1
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Ciecko AE, Schauder DM, Foda B, Petrova G, Kasmani MY, Burns R, Lin CW, Drobyski WR, Cui W, Chen YG. Self-Renewing Islet TCF1 + CD8 T Cells Undergo IL-27-Controlled Differentiation to Become TCF1 - Terminal Effectors during the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes. J Immunol 2021; 207:1990-2004. [PMID: 34507949 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoreactive CD8 T cells infiltrate pancreatic islets and destroy insulin-producing β cells. Progression to T1D onset is a chronic process, which suggests that the effector activity of β-cell autoreactive CD8 T cells needs to be maintained throughout the course of disease development. The mechanism that sustains diabetogenic CD8 T cell effectors during the course of T1D progression has not been completely defined. Here we used single-cell RNA sequencing to gain further insight into the phenotypic complexity of islet-infiltrating CD8 T cells in NOD mice. We identified two functionally distinct subsets of activated CD8 T cells, CD44highTCF1+CXCR6- and CD44highTCF1-CXCR6+, in islets of prediabetic NOD mice. Compared with CD44highTCF1+CXCR6- CD8 T cells, the CD44highTCF1-CXCR6+ subset expressed higher levels of inhibitory and cytotoxic molecules and was more prone to apoptosis. Adoptive cell transfer experiments revealed that CD44highTCF1+CXCR6- CD8 T cells, through continuous generation of the CD44highTCF1-CXCR6+ subset, were more capable than the latter population to promote insulitis and the development of T1D. We further showed that direct IL-27 signaling in CD8 T cells promoted the generation of terminal effectors from the CD44highTCF1+CXCR6- population. These results indicate that islet CD44highTCF1+CXCR6- CD8 T cells are a progenitor-like subset with self-renewing capacity, and, under an IL-27-controlled mechanism, they differentiate into the CD44highTCF1-CXCR6+ terminal effector population. Our study provides new insight into the sustainability of the CD8 T cell response in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Ciecko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Bardees Foda
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Enzymology, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Galina Petrova
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - William R Drobyski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; .,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.,Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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2
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Schauder DM, Nijhawan RI. Pharmacogenomics of Fluoropyrimidines-a Personalized Approach for Treating and Preventing Keratinocyte Carcinomas-Reply. JAMA Dermatol 2021; 157:358. [PMID: 33533912 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajiv I Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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3
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Khatun A, Kasmani MY, Zander R, Schauder DM, Snook JP, Shen J, Wu X, Burns R, Chen YG, Lin CW, Williams MA, Cui W. Single-cell lineage mapping of a diverse virus-specific naive CD4 T cell repertoire. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200650. [PMID: 33201171 PMCID: PMC7676493 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking how individual naive T cells from a natural TCR repertoire clonally expand, differentiate, and make lineage choices in response to an infection has not previously been possible. Here, using single-cell sequencing technology to identify clones by their unique TCR sequences, we were able to trace the clonal expansion, differentiation trajectory, and lineage commitment of individual virus-specific CD4 T cells during an acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Notably, we found previously unappreciated clonal diversity and cellular heterogeneity among virus-specific helper T cells. Interestingly, although most naive CD4 T cells gave rise to multiple lineages at the clonal level, ∼28% of naive cells exhibited a preferred lineage choice toward either Th1 or TFH cells. Mechanistically, we found that TCR structure, in particular the CDR3 motif of the TCR α chain, skewed lineage decisions toward the TFH cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David M. Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jeremy P. Snook
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute for Health and Equity, Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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4
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Schauder DM, Kim J, Nijhawan RI. Evaluation of the Use of Capecitabine for the Treatment and Prevention of Actinic Keratoses, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Basal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156:1117-1124. [DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinwan Kim
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Rajiv I. Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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5
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Theisen E, Lee DE, Pei S, Schauder DM, Chiu YE, Brandling-Bennett H, Curran ML, Klein-Gitelman M, Co DO, Arkin LM. Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenström in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:467-475. [PMID: 32104943 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenström (HGPW), a rare cutaneous eruption characterized by the triad of recurrent episodes of lower extremity petechiae, symptoms of stinging and burning, and lower extremity edema, is poorly described in children. Some children have been reported to follow a benign course, while others are eventually diagnosed with fulminant rheumatologic disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the distinguishing features of HGPW including the spectrum of disease manifestations and clinical outcomes. METHODS This is a multicenter, retrospective case series of six children with HGPW combined with a literature review of 45 previously published pediatric cases. RESULTS Most children were eventually diagnosed with systemic disease (63%) or developed autoantibody accumulation suggestive of evolving disease (71%). The most common diagnoses were Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. The mean duration between onset of cutaneous eruption and diagnosis of systemic disease was 5.6 years, underscoring that HPGW patients often present with a rash that precedes the development of systemic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of HGPW should prompt initial screening for rheumatologic disease with long-term rheumatology follow-up, as the majority of patients present with evolving manifestations of systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Theisen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dylan E Lee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan Pei
