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Alves-Ferreira J, Vara MG, Catarino A, Martins I, Mourinha C, Fabião M, Costa MJ, Barbieri MV, de Alda ML, Palma P. Pesticide water variability and prioritization: The first steps towards improving water management strategies in irrigation hydro-agriculture areas. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170304. [PMID: 38278229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems poses significant risks to non-target organisms, necessitating monitoring and environmental risk assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics and environmental risk of pesticides in a hydro-agricultural area with intensive agricultural practices, in the Mediterranean region (South of Portugal). Seasonality and location influenced pesticide numbers and concentrations, with the highest levels observed during the dry season. Triazines, phenylureas, and organophosphates were the predominant pesticide classes, with terbuthylazine, bentazone, terbutryn, diazinon, and metolachlor exhibiting the highest detection frequencies (68 % to 72 %). Notably, 44 % of the quantified pesticides are no longer authorized in Portugal, with 33 % posing a high environmental risk. Some insecticides, including imidacloprid, methiocarb, and malathion, were occasionally detected at concentrations that posed high risks to the aquatic ecosystem (RQ ≥ 1). Irgarol, an algicide used in irrigation canals, presented a high risk in 91 % of the analysed samples. The study's distribution profile of pesticides revealed a significant transportation of these compounds from reservoirs to irrigation hydrants, establishing them as a secondary source of crop and environmental contamination. Additionally, the assessment of spatial distribution and environmental risk allowed for the identification of specific pollutants in different locations, prioritizing them based on their ecotoxicological risk to aquatic ecosystems. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing management measures at the level of hydro-agricultural areas, helping to stop the cycle of pesticide contamination. Only this type of strategy will make it possible to protect water quality, biodiversity and the health of citizens, contributing to the European Union's objectives of improving the condition of freshwater bodies and promoting the sustainable use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia Alves-Ferreira
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel García Vara
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Catarino
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Marta Fabião
- Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio (COTR), Quinta da Saúde, Apartado 354, 7801-904 Beja, Portugal
| | - Maria João Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Física, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, and Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory - EaRSLab, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Lopez de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; GeoBioTec, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Palma P, Penha AM, Novais MH, Fialho S, Lima A, Catarino A, Mourinha C, Alvarenga P, Iakunin M, Rodrigues G, Potes M, Morais M, Costa MJ, Salgado R. Integrative toolbox to assess the quality of freshwater sediments contaminated with potentially toxic metals. Environ Res 2023; 217:114798. [PMID: 36427636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Guadiana Basin is a transnational basin, presenting historical contamination with potentially toxic metals (PTM), which origin can be both natural and anthropogenic. This study explores the use of a set of observational, chemical and ecotoxicological assays with Heterocypris incongruens, Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Thamnocephalus platyurus, identifying the most sensitive to be included in a toolbox to analyze the quality of freshwater sediments related to this type of contamination. The study included the analysis of a reservoir and streams sediments of Guadiana basin, in two consecutive years with different climate conditions 2017 (dry year) and 2018 (normal year). The results showed high chemical variability along the basin, with greater contamination with PTM in the reservoir sediments. The calculated Enrichment Factors (EF) indicated high anthropogenic contamination by Cd, followed by Pb (EF > 1.5). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed that the sediments were severely polluted with Cd, and slightly polluted with Pb and Cu, inducing a higher sublethal toxicity to Heterocypris incongruens. Among the parameters evaluated, and after the use of multivariate statistical techniques, the toolbox for assessing sediments quality, in similar climate and geological conditions, should include the analysis of: meteorology, land use/cover in the area, granulometry, organic matter content, PTM concentrations, contamination indices (e.g., Igeo and EF), and sublethal bioassays with H. incongruens (total sediment analysis) and Vibrio fisheri luminescence inhibition (pore water analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Palma
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal; ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Marchã Penha
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E, Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345, Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Novais
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E, Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345, Évora, Portugal
| | - Sofia Fialho
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Adriana Catarino
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maksim Iakunin
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Rodrigues
