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Ch'ng L, Low DHW, Borthwick SA, Zhang R, Ong ZA, Su YCF, Hitch AT, Smith GJD, Mendenhall IH. Evolution and ecology of Jeilongvirus among wild rodents and shrews in Singapore. One Health Outlook 2023; 5:19. [PMID: 38111066 PMCID: PMC10726567 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jeilongvirus was proposed as a new genus within the Paramyxoviridae in 2018. The advancement in metagenomic approaches has encouraged multiple reports of Jeilongvirus detection following the initial species discovery, enriching species diversity and host range within the genus. However, Jeilongvirus remains understudied in Singapore, where interfaces between humans and small mammals are plentiful. METHODS Here, we utilized metagenomic sequencing for the exploration of viral diversity in small mammal tissues. Upon discovery of Jeilongvirus, molecular screening and full genome sequencing was conducted, with the data used to conduct statistical modelling and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS We report the presence of Jeilongvirus in four species of Singapore wild small mammals, detected in their spleen and kidney. We show that full genomes of three Singapore Jeilongvirus encode for eight ORFs including the small hydrophobic and transmembrane proteins. All generated genomes cluster phylogenetically within the small mammal subclade, but share low genetic similarity with representative Jeilongvirus species. Statistical modelling showed no spatial or temporal patterns and differences among species, life history traits and habitat types. CONCLUSIONS This study serves as a basis for understanding dynamics between Jeilongvirus and small mammal hosts in Singapore by displaying the virus generalist nature. In addition, the initial detection can help to invoke improved routine surveillance and detection of circulating pathogens in synanthropic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ch'ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Sophie A Borthwick
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Zoe A Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
- Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
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Kwak ML, Hitch AT, Borthwick SA, Low DHW, Markowsky G, McInnes D, Smith GJD, Nakao R, Mendenhall IH. Host, season, habitat and climatic factors as drivers of Asian rodent tick (Ixodes granulatus) (Acari: Ixodidae) occurrence and abundance in Southeast Asia. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106992. [PMID: 37543183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The Asian rodent tick (Ixodes granulatus) occurs throughout much of Asia, it frequently bites humans, and zoonotic pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) and Rickettsia honei, have been detected within it. Unfortunately, the ecology of I. granulatus remains poorly known, including drivers of its abundance and the interaction ecology with its sylvatic hosts. To elucidate the ecology of this medically important species, the habitat preferences of I. granulatus were assessed in Singapore and Malaysia. Ixodes granulatus showed strong associations with old forest habitats, though across different age classes of old forest there was limited variation in abundance. Ixodes granulatus was absent from other habitats including young forest, scrubland, and parks/gardens. Within its sylvatic rodent hosts, a range of factors were found to be statistically significant predictors of I. granulatus load and/or infestation risk, including sex and body condition index. Male rodents were significantly more likely to be infested and to have higher loads than females, similarly, animals with a lower body condition index were significantly more likely to be infested. Proactive public health efforts targeted at preventing bites by this tick should carefully consider its ecology to minimise ecological overlap between humans and I. granulatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Kwak
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Department of Wildlife, Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
| | - Sophie A Borthwick
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Greg Markowsky
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, 9 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Daniel McInnes
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, 9 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Academia Medical Centre, Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Department of Disease Control, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Academia Medical Centre, Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
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3
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Modahl CM, Chowdhury A, Low DHW, Manuel MC, Missé D, Kini RM, Mendenhall IH, Pompon J. Midgut transcriptomic responses to dengue and chikungunya viruses in the vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11271. [PMID: 37438463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are among the most preponderant arboviruses. Although primarily transmitted through the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis are competent vectors and have an impact on arbovirus epidemiology. Here, to fill the gap in our understanding of the molecular interactions between secondary vectors and arboviruses, we used transcriptomics to profile the whole-genome responses of A. albopictus to CHIKV and of A. malayensis to CHIKV and DENV at 1 and 4 days post-infection (dpi) in midguts. In A. albopictus, 1793 and 339 genes were significantly regulated by CHIKV at 1 and 4 dpi, respectively. In A. malayensis, 943 and 222 genes upon CHIKV infection, and 74 and 69 genes upon DENV infection were significantly regulated at 1 and 4 dpi, respectively. We reported 81 genes that were consistently differentially regulated in all the CHIKV-infected conditions, identifying a CHIKV-induced signature. We identified expressed immune genes in both mosquito species, using a de novo assembled midgut transcriptome for A. malayensis, and described the immune architectures. We found the JNK pathway activated in all conditions, generalizing its antiviral function to Aedines. Our comprehensive study provides insight into arbovirus transmission by multiple Aedes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Modahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Avisha Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Menchie C Manuel
