1
|
Sundar NS, Karthi S, Sivanesh H, Stanley-Raja V, Chanthini KMP, Ramasubramanian R, Ramkumar G, Ponsankar A, Narayanan KR, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Alkahtani J, Alwahibi MS, Hunter WB, Senthil-Nathan S, Patcharin K, Abdel-Megeed A, Shawer R, Ghaith A. Efficacy of Precocene I from Desmosstachya bipinnata as an Effective Bioactive Molecules against the Spodoptera litura Fab. and Its Impact on Eisenia fetida Savigny. Molecules 2021; 26:6384. [PMID: 34770794 PMCID: PMC8588158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sustainability of agroecosystems are maintained with agro-chemicals. However, after more than 80 years of intensive use, many pests and pathogens have developed resistance to the currently used chemistries. Thus, we explored the isolation and bioactivity of a chemical compound, Precocene I, isolated from the perennial grass, Desmosstachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Fractions produced from chloroform extractions showed suppressive activity on larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Oriental armyworm. Column chromatography analyses identified Precocene I confirmed using FTIR, HPLC and NMR techniques. The bioactivity of the plant-extracted Dp-Precocene I was compared to a commercially produced Precocene I standard. The percentage of mortality observed in insects fed on plant tissue treated with 60 ppm Db-Precocene I was 97, 87 and 81, respectively, for the second, third and fourth instar larvae. The LC50 value of third instars was 23.2 ppm. The percentages of survival, pupation, fecundity and egg hatch were altered at sub-lethal concentrations of Db-Precocene I (2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm, sprays on castor leaves). The observed effects were negatively correlated with concentration, with a decrease in effects as concentrations increased. Distinct changes in feeding activity and damage to gut tissues were observed upon histological examination of S. litura larvae after the ingestion of Db-Precocene I treatments. Comparative analyses of mortality on a non-target organism, the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, at equal concentrations of Precocene I and two chemical pesticides (cypermethrin and monocrotophos) produced mortality only with the chemical pesticide treatments. These results of Db-Precocene I as a highly active bioactive compound support further research to develop production from the grass D. bipinnata as an affordable resource for Precocene-I-based insecticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Shyam Sundar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Haridoss Sivanesh
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Govindaraju Ramkumar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Athirstam Ponsankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India;
| | | | | | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Mona S. Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (J.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Wayne Brian Hunter
- USDA-ARS, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, India; (N.S.S.); (S.K.); (H.S.); (V.S.-R.); (K.M.-P.C.); (R.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Krutmuang Patcharin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Rady Shawer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt;
| | - Aml Ghaith
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Derna University, Derna 417230, Libya;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Casu V, Tardelli F, De Marchi L, Monni G, Cuccaro A, Oliva M, Freitas R, Pretti C. Soluble esterases as biomarkers of neurotoxic compounds in the widespread serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923). J Environ Sci Health B 2019; 54:883-891. [PMID: 31311415 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1640028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of soluble cholinesterases (ChEs) together with carboxylesterases (CEs) in Ficopomatus enigmaticus as suitable biomarkers of neurotoxicity was the main aim of this study. ChEs of F. enigmaticus were characterized considering enzymatic activity, substrate affinity (acetyl-, butyryl-, propionylthiocholine), kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) and in vitro response to model inhibitors (eserine hemisulfate, iso-OMPA, BW284C51), and carbamates (carbofuran, methomyl, aldicarb, and carbaryl). CEs were characterized based on enzymatic activity, kinetic parameters and in vitro response to carbamates (carbofuran, methomyl, aldicarb, and carbaryl). Results showed that cholinesterases from F. enigmaticus showed a substrate preference for acetylthiocholine followed by propionylthiocholine; butyrylthioline was not hydrolyzed differently from other Annelida species. CE activity was in the same range of cholinesterase activity with acetylthiocholine as substrate; the enzyme activity showed high affinity for the substrate p-nytrophenyl butyrate. Carbamates inhibited ChE activity with propionylthiocholine as substrate to a higher extent than with acetylthiocoline. Also CE activity was inhibited by all tested carbamates except carbaryl. In vitro data highlighted the presence of active forms of ChEs and CEs in F. enigmaticus that could potentially be inhibited by pesticides at environmentally relevant concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Casu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Federica Tardelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Renaud M, Chelinho S, Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Palma P, Sousa JP, Natal-da-Luz T. Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1569-1576. [PMID: 30985941 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic wastes as soil amendments can be an important measure to improve soil quality and reduce waste accumulation and landfilling. However, the potential contaminant loads of such wastes, can be a source of environmental concern. Consequently, legislation has been developed to regulate the use of these wastes in agricultural soils. However, the regulations only consider chemical parameters, which are insufficient to establish the level of environmental risk. A possible solution is the use of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), employing ecotoxicological data from test batteries that could be incorporated into legislation. In the present study, 2 different hazardous concentrations affecting 5 and 50% of the soil community (HC5 and HC50, respectively) were determined using ecotoxicological data (effect concentrations, 10 and 50% [EC10 and EC50, respectively]) for 5 different wastes. The results demonstrate that, as expected, current legislative thresholds do not translate to environmental risk/protection and that SSDs may be an important tool allowing the simple inclusion and interpretation of ecotoxicological data from test batteries in legislation. On the other hand, SSDs must be used with caution because there are still doubts about their actual value in risk prediction and about which estimates provide adequate protection. For instance, the use of HC50EC10 values is not recommended; these values overlap with the more conservative HC5EC50 data, highlighting the fact that the use of lower effect concentrations may not always provide the most protective approach. Also, hazardous concentrations need to be calibrated at the field or semifield level, to verify environmental protection in different soils/environments and the adequacy of standard test organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1569-1576. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Renaud
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture, and Food Research Unit, School of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Department of Applied Sciences and Technologies, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Beja, Portugal