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal
| | - Miguel Potes
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morais
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal; Water Laboratory, University of Évora, P.I.T.E, Rua da Barba Rala No. 1, 7005-345, Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Costa
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Salgado
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal; Science and Technology School, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
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Alvarenga P, Rodrigues D, Mourinha C, Palma P, de Varennes A, Cruz N, Tarelho LAC, Rodrigues S. Use of wastes from the pulp and paper industry for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities: Chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological effects. Sci Total Environ 2019; 686:1152-1163. [PMID: 31412511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fly ash (FA) from biomass combustion and biological sludge (S), both wastes from the pulp and paper industry, were granulated in different proportions (90% FA+10% S, and 70% FA+30% S w/w, dry weight basis, dw) and used to recover the functionality of soils affected by mining activities (Aljustrel, Iberian Pyrite Belt), with and without the application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC). Application doses of both mixtures were 2.5, 5.0 and 10% (w/w, dw). These materials corrected soil acidity to circumneutral values and increased extractable P and K concentrations. A significant increase in soil organic matter (from 0.6 to 0.8-1.5% w/w, dw) and N content (from 0.04 to 0.09-0.12% w/w, dw) was also observed, but only when MSWC was applied. The soil was already heavily contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn and the application of amendments did not increase their pseudo-total concentrations. The CaCl2 extractable fractions of both Cu and Zn decreased to very low values. The improvement in soil quality, compared to fertilizer only treatment, was further evidenced by the increase in some soil enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and cellulase), with a better response for the granules with the higher proportion of biological sludge, as well as by the decrease in the soil-water extract toxicity towards different organisms (Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Agrostis tenuis germinated and grew during the first month only in the amended pots, but, after that, a considerable phytotoxic effect was evident. This was mainly attributed to salt stress or to some specific ionic toxicity. In conclusion, to establish a long-term plant cover in mining soils amended with biomass ash-based materials, the selection of plants with higher resistance to salinity and/or the stabilization of the amendments, to reduce their soluble salt content, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Débora Rodrigues
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Amarilis de Varennes
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cruz
- CESAM, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís A C Tarelho
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rodrigues
- CESAM, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Renaud M, Chelinho S, Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Palma P, Sousa JP, Natal-da-Luz T. Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1569-1576. [PMID: 30985941 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic wastes as soil amendments can be an important measure to improve soil quality and reduce waste accumulation and landfilling. However, the potential contaminant loads of such wastes, can be a source of environmental concern. Consequently, legislation has been developed to regulate the use of these wastes in agricultural soils. However, the regulations only consider chemical parameters, which are insufficient to establish the level of environmental risk. A possible solution is the use of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), employing ecotoxicological data from test batteries that could be incorporated into legislation. In the present study, 2 different hazardous concentrations affecting 5 and 50% of the soil community (HC5 and HC50, respectively) were determined using ecotoxicological data (effect concentrations, 10 and 50% [EC10 and EC50, respectively]) for 5 different wastes. The results demonstrate that, as expected, current legislative thresholds do not translate to environmental risk/protection and that SSDs may be an important tool allowing the simple inclusion and interpretation of ecotoxicological data from test batteries in legislation. On the other hand, SSDs must be used with caution because there are still doubts about their actual value in risk prediction and about which estimates provide adequate protection. For instance, the use of HC50EC10 values is not recommended; these values overlap with the more conservative HC5EC50 data, highlighting the fact that the use of lower effect concentrations may not always provide the most protective approach. Also, hazardous concentrations need to be calibrated at the field or semifield level, to verify environmental protection in different soils/environments and the adequacy of standard test organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1569-1576. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Renaud
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
