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Noor NM, Lee JC, Bond S, Dowling F, Brezina B, Patel KV, Ahmad T, Banim PJ, Berrill JW, Cooney R, De La Revilla Negro J, de Silva S, Din S, Durai D, Gordon JN, Irving PM, Johnson M, Kent AJ, Kok KB, Moran GW, Mowat C, Patel P, Probert CS, Raine T, Saich R, Seward A, Sharpstone D, Smith MA, Subramanian S, Upponi SS, Wiles A, Williams HRT, van den Brink GR, Vermeire S, Jairath V, D'Haens GR, McKinney EF, Lyons PA, Lindsay JO, Kennedy NA, Smith KGC, Parkes M. A biomarker-stratified comparison of top-down versus accelerated step-up treatment strategies for patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (PROFILE): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 9:415-427. [PMID: 38402895 PMCID: PMC11001594 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(24)00034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management strategies and clinical outcomes vary substantially in patients newly diagnosed with Crohn's disease. We evaluated the use of a putative prognostic biomarker to guide therapy by assessing outcomes in patients randomised to either top-down (ie, early combined immunosuppression with infliximab and immunomodulator) or accelerated step-up (conventional) treatment strategies. METHODS PROFILE (PRedicting Outcomes For Crohn's disease using a moLecular biomarker) was a multicentre, open-label, biomarker-stratified, randomised controlled trial that enrolled adults with newly diagnosed active Crohn's disease (Harvey-Bradshaw Index ≥7, either elevated C-reactive protein or faecal calprotectin or both, and endoscopic evidence of active inflammation). Potential participants had blood drawn to be tested for a prognostic biomarker derived from T-cell transcriptional signatures (PredictSURE-IBD assay). Following testing, patients were randomly assigned, via a secure online platform, to top-down or accelerated step-up treatment stratified by biomarker subgroup (IBDhi or IBDlo), endoscopic inflammation (mild, moderate, or severe), and extent (colonic or other). Blinding to biomarker status was maintained throughout the trial. The primary endpoint was sustained steroid-free and surgery-free remission to week 48. Remission was defined by a composite of symptoms and inflammatory markers at all visits. Flare required active symptoms (HBI ≥5) plus raised inflammatory markers (CRP >upper limit of normal or faecal calprotectin ≥200 μg/g, or both), while remission was the converse-ie, quiescent symptoms (HBI <5) or resolved inflammatory markers (both CRP ≤ the upper limit of normal and calprotectin <200 μg/g) or both. Analyses were done in the full analysis (intention-to-treat) population. The trial has completed and is registered (ISRCTN11808228). FINDINGS Between Dec 29, 2017, and Jan 5, 2022, 386 patients (mean age 33·6 years [SD 13·2]; 179 [46%] female, 207 [54%] male) were randomised: 193 to the top-down group and 193 to the accelerated step-up group. Median time from diagnosis to trial enrolment was 12 days (range 0-191). Primary outcome data were available for 379 participants (189 in the top-down group; 190 in the accelerated step-up group). There was no biomarker-treatment interaction effect (absolute difference 1 percentage points, 95% CI -15 to 15; p=0·944). Sustained steroid-free and surgery-free remission was significantly more frequent in the top-down group than in the accelerated step-up group (149 [79%] of 189 patients vs 29 [15%] of 190 patients, absolute difference 64 percentage points, 95% CI 57 to 72; p<0·0001). There were fewer adverse events (including disease flares) and serious adverse events in the top-down group than in the accelerated step-up group (adverse events: 168 vs 315; serious adverse events: 15 vs 42), with fewer complications requiring abdominal surgery (one vs ten) and no difference in serious infections (three vs eight). INTERPRETATION Top-down treatment with combination infliximab plus immunomodulator achieved substantially better outcomes at 1 year than accelerated step-up treatment. The biomarker did not show clinical utility. Top-down treatment should be considered standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed active Crohn's disease. FUNDING Wellcome and PredictImmune Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulamin M Noor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Genetic Mechanisms of Disease Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Diseases, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Simon Bond
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francis Dowling
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Biljana Brezina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kamal V Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK; Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul J Banim
- Department of Gastroenterology, James Paget University Hospital, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | - James W Berrill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant, UK
| | - Rachel Cooney
- GI Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan De La Revilla Negro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shanika de Silva
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, UK
| | - Shahida Din
