1
|
Moehler M, Heo J, Lee HC, Tak WY, Chao Y, Paik SW, Yim HJ, Byun KS, Baron A, Ungerechts G, Jonker D, Ruo L, Cho M, Kaubisch A, Wege H, Merle P, Ebert O, Habersetzer F, Blanc JF, Rosmorduc O, Lencioni R, Patt R, Leen AM, Foerster F, Homerin M, Stojkowitz N, Lusky M, Limacher JM, Hennequi M, Gaspar N, McFadden B, De Silva N, Shen D, Pelusio A, Kirn DH, Breitbach CJ, Burke JM. Vaccinia-based oncolytic immunotherapy Pexastimogene Devacirepvec in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after sorafenib failure: a randomized multicenter Phase IIb trial (TRAVERSE). Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1615817. [PMID: 31413923 PMCID: PMC6682346 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1615817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa-Vec) is a vaccinia virus-based oncolytic immunotherapy designed to preferentially replicate in and destroy tumor cells while stimulating anti-tumor immunity by expressing GM-CSF. An earlier randomized Phase IIa trial in predominantly sorafenib-naïve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) demonstrated an overall survival (OS) benefit. This randomized, open-label Phase IIb trial investigated whether Pexa-Vec plus Best Supportive Care (BSC) improved OS over BSC alone in HCC patients who failed sorafenib therapy (TRAVERSE). 129 patients were randomly assigned 2:1 to Pexa-Vec plus BSC vs. BSC alone. Pexa-Vec was given as a single intravenous (IV) infusion followed by up to 5 IT injections. The primary endpoint was OS. Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (RR), time to progression (TTP) and safety. A high drop-out rate in the control arm (63%) confounded assessment of response-based endpoints. Median OS (ITT) for Pexa-Vec plus BSC vs. BSC alone was 4.2 and 4.4 months, respectively (HR, 1.19, 95% CI: 0.78–1.80; p = .428). There was no difference between the two treatment arms in RR or TTP. Pexa-Vec was generally well-tolerated. The most frequent Grade 3 included pyrexia (8%) and hypotension (8%). Induction of immune responses to vaccinia antigens and HCC associated antigens were observed. Despite a tolerable safety profile and induction of T cell responses, Pexa-Vec did not improve OS as second-line therapy after sorafenib failure. The true potential of oncolytic viruses may lie in the treatment of patients with earlier disease stages which should be addressed in future studies. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01387555
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Moehler
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Heo
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - H C Lee
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic ofKorea
| | - W Y Tak
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Chao
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S W Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - K S Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea UniversityCollege of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Baron
- Department of Medicine, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - G Ungerechts
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Jonker
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Ruo
- Department of Surgery, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - A Kaubisch
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Wege
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Merle
- Hepatology Unit, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - O Ebert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - F Habersetzer
- Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, INSERM 1110, IHU de Strasbourg and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J F Blanc
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - R Lencioni
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Patt
- Rad-MD, New York, NY, USA
| | - A M Leen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Foerster
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Homerin
- Medical Affairs, Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - N Stojkowitz
- Clinical Operations, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - M Lusky
- Program Management, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - J M Limacher
- Medical Affairs, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - M Hennequi
- Biostatistics, Transgene S.A., 400 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67405 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - N Gaspar
- Clinical Assays, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B McFadden
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N De Silva
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Shen
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Pelusio
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D H Kirn
- SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - J M Burke
- Clinical, SillaJen Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heo J, Kirn DH, Breitbach C, Cho M, Patt R, Kim C, Kim S, Rhee B, Bell JC, Hwang T. Evaluating antivascular effects and antitumoral activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with JX-594, a targeted multimechanistic oncolytic poxvirus, prior to sorafenib therapy. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e14564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