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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4
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Mah MG, Linster M, Low DHW, Zhuang Y, Jayakumar J, Samsudin F, Wong FY, Bond PJ, Mendenhall IH, Su YCF, Smith GJD. Spike-Independent Infection of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bat Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0348322. [PMID: 37199653 PMCID: PMC10269751 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03483-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the reservoir for numerous human pathogens, including coronaviruses. Despite many coronaviruses having descended from bat ancestors, little is known about virus-host interactions and broader evolutionary history involving bats. Studies have largely focused on the zoonotic potential of coronaviruses with few infection experiments conducted in bat cells. To determine genetic changes derived from replication in bat cells and possibly identify potential novel evolutionary pathways for zoonotic virus emergence, we serially passaged six human 229E isolates in a newly established Rhinolophus lepidus (horseshoe bat) kidney cell line. Here, we observed extensive deletions within the spike and open reading frame 4 (ORF4) genes of five 229E viruses after passaging in bat cells. As a result, spike protein expression and infectivity of human cells was lost in 5 of 6 viruses, but the capability to infect bat cells was maintained. Only viruses that expressed the spike protein could be neutralized by 229E spike-specific antibodies in human cells, whereas there was no neutralizing effect on viruses that did not express the spike protein inoculated on bat cells. However, one isolate acquired an early stop codon, abrogating spike expression but maintaining infection in bat cells. After passaging this isolate in human cells, spike expression was restored due to acquisition of nucleotide insertions among virus subpopulations. Spike-independent infection of human coronavirus 229E may provide an alternative mechanism for viral maintenance in bats that does not rely on the compatibility of viral surface proteins and known cellular entry receptors. IMPORTANCE Many viruses, including coronaviruses, originated from bats. Yet, we know little about how these viruses switch between hosts and enter human populations. Coronaviruses have succeeded in establishing in humans at least five times, including endemic coronaviruses and the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In an approach to identify requirements for host switches, we established a bat cell line and adapted human coronavirus 229E viruses by serial passage. The resulting viruses lost their spike protein but maintained the ability to infect bat cells, but not human cells. Maintenance of 229E viruses in bat cells appears to be independent of a canonical spike receptor match, which in turn might facilitate cross-species transmission in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus G. Mah
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Jayakumar
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Firdaus Samsudin
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
| | - Foong Ying Wong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Centre for Outbreak Preparedness, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Auerswald H, Low DHW, Siegers JY, Ou T, Kol S, In S, Linster M, Su YCF, Mendenhall IH, Duong V, Smith GJD, Karlsson EA. A Look inside the Replication Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Blyth's Horseshoe Bat ( Rhinolophus lepidus) Kidney Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0044922. [PMID: 35638834 PMCID: PMC9241725 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00449-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are considered the natural reservoir of numerous emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs). There is a need for immortalized bat cell lines to culture and investigate the pathogenicity, replication kinetics, and evolution of emerging coronaviruses. We illustrate the susceptibility and permissiveness of a spontaneously immortalized kidney cell line (Rhileki) from Blyth's horseshoe bat (R. lepidus) to SARS-CoV-2 virus, including clinical isolates, suggesting a possible virus-host relationship. We were able to observe limited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Rhileki cells compared with simian VeroE6 cells. Slower viral replication in Rhileki cells was indicated by higher ct values (RT-PCR) at later time points of the viral culture and smaller foci (foci forming assay) compared with those of VeroE6 cells. With this study we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 replication is not restricted to R. sinicus and could include more Rhinolophus species. The establishment of a continuous Rhinolophus lepidus kidney cell