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Palma P, López-Orozco R, Mourinha C, Oropesa AL, Novais MH, Alvarenga P. Assessment of the environmental impact of an abandoned mine using an integrative approach: A case-study of the "Las Musas" mine (Extremadura, Spain). Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:84-94. [PMID: 30597472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mine abandonment is generally associated with the release of potentially toxic metals into the environment, which may depend on metals speciation, soil properties and climate conditions. The goal of the present work was to assess the environmental impact of the abandoned Pb-Zn mine "Las Musas" (Spain) using an integrative approach. The impact on soils and surface waters was performed using: chemical parameters, quantification of potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn), and ecotoxicological responses using lethal and sub-lethal bioassays with organisms' representative of different trophic level ((soil: Eisenia fetida (mortality and reproduction test); Latuca sativa and Lollium perenne (seedling emergence); and water: Vibrio fischeri (luminescence inhibition), Daphnia magna (immobility and reproduction test), Thamnocephalus platyurus (mortality), Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition)). The results showed soils with neutral to slight alkaline pH (7.64-8.18), low electric conductivity (125-953 μS/cm) and low organic matter levels (0.20-1.85%). For most of the soil samples, Pb was the only metal which surpassed the limit proposed by the Canadian soil quality guidelines, with values ranging from 42.2 to 181.4 mg/kg. The ecotoxicological results showed that the soils with the highest levels of Pb induced a decrease on E. fetida reproduction and on L. sativa germination, indicating negative impacts on the habitat function. The analysis of the surface waters showed levels of Zn surpassing the legal limit adopted from the Water Framework Directive (37.0 to 69.0 μg/L). The ecotoxicological results highlight the importance of bioassays that evaluate the behavior of species, when assessing the risk of mining areas with non-acid soils and waters with high nutrients/organic matter concentrations and low concentrations of potentially toxic metals. The results indicated a moderate environmental risk from potentially toxic metals, at the areas analyzed around the Azuaga mine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Palma
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal; ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Rocío López-Orozco
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7801-295, Portugal
| | - Ana Lourdes Oropesa
- Unidad de Toxicología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain; INBIO G+C - Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biotecnología Ganadera y Cinegética, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10003, Spain
| | - Maria Helena Novais
- ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Alvarenga P, Ferreira C, Mourinha C, Palma P, de Varennes A. Chemical and ecotoxicological effects of the use of drinking-water treatment residuals for the remediation of soils degraded by mining activities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 161:281-289. [PMID: 29886315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of drinking-water treatment residuals (DWTR) in the amendment of a soil affected by mining activities (Aljustrel mine, Portuguese sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt), considering the effects on its chemical, biochemical and ecotoxicological characteristics. The DWTR had neutral characteristics (pH 6.7) and an organic matter (OM) content of 575 g kg-1 dry matter (DM), which makes them a potential amendment for the remediation of mine degraded soils, as they may correct soil acidity and reduce the extractable metal fraction. An incubation assay, with soil and DWTR, with or without lime, was carried out to test the doses to be used in the assisted-phytostabilization experiment. Based on the results obtained, the doses of DWTR used were the equivalent to 48, 96, and 144 t DM ha-1, with and without lime application (CaCO3 11 t DM ha-1). Agrostis tenuis Sibth was used as the test plant. Some amendments doses were able to improve soil characteristics (pH and OM content), to decrease metal extractability by 0.01 M CaCl2 (especially for Cu and Zn), and to allow plant growth, that did not occur in the non-amended soil. Copper, Pb and Zn concentrations in the plant material were lower than the maximum tolerable level for cattle feed, used as an indicator of risk of entry of those metals into the human food chain. The simultaneous application of DWTR (96 and 144 t ha-1), with lime, allowed a reduction in the mine soil ecotoxicity, as evaluated by some lethal and sub-lethal bioassays, including luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna acute immobilization test, mortality of Thamnocephalus platyurus, and 72-h growth inhibition of the green microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. However, DWTR were unable to increase soil microbial activity, evaluated by dehydrogenase activity, an important soil-health indicator. Also, OM content and NKjeldahl, concentrations increased slightly but remained low or very low (P and K extractable concentrations were not affected). In general, the bioassays highlighted a decrease in soil ecotoxicity with the presence of lime and DWTR (144 t DM ha-1). In conclusion, DWTR are recommended to amend acidic soils, with high concentrations of trace elements, but an additional application of organic or mineral fertilizers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - C Ferreira
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - C Mourinha
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - P Palma
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal; ICT, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, Évora, Portugal
| | - A de Varennes
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