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frimpong JO, Ofori ESK, Yeboah S, Marri D, Offei BK, Apaatah F, Sintim JO, Ofori-Ayeh E, Osae M. Evaluating the impact of synthetic herbicides on soil dwelling macrobes and the physical state of soil in an agro-ecosystem. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 156:205-215. [PMID: 29550438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated three herbicides active ingredients: Paraquat, Glyphosate and 2,4-D Amine in commercial formulations as Frankoquat, Roundup and Agriherb respectively under field conditions to determine their influence on soil dwelling macrobes and the physical state of soil. Herbicides were serially diluted to three treatment concentrations for each plus three controls. Herbicide concentrations were applied to the demarcated field on three consecutive occasions in splits. Macrobes extraction from soil was done under a stereo microscope at 20 × magnification. The Simpson's diversity index was used to calculate the soil macrobes diversity. Soil water content, bulk density and total porosity of sampled soils were determined. The study revealed that both herbicides and non-herbicides treatment had no statistical significance (p > 0.05) on the soil dwelling macrobes. Also, a Simpson's index of diversity, estimated as 53.46%, showed how the experimental area is lowly diverse in the specific soil dwelling macrobes identified. Significant correlations existed between the soil water content, bulk density, total porosity and number of soil macrobes at p < 0.05. This level of significance showed in most instances for Frankoquat herbicide concentration treatments as well as Roundup. For Agriherb and control treatments the correlations were present but majority was not significant. In most situations, the soil dwelling macrobes decreased with increasing soil physical conditions. Thus, the dynamics in soil physical properties affected macrobes abundance in soil, with the slightest influence coming from the herbicides concentrations used in the experiment. The study recommended that Frankoquat and Roundup herbicides could be used to control weeds on farmer's field because, their influence were slightly felt on the soil macrobes and also, quite a number soil dwelling macrobes recovered after application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J O Frimpong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Soil and Environmental Sciences Research Centre, Ghana
| | - E S K Ofori
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Radiation, Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana
| | - S Yeboah
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Radiation, Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana
| | - D Marri
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Radiation, Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana
| | - B K Offei
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Soil and Environmental Sciences Research Centre, Ghana
| | - F Apaatah
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Radiation, Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana
| | - J O Sintim
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Soil and Environmental Sciences Research Centre, Ghana
| | - E Ofori-Ayeh
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Soil and Environmental Sciences Research Centre, Ghana
| | - M Osae
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Post Office Box L.G. 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Radiation, Entomology and Pest Management Centre, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Handberg-Thorsager M, Gutierrez-Mazariegos J, Arold ST, Kumar Nadendla E, Bertucci PY, Germain P, Tomançak P, Pierzchalski K, Jones JW, Albalat R, Kane MA, Bourguet W, Laudet V, Arendt D, Schubert M. The ancestral retinoic acid receptor was a low-affinity sensor triggering neuronal differentiation. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao1261. [PMID: 29492455 PMCID: PMC5821490 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is an important intercellular signaling molecule in vertebrate development, with a well-established role in the regulation of hox genes during hindbrain patterning and in neurogenesis. However, the evolutionary origin of the RA signaling pathway remains elusive. To elucidate the evolution of the RA signaling system, we characterized RA metabolism and signaling in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, a powerful model for evolution, development, and neurobiology. Binding assays and crystal structure analyses show that the annelid retinoic acid receptor (RAR) binds RA and activates transcription just as vertebrate RARs, yet with a different ligand-binding pocket and lower binding affinity, suggesting a permissive rather than instructive role of RA signaling. RAR knockdown and RA treatment of swimming annelid larvae further reveal that the RA signal is locally received in the medial neuroectoderm, where it controls neurogenesis and axon outgrowth, whereas the spatial colinear hox gene expression in the neuroectoderm remains unaffected. These findings suggest that one early role of the new RAR in bilaterian evolution was to control the spatially restricted onset of motor and interneuron differentiation in the developing ventral nerve cord and to indicate that the regulation of hox-controlled anterior-posterior patterning arose only at the base of the chordates, concomitant with a high-affinity RAR needed for the interpretation of a complex RA gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Handberg-Thorsager
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliana Gutierrez-Mazariegos
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Stefan T. Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Center for Computational Bioscience Research, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eswar Kumar Nadendla
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29 Rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Paola Y. Bertucci
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Germain
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29 Rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pavel Tomançak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jace W. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ricard Albalat
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maureen A. Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 North Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Inserm, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 29 Rue de Navacelles, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Molecular Zoology Team, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Detlev Arendt
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schubert
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer, 181 Chemin du Lazaret, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prosser RS, Bartlett AJ, Milani D, Holman EAM, Ikert H, Schissler D, Toito J, Parrott JL, Gillis PL, Balakrishnan VK. Variation in the toxicity of sediment-associated substituted phenylamine antioxidants to an epibenthic (Hyalella azteca) and endobenthic (Tubifex tubifex) invertebrate. Chemosphere 2017; 181:250-258. [PMID: 28448906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substituted phenylamine antioxidants (SPAs) are produced in relatively high volumes and used in a range of applications (e.g., rubber, polyurethane); however, little is known about their toxicity to aquatic biota. Therefore, current study examined the effects of chronic exposure (28 d) to four sediment-associated SPAs on epibenthic (Hyalella azteca) and endobenthic (Tubifex tubifex) organisms. In addition, acute (96-h), water-only exposures were conducted with H. azteca. Mortality, growth and biomass production were assessed in juvenile H. azteca exposed to diphenylamine (DPA), N-phenyl-1-napthylamine (PNA), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPPDA), or 4,4'-methylene-bis[N-sec-butylaniline] (MBA). Mortality of adult T. tubifex and reproduction were assessed following exposure to the four SPAs. The 96-h LC50s for juvenile H. azteca were 1443, 109, 250, and >22 μg/L and 28-d LC50s were 22, 99, 135, and >403 μg/g dry weight (dw) for DPA, PNA, DPPDA, and MBA, respectively. Reproductive endpoints for T. tubifex (EC50s for production of juveniles > 500 μm: 15, 9, 4, 3.6 μg/g dw, for DPA, PNA, DPPDA, and MBA, respectively) were an order of magnitude more sensitive than endpoints for juvenile H. azteca and mortality of adult worms. The variation in toxicity across the four SPAs was likely related to the bioavailability of the sediment-associated chemicals, which was determined by the chemical properties of the SPAs (e.g., solubility in water, Koc). The variation in the sensitivity between the two species was likely due to differences in the magnitude of exposure, which is a function of the life histories of the epibenthic amphipod and the endobenthic worm. The data generated from this study will support effect characterization for ecological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Prosser
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| | - A J Bartlett
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Milani
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - E A M Holman
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Ikert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Schissler
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Toito