- Edinburgh IBD Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - John N Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Gastroenterology Department, Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK
| | - Alexandra J Kent
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Klaartje B Kok
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Gordon W Moran
- National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Mowat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Pritash Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals, Carshalton, UK
| | - Chris S Probert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tim Raine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Saich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK
| | - Abigail Seward
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dan Sharpstone
- Department of Gastroenterology, West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust, Bury St Edmunds, UK
| | - Melissa A Smith
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Sreedhar Subramanian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara S Upponi
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Wiles
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Trust, King's Lynn, UK
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eoin F McKinney
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; PredictImmune Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; PredictImmune Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - James O Lindsay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK; Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK; PredictImmune Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
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Chanchlani N, Lin S, Auth MK, Lee CL, Robbins H, Looi S, Murugesan SV, Riley T, Preston C, Stephenson S, Cardozo W, Sonwalkar SA, Allah‐Ditta M, Mansfield L, Durai D, Baker M, London I, London E, Gupta S, Di Mambro A, Murphy A, Gaynor E, Jones KDJ, Claridge A, Sebastian S, Ramachandran S, Selinger CP, Borg‐Bartolo SP, Knight P, Sprakes MB, Burton J, Kane P, Lupton S, Fletcher A, Gaya DR, Colbert R, Seenan JP, MacDonald J, Lynch L, McLachlan I, Shields S, Hansen R, Gervais L, Jere M, Akhtar M, Black K, Henderson P, Russell RK, Lees CW, Derikx LAAP, Lockett M, Betteridge F, De Silva A, Hussenbux A, Beckly J, Bendall O, Hart JW, Thomas A, Hamilton B, Gordon C, Chee D, McDonald TJ, Nice R, Parkinson M, Gardner‐Thorpe H, Butterworth JR, Javed A, Al‐Shakhshir S, Yadagiri R, Maher S, Pollok RCG, Ng T, Appiahene P, Donovan F, Lok J, Chandy R, Jagdish R, Baig D, Mahmood Z, Marsh L, Moss A, Abdulgader A, Kitchin A, Walker GJ, George B, Lim Y, Gulliver J, Bloom S, Theaker H, Carlson S, Cummings JRF, Livingstone R, Beale A, Carter JO, Bell A, Coulter A, Snook J, Stone H, Kennedy NA, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T. Implications for sequencing of biologic therapy and choice of second anti-TNF in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from the IMmunogenicity to Second Anti-TNF therapy (IMSAT) therapeutic drug monitoring study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:1250-1263. [PMID: 36039036 PMCID: PMC9804266 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-drug antibodies are associated with treatment failure to anti-TNF agents in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM To assess whether immunogenicity to a patient's first anti-TNF agent would be associated with immunogenicity to the second, irrespective of drug sequence METHODS: We conducted a UK-wide, multicentre, retrospective cohort study to report rates of immunogenicity and treatment failure of second anti-TNF therapies in 1058 patients with IBD who underwent therapeutic drug monitoring for both infliximab and adalimumab. The primary outcome was immunogenicity to the second anti-TNF agent, defined at any timepoint as an anti-TNF antibody concentration ≥9 AU/ml for infliximab and ≥6 AU/ml for adalimumab. RESULTS In patients treated with infliximab and then adalimumab, those who developed antibodies to infliximab were more likely to develop antibodies to adalimumab, than patients who did not develop antibodies to infliximab (OR 1.99, 95%CI 1.27-3.20, p = 0.002). Similarly, in patients treated with adalimumab and then infliximab, immunogenicity to adalimumab was associated with subsequent immunogenicity to infliximab (OR 2.63, 95%CI 1.46-4.80, p < 0.001). For each 10-fold increase in anti-infliximab and anti-adalimumab antibody concentration, the odds of subsequently developing antibodies to adalimumab and infliximab increased by 1.73 (95% CI 1.38-2.17, p < 0.001) and 1.99 (95%CI 1.34-2.99, p < 0.001), respectively. Patients who developed immunogenicity with undetectable drug levels to infliximab were more likely to develop immunogenicity with undetectable drug levels to adalimumab (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.39-4.19, p < 0.001). Commencing an immunomodulator at the time of switching to the second anti-TNF was associated with improved drug persistence in patients with immunogenic, but not pharmacodynamic failure. CONCLUSION Irrespective of drug sequence, immunogenicity to the first anti-TNF agent was associated with immunogenicity to the second, which was mitigated by the introduction of an immunomodulator in patients with immunogenic, but not pharmacodynamic treatment failure.