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Renaud M, Chelinho S, Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Palma P, Sousa JP, Natal-da-Luz T. Organic wastes as soil amendments - Effects assessment towards soil invertebrates. J Hazard Mater 2017; 330:149-156. [PMID: 28279835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using organic wastes, as soil amendments, is an important alternative to landfilling with benefits to soil structure, water retention, soil nutrient and organic matter concentrations. However, this practice should be monitored for its environmental risk due to the frequent presence, of noxious substances to soil organisms. To evaluate the potential of eight organic wastes with different origins, as soil amendments, reproduction tests with four soil invertebrate species (Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Eisenia fetida) were performed using gradients of soil-waste mixtures. Results obtained demonstrated that contaminant concentrations required by current legislation might not be a protective measure for the soil ecosystem, as they do not properly translate the potential toxicity of wastes to soil invertebrates. Some wastes with contaminant loadings below thresholds showed higher toxicity than wastes with contaminants concentrations above legal limits. Also, test organism reproduction was differently sensitive to the selected wastes, which highlights the need to account for different organism sensitivities and routes of exposure when evaluating the toxicity of such complex mixtures. Finally this study shows that when combining chemical and ecotoxicological data, it is possible to postulate on potential sources of toxicity, contributing to better waste management practices and safer soil organic amendment products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Renaud
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal; LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal; CIMA - Marine and Environmental Research Center, FCT, University of Algarve, Campus Universitário de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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Alvarenga P, Palma P, Mourinha C, Farto M, Dôres J, Patanita M, Cunha-Queda C, Natal-da-Luz T, Renaud M, Sousa JP. Recycling organic wastes to agricultural land as a way to improve its quality: A field study to evaluate benefits and risks. Waste Manag 2017; 61:582-592. [PMID: 28089401 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A field study was established to assess the effects of a sewage sludge (SS), a mixed municipal solid waste compost (MMSWC) and a compost produced from agricultural wastes (AWC), in a Vertisol, using Lolium multiflorum L. The amendments were applied for two consecutive years: 6, 12 and 24t dry matter ha-1 for SS, and the amendment doses for MMSWC and AWC were calculated to deliver the same amount of organic matter (OM) per unit area. The amendments had significant beneficial effects on some soil properties (e.g. soil OM, NKjeldahl, extractable P and K), and on plant productivity parameters (e.g. biomass yield, chlorophyll, foliar area). For instance, soil OM increased from 0.78% to 1.71, 2.48 and 2.51%, after two consecutive years of application of 24t dry matter ha-1 of SS, MMSWC and AWC, respectively, while the plant biomass obtained increased from 7.75tha-1 to 152.41, 78.14 and 29.26tha-1, for the same amendments. On the plant, effects were more pronounced for SS than for both compost applications, a consequence of its higher capacity to provide N to the plant in a readily available form. However, after two years of application, the effects on soil properties were more noticeable for both composts, as their OM is more resistant to mineralization, which endures their beneficial effects on soil. Cadmium, Cr, Ni and Pb pseudo-total concentrations, were not affected significantly by the application of the organic wastes to soil, in all tested doses, neither their extractability by 0.01M CaCl2. On the contrary, Cu and Zn pseudo-total concentrations increased significantly in the second year of the experiment, following the application of the higher rate of MMSWC and AWC, although their extractability remained very low (<0.5% of their pseudo-total fraction). Trace elements concentrations in the aboveground plant material were lower than their maximum tolerable levels for cattle, used as an indicator of risk of their entry into the human food chain. Despite these results, it is interesting to note that the SS promoted a significant increase in the foliar concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn that did not happen in composts application, which can be explained by the reduction of the soil pH, as a consequence of SS degradation in soil. Concluding, if this type of organic wastes were to be used in a single application, the rate could be as high as 12 or even 24tha-1, however, if they are to be applied in an annual basis, the application rates should be lowered to assure their safe application (e.g. to 6tha-1). Moreover, it is advisable to use more stable and mature organic wastes, which have longer lasting positive effects on soil characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alvarenga
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal; LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - P Palma
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal; CIMA - Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - C Mourinha
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - M Farto
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - J Dôres
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - M Patanita
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal; GeoBioTec, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - C Cunha-Queda
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Natal-da-Luz