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Parrott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - P L Gillis
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - V K Balakrishnan
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Renaud M, Chelinho S, Alvarenga P, Mourinha C, Palma P, Sousa JP, Natal-da-Luz T. Organic wastes as soil amendments - Effects assessment towards soil invertebrates. J Hazard Mater 2017; 330:149-156. [PMID: 28279835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using organic wastes, as soil amendments, is an important alternative to landfilling with benefits to soil structure, water retention, soil nutrient and organic matter concentrations. However, this practice should be monitored for its environmental risk due to the frequent presence, of noxious substances to soil organisms. To evaluate the potential of eight organic wastes with different origins, as soil amendments, reproduction tests with four soil invertebrate species (Folsomia candida, Enchytraeus crypticus, Hypoaspis aculeifer, Eisenia fetida) were performed using gradients of soil-waste mixtures. Results obtained demonstrated that contaminant concentrations required by current legislation might not be a protective measure for the soil ecosystem, as they do not properly translate the potential toxicity of wastes to soil invertebrates. Some wastes with contaminant loadings below thresholds showed higher toxicity than wastes with contaminants concentrations above legal limits. Also, test organism reproduction was differently sensitive to the selected wastes, which highlights the need to account for different organism sensitivities and routes of exposure when evaluating the toxicity of such complex mixtures. Finally this study shows that when combining chemical and ecotoxicological data, it is possible to postulate on potential sources of toxicity, contributing to better waste management practices and safer soil organic amendment products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Renaud
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvarenga
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal; LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Department of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Rua Pedro Soares, Apartado 158, 7801-902 Beja, Portugal; CIMA - Marine and Environmental Research Center, FCT, University of Algarve, Campus Universitário de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vašíčková J, Maňáková B, Šudoma M, Hofman J. Ecotoxicity of arsenic contaminated sludge after mixing with soils and addition into composting and vermicomposting processes. J Hazard Mater 2016; 317:585-592. [PMID: 27348256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sludge coming from remediation of groundwater contaminated by industry is usually managed as hazardous waste despite it might be considered for further processing as a source of nutrients. The ecotoxicity of phosphorus rich sludge contaminated with arsenic was evaluated after mixing with soil and cultivation with Sinapis alba, and supplementation into composting and vermicomposting processes. The Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida reproduction tests and the Lactuca sativa root growth test were used. Invertebrate bioassays reacted sensitively to arsenic presence in soil-sludge mixtures. The root elongation of L. sativa was not sensitive and showed variable results. In general, the relationship between invertebrate tests results and arsenic mobile concentration was indicated in majority endpoints. Nevertheless, significant portion of the results still cannot be satisfactorily explained by As chemistry data. Composted and vermicomposted sludge mixtures showed surprisingly high toxicity on all three tested organisms despite the decrease in arsenic mobility, probably due to toxic metabolites of bacteria and earthworms produced during these processes. The results from the study indicated the inability of chemical methods to predict the effects of complex mixtures on living organisms with respect to ecotoxicity bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Maňáková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma X, Liu X, Zhou D, Bai Y, Gao B, Zhang Z, Qin Z. The NF-κB pathway participates in the response to sulfide stress in Urechis unicinctus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 58:229-238. [PMID: 27633672 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is known to be involved in regulating apoptosis, inflammation and immunity in organisms. In this study, we first identified full-length cDNA sequences of two key molecules in the NF-κB pathway, namely, NEMO and p65, and characterized their responses in the hindgut of Urechis unicinctus (Echiura, Urechidae) exposed to sulfide. The full-length of cDNA was 2491 bp for U. unicinctus NEMO (UuNEMO) and 1971 bp for U. unicinctus p65 (Uup65), and both polyclonal antibodies were prepared using UuNEMO or Uup65 expressed prokaryotically with the sequence of their whole open reading frame. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting showed that the NF-κB pathway was activated in U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide, in which the content of UuNEMO ubiquitination and nuclear Uup65 increased significantly (p < 0.05) in hindgut tissue of U. unicinctus exposed to sulfide. Furthermore, the mRNA level of UuBcl-xL, a downstream anti-apoptosis gene of the NF-κB pathway, increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 48 h to 72 h and the mRNA level of UuBax, a Bcl-xL antagonist gene, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 48 h in the hindgut of U. unicinctus exposed to 50 μM sulfide. During the 150 μM sulfide exposure, the level of UuBcl-xL showed no obvious change, whereas the UuBax mRNA level increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 72 h post-exposure to 150 μM sulfide. We suggested that the activated NF-κB pathway up-regulates UuBcl-xL expression, and evokes an anti-apoptotic response to resist sulfide damage at 50 μM in U. unicinctus. Meanwhile, a Bax-mediated pro-apoptotic response occurs when U. unicinctus is exposed to 150 μM sulfide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yajiao Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhenkui Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sidney LA, Diepens NJ, Guo X, Koelmans AA. Trait-based modelling of bioaccumulation by freshwater benthic invertebrates. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 176:88-96. [PMID: 27126443 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of species traits in chemical exposure is crucial for bioaccumulation and toxicity assessment of chemicals. We measured and modelled bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chironomus riparius, Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus and Sphaerium corneum. We used a battery test procedure with multiple enclosures in one aquarium, which maximized uniformity of exposure for the different species, such that the remaining variability was due mostly to species traits. The relative importance of uptake from either pore water or sediment ingestion was manipulated by using 28 d aged standard OECD sediment with low (1%) and medium (5%) OM content and 13 months aged sediment with medium OM (5%) content. Survival was ≥76% and wet weight increased for all species. Reproduction of H. azteca and weight gain of H. azteca and S. corneum were significantly higher in the medium OM aged sediments than in other sediments, perhaps due to a more developed microbial community (i.e., increase in food resources). Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) ranged from 3 to 114, depending on species and PCB congener, with C. riparius (3-10)<S. corneum (10-17)≤L. variegatus (7-61)≤H. Azteca (5-114), thus challenging the presumed value of 1-2 typically employed in ecological risk assessment schemes. BSAFs for freshwater taxonomic groups were compared with their marine counterparts and showed overlapping values. The dynamic bioaccumulation model with species-specific bioaccumulation parameters fitted well to the experimental data and showed that bioaccumulation parameters were depended on species traits. Enclosure-based battery tests and mechanistic BSAF models are expected to improve the quality of the exposure assessment in whole sediment toxicity tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Alvarenga Sidney
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoying Guo