3
|
Lee JH, Roh MS, Lee YK, Kim MK, Han JY, Park BH, Trown P, Kirn DH, Hwang TH. Oncolytic and immunostimulatory efficacy of a targeted oncolytic poxvirus expressing human GM-CSF following intravenous administration in a rabbit tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2010; 17:73-9. [PMID: 19629143 PMCID: PMC2834359 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeted oncolytic poxviruses hold promise for the treatment of cancer. Arming these agents with immunostimulatory cytokines (for example, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF) can potentially increase their efficacy and/or alter their safety. However, due to species-specific differences in both human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF) activity and poxviruses immune avoidance proteins, the impact of hGM-CSF expression from an oncolytic poxvirus cannot be adequately assessed in murine or rat tumor models. We developed a rabbit tumor model to assess toxicology, pharmacodynamics, oncolytic efficacy and tumor-specific immunity of hGM-CSF expressed from a targeted oncolytic poxvirus JX-963. Recombinant purified hGM-CSF protein stimulated a leukocyte response in this model that paralleled effects of the protein in humans. JX-963 replication and targeting was highly tumor-selective after i.v. administration, and intratumoral replication led to recurrent, delayed systemic viremia. Likewise, hGM-CSF was expressed and released into the blood during JX-963 replication in tumors, but not in tumor-free animals. hGM-CSF expression from JX-963 was associated with significant increases in neutrophil, monocyte and basophil concentrations in the peripheral blood. Finally, tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were induced by the oncolytic poxvirus, and expression of hGM-CSF from the virus enhanced both tumor-specific CTL and antitumoral efficacy. JX-963 had significant efficacy against both the primary liver tumor as well as metastases; no significant organ toxicity was noted. This model holds promise for the evaluation of immunostimulatory transgene-armed oncolytic poxviruses, and potentially other viral species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lee
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University Busan, South Korea
| | - M-S Roh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University Busan, South Korea
| | - Y-K Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharrmacology, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | - M-K Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharrmacology, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| | - J-Y Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University Busan, South Korea
| | - B-H Park
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University Busan, South Korea
| | - P Trown
- Jennerex, Biotherapeutics Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D H Kirn
- Jennerex, Biotherapeutics Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - T-H Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharrmacology, Pusan National University Busan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu T, Park B, Hwang T, Kwon H, Oh S, Han S, Moon A, Speth K, Pinedo HM, Bell J, Kirn DH. Clinical proof-of-concept with JX-594, a novel targeted multi-mechanistic oncolytic poxvirus, in patients with refractory liver tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Hermiston TW, Kirn DH. Genetically based therapeutics for cancer: similarities and contrasts with traditional drug discovery and development. Mol Ther 2005; 11:496-507. [PMID: 15771953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular therapeutics is in its infancy and represents a promising and novel avenue for targeted cancer treatments. Like the small-molecule and antibody therapeutics before them, however, the genetic-based therapies will face significant research and development challenges in their maturation toward an approved cancer therapy. To facilitate this process, we outline and examine in this review the drug development process, briefly summarizing the research and development paradigms that have accompanied the recent successes of the small-molecule and antibody-based cancer therapeutics. Using this background, we compare and contrast the research and development experiences of small-molecule and antibody therapeutics with genetic-based cancer therapeutics, using oncolytic viruses as a defined example of an experimental molecular therapeutic for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Hermiston