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Pugh MR, Leopold GD, Morgan M, Christian AD, Hewett R, Durai D, Wagstaff J, Harris D, Dojcinov SD. Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcers Complicate Colitis Caused by Immune Checkpoint Regulator Therapy and Associate With Colon Perforation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:1785-1795.e3. [PMID: 31610336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause colitis and colon perforation. We investigated whether infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) associates with development and severity of colitis in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of fixed colon tissues from 16 patients (12 men, 4 women, median age, 69.5 y) with colitis after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (9 patients treated with anti-CTLA4, 3 patients treated with anti-PD1, and 4 patients received a combination). Ten tissue samples were biopsies and 6 were collected during resection (4 surgeries for colon perforation). Patients were treated between 2010 and 2018 in the United Kingdom. The tissues were analyzed by pathology, in situ hybridization (to detect EBV-encoded small RNAs [EBERs]), and immunohistochemistry. Clinical data were also collected. RESULTS Colon tissues from 4 of the 13 patients who received anti-CTLA4 (alone or in combination, 4 with colon perforation) had EBV-positive lymphoproliferations that manifested as florid ulcers associated with polymorphous infiltrates containing EBV-positive blasts (CD30+ or CD30-negative, CD20+, CD3-negative, and EBER+), plasma cells (CD138+, CD20-negative, and EBER+ or EBER-negative), and small B cells (CD20+, CD3-negative, and EBER+ or EBER-negative), consistent with EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcers (EBVMCUs). In analyses of biopsies collected from 2 patients with EBVMCUs over multiple time points, we found that earlier biopsies had no or only a few EBV-positive cells, whereas 1 later biopsy had EBVMCU and co-infection with cytomegalovirus. EBVMCUs were associated with steroid-refractory colitis (100% of EBV-positive patients vs 12.5% of EBV-negative patients; P = .008) and colon perforation (100% of EBV-positive patients vs no EBV-negative patients; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS We found that colon tissues from 4/13 patients with colitis after anti-CTLA4 therapy (4/6 patients who underwent resection and 4/4 patients with colon perforation) contained EBVMCUs. EBVMCUs seem to arise secondarily in areas of inflamed colon due to immunosuppressive treatment for colitis. EBVMCUs are associated with steroid-refractory colitis and colon perforation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Pugh
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Meleri Morgan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Christian
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Hewett
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John Wagstaff
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Harris
- Department of General Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan D Dojcinov
- All Wales Lymphoma Panel, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Ganesananthan S, Durai D. Clinical value and cost saving of therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Med (Lond) 2020; 20:s23-s24. [PMID: 32409349 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.20-2-s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Thomson A, Smart K, Somerville MS, Lauder SN, Appanna G, Horwood J, Sunder Raj L, Srivastava B, Durai D, Scurr MJ, Keita ÅV, Gallimore AM, Godkin A. The Ussing chamber system for measuring intestinal permeability in health and disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:98. [PMID: 31221083 PMCID: PMC6585111 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between intestinal epithelial integrity and the development of intestinal disease is of increasing interest. A reduction in mucosal integrity has been associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and potentially could have links with colorectal cancer development. The Ussing chamber system can be utilised as a valuable tool for measuring gut integrity. Here we describe step-by-step methodology required to measure intestinal permeability of both mouse and human colonic tissue samples ex vivo, using the latest equipment and software. This system can be modified to accommodate other tissues. METHODS An Ussing chamber was constructed and adapted to support both mouse and human tissue to measure intestinal permeability, using paracellular flux and electrical measurements. Two mouse models of intestinal inflammation (dextran sodium sulphate treatment and T regulatory cell depletion using C57BL/6-FoxP3DTR mice) were used to validate the system along with human colonic biopsy samples. RESULTS Distinct regional differences in permeability were consistently identified within mouse and healthy human colon. In particular, mice showed increased permeability in the mid colonic region. In humans the left colon is more permeable than the right. Furthermore, inflammatory conditions induced chemically or due to autoimmunity reduced intestinal integrity, validating the use of the system. CONCLUSIONS The Ussing chamber has been used for many years to measure barrier function. However, a clear and informative methods paper describing the setup of modern equipment and step-by-step procedure to measure mouse and human intestinal permeability isn't available. The Ussing chamber system methodology we describe provides such detail to guide investigation of gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Thomson