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; IMARES, Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He Q, Wang X, Sun P, Wang Z, Wang L. Acute and chronic toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A to three aquatic species under different pH conditions. Aquat Toxicol 2015; 164:145-154. [PMID: 25980965 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a well-known brominated flame retardant. It has been detected in the environment and shows high acute toxicity to different organisms at high concentrations. In this work, the effects of pH and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the acute toxicity of TBBPA to Daphnia magna and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were tested, and the oxidative stress induced by TBBPA in livers of Carassius auratus was assessed using four biomarkers. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was applied to assess the overall antioxidant status in fish livers. Moreover, fish tissues (gills and livers) were also studied histologically. The results showed that low pH and DMSO enhanced the toxicity of TBBPA. Furthermore, changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione level suggested that TBBPA generates oxidative stress in fish livers. The IBR index revealed that fish exposed to 3mg/L TBBPA experienced more serious oxidative stress than exposed to acidic or alkaline conditions. The histopathological analysis revealed lesions caused by TBBPA. This study provides valuable toxicological information of TBBPA and will facilitate a deeper understanding on its potential toxicity in realistic aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang M, Zhang X. Halopyrroles: a new group of highly toxic disinfection byproducts formed in chlorinated saline wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:11846-11852. [PMID: 25236171 DOI: 10.1021/es503312k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing seawater for toilet flushing is an effective way to conserve freshwater in coastal cities. During chlorination for disinfecting saline wastewater effluents, the high levels of bromide from seawater are oxidized to hypobromous acid which may then react with effluent organics to form brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this research, by applying a new precursor ion scan method, we detected and identified a group of halopyrroles in a chlorinated saline wastewater effluent, including tetrabromopyrrole, tribromochloropyrrole, tribromoiodopyrrole, and tribromopyrrole, with tetrabromopyrrole as the predominant species. It is the first time that this group of halopyrroles were identified as wastewater DBPs (though 2,3,5-tribromopyrrole has been found to be a DBP in drinking water before). Detection of halopyrroles was problematic as these compounds in the pretreated samples were found to convert to halonitropyrroles; the problem was successfully solved by diluting the pretreated samples. The formation, occurrence, precursor, and toxicity of tetrabromopyrrole were investigated. This DBP showed significantly higher developmental toxicity than any of the haloaliphatic and haloaromatic DBPs previously tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
García-Torres T, Giuffré L, Romaniuk R, Ríos RP, Pagano EA. Exposure assessment to glyphosate of two species of annelids. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2014; 93:209-14. [PMID: 24902650 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult mortality, biomass, fecundity and viability of cocoons were studied in Eisenia fetida and Octolasion tyrtaeum, in response to glyphosate exposure in soil. Exposure tests were carried out following USEPA procedure, with five concentrations of glyphosate in soil and a control. O. tyrtaeum was more sensitive to the highest concentration of glyphosate (50,000 mg kg(-1)), with 100 % mortality by day 7 of exposure, compared with 71 % for E. fetida. Although biomass of O. tyrtaeum was significantly different between the control and 5,000 mg kg(-1) dose at day 14, E. fetida was not affected at that concentration, and only showed a significant weight loss after 7 days of exposure to 50,000 mg kg(-1). Adverse effects upon adult fecundity and cocoon viability were observed at glyphosate concentrations of 5,000 mg kg(-1) and above. Adverse effects were observed at concentrations that greatly exceeded the recommended field application rates of glyphosate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristán García-Torres
- School of Agriculture, University of Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, 1417, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang XN, Liu ZT, Yan ZG, Zhang C, Wang WL, Zhou JL, Pei SW. Development of aquatic life criteria for triclosan and comparison of the sensitivity between native and non-native species. J Hazard Mater 2013; 260:1017-22. [PMID: 23892169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent which is used as a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic and found in personal care products, and due to this it is widely spread in the aquatic environment. However, there is no paper dealing with the aquatic life criteria of TCS, mainly result from the shortage of toxicity data of different taxonomic levels. In the present study, toxicity data were obtained from 9 acute toxicity tests and 3 chronic toxicity tests using 9 Chinese native aquatic species from different taxonomic levels, and the aquatic life criteria was derived using 3 methods. Furthermore, differences of species sensitivity distributions (SSD) between native and non-native species were compared. Among the tested species, demersal fish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus was the most sensitive species, and the fishes were more sensitive than the aquatic invertebrates of Annelid and insect, and the insect was the least sensitive species. The comparison showed that there was no significant difference between SSDs constructed from native and non-native taxa. Finally, a criterion maximum concentration of 0.009 mg/L and a criterion continuous concentration of 0.002 mg/L were developed based on different taxa, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shen PP, Zhou H, Zhao Z, Yu XZ, Gu JD. Evaluation of sampling sizes on the intertidal macroinfauna assessment in a subtropical mudflat of Hong Kong. Ecotoxicology 2012; 21:1706-1716. [PMID: 22766844 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two types of sediment cores with different diameters were used to collect sediment samples from an intertidal mudflat in Hong Kong to investigate the influence of sampling unit on the quantitative assessment of benthic macroinfaunal communities. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to detect differences in sampling efficiencies by the two samplers through total abundance and biomass, species richness and diversity, community structure, relative abundance of major taxa of the infaunal community. The species-area curves were further compared to find out the influence of the sampling units. Results showed that the two sampling devices provided similar information on the estimates of species diversity, density and species composition of the benthos in main part of the mudflat where the sediment was fine and homogenous; but at the station which contained coarse sand and gravels, the significant differences were detected between the quantitative assessments of macrobenthic infauna by the two samplers. Most importantly, the species-area curves indicated that more and smaller samples were better in capturing more species than less large ones when comparing an equal sampling area. Therefore, the efficiency of the sampler largely depended on the sediment properties, and sampling devices must be chosen based on the physical conditions and desired levels of precision on the organisms of the sampling program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine-Bioresources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Biofouling in marine aquaculture is a specific problem where both the target culture species and/or infrastructure are exposed to a diverse array of fouling organisms, with significant production impacts. In shellfish aquaculture the key impact is the direct fouling of stock causing physical damage, mechanical interference, biological competition and environmental modification, while infrastructure is also impacted. In contrast, the key impact in finfish aquaculture is the fouling of infrastructure which restricts water exchange, increases disease risk and causes deformation of cages and structures. Consequently, the economic costs associated with biofouling control are substantial. Conservative estimates are consistently between 5-10% of production costs (equivalent to US$ 1.5 to 3 billion yr(-1)), illustrating the need for effective mitigation methods and technologies. The control of biofouling in aquaculture is achieved through the avoidance of natural recruitment, physical removal and the use of antifoulants. However, the continued rise and expansion of the aquaculture industry and the increasingly stringent legislation for biocides in food production necessitates the development of innovative antifouling strategies. These must meet environmental, societal, and economic benchmarks while effectively preventing the settlement and growth of resilient multi-species consortia of biofouling organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isla Fitridge