- Department of Gene Therapy, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94941, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kirn DH. A Phase II Trial of Intratumoral Injection with a Selectively Replicating Adenovirus (ONYX-015) in Patients with Recurrent, Refractory Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Methods Mol Med 2003; 35:559-74. [PMID: 21390831 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-086-1:559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selectively replicating viruses may offer a new approach to cancer treatment. If successful in clinical trials, these agents will constitute a new category in the antitumoral armamentarium. Many viruses are currently being studied, and an adenovirus (ONYX-015) first entered clinical trials in 1996; herpesvirus agents are scheduled to enter clinical trials in 1998. Critical issues need to be addressed if the utility of these agents is to be optimized. For each virus, the effect of antiviral immunity on antitumoral efficacy must be better understood. For all viruses, physical barriers to spread within tumors (e.g., fibrosis, pressure gradients) must be overcome. Although proof-of-concept experiments with chemotherapy and ONYX-015 have been encouraging, further studies are required to determine optimal treatment-regimen sequencing. Combination studies with radiation therapy are also underway with ONYX-015. Finally, these agents may require modification (e.g., coat modification) in order to maximize effectiveness against systemic metastases following intravenous administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Kirn
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geoerger B, Grill J, Opolon P, Morizet J, Aubert G, Lecluse Y, van Beusechem VW, Gerritsen WR, Kirn DH, Vassal G. Potentiation of radiation therapy by the oncolytic adenovirus dl1520 (ONYX-015) in human malignant glioma xenografts. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:577-84. [PMID: 12888833 PMCID: PMC2394372 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of aggressive surgery, irradiation and/or chemotherapy, treatment of malignant gliomas remains a major challenge in adults and children due to high treatment failure. We have demonstrated significant cell lysis and antitumour activity of the E1B-55 kDa-gene-deleted adenovirus ONYX-015 (dl1520, CI-1042; ONYX Pharmaceuticals) in subcutaneous human malignant glioma xenografts deriving from primary tumours. Here, we show the combined efficacy of this oncolytic therapy with radiation therapy. Total body irradiation (5 Gy) of athymic nude mice prior to intratumoral injections of ONYX-015 1 x 10(8) PFU daily for 5 consecutive days yielded additive tumour growth delays in the p53 mutant xenograft IGRG88. Radiation therapy was potentiated in the p53 functional tumour IGRG121 with a 'subtherapeutic' dose of 1 x 10(7) PFU daily for 5 consecutive days, inducing significant tumour growth delay, 90% tumour regression and 50% tumour-free survivors 4 months after treatment. These potentiating effects were not due to increased adenoviral infectivity or replication. Furthermore, cell lysis and induction of apoptosis, the major mechanisms for adenoviral antitumour activity, did not play a major role in the combined treatment strategy. Interestingly, the oncolytic adenovirus seemed to accelerate radiation-induced tumour fibrosis. Potentiating antitumour activity suggests the development of this combined treatment for these highly malignant tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Geoerger
- Department of Pediatrics, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancers (UPRES EA3535), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - J Grill
- Department of Pediatrics, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancers (UPRES EA3535), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - P Opolon
- Vectorology and Gene transfer (UMR8121), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - J Morizet
- Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancers (UPRES EA3535), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - G Aubert
- Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancers (UPRES EA3535), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Y Lecluse
- Flowcytometry Facility, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - V W van Beusechem
- Division of Gene Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W R Gerritsen
- Division of Gene Therapy, Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D H Kirn
- ONYX Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | - G Vassal
- Department of Pediatrics, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancers (UPRES EA3535), Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pharmacology and New Treatments of Cancer (UPRES EA 3535), 39 Rue Camille Desmoulins, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vasey PA, Shulman LN, Campos S, Davis J, Gore M, Johnston S, Kirn DH, O'Neill V, Siddiqui N, Seiden MV, Kaye SB. Phase I trial of intraperitoneal injection of the E1B-55-kd-gene-deleted adenovirus ONYX-015 (dl1520) given on days 1 through 5 every 3 weeks in patients with recurrent/refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002. [PMID: 11896105 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.6.