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Present address: Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathryn Smart
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Sarah N. Lauder
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gautham Appanna
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Horwood
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence Sunder Raj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brijesh Srivastava
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Martin J. Scurr
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Åsa V. Keita
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics & Oncology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Awen M. Gallimore
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Ganesananthan S, Barlow J, Durai D, Hawthorne AB. Multiple venous malformations in the left colon and rectum: a long-standing case managed conservatively and an update of current literature. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:e227700. [PMID: 30902841 PMCID: PMC6453398 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous or cavernous malformations of the colon or rectum are a rare cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeds. It has been previously described as a diffuse cavernous haemangioma which was thought to be a benign vascular tumour. It mainly affects the rectosigmoid area of the gastrointestinal tract and is most common in children and young adults. Misdiagnosis is common with patients averaging a total of 19 years delay to this final diagnosis. We report a case of a 65-year-old patient who presented with occult, painless rectal bleeding and prior to this presentation, had been managed variously as colitis and angiodysplasia. This article aims to delineate the updated classification of this disease, principal clinical clues to aid the diagnosis while discussing patient treatment options and potential challenges faced in patient management.
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Hutchings HA, Cheung WY, Alrubaiy L, Durai D, Russell IT, Williams JG. Development and validation of the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Satisfaction Questionnaire (GESQ). Endoscopy 2015; 47:1137-43. [PMID: 26349066 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1392547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Patient satisfaction is a key indicator of the quality of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a specific patient satisfaction questionnaire for patients undergoing GI endoscopy--the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Satisfaction Questionnaire (GESQ). PATIENTS AND METHODS We developed and validated the GESQ within the context of a national multi-institution nurse endoscopy trial, based in secondary care, in three stages: (1) item generation with a panel of patients and professionals following a detailed literature review to identify the most relevant items from existing scales; (2) development and piloting of a draft questionnaire on a sample of patients referred for GI endoscopy; and (3) testing of the questionnaire within a large multicenter pragmatic randomized trial. We undertook psychometric analysis of the questionnaire to identify the underlying dimensions and assessed the questionnaire for reliability and validity. RESULTS The final version of the GESQ contains 21 items. Principal components analysis revealed four subscales with high internal consistency: skills and hospital (seven items; Cronbach's alpha 0.83), pain and discomfort during and after endoscopy (four items; Cronbach's alpha 0.84), information before endoscopy (five items; Cronbach's alpha 0.80), and information after endoscopy (five items; Cronbach's alpha 0.76). CONCLUSIONS The four identified subscales are clinically relevant and correspond to domains of patient satisfaction identified in previous studies. Our development and validation of the GESQ confirmed that it is a valid, reliable, interpretable, and acceptable tool to measure satisfaction in patients who have undergone a GI endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian T Russell
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Prasad R, Hawthorne B, Durai D, McDowell I. Zinc in denture adhesive: a rare cause of copper deficiency in a patient on home parenteral nutrition. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-211390. [PMID: 26452740 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-211390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 65-year-old woman with Crohn's disease, who had been on home parenteral nutrition for many years, presented with perioral paraesthesia and a burning sensation in the mouth. Initial blood tests including serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and folate, were normal apart from mild pancytopaenia. Serum copper was low, in spite of receiving regular copper in her parenteral feeds. The copper in her parenteral feeds was increased initially, but when it did not improve, she was started on weekly intravenous copper infusions. She was using dental adhesive, which had zinc in it, and a possibility that this was causing her copper deficiency was raised. Serum zinc levels were normal, but urinary zinc was very high. The patient was advised to use zinc-free dental adhesive and her copper level returned to normal within a few months with normalisation of her pancytopaenia, and partial resolution of her oral paraesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Prasad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Barney Hawthorne