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory - Temperate and Tropical (SALTT), Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ducrot V, Billoir E, Péry ARR, Garric J, Charles S. From individual to population level effects of toxicants in the tubicifid Branchiura sowerbyi using threshold effect models in a Bayesian framework. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:3566-3571. [PMID: 20380436 DOI: 10.1021/es903860w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Effects of zinc were studied in the freshwater worm Branchiura sowerbyi using partial and full life-cycle tests. Only newborn and juveniles were sensitive to zinc, displaying effects on survival, growth, and age at first brood at environmentally relevant concentrations. Threshold effect models were proposed to assess toxic effects on individuals. They were fitted to life-cycle test data using Bayesian inference and adequately described life-history trait data in exposed organisms. The daily asymptotic growth rate of theoretical populations was then simulated with a matrix population model, based upon individual-level outputs. Population-level outputs were in accordance with existing literature for controls. Working in a Bayesian framework allowed incorporating parameter uncertainty in the simulation of the population-level response to zinc exposure, thus increasing the relevance of test results in the context of ecological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Ducrot
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR985 Ecologie et Sante des Ecosystemes, Equipe Ecotoxicologie et Qualite des Milieux Aquatiques, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042, Rennes, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lagauzère S, Boyer P, Stora G, Bonzom JM. Effects of uranium-contaminated sediments on the bioturbation activity of Chironomus riparius larvae (Insecta, Diptera) and Tubifex tubifex worms (Annelida, Tubificidae). Chemosphere 2009; 76:324-334. [PMID: 19403158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater sediments represent a compartment for accumulation of toxic substances, notably of metallic pollutants such as uranium. However, they also constitute a privileged habitat for many benthic macro-invertebrate species with important roles in the functioning of these ecosystems, particularly through their bioturbation activities. Uranium accumulation in sediments can thus have harmful effects on these organisms (e.g., developmental delay, malformations, mortality). The present study aimed to evaluate the consequences of these effects on the bioturbation activity of Chironomus riparius larvae and Tubifex tubifex worms. These two species, which are widespread in freshwater ecosystems, are characteristic of two different modes of bioturbation: bioirrigation and upward bioconveying, respectively. By quantifying the burial and redistribution of fluorescent particulate tracers (microspheres), sediment reworking induced by these macro-invertebrates was measured after 12d of exposure. Biodiffusion D(b) and bioadvection W rates, as well as several other parameters, were estimated to assess and compare the bioturbation activity of the two species, separately and in combination, between uncontaminated and uranium-spiked sediments. The results reveal that C. riparius larvae were more sensitive to uranium, but their bioturbation activity, even under uncontaminated conditions, had little effect on sediment reworking. Particle mixing was mainly induced by T. tubifex worms, which were only affected by uranium at high concentrations in the sediment. Finally, bioturbation by T. tubifex led to a high degree of uranium release from sediment to the overlying water, which highlights the crucial role of this mostly dominant species on uranium biogeochemical cycles at concentrations existing in naturally contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lagauzère
- Laboratoire de Radioécologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), DEI/SECRE, Cadarache bât. 186, BP 3, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Duester L, Vink JPM, Hirner AV. Methylantimony and -arsenic species in sediment pore water tested with the sediment or fauna incubation experiment. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:5866-5871. [PMID: 18767637 DOI: 10.1021/es800272h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the speciation of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) across a water-sediment interface and the formation of mono-, di-, and trimethylated species overtime in a microfiltered pore water solution were examined. We used an experimental technique, known as the sediment or fauna incubation experiment (SOFIE), which enables the determination of chemical speciation across redox zones in undisturbed systems. Five different incubation experiments were run: Over a 76 day incubation period, pore water was sampled and speciated 5 times. These experiments revealed the complete methylated species pattern for arsenic and antimony in the microfiltered sediment pore water. This constitutes the first report of methylated As and Sb species in a true pore water solution of sediments. Predominant organic species were dimethylantimony (DMSb up to 2.7 microg/L) and dimethylarsenic (DMAs up to 4.3 microg/L) followed by monomethylated species (MMAs and MMSb). These data (i) indicate that methylation significantly influences the translocation of As and Sb in sediments, (ii) demonstrate good agreement between the occurrence of methylantimony and the occurrence of methylarsenic in the pore water, (iii) reveal that As transformation in sediments is faster than Sb transformation but is more susceptible to disturbances from acidification, and (iv) regarding the translocation of these elements and antimony in particular, methylation is clearly a relevant, and perhaps as yet underestimated, factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Duester
- Institute of Sciences, Organic and Environmental Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitaetstrasse 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hartnik T, Sverdrup LE, Jensen J. Toxicity of the pesticide alpha-cypermethrin to four soil nontarget invertebrates and implications for risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2008; 27:1408-1415. [PMID: 18211124 DOI: 10.1897/07-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an insecticide in agricultural settings and is increasingly replacing organophosphates and carbamates because of lower application rates and lower toxicity to mammals. Because very little is known about the acute and chronic toxicity of this compound for soil-living organisms, the present study investigated acute and sublethal toxicity of alpha-cypermethrin for four terrestrial invertebrate species in an agricultural soil from Norway. Bioassays with the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the potworm Enchytraeus crypticus, the springtail Folsomia candida, and the land snail Helix aspersa were performed according to slightly modified versions of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris, France) or International Organization for Standardization (Geneva, Switzerland) guidelines and resulted in median lethal concentrations of greater than >1,000 to 31.4 mg/kg and sublethal no-observed-effect concentrations of 2.51 to 82 mg/kg. A high acute to chronic ratio was found, especially in the earthworms. Interspecies differences in sensitivity may be explained by differences in exposure and differences in metabolization rate. When based on measured pore-water concentrations, terrestrial species overall appear to be approximately one order of magnitude less sensitive than aquatic species. Effect assessments conducted according to European guideline for risk assessment of pesticides reveal that assessments based on acute toxicity tests are not always conservative enough to determine environmentally safe concentrations in soil. Mandatory incorporation of sublethal toxicity data will ensure that in regions with temperate climate, the effects of pesticides on populations of soil-living organisms are unlikely.