line allows further characterization of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Rhinolophus bat cells, as well as isolation attempts of other bat-borne viruses. IMPORTANCE The current COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the significance of bats as reservoirs for severe viral diseases. However, as bats are difficult to establish as animal models, bat cell lines can be an important proxy for the investigation of bat-virus interactions and the isolation of bat-borne viruses. This study demonstrates the susceptibility and permissiveness of a continuous kidney bat cell line to SARS-CoV-2. This does not implicate the bat species Rhinolophus lepidus, where these cells originate from, as a potential reservoir, but emphasizes the usefulness of this cell line for further characterization of SARS-CoV-2. This can lead to a better understanding of emerging viruses that could cause significant disease in humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jurre Y. Siegers
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Teyputita Ou
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sonita Kol
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Martin Linster
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C. F. Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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6
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Dovih P, Laing ED, Chen Y, Low DHW, Ansil BR, Yang X, Shi Z, Broder CC, Smith GJD, Linster M, Ramakrishnan U, Mendenhall IH. Correction: Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in Northeast India imply zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009836. [PMID: 34784352 PMCID: PMC8594849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Low DHW, Hitch AT, Skiles MM, Borthwick SA, Neves ES, Lim ZX, Lee BPYH, Su YCF, Smith GJD, Mendenhall IH. Host specificity of Hepatocystis infection in short-nosed fruit bats ( Cynopterus brachyotis) in Singapore. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 15:35-42. [PMID: 33948432 PMCID: PMC8081878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemosporidians infect a wide diversity of bat genera and species, yet little is known about their transmission cycles or epidemiology. Though several recent studies have focused on the genus Hepatocystis, an Old World parasite primarily infecting bats, monkeys, and squirrels, this group is still understudied with little known about its transmission and molecular ecology. These parasites lack an asexual erythrocytic stage, making them unique from the Plasmodium vertebrate life cycle. In this study, we detected a prevalence of 31% of Hepatocystis in short-nosed fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) in Singapore. Phylogenetic reconstruction with a partial cytochrome b sequence revealed a monophyletic group of Hepatocystis from C. brachyotis in Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. There was no relationship with infection and bat age, sex, location, body condition or monsoon season. The absence of this parasite in the five other bat species sampled in Singapore indicates this Hepatocystis species may be host restricted. A bat haemosporidian (Hepatocystis) was detected in short nose fruit bats (Cynopterus brachyotis) in Singapore. Infection was not associated with bat age, sex, sample location, body condition or monsoon season. Infection was detected in only one bat species, indicating this Hepatocystis species may be host specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, Museum of Wildlife and Fish Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Maggie M Skiles
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Sophie A Borthwick
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Erica S Neves
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Zong Xian Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
| | - Benjamin P Y-H Lee
- Wildlife Management Division, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, 259569, Singapore
| | - Yvonne C F Su
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
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Tsang SM, Low DHW, Wiantoro S, Smith I, Jayakumar J, Simmons NB, Vijaykrishna D, Lohman DJ, Mendenhall IH. Detection of Tioman Virus in Pteropus vampyrus Near Flores, Indonesia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040563. [PMID: 33810446 PMCID: PMC8067168 DOI: 10.3390/v13040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse paramyxoviruses have coevolved with their bat hosts, including fruit bats such as flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Several of these viruses are zoonotic, but the diversity and distribution of Paramyxoviridae are poorly understood. We screened pooled feces samples from three Pteropus vampyrus colonies and assayed tissues, rectal swabs, and oral swabs from 95 individuals of 23 pteropodid species sampled at 17 sites across the Indonesian archipelago with a conventional paramyxovirus PCR; all tested negative. Samples from 43 individuals were screened with next generation sequencing (NGS), and a single Pteropus vampyrus collected near Flores had Tioman virus sequencing reads. Tioman virus is a bat-borne virus in the genus Pararubulavirus with prior evidence of spillover to humans. This work expands the known range of Tioman virus, and it is likely that this isolated colony likely has sustained intergenerational transmission over a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Tsang
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (S.M.T.); (N.B.S.)
- Zoology Division, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines;
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (D.H.W.L.); (J.J.)
