 2NN study, translated into differences in ‘health related quality of life’ (HRQoL). Design A sub-study of the 2NN study, with antiretro-viral-naive patients randomly allocated to NVP (once or twice daily), EFV or NVP+EFV, in addition to stavudine and lamivudine. Methods Comparing differences in changes of HRQoL over 48 weeks as measured with the Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV) questionnaire, using analysis of variance. Results The 2NN study enrolled 1216 patients. No validated questionnaires were available for 244 patients, and 55 patients had no HRQoL data at all, leaving 917 patients eligible for this sub-study. A total of 471 (51%) had HRQoL measurements both at baseline and week 48. The majority (69%) of patients without HRQoL measurements did, however, complete the study. The change in the physical health score (PHS) was 3.9 for NVP, 3.4 for EFV and 2.4 for NVP+EFV ( P=0.712). For the mental health score (MHS) these values were 6.1, 7.0 and 3.9, respectively ( P=0.098). A baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration (pVL) ≥100 000 copies/ml and a decline in pVL (per log10) were independently associated with an increase of PHS. An increase of MHS was only associated with pVL decline. Patients experiencing an adverse event during follow-up had a comparable change in PHS but a significantly smaller change in MHS, compared with those without an adverse event. Conclusions First-line ART containing NVP and/or EFV leads to an improvement in HRQoL. The gain in HRQoL was similar for NVP and EFV, but slightly lower for the combination of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank van Leth
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Conway
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hector Laplumé
- Hospital Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Des Martin
- Toga Laboratories, Edenvale, South Africa
| | - Martin Fisher
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, UK
| | - Ante Jelaska
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Conn., USA
| | - Ferdinand W Wit
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep MA Lange
- International Antiviral Therapy Evaluation Center (IATEC); Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dannhauser A, Bester C, Joubert G, Badenhorst P, Slabber M, Badenhorst A, Du Toit E, Barnard H, Botha P, Nogabe L. Nutritional status of preschool children in informal settlement areas near Bloemfontein, South Africa. Public Health Nutr 2000; 3:303-12. [PMID: 10979150 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the nutritional status and household resources of preschool children. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey. SETTING : Two informal settlement areas, Joe Slovo (JS) and JB Mafora (JBM) in Mangaung, near Bloemfontein, South Africa. SUBJECTS Preschool children (<72 months) of a randomly selected sample of households in JS (experimental) (n = 162) and JBM (control) (n = 186) were included. Standard methods were used to obtain household and care-giver particulars, weight and height measurements, blood and stool samples, and 24-hour dietary recalls. RESULTS Breast-feeding and dietary intake in the two areas were nearly similar; breast-feeding was continued for 12 months and longer. Although the children's total protein intake was sufficient, their energy intake was low. A low median intake of micronutrients prevailed, including iron, zinc, calcium, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamins C, B6, A and D. The prevalence of being underweight (JS = 19.8%; JBM = 18.8%), stunted (JS = 29%; JBM = 21. 5%) and wasted (JS = 6.5%; JBM = 3.7%) were fairly similar in both areas, as well as the prevalence of marginal vitamin A deficiency, anaemia, iron deficiency and parasite infestations. No significant associations could be found between household and nutritional status indicators, probably due to the small number of well-nourished children and the generally poor household situation of the participants. CONCLUSIONS The generally poor nutritional status and environmental conditions emphasize the urgency of intervention for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dannhauser
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of the Orange Free State, PO Box 330, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Abstract
This investigation sought to determine the correlates of attitudes towards the new ANC-dominated government in South Africa among two groups of White university students. To a large extent, the research replicates an earlier project conducted in 1986 which investigated the predictors
of attitudes towards the ANC at a time when it was banned as were its leaders who were either imprisoned or in exile. Results indicate that conformity to group norms was of importance in the Afrikaans-speaking sample as was patriotism, authoritarian behavior and prejudiced attitudes. Conversely,
attitudes in the English-speaking group seemed to be held less strongly and attitudes towards the ANC-led government appeared no longer to be related to such factors as prejudice, authoritarianism, patriotism or self-esteem. Results are understood in terms of long-standing sociopolitical differences
between White English-speaking and Afrikaner groups in South Africa.
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