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ian McDowell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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Hutchings HA, Thorne K, Jerzembek GS, Cheung WY, Cohen D, Durai D, Rapport FL, Seagrove AC, Williams JG, Russell IT. Successful development and testing of a Method for Aggregating The Reporting of Interventions in Complex Studies (MATRICS). J Clin Epidemiol 2015; 69:193-8. [PMID: 26327489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a tool for the accurate reporting and aggregation of findings from each of the multiple methods used in a complex evaluation in an unbiased way. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We developed a Method for Aggregating The Reporting of Interventions in Complex Studies (MATRICS) within a gastroenterology study [Evaluating New Innovations in (the delivery and organisation of) Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy services by the NHS Modernisation Agency (ENIGMA)]. We subsequently tested it on a different gastroenterology trial [Multi-Institutional Nurse Endoscopy Trial (MINuET)]. We created three layers to define the effects, methods, and findings from ENIGMA. We assigned numbers to each effect in layer 1 and letters to each method in layer 2. We used an alphanumeric code based on layers 1 and 2 to every finding in layer 3 to link the aims, methods, and findings. We illustrated analogous findings by assigning more than one alphanumeric code to a finding. We also showed that more than one effect or method could report the same finding. We presented contradictory findings by listing them in adjacent rows of the MATRICS. RESULTS MATRICS was useful for the effective synthesis and presentation of findings of the multiple methods from ENIGMA. We subsequently successfully tested it by applying it to the MINuET trial. CONCLUSION MATRICS is effective for synthesizing the findings of complex, multiple-method studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Hutchings
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Kymberley Thorne
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gabi S Jerzembek
- Institute of Health Service Effectiveness (IHSE), Aston University Business School, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Wai-Yee Cheung
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sport and Science, University of South Wales, Treforest, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XW, UK
| | - Frances L Rapport
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anne C Seagrove
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - John G Williams
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian T Russell
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research (PPHI), Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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10
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Hutchings HA, Cheung WY, Russell IT, Durai D, Alrubaiy L, Williams JG. Psychometric development of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Questionnaire (GSRQ) demonstrated good validity. J Clin Epidemiol 2015; 68:1176-83. [PMID: 25922278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a gastrointestinal (GI) symptom rating questionnaire for patients with luminal GI symptoms including where no diagnosis has been made. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We developed and validated the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Questionnaire (GSRQ) in three stages: (1) item generation to identify the relevant items for scale inclusion; (2) development and piloting on patients with a known GI disorder; and (3) testing in a sample of trial patients. We examined the underlying dimensions of the scale, internal consistency, validity, reproducibility, and responsiveness. RESULTS We identified four interpretable factors on the GSRQ. The GSRQ had good internal consistency (corrected item-subscale correlations between 0.4 and 0.8) and Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7 for each subscale. Construct validity was demonstrated by modest but significant correlations with the Short Form 36 and the EQ5D index value. We demonstrated good reproducibility with intraclass correlations for test-retest scores between 0.71 and 0.77, and significant responsiveness ratios for all subscales in patients who had improved, and in two of the subscales in patients who had deteriorated. CONCLUSION The GSRQ could be a useful tool to monitor quality of life in various luminal GI conditions and where a formal diagnosis has not been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Hutchings
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Wai-Yee Cheung
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ian T Russell
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Dharmaraj Durai
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Laith Alrubaiy
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - John G Williams
- Patient and Population Health and Informatics Research, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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11