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Sigit Wiantoro
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, West Java 16911, Indonesia;
| | - Ina Smith
- Health and Biosecurity, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Jayanthi Jayakumar
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (D.H.W.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (S.M.T.); (N.B.S.)
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - David J. Lohman
- Zoology Division, National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines;
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; (D.H.W.L.); (J.J.)
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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9
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Lim ZX, Hitch AT, Lee BPYH, Low DHW, Neves ES, Borthwick SA, Smith GJD, Mendenhall IH. Ecology of bat flies in Singapore: A study on the diversity, infestation bias and host specificity (Diptera: Nycteribiidae). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:29-33. [PMID: 32420022 PMCID: PMC7215117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bat flies are highly-specialized, hematophagous arthropods that are globally ubiquitous. There is little published research on bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in Singapore and understanding the diversity of nycteribiids, host association and infestation rates can provide insight into this host-ectoparasite relationship. Nycteribiids were collected from bats trapped in Singapore (2011–2016) and identified using morphological keys. Host-ectoparasite relationships were investigated with logistic regression and Bayesian poisson regression. Nycteribiids were found to be monoxenously associated with their host bat species and host age, sex, species, and BBCI appear to contribute to differences in prevalence and intensity. Differences in host specificity between bat fly species in Singapore and their conspecifics in less disturbed habitats with higher bat biodiversity, such as Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, suggest that the high host specificity in Singapore derives from the paucity of suitable hosts and abundance of single species roosts and not from their coevolved restrictions to them. Nycteribiid bat flies were monoxenously associated with their host bat species. Age, sex and bat body condition contribute to differences in prevalence and abundance rate. Habitat availability in an urban state such as Singapore likely drives these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Xian Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan T Hitch
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin P Y-H Lee
- Wildlife Management Division, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Rd, Singapore, 259569
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857.,National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore
| | - Erica Sena Neves
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857
| | - Sophie A Borthwick
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857
| | - Gavin J D Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore, 169857
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10
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Gamage AM, Zhu F, Ahn M, Foo RJH, Hey YY, Low DHW, Mendenhall IH, Dutertre CA, Wang LF. Immunophenotyping monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes in the Pteropodid bat Eonycteris spelaea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:309. [PMID: 31941952 PMCID: PMC6962400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are asymptomatic reservoir hosts for several highly pathogenic viruses. Understanding this enigmatic relationship between bats and emerging zoonotic viruses requires tools and approaches which enable the comparative study of bat immune cell populations and their functions. We show that bat genomes have a conservation of immune marker genes which delineate phagocyte populations in humans, while lacking key mouse surface markers such as Ly6C and Ly6G. Cross-reactive antibodies against CD44, CD11b, CD14, MHC II, and CD206 were multiplexed to characterize circulating monocytes, granulocytes, bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and lung alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea. Transcriptional profiling of bat monocytes and BMDMs identified additional markers – including MARCO, CD68, CD163, CD172α, and CD88 – which can be used to further characterize bat myeloid populations. Bat cells often resembled their human counterparts when comparing immune parameters that are divergent between humans and mice, such as the expression patterns of certain immune cell markers. A genome-wide comparison of immune-related genes also revealed a much closer phylogenetic relationship between bats and humans compared to rodents. Taken together, this study provides a set of tools and a comparative framework which will be important for unravelling viral disease tolerance mechanisms in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshamal M Gamage