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer is frequently associated with mutations in the p53 gene. The adenovirus dl1520 (ONYX-015) with the E1B 55-kd gene deleted, allowing selective replication in and lysis of p53-deficient tumor cells, has shown preclinical efficacy against p53-deficient nude mouse-human ovarian carcinomatosis xenografts. PATIENTS AND METHODS We undertook a phase I trial of intraperitoneal dl1520 in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Sixteen women with recurrent/refractory ovarian cancer received 35 cycles (median, two cycles) of dl1520 delivered on days 1 through 5 in four dose cohorts: 1 x 10(9) plaque forming units (pfu), 1 x 10(10) pfu, 3 x 10(10) pfu, and 1 x 10(11) pfu. RESULTS The most common significant toxicities related to virus administration were flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. One patient receiving 1 x 10(10) pfu developed common toxicity criteria grade 3 abdominal pain and diarrhea, which was dose-limiting. The maximum-tolerated dose was not reached at 10(11) pfu, and at this dose level patients did not experience significant toxicity. There was no clear-cut evidence of clinical or radiologic response in any patient. Blood samples were taken for adenovirus DNA and neutralizing antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction data indicating presence of virus up to 10 days after the final (day 5) infusion of dl1520 are suggestive of continuing viral replication. CONCLUSION This article therefore describes the first clinical experience with the intraperitoneal delivery of any replication-competent/-selective virus in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Vasey
- Beatson Oncology Centre and Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vasey PA, Shulman LN, Campos S, Davis J, Gore M, Johnston S, Kirn DH, O'Neill V, Siddiqui N, Seiden MV, Kaye SB. Phase I trial of intraperitoneal injection of the E1B-55-kd-gene-deleted adenovirus ONYX-015 (dl1520) given on days 1 through 5 every 3 weeks in patients with recurrent/refractory epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1562-9. [PMID: 11896105 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.20.6.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer is frequently associated with mutations in the p53 gene. The adenovirus dl1520 (ONYX-015) with the E1B 55-kd gene deleted, allowing selective replication in and lysis of p53-deficient tumor cells, has shown preclinical efficacy against p53-deficient nude mouse-human ovarian carcinomatosis xenografts. PATIENTS AND METHODS We undertook a phase I trial of intraperitoneal dl1520 in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Sixteen women with recurrent/refractory ovarian cancer received 35 cycles (median, two cycles) of dl1520 delivered on days 1 through 5 in four dose cohorts: 1 x 10(9) plaque forming units (pfu), 1 x 10(10) pfu, 3 x 10(10) pfu, and 1 x 10(11) pfu. RESULTS The most common significant toxicities related to virus administration were flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. One patient receiving 1 x 10(10) pfu developed common toxicity criteria grade 3 abdominal pain and diarrhea, which was dose-limiting. The maximum-tolerated dose was not reached at 10(11) pfu, and at this dose level patients did not experience significant toxicity. There was no clear-cut evidence of clinical or radiologic response in any patient. Blood samples were taken for adenovirus DNA and neutralizing antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction data indicating presence of virus up to 10 days after the final (day 5) infusion of dl1520 are suggestive of continuing viral replication. CONCLUSION This article therefore describes the first clinical experience with the intraperitoneal delivery of any replication-competent/-selective virus in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Vasey
- Beatson Oncology Centre and Stobhill Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Replication-competent viruses have shown considerable promise in overcoming the inefficient gene transduction experienced by traditional gene therapy approaches to cancer treatment. The viruses infect tumor cells and replicate inside them, eventually causing lysis. Virus particles released during lysis are then able to infect other tumor cells, and, in this way, continuous rounds of infection and lysis allow the virus to spread throughout the tumor. Motivated by this novel cancer treatment, we formulate and analyse a system of partial differential equations that is essentially a radially-symmetric epidemic model embedded in a Stefan problem. We compare three, alternative virus-injection strategies: a fixed fraction of cells pre-infected with the virus are introduced throughout the entire tumor volume, within the tumor core, or within the tumor rim. For all three injection methods, simple and accurate conditions that predict whether the virus will control the tumor are derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- Operations Research Center, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khuri FR, Nemunaitis J, Ganly I, Arseneau J, Tannock IF, Romel L, Gore M, Ironside J, MacDougall RH, Heise C, Randlev B, Gillenwater AM, Bruso P, Kaye SB, Hong WK, Kirn DH. a controlled trial of intratumoral ONYX-015, a selectively-replicating adenovirus, in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer. Nat Med 2000; 6:879-85. [PMID: 10932224 DOI: 10.1038/78638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ONYX-015 is an adenovirus with the E1B 55-kDa gene deleted, engineered to selectively replicate in and lyse p53-deficient cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Although ONYX-015 and chemotherapy have demonstrated anti-tumoral activity in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer, disease recurs rapidly with either therapy alone. We undertook a phase II trial of a combination of intratumoral ONYX-015 injection with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. There were substantial objective responses, including a high proportion of complete responses. By 6 months, none of the responding tumors had progressed, whereas all non-injected tumors treated with chemotherapy alone had progressed. The toxic effects that occurred were acceptable. Tumor biopsies obtained after treatment showed tumor-selective viral replication and necrosis induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R Khuri