Collapse
|
21
|
Haye S, Slaveykova VI, Payet J. Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of metals in life cycle assessment (LCA). Chemosphere 2007; 68:1489-96. [PMID: 17467037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle impact assessment aims to translate the amounts of substance emitted during the life cycle of a product into a potential impact on the environment, which includes terrestrial ecosystems. This work suggests some possible improvements in assessing the toxicity of metals on soil ecosystems in life cycle assessment (LCA). The current available data on soil ecotoxicity allow one to calculate the chronic terrestrial HC50(EC50) (hazardous concentration affecting 50% of the species at their EC50 level, i.e. the level where 50% of the individuals of the species are affected) of nine metals and metalloids (As(III) or (V), Be(II), Cr(III) or (VI), Sb(III) or (V), Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)). Contrarily to what is generally advised in LCIA, the terrestrial HC50 of metals shall not be extrapolated from the aquatic HC50, using the Equilibrium Partitioning method since the partition coefficient (K(d)) of metals is highly variable. The experimental ecotoxicology generally uses metallic salts to contaminate artificial soils but the comparison of the EC50 or NOEC obtained for the same metal with different salts reveals that the kind of salt used insignificantly influences these values. In contrast, depending on the metallic fraction of concern, the EC50 may vary, as for cadmium: the EC50 of Folsomia candida, expressed as free Cd in pore water is almost 2.5 orders of magnitude lower than that expressed as total metal. A similar result is obtained with Eisenia fetida, confirming the importance of metals speciation in assessing their impact on soils. By ranking the metals according to the difference between their terrestrial and aquatic HC50 values, two groups are distinguished, which match the hard soft acids and bases (HSAB) concept. This allows to estimate their affinity for soil components and potential toxicity according to their chemical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Haye
- Environmental Science and Technology Institute, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 2, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ventura-Lima J, Sandrini JZ, Cravo MF, Piedras FR, Moraes TB, Fattorini D, Notti A, Regoli F, Geracitano LA, Marins LFF, Monserrat JM. Toxicological responses in Laeonereis acuta (annelida, polychaeta) after arsenic exposure. Environ Int 2007; 33:559-64. [PMID: 17084896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental pollutants, including metals, can induce oxidative stress. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of arsenic (As(III), as As(2)O(3)) on the antioxidant responses in the polychaete Laeonereis acuta. Worms were exposed to two environmentally relevant concentrations of As, including the highest previously allowed by Brazilian legislation (50 microg As/l). A control group was kept in saline water (10 per thousand) without added metal. It was observed that: (1) a peak concentration of lipid peroxide was registered after 2 days of exposure to 50 microg As/l (61+/-3.2 nmol CHP/g wet weight) compared to the control group (43+/-4.5 nmol CHP/g wet weight), together with a lowering of the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (-47 and -48%, at 50 or 500 microg As/l respectively) and a higher superoxide dismutase activity (+305% at 50 microg As/l with respect to the control group); (2) a lower conjugation capacity through glutathione-S-transferase activity was observed after 7 days of exposure to 50 microg As/l (-48% compared to the control group); (3) a significant increase in As concentration was verified after 1 week of exposure to both As concentrations (50 and 500 microg/l); (4) worms exposed to As showed a limited accumulation of related methylated As species and the levels of non-toxic As species like arsenobetaine (AsB) and arsenocholine (AsC) remained unchanged during the exposure period when compared with the controls. Overall, it can be concluded that As interfered in the antioxidant defense system of L. acuta, even at low concentrations (50 microg/l) that Brazilian legislation previously considered safe. The fact that worms exposed to As showed high levels of methylated As species indicates the methylation capability of L. acuta, although the high levels of inorganic As suggest that not all the administered As(III) (as As(2)O(3)) is completely removed or biotransformed after 7 days of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Ventura-Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pérez M, García M, Blustein G, Stupak M. Tannin and tannate from the quebracho tree: an eco-friendly alternative for controlling marine biofouling. Biofouling 2007; 23:151-9. [PMID: 17653926 DOI: 10.1080/08927010701189484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Current antifouling coatings are based on toxic compounds that can be harmful to the natural environment. A promising alternative to these compounds is the use of natural products that are non-toxic, but have antifouling properties. Tannins are natural, water-soluble, complex polyphenolic substances, which precipitate proteins and have anticorrosive and antimicrobial properties. In this study, the effect of quebracho tannin as a probable antifouling pigment in both laboratory and field trials is evaluated. As tannins have high solubility in aqueous media and consequently would leach rapidly, they were precipitated as aluminium tannate, which has an adequate solubility for use as a component in marine paints. In vitro exposure of Balanus amphitrite and Polydora ligni larvae to low concentrations of both quebracho tannin and saturated aluminium tannate solutions produced complete appendage immobilisation. In 28-d field trials of test gels, a significant decrease in micro- and macrofouling density and diversity in relation to the control gel was detected (p < 0.05). This study suggests that natural tannins could be employed as bioactive pigment for new antifouling technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pérez
- CIDEPINT (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas), La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schröder HC, Breter HJ, Fattorusso E, Ushijima H, Wiens M, Steffen R, Batel R, Müller WEG. Okadaic acid, an apoptogenic toxin for symbiotic/parasitic annelids in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4907-16. [PMID: 16820487 PMCID: PMC1489365 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00228-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of okadaic acid (OA) in the defense system of the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula against symbiotic/parasitic annelids was examined. Bacteria within the mesohyl produced okadaic acid at concentrations between 32 ng/g and 58 ng/g of tissue (wet weight). By immunocytochemical methods and by use of antibodies against OA, we showed that the toxin was intracellularly stored in vesicles. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that OA also existed bound to a protein with a molecular weight of 35,000 which was tentatively identified as a galectin (by application of antigalectin antibodies). Annelids that are found in S. domuncula undergo apoptotic cell death. OA is one candidate inducer molecule of this process, since this toxin accumulated in these symbionts/parasites. Furthermore, we identified the cDNA encoding the multifunctional prosurvival molecule BAG-1 in S. domuncula; it undergoes strong expression in the presence of the annelid. Our data suggest that sponges use toxins (here, OA) produced from bacteria to eliminate metazoan symbionts/parasites by apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Galar Martínez M, Martínez-Tabche L, Sánchez-Hidalgo E, López López E. [Effect of zinc-enriched sediments, in open and isolated systems, on three species of benthonic invertebrates]. REV BIOL TROP 2006; 54:451-460. [PMID: 18494315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of toxics in aquatic bodies is limited by the physicochemical characteristics of sediments and water, as well as by the interactions between the different xenobiotics and inhabits species. The aim of this work was to relate the effect produced by zinc (Zn) spiked in sediments of the Ignacio Ramirez dam (PIR), in isolated and microcosms models, on ATP concentration of three benthic organisms with the metal biodisponibility. The selected species were a crustacean, an annelid and a mollusk: Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae), Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) and Stagnicola attenuata (Basommatophora: Lymnaeidae), species that are found at high proportions in the reservoir and use different spaces in the benthos. Samples of sediments and organisms were collected from the PIR during the dry season (February of 1999). Metal concentration (Zn, Fe, Cu and Ni), pH, texture, particle size, total nitrogen and organic matter were determined in sediments. Sublethal studies were carried out using two types of static systems (organisms isolated and in microcosms). Both models contained PIR sediments enriched with Zn (nominal concentration of 0.8129 mg/kg) and synthetic water in a proportion of 1:4. The test organisms were added to the systems once the equilibrium was reached (2 hr) considering the