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Renaud
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J P Sousa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Farto M, Palma P, Sengo J, Morais MC, Cunha-Queda C. Ecotoxicological assessment of the potential impact on soil porewater, surface and groundwater from the use of organic wastes as soil amendments. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 126:102-110. [PMID: 26741879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the potential impact on soil porewater, surface and groundwater from the beneficial application of organic wastes to soil, using their eluates and acute bioassays with aquatic organisms and plants: luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri (15 and 30 min), Daphnia magna immobilization (48 h), Thamnocephalus platyurus survival (24 h), and seed germination of Lolium perenne (7 d) and Lactuca sativa (5 d). Some organic wastes' eluates promoted high toxic responses, but that toxicity could not be predicted by their chemical characterization, which is compulsory by regulatory documents. In fact, when organisms were exposed to the water-extractable chemical compounds of the organic wastes, the toxic responses were more connected to the degree of stabilization of the organic wastes, or to the treatment used to achieve that stabilization, than to their contaminant load. That is why the environmental risk assessment of the use of organic wastes as soil amendments should integrate bioassays with eluates, in order to correctly evaluate the effects of the most bioavailable fraction of all the chemical compounds, which can be difficult to predict from the characterization required in regulatory documents. According to our results, some rapid and standardized acute bioassays can be suggested to integrate a Tier 1 ecotoxicological evaluation of organic wastes with potential to be land applied, namely luminescence inhibition of V. fischeri, D. magna immobilization, and the germination of L. perenne and L. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; LEAF - Centro de Investigação em Agronomia, Alimentos, Ambiente e Paisagem, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Márcia Farto
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; CIMA-Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIMA, FCT, Edifício 7, Piso 1, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Universitário de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Sengo
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marie-Christine Morais
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha-Queda
- LEAF - Centro de Investigação em Agronomia, Alimentos, Ambiente e Paisagem, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Farto M, Santos T, Palma P, Sengo J, Morais MC, Cunha-Queda C. Sewage sludge, compost and other representative organic wastes as agricultural soil amendments: Benefits versus limiting factors. Waste Manag 2015; 40:44-52. [PMID: 25708406 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nine different samples of sewage sludges, composts and other representative organic wastes, with potential interest to be used as agricultural soil amendments, were characterized: municipal sewage sludge (SS1 and SS2), agro industrial sludge (AIS), municipal slaughterhouse sludge (MSS), mixed municipal solid waste compost (MMSWC), agricultural wastes compost (AWC), compost produced from agricultural wastes and sewage sludge (AWSSC), pig slurry digestate (PSD) and paper mill wastes (PMW). The characterization was made considering their: (i) physicochemical parameters, (ii) total and bioavailable heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg), (iii) organic contaminants, (iv) pathogenic microorganisms and (v) stability and phytotoxicity indicators. All the sludges, municipal or other, comply with the requirements of the legislation regarding the possibility of their application to agricultural soil (with the exception of SS2, due to its pathogenic microorganisms content), with a content of organic matter and nutrients that make them interesting to be applied to soil. The composts presented, in general, some constraints regarding their application to soil, and their impairment was due to the existence of heavy metal concentrations exceeding the proposed limit of the draft European legislation. As a consequence, with the exception of AWSSC, most compost samples were not able to meet these quality criteria, which are more conservative for compost than for sewage sludge. From the results, the composting of sewage sludge is recommended as a way to turn a less stabilized waste into a material that is no longer classified as a waste and, judging by the results of this work, with lower heavy metal content than the other composted materials, and without sanitation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; UIQA - Unidade de Investigação Química Ambiental, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Márcia Farto
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Teresa Santos
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciências Aplicadas, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, Rua Pedro Soares S/N, Apartado 6155, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; CIMA - Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIMA, FCT, Edifício 7, Piso 1, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Universitário de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Sengo
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marie-Christine Morais
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha-Queda
- UIQA - Unidade de Investigação Química Ambiental, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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