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Jee Hiang Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian H Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Dovih P, Laing ED, Chen Y, Low DHW, Ansil BR, Yang X, Shi Z, Broder CC, Smith GJD, Linster M, Ramakrishnan U, Mendenhall IH. Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in Northeast India imply zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007733. [PMID: 31671094 PMCID: PMC6822707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, including filoviruses. Recent work highlights the diversity of bat borne filoviruses in Asia. High risk activities at the bat-human interface pose the threat of zoonotic virus transmission. We present evidence for prior exposure of bat harvesters and two resident fruit bat species to filovirus surface glycoproteins by screening sera in a multiplexed serological assay. Antibodies reactive to two antigenically distinct filoviruses were detected in human sera and to three individual filoviruses in bats in remote Northeast India. Sera obtained from Eonycteris spelaea bats showed similar patterns of cross-reactivity as human samples, suggesting them as the species responsible for the spillover. In contrast, sera from Rousettus leschenaultii bats reacted to two different virus glycoproteins. Our results indicate circulation of several filoviruses in bats and the possibility for filovirus transmission from bats to humans. Focused virus surveillance at human-wildlife interfaces enables proactive detection of potentially epidemic pathogens. Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are pathogens with epidemic potential. They were previously detected in bats and have caused disease outbreaks in humans with a high case fatality rate. Here, we tested sera obtained from bats and humans at a high-risk interface for the presence of filovirus reactive antibodies. Human participants were engaged in annual bat hunts, possibly exposing them to bat-borne viruses. We report the exposure of humans to filoviruses that were likely derived from the two sampled bat species. The bats contain antibodies raised to presumably three distinct filoviruses. Our findings suggest bats in South Asia act as a reservoir host of a diverse range of filoviruses and filovirus spillover occurs through human exposure to these bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilot Dovih
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Sastra University, School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Eric D. Laing
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihui Chen
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore
| | - B. R. Ansil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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12
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Laing ED, Mendenhall IH, Linster M, Low DHW, Chen Y, Yan L, Sterling SL, Borthwick S, Neves ES, Lim JSL, Skiles M, Lee BPYH, Wang LF, Broder CC, Smith GJD. Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:114-117. [PMID: 29260678 PMCID: PMC5749470 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fruit bats in Singapore have been exposed to filoviruses, we screened 409 serum samples from bats of 3 species by using a multiplex assay that detects antibodies against filoviruses. Positive samples reacted with glycoproteins from Bundibugyo, Ebola, and Sudan viruses, indicating filovirus circulation among bats in Southeast Asia.
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13
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Mendenhall IH, Manuel M, Moorthy M, Lee TTM, Low DHW, Missé D, Gubler DJ, Ellis BR, Ooi EE, Pompon J. Peridomestic Aedes malayensis and Aedes albopictus are capable vectors of arboviruses in cities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28650959 PMCID: PMC5501678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue and chikungunya are global re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. In Singapore, sustained vector control coupled with household improvements reduced domestic mosquito populations for the past 45 years, particularly the primary vector Aedes aegypti. However, while disease incidence was low for the first 30 years following vector control implementation, outbreaks have re-emerged in the past 15 years. Epidemiological observations point to the importance of peridomestic infection in areas not targeted by control programs. We investigated the role of vectors in peri-domestic areas. METHODS We carried out entomological surveys to identify the Aedes species present in vegetated sites in highly populated areas and determine whether mosquitoes were present in open-air areas frequented by people. We compared vector competence of Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis with Ae. aegypti after oral infection with sympatric dengue serotype 2 and chikungunya viruses. Mosquito saliva was tested for the presence of infectious virus particles as a surrogate for transmission following oral infection. RESULTS We identified Aedes albopictus and Aedes malayensis throughout Singapore and quantified their presence in forested and opened grassy areas. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. malayensis can occupy sylvatic niches and were highly susceptible to both arboviruses. A majority of saliva of infected Ae. malayensis contained infectious particles for both viruses. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals the prevalence of competent vectors in peri-domestic areas, including Ae. malayensis for which we established the vector status. Epidemics can be driven by infection foci, which are epidemiologically enhanced in the context of low herd immunity, selective pressure on arbovirus transmission and the presence of infectious asymptomatic persons, all these conditions being present in Singapore. Learning from Singapore's vector control success that reduced domestic vector populations, but has not sustainably reduced arboviral incidence, we suggest including peri-domestic vectors in the scope of vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H. Mendenhall
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- * E-mail: (IHM); (JP)
| | - Menchie Manuel
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Theodore T. M. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dorothée Missé
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Duane J. Gubler
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Brett R. Ellis
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Julien Pompon
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (IHM); (JP)
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14