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Sharma S, Durai D, Shukla P, Vellaiyan S, Sharma D, Julka P, Rath G. 260 IMPACT OF PATIENT POSITION ON CONVENTIONAL, THREE DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RADIATION THERAPY AND INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY: AN ASSESSMENT IN THE CASE OF BRAINSTEM GLIOMA. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS Application of Halobacterium sp. SP1(1) for the acceleration of fish sauce fermentation. METHODS AND RESULTS Traditional fish sauce fermentation was mimicked using Halobacterium sp. SP1(1) as starter culture. Protease activity, peptide release and α-amino content (parameters used to monitor the progress of the fermentation) were high at day 10 in tests and day 20 in un-inoculated controls. The total protein and nitrogen contents were also high in tests compared with controls. The amino acid profile observed at the end of fermentation in experimental samples, when compared with the commercial sauce preparation, was found to be better with respect to flavour and aroma contributing amino acids as well as essential amino acid lysine. Microflora analysis of the final fish sauce revealed the absence of any nonhalophilic or halotolerant micro-organisms. The protease-producing halophilic isolates obtained from the fish sauce of eviscerated and uneviscerated controls were identified as Halobacterium sp. F1 and F2, respectively, by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous augmentation of Halobacterium sp. SP1(1) accelerated the fish sauce fermentation process with an additive effect on the existing natural microflora present in the fish during fermentation. Halobacterium sp SP1(1), therefore, can be used as an important starter culture for accelerating the fish fermentation process, which is attributed to its extracellular protease. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study is the first report on use of Halobacterium species as a starter culture for accelerating fish sauce fermentation. Use of halobacterial starter cultures may revolutionize the process in fish sauce industries by reducing the fermentation time and making the process more economical with improved nutritive value of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Akolkar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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Williams J, Russell I, Durai D, Cheung WY, Farrin A, Bloor K, Coulton S, Richardson G. Effectiveness of nurse delivered endoscopy: findings from randomised multi-institution nurse endoscopy trial (MINuET). BMJ 2009; 338:b231. [PMID: 19208714 PMCID: PMC2643440 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the clinical effectiveness of doctors and nurses in undertaking upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. DESIGN Pragmatic trial with Zelen's randomisation before consent to minimise distortion of existing practice. SETTING 23 hospitals in the United Kingdom. In six hospitals, nurses undertook both upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, yielding a total of 29 centres. PARTICIPANTS 67 doctors and 30 nurses. Of 4964 potentially eligible patients, we randomised 4128 (83%) and recruited 1888 (38%) from July 2002 to June 2003. INTERVENTIONS Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy, undertaken with or without sedation, with the standard preparation, techniques, and protocols of participating hospitals. After referral for either procedure, patients were randomised between doctors and nurses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gastrointestinal symptom rating questionnaire (primary outcome), gastrointestinal endoscopy satisfaction questionnaire and state-trait anxiety inventory (all analysed by intention to treat); immediate and delayed complications; quality of examination and corresponding report; patients' preferences for operator; and new diagnoses at one year (all analysed according to who carried out the procedure). RESULTS There was no significant difference between groups in outcome at one day, one month, or one year after endoscopy, except that patients were more satisfied with nurses after one day. Nurses were also more thorough than doctors in examining the stomach and oesophagus. While quality of life scores were slightly better in patients the doctor group, this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic endoscopy can be undertaken safely and effectively by nurses. TRIAL REGISTRATION International standard RCT 82765705.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Williams
- Centre for Health Information, Research and Evaluation, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP
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14
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Richardson G, Bloor K, Williams J, Russell I, Durai D, Cheung WY, Farrin A, Coulton S. Cost effectiveness of nurse delivered endoscopy: findings from randomised multi-institution nurse endoscopy trial (MINuET). BMJ 2009; 338:b270. [PMID: 19208715 PMCID: PMC2643438 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cost effectiveness of nurses and doctors in performing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy. DESIGN As part of a pragmatic randomised trial, the economic analysis calculated incremental cost effectiveness ratios, and generated cost effectiveness acceptability curves to address uncertainty. SETTING 23 hospitals in the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS 67 doctors and 30 nurses, with a total of 1888 patients, from July 2002 to June 2003. INTERVENTION Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy carried out by doctors or nurses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Estimated health gains in QALYs measured with EQ-5D. Probability of cost effectiveness over a range of decision