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Yvonne E Chiu
- Departments of Dermatology (Pediatric Dermatology) and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Megan L Curran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marisa Klein-Gitelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dominic O Co
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lisa M Arkin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
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6
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Schauder DM, Nijhawan RI. Implementation of an adjustable standing desk inking station for improved ergonomics in Mohs surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 84:e131-e132. [PMID: 31473293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajiv I Nijhawan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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7
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Ciecko AE, Schauder DM, Foda BM, Lin CW, Cui W, Chen YG. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals diverse islet-infiltrating T cell subsets and a role for BATF in promoting the diabetogenic activity of CD8 T cells. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.115.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells infiltrate pancreatic islets and directly mediate the destruction of insulin-producing β cells during the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, islet-infiltrating T cell differentiation states and functional diversity have not been completely defined. We used unbiased single-cell RNA sequencing analyses to define the phenotypic complexity of islet-infiltrating T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In the CD4 T cell compartment, we identified naïve, memory, and regulatory T cells, as well as multiple Il21 expressing effector subsets positive for markers indicative of Th1 and Tfh cells. In the CD8 T cell compartment, we identified naïve cells and two activated subsets defined by Slamf6 or Cxcr6 expression, respectively resembling the self-renewing progenitor cells and terminally differentiated effectors found during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Single-cell regulatory network inference and clustering (SCENIC) analysis revealed that regulon activity of several transcription factors with known roles in effector CD8 T cell function including Batf were turned on in the Slamf6+ and Cxcr6+ cells. Previous studies have shown that IL-21 induced BATF expression in CD8 T cells is critical to sustain their effector function against chronic LCMV infection. Similarly, we found lower BATF expression in activated islet CD8 T cells from NOD. Il21+/− compared to NOD mice. We further demonstrated that overexpression of BATF in β cell autoreactive CD8 T cells eliminated their need for IL-21 to cause T1D. Our results reveal phenotypically diverse and novel islet-infiltrating T cell subsets and suggest a model in which the IL-21-BATF pathway is critical for the diabetogenic activity of CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiguo Cui
- 1Medical College of Wisconsin
- 2Blood Research Institute
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8
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Chen Y, Zander R, Khatun A, Schauder DM, Cui W. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2826. [PMID: 30581433 PMCID: PMC6292868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection and lasting memory are accomplished through the generation of phenotypically and functionally distinct CD8 T cell subsets. Understanding how these effector and memory T cells are formed is the first step in eventually manipulating the immune system for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8 T cell differentiation upon acute infection, with a focus on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of cell fate decision and memory formation. Moreover, we will highlight the importance of high throughput sequencing approaches and single cell technologies in providing insight into genome-wide investigations and the heterogeneity of individual CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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9
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Xin G, Zander R, Schauder DM, Chen Y, Weinstein JS, Drobyski WR, Tarakanova V, Craft J, Cui W. Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils an IL-10-producing helper subset that sustains humoral immunity during persistent infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5037. [PMID: 30487586 PMCID: PMC6261948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic viral infection, the inflammatory function of CD4 T-cells becomes gradually attenuated. Concurrently, Th1 cells progressively acquire the capacity to secrete the cytokine IL-10, a potent suppressor of antiviral T cell responses. To determine the transcriptional changes that underlie this adaption process, we applied a single-cell RNA-sequencing approach and assessed the heterogeneity of IL-10-expressing CD4 T-cells during chronic infection. Here we show an IL-10-producing population with a robust Tfh-signature. Using IL-10 and IL-21 double-reporter mice, we further demonstrate that IL-10+IL-21+co-producing Tfh cells arise predominantly during chronic but not acute LCMV infection. Importantly, depletion of IL-10+IL-21+co-producing CD4 T-cells or deletion of Il10 specifically in Tfh cells results in impaired humoral immunity and viral control. Mechanistically, B cell-intrinsic IL-10 signaling is required for sustaining germinal center reactions. Thus, our findings elucidate a critical role for Tfh-derived IL-10 in promoting humoral immunity during persistent viral infection. During chronic infection CD4+ T cells can progressively acquire IL-10 producing functionality. Here the authors use single cell RNA sequencing to interrogate the IL10 CD4+ T cell compartment in a murine model of chronic infection and identify Il10-producing Tfh involved in promotion of the antiviral humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA.