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Fry BG, Koludarov I, Jackson TN, Holford M, Terrat Y, Casewell NR, Undheim EAB, Vetter I, Ali SA, Low DHW, Sunagar K. CHAPTER 1. Seeing the Woods for the Trees: Understanding Venom Evolution as a Guide for Biodiscovery. Drug Discovery 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737876-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Ali SA, Jackson TNW, Casewell NR, Low DHW, Rossi S, Baumann K, Fathinia B, Visser J, Nouwens A, Hendrikx I, Jones A, Undheim E, Fry BG. Extreme venom variation in Middle Eastern vipers: a proteomics comparison of Eristicophis macmahonii, Pseudocerastes fieldi and Pseudocerastes persicus. J Proteomics 2014; 116:106-13. [PMID: 25241240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Venoms of the viperid sister genera Eristicophis and Pseudocerastes are poorly studied despite their anecdotal reputation for producing severe or even lethal envenomations. This is due in part to the remote and politically unstable regions that they occupy. All species contained are sit and wait ambush feeders. Thus, this study examined their venoms through proteomics techniques in order to establish if this feeding ecology, and putatively low levels of gene flow, have resulted in significant variations in venom profile. The techniques indeed revealed extreme venom variation. This has immediate implications as only one antivenom is made (using the venom of Pseudocerastes persicus) yet the proteomic variation suggests that it would be of only limited use for the other species, even the sister species Pseudocerastes fieldi. The high degree of variation however also points toward these species being rich resources for novel compounds which may have use as lead molecules in drug design and development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results show extreme venom variation between these closely related snakes. These results have direct implications for the treatment of the envenomed patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Ali
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia; HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia; Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Sarah Rossi
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Behzad Fathinia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yasouj University, 75914 Yasouj, Iran
| | - Jeroen Visser
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia; Life Sciences, Hogeschool Inholland Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Iwan Hendrikx
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Eba Undheim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4520, Australia.
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16
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Jesupret C, Baumann K, Jackson TNW, Ali SA, Yang DC, Greisman L, Kern L, Steuten J, Jouiaei M, Casewell NR, Undheim EAB, Koludarov I, Debono J, Low DHW, Rossi S, Panagides N, Winter K, Ignjatovic V, Summerhayes R, Jones A, Nouwens A, Dunstan N, Hodgson WC, Winkel KD, Monagle P, Fry BG. Vintage venoms: proteomic and pharmacological stability of snake venoms stored for up to eight decades. J Proteomics 2014; 105:285-94. [PMID: 24434587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED For over a century, venom samples from wild snakes have been collected and stored around the world. However, the quality of storage conditions for "vintage" venoms has rarely been assessed. The goal of this study was to determine whether such historical venom samples are still biochemically and pharmacologically viable for research purposes, or if new sample efforts are needed. In total, 52 samples spanning 5 genera and 13 species with regional variants of some species (e.g., 14 different populations of Notechis scutatus) were analysed by a combined proteomic and pharmacological approach to determine protein structural stability and bioactivity. When venoms were not exposed to air during storage, the proteomic results were virtually indistinguishable from that of fresh venom and bioactivity was equivalent or only slightly reduced. By contrast, a sample of Acanthophis antarcticus venom that was exposed to air (due to a loss of integrity of the rubber stopper) suffered significant degradation as evidenced by the proteomics profile. Interestingly, the neurotoxicity of this sample was nearly the same as fresh venom, indicating that degradation may have occurred in the free N- or C-terminus chains of the proteins, rather than at the tips of loops where the functional residues are located. These results suggest that these and other vintage venom collections may be of continuing value in toxin research. This is particularly important as many snake species worldwide are declining due to habitat destruction or modification. For some venoms (such as N. scutatus from Babel Island, Flinders Island, King Island and St. Francis Island) these were the first analyses ever conducted and these vintage samples may represent the only venom ever collected from these unique island forms of tiger snakes. Such vintage venoms may therefore represent the last remaining stocks of some local populations and thus are precious resources. These venoms also have significant historical value as the Oxyuranus venoms analysed include samples from the first coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) collected for antivenom production (the snake that killed the collector Kevin Budden), as well as samples from the first Oxyuranus microlepidotus specimen collected after the species' rediscovery in 1976. These results demonstrate that with proper storage techniques, venom samples can retain structural and pharmacological stability. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Jesupret
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Daryl C Yang
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laura Greisman