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- C Heise
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA. Imperial Cancer Research Fund and the Imperial College School of Medicine, Program for Viral and Genetic Therapy of Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital, London WI2 ONN, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- D H Kirn
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Molecular Oncology Unit, Program for Viral and Genetic Therapy of Cancer, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rogulski KR, Freytag SO, Zhang K, Gilbert JD, Paielli DL, Kim JH, Heise CC, Kirn DH. In vivo antitumor activity of ONYX-015 is influenced by p53 status and is augmented by radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1193-6. [PMID: 10728673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The E1B-deleted, replication-competent ONYX-015 (dl1520) adenovirus was originally described as being able to selectively kill p53-deficient cells due to a requirement of p53 inactivation for efficient viral replication. This hypothesis has become controversial because subsequent in vitro studies have demonstrated that the host range specificity of ONYX-015 is independent of p53 gene status. Using a pair of isogenic cell lines that differ only in their p53 status, we demonstrate here that although ONYX-015 can replicate in both p53 wild-type and mutant cells in vitro, the virus demonstrates significantly greater antitumor activity against mutant p53 tumors in vivo. Moreover, ONYX-015 viral therapy can be combined with radiation to improve tumor control beyond that of either monotherapy. The results demonstrate that ONYX-015 can discern in vivo between tumors having a different p53 status and that it may be an effective neoadjuvant to radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Rogulski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heise CC, Williams A, Olesch J, Kirn DH. Efficacy of a replication-competent adenovirus (ONYX-015) following intratumoral injection: intratumoral spread and distribution effects. Cancer Gene Ther 1999; 6:499-504. [PMID: 10608346 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
ONYX-015 is an E1B-deleted adenovirus that replicates in and causes lysis of p53-deficient cancer cells selectively. To study the efficiency of intratumoral (i.t.) spread by ONYX-015, we infected specific fractions of tumor cells (two p53-deficient tumor lines and one p53 functional line) in vitro before subcutaneous inoculation into nude mice. Infection of as few as 5% of p53- tumor cells prevented tumor development in all cases; infection of 1% of p53- tumor cells resulted in significant growth inhibition but did not prevent tumor formation. In contrast, infection with ONYX-015 had no significant effect on p53+ tumor formation. These data suggested that replication-dependent tumor cell lysis and spread was occurring, but that tumor destruction might be improved by increasing i.t. virus distribution. Two treatment parameters were then varied to determine whether virus distribution, and consequently efficacy, could be improved. Divided i.t. injections of virus were more efficacious than a single injection of the same total dose. Likewise, increasing the volume of the viral suspension for i.t. injection allowed better distribution within the tumor mass and increased efficacy. These results have implications for the treatment of cancer patients with viral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Heise
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California 94806, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Heise CC, Williams AM, Xue S, Propst M, Kirn DH. Intravenous administration of ONYX-015, a selectively replicating adenovirus, induces antitumoral efficacy. Cancer Res 1999; 59:2623-8. [PMID: 10363984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Replication-incompetent viral vectors are being developed for the gene therapy of cancer. Although some of these may eventually be proven to have significant localized antitumoral activity, none to date have been shown to infect and cause regression of established tumors following i.v. administration. Because cancer is a systemic disease in almost all fatal cases, the lack of i.v. efficacy is a major limitation to treatment with replication-incompetent viral vectors. ONYX-015 (d11520) is an attenuated adenovirus that replicates in and causes selective lysis of cancer cells. We carried out i.v. efficacy and distribution studies in nude mice with s.c. and intraparenchymal tumor xenografts. ONYX-015 infected and replicated efficiently within tumors following i.v. administration. Viral titers in livers were relatively high 3 h after administration but decreased rapidly, becoming undetectable after 24 h. Effective antitumor doses were not associated with hepatic toxicity. Viral replication within tumors was associated with regressions in several tumor models. Selectively replicating viruses like ONYX-015 hold promise as agents to treat metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Heise