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - William R Drobyski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vera Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53213, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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10
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Xin G, Schauder DM, Zander R, Cui W. Two is better than one: advances in pathogen-boosted immunotherapy and adoptive T-cell therapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:837-849. [PMID: 28877635 PMCID: PMC5941714 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent tremendous successes in clinical trials take cancer immunotherapy into a new era and have attracted major attention from both academia and industry. Among the variety of immunotherapy strategies developed to boost patients' own immune systems to fight against malignant cells, the pathogen-based and adoptive cell transfer therapies have shown the most promise for treating multiple types of cancer. Pathogen-based therapies could either break the immune tolerance to enhance the effectiveness of cancer vaccines or directly infect and kill cancer cells. Adoptive cell transfer can induce a strong durable antitumor response, with recent advances including engineering dual specificity into T cells to recognize multiple antigens and improving the metabolic fitness of transferred cells. In this review, we focus on the recent prospects in these two areas and summarize some ongoing studies that represent potential advancements for anticancer immunotherapy, including testing combinations of these two strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - David M Schauder
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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11
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Kutty RG, Xin G, Schauder DM, Cossette SM, Bordas M, Cui W, Ramchandran R. Dual Specificity Phosphatase 5 Is Essential for T Cell Survival. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167246. [PMID: 27936095 PMCID: PMC5147890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates many key cellular processes such as differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. The final proteins in this pathway, ERK1/2, are regulated by dual specificity phosphatase 5 (DUSP5). DUSP5 is a nuclear, inducible phosphatase with high affinity and fidelity for ERK1/2. By regulating the final step in the MAPK signaling cascade, DUSP5 exerts strong regulatory control over a central cellular pathway. Like other DUSPs, DUSP5 plays an important role in immune function. In this study, we have utilized new knockout mouse reagents to explore its function further. We demonstrate that global loss of DUSP5 does not result in any gross phenotypic changes. However, loss of DUSP5 affects memory/effector CD8+ T cell populations in response to acute viral infection. Specifically, Dusp5-/- mice have decreased proportions of short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and increased proportions of memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) in response to infection. Further, we show that this phenotype is T cell intrinsic; a bone marrow chimera model restricting loss of DUSP5 to the CD8+ T cell compartment displays a similar phenotype. Dusp5-/- T cells also display increased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and altered metabolic profiles, suggesting that DUSP5 is a pro-survival protein in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman G. Kutty
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David M. Schauder
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Cossette
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michelle Bordas
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Xin G, Schauder DM, Lainez B, Weinstein JS, Dai Z, Chen Y, Esplugues E, Wen R, Wang D, Parish IA, Zajac AJ, Craft J, Cui W. A Critical Role of IL-21-Induced BATF in Sustaining CD8-T-Cell-Mediated Chronic Viral Control. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1118-1124. [PMID: 26527008 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of chronic viral infections by CD8 T cells is critically dependent on CD4 help. In particular, helper-derived IL-21 plays a key role in sustaining the CD8 T cell response; however, the molecular pathways by which IL-21 sustains CD8 T cell immunity remain unclear. We demonstrate that IL-21 causes a phenotypic switch of transcription factor expression in CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection characterized by sustained BATF expression. Importantly, BATF expression during chronic infection is both required for optimal CD8 T cell persistence and anti-viral effector function and sufficient to rescue "unhelped" CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, BATF sustains the response by cooperating with IRF4, an antigen-induced transcription factor that is also critically required for CD8 T cell maintenance, to preserve Blimp-1 expression and thereby sustain CD8 T cell effector function. Collectively, these data suggest that CD4 T cells "help" the CD8 response during chronic infection via IL-21-induced BATF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - David M Schauder
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Begoña Lainez
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jason S Weinstein
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520. USA
| | - Zhengxi Dai
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Enric Esplugues
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Renren Wen
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19(th) Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520. USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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13
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Schauder DM, Kuybeda O, Zhang J, Klymko K, Bartesaghi A, Borgnia MJ, Mayer ML, Subramaniam S. Glutamate receptor desensitization is mediated by changes in quaternary structure of the ligand binding domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5921-6. [PMID: 23530186 PMCID: PMC3625259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217549110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor ion channels are membrane proteins that mediate excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Insight into molecular mechanisms underlying glutamate receptor gating is limited by lack of structural information for receptors trapped in different conformational states. Here, we report the use of single-particle cryoelectron tomography to determine the structures, at ∼21 Å resolution, of full-length GluK2 kainate receptors trapped in antagonist-bound resting and agonist-bound desensitized states. The resting state, stabilized by the competitive antagonist LY466195, closely resembles the crystal structure of the AMPA receptor GluA2, with well-resolved proximal and distal subunits exhibiting cross-over between the twofold symmetric amino terminal domain and a twofold symmetric ligand binding domain (LBD) dimer of dimers assembly. In the desensitized state, the LBD undergoes a major rearrangement, resulting in a separation of the four subunits by ∼25 Å. However, the amino terminal domain, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic regions of the receptor have similar conformations in the resting and desensitized states. The LBD rearrangement was not anticipated in prior models based on crystal structures for soluble LBD dimer assemblies, and we speculate that subunit separation allows a better match to the fourfold symmetric ion channel domain. From fits of the amino terminal domain and LBD domains into the density map of the desensitized state we have derived a structural model for differences in quaternary conformation between the resting and desensitized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Schauder