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Larissa Kern
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica Steuten
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mahdokht Jouiaei
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; Molecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Eivind A B Undheim
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dolyce H W Low
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah Rossi
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nadya Panagides
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly Winter
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Robyn Summerhayes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | - Wayne C Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kenneth D Winkel
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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17
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Low DHW, Sunagar K, Undheim EAB, Ali SA, Alagon AC, Ruder T, Jackson TNW, Pineda Gonzalez S, King GF, Jones A, Antunes A, Fry BG. Dracula's children: molecular evolution of vampire bat venom. J Proteomics 2013; 89:95-111. [PMID: 23748026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While vampire bat oral secretions have been the subject of intense research, efforts have concentrated only on two components: DSPA (Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator) and Draculin. The molecular evolutionary history of DSPA has been elucidated, while conversely draculin has long been known from only a very small fragment and thus even the basic protein class was not even established. Despite the fact that vampire bat venom has a multitude of effects unaccounted by the documented bioactivities of DSPA and draculin, efforts have not been made to establish what other bioactive proteins are secreted by their submaxillary gland. In addition, it has remained unclear whether the anatomically distinct anterior and posterior lobes of the submaxillary gland are evolving on separate gene expression trajectories or if they remain under the shared genetic control. Using a combined proteomic and transcriptomic approach, we show that identical proteins are simultaneously expressed in both lobes. In addition to recovering the known structural classes of DSPA, we recovered a novel DSPA isoform as well as obtained a very large sequence stretch of draculin and thus established that it is a mutated version of the lactotransferrin scaffold. This study reveals a much more complex secretion profile than previously recognised. In addition to obtaining novel versions of scaffolds convergently recruited into other venoms (allergen-like, CRiSP, kallikrein, Kunitz, lysozyme), we also documented novel expression of small peptides related to calcitonin, PACAP, and statherin. Other overexpressed protein types included BPI-fold, lacritin, and secretoglobin. Further, we investigate the molecular evolution of various vampire bat venom-components and highlight the dominant role of positive selection in the evolution of these proteins. Conspicuously many of the proteins identified in the proteome were found to be homologous to proteins with known activities affecting vasodilation and platelet aggregation. We show that vampire bat venom proteins possibly evade host immune response by the mutation of the surface chemistry through focal mutagenesis under the guidance of positive Darwinian selection. These results not only contribute to the body of knowledge regarding haematophagous venoms but also provide a rich resource for novel lead compounds for use in drug design and development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results have direct implications in understanding the molecular evolutionary history of vampire bat venom. The unusual peptides discovered reinforce the value of studying such neglected taxon for biodiscovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolyce H W Low
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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18
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Ruder T, Sunagar K, Undheim EAB, Ali SA, Wai TC, Low DHW, Jackson TNW, King GF, Antunes A, Fry BG. Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the proteins encoded by coleoid (cuttlefish, octopus, and squid) posterior venom glands. J Mol Evol 2013; 76:192-204. [PMID: 23456102 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report for the first time a detailed evaluation of the phylogenetic history and molecular evolution of the major coleoid toxins: CAP, carboxypeptidase, chitinase, metalloprotease GON-domain, hyaluronidase, pacifastin, PLA2, SE-cephalotoxin and serine proteases, with the carboxypeptidase and GON-domain documented for the first time in the coleoid venom arsenal. We show that although a majority of sites in these coleoid venom-encoding genes have evolved under the regime of negative selection, a very small proportion of sites are influenced by the transient selection pressures. Moreover, nearly 70 % of these episodically adapted sites are confined to the molecular surface, highlighting the importance of variation of the toxin surface chemistry. Coleoid venoms were revealed to be as complex as other venoms that have traditionally been the recipient of the bulk of research efforts. The presence of multiple peptide/protein types in coleoids similar to those present in other animal venoms identifies a convergent strategy, revealing new information as to what characteristics make a peptide/protein type amenable for recruitment into chemical arsenals. Coleoid venoms have significant potential not only for understanding fundamental aspects of venom evolution but also as an untapped source of novel toxins for use in drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ruder
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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