biomass quantity with respect to volume (1.0 g of organism by each 100 ml of water:sediment). After 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hr of exposure, samples of sediment and hydrobionts were taken, and Zn content was quantified by atomic absorption. ATP concentration was also determined in organisms. The effect produced by natural sediments spiked with Zn is increased by the presence of more than one specie in the system (microcosm). With respect to Zn levels, two of the organisms tend to lose this metal in isolated and microcosm models, probably as a regulation strategy in its accumulation, as well as Fe presence in the reservoir sediments. Therefore, H. azteca maintained a constant Zn levels during the whole experiment. It is possible that the caption rate is so low in this organism that it does not need another regulatory mechanism. A decrement in ATP in worms and amphipods was observed in both systems at all exposure times. Possibly Zn and other metals present in the sediments interfere with the energy production enzymes by binding to SH groups. Nevertheless this biomolecule increased in snails in microcosms at all exposure times and in isolated systems at the end of the experiment, probably due to compensatory mechanisms and reduction in energy consumption present in mollusks during heavy metals exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Galar Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, sección de Graduados, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, México, D.F.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Satou R, Nakagawa T, Ido H, Tomomatsu M, Suzuki F, Nakamura Y. Angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II regulates water flow through aquaporins in a clam worm. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 69:1221-5. [PMID: 16041122 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin III has been reported to exist in various animals and tissues. The physiological role, however, is still unclear except that brain angiotensin III is a central regulator of vasopressin release. In this study, angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II enhanced an increase in body weight of clam worms of Perinereis sp. under a hypo-osmotic condition and suppressed a decrease in body weight under a hyper-osmotic condition. When clam worms were treated with tetrachloroaurate (III) after angiotensin-treatment, these enhancing and suppressive effects of the angiotensins under hypo- and hyper-osmotic conditions were inhibited. In contrast, when clam worms were pretreated with tetrachloroaurate (III) before angiotensin-treatment, these effects of angiotensins were not inhibited. Since tetrachloroaurate (III) is a representative blocker of aquaporins, these results indicate that angiotensin III as well as angiotensin II regulates water flow through aquaporins in clam worms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryousuke Satou
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The eggs of Urechis unicinctus Von Drasche, an echiuroid, are arrested at P-I stage in meiosis. The meiosis is reinitiated by fertilization. Immunoblotting analysis using anti-ERK2 and anti-phospho-MAPK antibodies revealed a 44 kDa MAP kinase species that was constantly expressed in U. unicinctus eggs, quickly phosphorylated after fertilization, and dephosphorylated slowly before the completion of meiosis I. Phosphorylation of the protein was not depressed by protein synthesis inhibitor Cycloheximide (CHX), but was depressed by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059. Under PD98059 treatment, polar body extrusion was suppressed and the function of centrosome and spindle was abnormal though GVBD was not affected, indicating that MAP kinase cascade was important for meiotic division of U. unicinctus eggs. Other discovery includes: A23187 and OA could parthenogenetically activate U. unicinctus eggs and phosphorylated 44 kDa MAP kinase species, indicating that the effect of fertilization on reinitiating meiosis and phosphorylation of 44 kDa MAP kinase specie is mediated by raising intracellular free calcium and by phosphorylation of some proteins, and that phosphotase(s) sensitive to OA is responsible for arresting U. unicinctus eggs in prophase I. diC8, an activator of PKC, accelerated the process of U. unicinctus egg meiotic division after fertilization and accelerated the dephosphorylation of 44 kDa MAP kinase specie, which implied that the acceleration effect of PKC on meiotic division was mediated by inactivation of MAP kinase cascade. Elevating cAMP/PKA level in U. unicinctus eggs had no effect on meiotic division of the eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Girguis PR, Childress JJ, Freytag JK, Klose K, Stuber R. Effects of metabolite uptake on proton-equivalent elimination by two species of deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm,Riftia pachyptilaandLamellibrachiacfluymesi: proton elimination is a necessary adaptation to sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic symbionts. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3055-66. [PMID: 12200408 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.19.3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIntracellular symbiosis requires that the host satisfy the symbiont's metabolic requirements, including the elimination of waste products. The hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the hydrocarbon seep worm Lamellibrachia cf luymesi are symbiotic with chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that produce sulfate and protons as end-products. In this report, we examine the relationship between symbiont metabolism and host proton equivalent elimination in R. pachyptilaand L. cf luymesi, and the effects of sulfide exposure on proton-equivalent elimination by Urechis caupo, an echiuran worm that lacks intracellular symbionts (for brevity, we will hereafter refer to proton-equivalent elimination as `proton elimination'). Proton elimination by R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi constitutes the worms' largest mass-specific metabolite flux, and R. pachyptilaproton elimination is, to our knowledge, the most rapid reported for any metazoan. Proton elimination rates by R. pachyptila and L.cf luymesi correlated primarily with the rate of sulfide oxidation. Prolonged exposure to low environmental oxygen concentrations completely inhibited the majority of proton elimination by R. pachyptila,demonstrating that proton elimination does not result primarily from anaerobic metabolism. Large and rapid increases in environmental inorganic carbon concentrations led to short-lived proton elimination by R. pachyptila, as a result of the equilibration between internal and external inorganic carbon pools. U. caupo consistently exhibited proton elimination rates 5-20 times lower than those of L. cf luymesi and R. pachyptila upon exposure to sulfide. Treatment with specific ATPase inhibitors completely inhibited a fraction of proton elimination and sulfide and inorganic carbon uptake by R. pachyptila, suggesting that proton elimination occurs in large part via K+/H+-ATPases and Na+/H+-ATPases. In the light of these results, we suggest that protons are the primary waste product of the symbioses of R. pachyptila and L. cf luymesi, and that proton elimination is driven by symbiont metabolism, and may be the largest energetic cost incurred by the worms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Girguis
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lydy MJ, Crawford CG, Frey JW. A comparison of selected diversity, similarity, and biotic indices for detecting changes in benthic-invertebrate community structure and stream quality. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2000; 39:469-479. [PMID: 11031307 DOI: 10.1007/s002440010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of advanced wastewater treatment at the two municipal wastewater-treatment plants for Indianapolis, Indiana, resulted in substantial improvement in the quality of the receiving stream and significant changes in the benthic-invertebrate community. Diversity, similarity, and biotic indices were compared to determine which indices best reflected changes in the composition of the biota in the river. None of the indices perfectly reflected the changes in river quality or community structure. Similarity indices, especially percentage similarity, exhibit the most promise of the three classes of indices. Diversity indices were least useful, wrongly indicating that water quality deteriorated after the upgrade of the wastewater-treatment plants. The most descriptive tool in analyzing the data was the percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa present. Using a mixture of indices and other analytical tools, such as EPT, in the analysis of biological data will ensure the most effective investigations of water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Lydy