makers' willingness to pay for an additional quality adjusted life year (QALY). RESULTS Although differences did not reach traditional levels of significance, patients in the doctor group gained 0.015 QALYs more than those in the nurse group, at an increased cost of about pound56 (euro59, $78) per patient. This yields an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of pound3660 (euro3876, $5097) per QALY. Though there is uncertainty around these results, doctors are probably more cost effective than nurses for plausible values of a QALY. CONCLUSIONS Though upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and flexible sigmoidoscopies carried out by doctors cost slightly more than those by nurses and improved health outcomes only slightly, our analysis favours endoscopies by doctors. For plausible values of decision makers' willingness to pay for an extra QALY, endoscopy delivered by nurses is unlikely to be cost effective compared with endoscopy delivered by doctors. TRIAL REGISTRATION International standard RCT 82765705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Richardson
- Centre for Health Economics and Hull York Medical School (HYMS), University of York, York YO10 5DD.
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15
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Williams J, Russell I, Durai D, Cheung WY, Farrin A, Bloor K, Coulton S, Richardson G. What are the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of endoscopy undertaken by nurses when compared with doctors? A Multi-Institution Nurse Endoscopy Trial (MINuET). Health Technol Assess 2006; 10:iii-iv, ix-x, 1-195. [PMID: 17018229 DOI: 10.3310/hta10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of doctors and nurses undertaking upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. DESIGN The study was a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Zelen's randomisation before consent was used to minimise distortion of existing practice in the participating sites. An economic evaluation was conducted alongside the trial, assessing the relative cost-effectiveness of nurses and doctors. SETTING The study was undertaken in 23 hospitals in England, Scotland and Wales. In six hospitals nurses undertook both upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, yielding a total of 29 'centres'. The study was coordinated and managed from Swansea. Randomisation, data management and analysis were undertaken at York. Analysis was by intention-to-scope. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-seven doctors and 30 nurses took part in the study. Of 4964 potentially eligible patients, 4128 (83%) were randomised. Of these, 1888 (45%) were recruited to the study from 29 July 2002 to 30 June 2003. INTERVENTIONS The procedures under study were diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy undertaken by nurses or doctors, with or without sedation, using the preparation, techniques and protocols of participating hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measure was the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Questionnaire (GSRQ). The secondary outcome measures were EuroQol (EQ5D), Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Satisfaction Questionnaire (GESQ), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), cost-effectiveness, immediate and delayed complications, quality of examination by blinded assessment of endoscopic video recordings, quality of procedure reports, patients' preferences for operator 1 year after endoscopy, and new diagnoses at 1 year. RESULTS The two groups were well matched at baseline for demographic and clinical characteristics. Significantly more patients changed from a planned endoscopy by a doctor to a nurse than vice versa, mainly for staffing reasons. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the primary or secondary outcome measures at 1 day, 1 month or 1 year after endoscopy, with the exception of patient satisfaction at 1 day, which favoured nurses. Nurses were significantly more thorough in the examination of stomach and oesophagus, but no different from doctors in the examination of duodenum and colon. There was no significant difference in costs to the NHS or patients, although doctors cost slightly more. Although quality of life measures showed improvement in some scores in the doctor group, this did not reach traditional levels of statistical significance. Even so, the economic evaluation, taking account of uncertainty in both costs and quality of life, suggests that endoscopy by doctors has an 87% chance of being more cost-effective than endoscopy by nurses. CONCLUSIONS There is no statistically significant difference between doctors and nurses in their clinical effectiveness in diagnostic endoscopy. However, nurses are significantly more thorough in the examination of oesophagus and stomach, and patients are significantly more satisfied after endoscopy by a nurse. Endoscopy by doctors is associated with better outcome at 1 year at higher cost, but overall is likely to be cost-effective. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of nurses undertaking a greater role in other settings, to monitor the cost-effectiveness of nurse endoscopists as they become more experienced and to assess, the effect of increasing the number of nurse endoscopists on waiting times for patients, and the career implications and opportunities for nurses who become trained endoscopists. Evaluation of the clinical outcome and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic endoscopy for all current indications is also needed.