- ONYX Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California 94806, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heise C, Kirn DH, Balmain A. Approaches to the Gene Therapy of Cancer Using Replication-Competent Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Gene Ther 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03577-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
19
|
Heise C, Sampson-Johannes A, Williams A, McCormick F, Von Hoff DD, Kirn DH. ONYX-015, an E1B gene-attenuated adenovirus, causes tumor-specific cytolysis and antitumoral efficacy that can be augmented by standard chemotherapeutic agents. Nat Med 1997; 3:639-45. [PMID: 9176490 DOI: 10.1038/nm0697-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 55-kilodalton (kDa) protein from the E1B-region of adenovirus binds to and inactivates the p53 gene, which is mutated in half of human cancers. We have previously shown that the replication and cytopathogenicity of an E1B, 55-kDa gene-attenuated adenovirus, ONYX-015, is blocked by functional p53 in RKO and U20S carcinoma lines. We now report that normal human cells were highly resistant to ONYX-015-mediated, replication-dependent cytolysis. In contrast, a wide range of human tumor cells, including numerous carcinoma lines with either mutant or normal p53 gene sequences (exons 5-9), were efficiently destroyed. Antitumoral efficacy was documented following intratumoral or intravenous administration of ONYX-015 to nude mouse-human tumor xenografts; efficacy with ONYX-015 plus chemotherapy (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) was significantly greater than with either agent alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Heise
- ONYX Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California 94806, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Replication-competent viruses are used as selective cancer therapeutics and the mechanisms leading to tumor-specific replication and antitumoral efficacy are now becoming apparent. The specific viruses in development include tumor-targeting herpes simplex viruses, autonomous parvoviruses, Newcastle disease viruses and adenovirus. Information is also available on antiviral immunology and viral defenses against host-mediated immunity. This approach has many potential attributes, in addition to potential hurdles that must be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Kirn
- Director of Pre-clinical and Clinical Research, ONYX Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bischoff JR, Kirn DH, Williams A, Heise C, Horn S, Muna M, Ng L, Nye JA, Sampson-Johannes A, Fattaey A, McCormick F. An adenovirus mutant that replicates selectively in p53-deficient human tumor cells. Science 1996; 274:373-6. [PMID: 8832876 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5286.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human adenovirus E1B gene encodes a 55-kilodalton protein that inactivates the cellular tumor suppressor protein p53. Here it is shown that a mutant adenovirus that does not express this viral protein can replicate in and lyse p53-deficient human tumor cells but not cells with functional p53. Ectopic expression of the 55-kilodalton EIB protein in the latter cells rendered them sensitive to infection with the mutant virus. Injection of the mutant virus into p53-deficient human cervical carcinomas grown in nude mice caused a significant reduction in tumor size and caused complete regression of 60 percent of the tumors. These data raise the possibility that mutant adenoviruses can be used to treat certain human tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenovirus E1B Proteins/genetics
- Adenovirus E1B Proteins/metabolism
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/physiology
- Animals
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, p53
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/virology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Sigmodontinae
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Bischoff
- ONYX Pharmaceuticals, 3031 Research Drive, Richmond, CA 94806, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kirn DH, Kramer A. Long-term freedom from disease progression with interferon alfa therapy in two patients with malignant hemangiopericytoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:764-5. [PMID: 8637034 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/88.11.764-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
23
|
Kirn DH, Fredericks D, McCutchan JA, Stites D, Shuman M. Marked elevation of the serum ferritin is highly specific for disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS. AIDS 1995; 9:1204-5. [PMID: 8519465 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199510000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
24
|