- Wichita State University, Department of Biological Sciences, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0026, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a well-known inhibitor of aerobic respiration via its reversible binding of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, but recent studies have suggested that HS may have other non-respiratory actions. We have studied the effects of HS on spontaneous and evoked contractions in vitro under hypoxic and anoxic conditions in nerve-muscle preparations from the echiuran worm Urechis caupo. Contraction amplitude in response to electric field stimulation under anoxic conditions was completely abolished by HS within minutes in a classic dose-response relationship (Kd=31 mmol l-1, r2=0.86). Exposure of body wall and esophagus to HS in vitro for up to 6 h demonstrated that the contraction amplitude and frequency of spontaneous activity were relatively insensitive to anoxia, but that the sensitivity to HS was similar to that seen in field-stimulated muscle (Kd=2.7-32 mmol l-1). The toxic effects of HS were reversible, with almost complete recovery under anoxic conditions within the first hour. These data indicate that HS at millimolar concentrations can directly inhibit muscle contraction. Although the mechanism of this action is unknown, it does not appear to involve metabolic pathways or oxygen transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Julian
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920-0855, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fargasová A. Comparison of effects of tributyl-, triphenyl-, and tribenzyltin compounds on freshwater benthos and alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 60:9-15. [PMID: 9484550 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Fargasová
- Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Walker RJ, Holden-Dye L, Franks CJ. Physiological and pharmacological studies on annelid and nematode body wall muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 106:49-58. [PMID: 7903620 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90253-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
1. This review covers the pharmacology and physiology of the body wall muscle systems of nematodes and annelids. 2. Both acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) play important roles in the control of body wall muscle in both phyla. In annelids and nematodes, acetylcholine is the excitatory neuromuscular transmitter while GABA is the inhibitory neuromuscular transmitter. In addition, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has a modulatory role at annelid body wall muscle but little if any effect on nematode body wall muscle. 3. The acetylcholine receptor of the body wall muscle can be classified as nicotinic-like in both phyla though the annelid receptor has not been analysed in detail. In nematodes, vertebrate ganglionic nicotinic agonists were the most effective of those so far examined while mecamylamine and benzoquinonium were the most effective antagonists. Both neuronal bungarotoxin and neosurugatoxin were potent antagonists of acetylcholine excitation at the nematode receptor. 4. The GABA receptor of the body wall muscle exhibits similarities with the vertebrate GABA-A receptor in both phyla. Picrotoxin is a very weak or inactive antagonist at leech and nematode GABA receptors, while bicuculline methiodide blocks leech GABA receptors but is inactive on nematode GABA receptors. Picrotoxin does block GABA responses of earthworm body wall muscle. All these GABA responses are chloride mediated. 5. Neuroactive peptides of the RFamide family occur in both phyla and FMRFamide has been identified in leeches. RFamides probably have an important role in heart regulation in leeches and in modulation of their body wall muscles. RFamides also modulate nematode body wall muscle activity with KNEFIRFamide raising muscle tone while SDPNFLRFamide relaxes the muscle. It is likely that this family and other neuroactive peptides play an important role in the physiology of body wall muscle throughout both phyla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Walker
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Southampton, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
1. Two peptides that showed an inhibitory effect on twitch contraction of the inner circular body-wall muscle of the echiuroid Urechis unicinctus were purified from extracts of the ventral nerve cords of the worms. 2. On the basis of the results of amino acid analysis, amino acid sequence analysis and FAB-MS measurement, the primary structures of the peptides were proposed to be H-Phe-Arg-Val-Phe-OH (FRVF) and H-Phe-Arg-Phe-OH (FRF). 3. FRVF and FRF were synthesized, and their behavior on HPLC and biological activities on the body-wall muscle were confirmed to be identical to those of the native peptides. 4. FRVF was also found to have a potentiating effect on spontaneous contractions of the intestine of the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Ikeda
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yap HH, Lau BL, Leong YP. Laboratory and field tests of temephos (AbateR) on mosquito larvae and non-target organisms in rice fields in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1982; 13:646-53. [PMID: 6189198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of Abate (temephos) on mosquito larvae and non-target organisms were studied in the rice-field and in the laboratory. In the laboratory tests, Culex tritaeniorhychus larvae and cladoceran zooplanktons (predominantly Diaphanosoma and Moinodaphnia species) were found to be highly susceptible to Abate with LC50 values of 0.27 and less than 0.10 parts per billion respectively. Other non-target species in decreasing degree of susceptibility to Abate were copepods (Tropodiaptomus spp.), Aplocheilus panchax and Tubifex worms. In field study, Abate at concentrations 60, 100 and 200 gm hectare-1 is effective in maintaining the rice-fields free of Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes for at least 2 days. No mortality was observed for Aplocheilus panchax and Tubifex worms at the above concentrations; nevertheless, populations of cladoceran zooplanktons and copepods were reduced up to seven days posttreatment.
Collapse
|
35
|
Alexandre H, De Petrocellis B, Brachet J. Studies on differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus. Requirement for a definite number of DNA replication cycles shown by aphidicolin pulses. Differentiation 1982; 22:132-5. [PMID: 6813172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1982.tb01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aphidicolin, a powerful inhibitor of nuclear DNA replication, has been used to establish the level of polyploidisation required for the realization of the late morphogenetic events (segregation, pseudogastrulation and ciliation) of differentiation without cleavage in Chaetopterus-activated eggs. A parallel has been drawn between cytophotometric estimations of the DNA content and cytoplasmic differentiation in eggs treated with aphidicolin under different experimental conditions: either pulses with aphidicolin were followed by culture in sea water or the eggs were treated with aphidicolin after development had taken place in sea water for various lengths of time. The results suggest that a 'quantal' monasterial cycle might take place 3 h after activation, corresponding presumably to the fourth or fifth replication cycle. Moreover, early DNA replication seems to be more important for morphogenesis than late DNA replication.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tagatz ME, Ivey JM, Gregory NR, Oglesby JL. Effects of pentachlorophenol on field- and laboratory-developed estuarine benthic communities. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1981; 26:137-143. [PMID: 7225616 DOI: 10.1007/bf01622067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
37
|
|
38
|
Banghan AD, Hill MW. Proceedings: The effect of anaesthetics and temperature upon tubificids. J Physiol 1974; 242:12P. [PMID: 4455788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
39
|
|
40
|
Cripps RA, Reish DJ. The effect of environmental stress on the activity of malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in Neanthes arenacedentata (Annelida: Polychaeta). Comp Biochem Physiol B 1973; 46:123-33. [PMID: 4747093 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(73)90052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
41
|
Weuffen W, Höppe H, Fiedler H. [Anthelmintic, bacteriostatic and antifungal effect of various benzoxathioles]. Pharmazie 1973; 28:51-4. [PMID: 4714242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
42
|
Calleja JM, Romero MC. Possible anthelmintic action of Adenocarpus complicatus. Lloydia 1972; 35:305-6. [PMID: 5086293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
Walker JG. Oxygen poisoning in the annelid Tubifex tubifex. II. Osmotic protection. Biol Bull 1971; 140:156-165. [PMID: 5543339 DOI: 10.2307/1540034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
46
|
|
47
|
LaRoche G, Eisler R, Tarzwell CM. Bioassay procedures for oil and oil dispersant toxicity evaluation. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1970; 42:1982-9. [PMID: 5478693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
48
|
Edwards CA. Soil pollutants and soil animals. Sci Am 1969; 220:88-99. [PMID: 5780686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
49
|
Edwards CA. Soil pollutants and soil animals. S Afr Med J 1968; 42:88-99. [PMID: 5717056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
50
|
Chvapil M, Hurych J, Ehrlichová E, Tichý M. Mechanism of the action of chelating agents on proline hydroxylation and its incorporation into collagenous and non-collagenous proteins. Eur J Biochem 1967; 2:229-35. [PMID: 6078535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|