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | | | - Jinjin Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine Klymko
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Mario J. Borgnia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
| | - Mark L. Mayer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute
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Schauder DM, Kuybeda O, Zhang J, Klymko K, Bartesaghi A, Borgnia MJ, Mayer ML, Subramaniam S. Glutamate Receptor Desensitization Mediated by Changes in Quaternary Structure of the Ligand Binding Domain. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Milne JLS, Borgnia MJ, Bartesaghi A, Tran EEH, Earl LA, Schauder DM, Lengyel J, Pierson J, Patwardhan A, Subramaniam S. Cryo-electron microscopy--a primer for the non-microscopist. FEBS J 2012. [PMID: 23181775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is increasingly becoming a mainstream technology for studying the architecture of cells, viruses and protein assemblies at molecular resolution. Recent developments in microscope design and imaging hardware, paired with enhanced image processing and automation capabilities, are poised to further advance the effectiveness of cryo-EM methods. These developments promise to increase the speed and extent of automation, and to improve the resolutions that may be achieved, making this technology useful to determine a wide variety of biological structures. Additionally, established modalities for structure determination, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are being routinely integrated with cryo-EM density maps to achieve atomic-resolution models of complex, dynamic molecular assemblies. In this review, which is directed towards readers who are not experts in cryo-EM methodology, we provide an overview of emerging themes in the application of this technology to investigate diverse questions in biology and medicine. We discuss the ways in which these methods are being used to study structures of macromolecular assemblies that range in size from whole cells to small proteins. Finally, we include a description of how the structural information obtained by cryo-EM is deposited and archived in a publicly accessible database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L S Milne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tran EEH, Borgnia MJ, Kuybeda O, Schauder DM, Bartesaghi A, Frank GA, Sapiro G, Milne JLS, Subramaniam S. Structural mechanism of trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein activation. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002797. [PMID: 22807678 PMCID: PMC3395603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection begins with the binding of trimeric viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) to CD4 and a co-receptor on target T-cells. Understanding how these ligands influence the structure of Env is of fundamental interest for HIV vaccine development. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we describe the contrasting structural outcomes of trimeric Env binding to soluble CD4, to the broadly neutralizing, CD4-binding site antibodies VRC01, VRC03 and b12, or to the monoclonal antibody 17b, a co-receptor mimic. Binding of trimeric HIV-1 BaL Env to either soluble CD4 or 17b alone, is sufficient to trigger formation of the open quaternary conformation of Env. In contrast, VRC01 locks Env in the closed state, while b12 binding requires a partial opening in the quaternary structure of trimeric Env. Our results show that, despite general similarities in regions of the HIV-1 gp120 polypeptide that contact CD4, VRC01, VRC03 and b12, there are important differences in quaternary structures of the complexes these ligands form on native trimeric Env, and potentially explain differences in the neutralizing breadth and potency of antibodies with similar specificities. From cryo-electron microscopic analysis at ∼9 Å resolution of a cleaved, soluble version of trimeric Env, we show that a structural signature of the open Env conformation is a three-helix motif composed of α-helical segments derived from highly conserved, non-glycosylated N-terminal regions of the gp41 trimer. The three N-terminal gp41 helices in this novel, activated Env conformation are held apart by their interactions with the rest of Env, and are less compactly packed than in the post-fusion, six-helix bundle state. These findings suggest a new structural template for designing immunogens that can elicit antibodies targeting HIV at a vulnerable, pre-entry stage. HIV infection occurs following the binding of viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) to receptors on target cell surfaces. Binding to these molecules induces conformational changes in Env, ultimately leading to the exposure of a viral fusion peptide and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Understanding the structure of Env at each step during HIV entry is of fundamental importance in the design of compounds that can combat infection. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to characterize the conformational changes that occur in Env at individual steps in the entry process, revealing the unexpected finding that binding to a co-receptor mimic alone induces the same conformational changes as binding to CD4. Furthermore, using single particle cryo-electron microscopy, we show structural evidence, at sub-nanometer resolution, of a novel, activated intermediate state of HIV where highly conserved, interior components of the viral spike are exposed. We show that transition to this state can be blocked by addition of a highly neutralizing antibody, VRC01, revealing a possible mechanism for its potent neutralizing ability. Discovery of the structure of this new Env intermediate provides a template for the design of immunogens aimed at eliciting antibodies that could block HIV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. H. Tran
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario J. Borgnia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Oleg Kuybeda
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David M. Schauder
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gabriel A. Frank
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Sapiro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline L. S. Milne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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