Kirn DH, Fredericks D, McCutchan JA, Stites D, Shuman M. Serum ferritin levels correlate with disease activity in patients with AIDS and disseminated histoplasmosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:1048-9. [PMID: 8645808 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/21.4.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D H Kirn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rutherford CJ, Schneider TJ, Dempsey H, Kirn DH, Brugnara C, Goldberg MA. Efficacy of different dosing regimens for recombinant human erythropoietin in a simulated perisurgical setting: the importance of iron availability in optimizing response. Am J Med 1994; 96:139-45. [PMID: 8109598 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to develop a short-term, practical, yet effective regimen for the perioperative use of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) as an alternative to autologous blood donation and/or homologous transfusion. In addition, changes in iron kinetics during accelerated erythropoiesis were examined. PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized trial was performed on 24 healthy, iron-replete men. Subjects were given r-HuEPO in one of three dosage schedules, receiving a total dose of 1200 U/kg r-HuEPO subcutaneously: Group I--300 U/kg on Days 1, 4, 7, and 10; Group II--400 U/kg on Days 1, 5, and 9; Group III--600 U/kg on Days 1 and 10. All subjects received 300 mg of elemental iron orally each day for 10 days beginning on Day 1. Complete blood counts (CBC), absolute reticulocyte counts, serum ferritin, serum iron, serum total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and serum transferrin receptor protein concentrations were measured periodically during the 24-day study period. RESULTS All groups showed a statistically significant increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and absolute reticulocyte count. There was no significant difference in response among the three groups with respect to hemoglobin and hematocrit. The mean maximum increases in hematocrit were 5.4 +/- 1.7, 6.0 +/- 2.1, and 7.2 +/- 2.6 in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The increase in hematocrit positively correlated with log baseline ferritin (r = 0.682, p < 0.001). Administration of r-HuEPO was associated with a highly significant (p < or = 0.0005) 74% decrease in serum ferritin, as well as a marked decrease in percent saturation of TIBC from 39% +/- 14% to 14% +/- 4% (p < or = 0.0005). This was despite the fact that subjects lost less than 250 mL of blood as a result of venipunctures during the entire course of the study. CONCLUSION Each of these r-HuEPO dose schedules provides an effective, convenient regimen for perisurgical use. However, "normal" iron stores for basal erythropoiesis may not always be sufficient to supply optimal amounts of iron for the accelerated erythropoiesis associated with acute r-HuEPO administration, even with oral iron supplementation. Nonetheless, these findings provide support for further study of the use of r-HuEPO as an alternative to autologous blood donation in the perisurgical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Rutherford
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kirn DH, Lynch TJ, Mentzer SJ, Lee TH, Strauss GM, Elias AD, Skarin AT, Sugarbaker DJ. Multimodality therapy of patients with stage IIIA, N2 non-small-cell lung cancer. Impact of preoperative chemotherapy on resectability and downstaging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:696-702. [PMID: 8412265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effect of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy on resectability, stage of disease at resection, and patterns of recurrence and survival in patients with IIIA, N2 non-small-cell lung cancer, we examined the first 60 patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by attempted resection in our institution. Of 67 patients identified, 7 patients were ineligible because of comorbidities, 3 patients refused chemotherapy, and 1 consented but died before treatment. Fifty-six received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complications of chemotherapy were minor, with no deaths. Fifty-four patients had thoracotomy; 75% (n = 42) had complete resection and 25% (n = 14) had unresectable lesions. One postoperative death occurred (2%). Pathologic review of specimens and nodal groups revealed that 41% (n = 23) were downstaged, 39% (n = 22) remained stage IIIA, and 19% (n = 11) progressed. Squamous histologic type was predictive of resectability, 18 of 20 patients having resectable squamous cell tumors (p < 0.05). Actuarial survivals at 1 and 2 years were 74% and 52%, respectively. In patients with resectable tumors survivals at 1 and 2 years were 85% and 67%, respectively. For those with unresectable lesions, survivals were 43% and 14%. Relapse-free survivals at 1 and 2 years for patients with resectable lesions were 70% and 42%, respectively. Relapses were local in 25% (n = 4), at a distant site only in 50% (n = 8), combined local and distant in 25% (n = 4). Distant relapse occurred in the central nervous system only in 7 of 8 patients (88%). Complete resectability was highly predictive of improved survival (p < 0.0002). Weight loss did not affect resectability but was associated with decreased survival (p < 0.003). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy appears to improve resectability and to pathologically downstage N2 non-small-cell lung cancer from stage IIIA. Multiinstitutional randomized trials are needed to further demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Kirn
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass 02115
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|