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Abstract
Although colectomy for ulcerative colitis is curative, long-term quality of life is reduced. Intravenous ciclosporin 4 mg/kg/day has significant toxicity. There is now evidence that low-dose ciclosporin (2 mg/kg daily by intravenous infusion, or 5-6 mg/kg daily in a twice daily oral dosage) has an acceptable safety profile, even when used in combination with corticosteroids. Drug dosage should be adjusted to the levels of 150-250 ng/mL initially (random levels during intravenous infusion, or trough levels for oral use). Ciclosporin should be considered not only in those who have failed 7 days of corticosteroids, but also in fulminant colitis at day 3, if not responding to corticosteroids. The drug should be avoided in frail or elderly patients with significant comorbidity, and also where colectomy is likely to be necessary in the short to medium term. Ciclosporin should not be continued for more than 7 days, unless there is a definite response. A 70-80% initial response is likely, and responders are discharged on oral ciclosporin, adding thiopurines and tailing prednisolone rapidly. The drug should be continued for 3 months. The likelihood of avoiding colectomy over 2-3 years is 40-50%. More studies are needed to evaluate the use of oral ciclosporin in corticosteroid-refractory colitis in out-patients, and to assess whether monotherapy (without corticosteroids) is significantly safer, without loss of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Durai
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Several scoring systems are used in screening for cognitive impairment, but none are suited to the busy medical assessment environment. AIM To construct, validate and assess the reliability of a simple scale (Gwent Orientation and Awareness Listing, GOAL) for this purpose, and to examine its application in consecutive emergency admissions in two general hospitals. DESIGN Prospective cohort studies. METHODS The validity and reliability of GOAL was assessed in three studies of patients aged > or =65 years who had been pronounced medically fit for discharge. The evaluation studies were carried out over 4-week medical intake periods in each participating hospital. RESULTS Correlation of GOAL with the standard 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination was 0.89, and the inter-observer reliability was 0.90. Based on Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves, patients scoring <8 on GOAL were deemed to be cognitively impaired. Assessment by GOAL took half the time required for the widely used Abbreviated Mental Test Score. Of 1037 consecutive patients admitted to two hospitals' acute medical intakes and remaining for >24 h, 952 were able and willing to be scored by GOAL, and of these 201 (21%) 'failed', with a score of <8. DISCUSSION Loss of orientation and awareness is common among patients admitted via medical intakes. GOAL is a practical brief screen for identifying and following-up these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Allison
- Department of Adult Medicine, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent.
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Abstract
The causative association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosal inflammation is well established. The inflammatory process leads to the acquisition of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) by the stomach. Evidence links H. pylori gastritis with the development of low-grade primary gastric lymphoma with a phenotype specific for lymphoma of MALT type. It is now accepted that primary low-grade MALT lymphomas regress with H. pylori eradication therapy. However, the response of primary, diffuse, large-cell gastric lymphoma to H. pylori eradication therapy is still not established. We report a case of a primary high-grade gastric lymphoma regressing after H. pylori eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Salam
- West Wales General Hospital, Carmarthen, UK.
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