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Hjortebjerg R, Kristiansen MR, Brandslund I, Aa Olsen D, Stidsen JV, Nielsen JS, Frystyk J. Associations between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and insulin sensitivity, metformin, and mortality in persons with T2D. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 205:110977. [PMID: 37890435 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is low in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and possibly regulated by metformin. Counter-intuitively, high IGFBP-2 associates with mortality. We investigated the association between IGFBP-2, metformin-treatment, and indices of insulin sensitivity, and assessed IGFBP-2 in relation to prior comorbidity and mortality during five-year follow-up. METHODS The study included 859 treatment-naive and 558 metformin-treated persons enrolled in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in T2D and followed for 4.9 (3.9-5.9) years through national health registries. All proteins were determined in serum collected at enrollment. RESULTS Following adjustment for age, metformin-treated and treatment-naive persons has similar IGFBP-2 levels. Low IGFBP-2 level was associated with increased BMI, fasting glucose, and C-peptide. IGFBP-2 was higher in the 437 persons who had comorbidities at enrollment than in those with T2D only (343 (213;528) vs. 242 (169;378) ng/mL). During follow-up, 87 persons died, and IGFBP-2 predicted mortality with an unadjusted HR (95% CI) per doubling in IGFBP-2 concentration of 2.62 (2.04;3.37) and a HR of 2.21 (1.61;3.01) following full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS In T2D, high IGFBP-2 associates with low glucose and insulin secretion, is unaffected by metformin treatment, and associates with risk of prior comorbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Maja R Kristiansen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2), Odense, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Dorte Aa Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jacob V Stidsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens S Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2), Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Endocrine Research Unit, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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Olsen DA, Brasen CL, Kahns S, Madsen JB, Kierkegaard H, Christensen H, Jensen A, Sydenham TV, Møller JK, Madsen JS, Brandslund I. Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen in oropharyngeal swabs using single molecule array technology. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20323. [PMID: 34645907 PMCID: PMC8514595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a highly sensitive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen assay using the single molecule array (Simoa) technology and compare it with real time RT-PCR as used in routine clinical practice with the ambition to achieve a comparative technical and clinical sensitivity. Samples were available from 148 SARS-CoV-2 real time RT-PCR positive and 73 SARS-CoV-2 real time RT-PCR negative oropharyngeal swabs. For determination of technical sensitivity SARS-CoV-2 virus culture material was used. The samples were treated with lysis buffer and analyzed using both an in-house and a pre-commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen assay on Simoa. Both nucleocapsid antigen assays have a technical sensitivity corresponding to around 100 SARS-CoV-2 RNA molecules/mL. Using a cut-off at 0.1 pg/mL the pre-commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen assay had a sensitivity of 96% (95% CI 91.4-98.5%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI 95.1-100%). In comparison the in-house nucleocapsid antigen assay had sensitivity of 95% (95% CI 89.3-98.1%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI 95.1-100%) using a cut-off at 0.01 pg/mL. The two SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen assays correlated with r = 0.91 (P < 0.0001). The in-house and the pre-commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen assay demonstrated technical and clinical sensitivity comparable to real-time RT-PCR methods for identifying SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and thus can be used clinically as well as serve as a reference method for antigen Point of Care Testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Aa Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark. .,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Claus L Brasen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Kahns
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeppe B Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helene Kierkegaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henry Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas V Sydenham
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens K Møller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonna S Madsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Kreiner-Møller E, Chawes BLK, Vissing NH, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Madsen JS, Olsen DA, Baty F, Vonk JM, Kerkhof M, Sleiman P, Hakonarsson H, Mortensen LJ, Poorisrisak P, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K. VEGFA variants are associated with pre-school lung function, but not neonatal lung function. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 43:1236-45. [PMID: 24152156 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in airway remodelling and asthma development. We studied VEGFA gene variants and plasma levels and the development of lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in childhood. METHODS We analysed 13 SNPs in the VEGFA gene in 411 children from the COPSAC2000 high-risk birth cohort. Asthma was diagnosed prospectively, and lung function measurements were obtained at birth and 6 years of age. Plasma VEGF levels were measured at 18 months of age. We used a Bonferroni adjusted significance level. Findings were replicated in the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) birth cohort at age 8. RESULTS At age six, three SNPs from the same linkage block were associated with FEV1 (rs699947, P = 1.31E-05), independent of asthma, and there were suggestive associations between FEV1/FVC ratio and rs833052 and maximal mid-expiratory flow and rs6900017. Replication in the PIAMA cohort showed borderline association between FEV1 and rs699947 and significant meta-analysis result. SNPs upstream and nearby rs699947 were nominally associated with VEGF plasma levels. VEGF levels were not associated with asthmatic symptoms or lung function measures. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE VEGF gene variants are associated with lung function at school age, but not at birth, suggesting a role of VEGF in post-natal lung function development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kreiner-Møller
- COPSAC: Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark; The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
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Olsen DA, Ostergaard B, Bokmand S, Wamberg PA, Jakobsen EH, Jakobsen A, Brandslund I. HER1-4 protein concentrations in normal breast tissue from breast cancer patients are expressed by the same profile as in the malignant tissue. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:977-84. [PMID: 19548848 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 is overexpressed or amplified in 25%-30% of patients with breast cancer. The mechanism behind HER2 amplification is unknown, but may be a patho-physiological phenomenon caused by continuous stimulation and activation of the HER1-4 system. We have mapped the protein concentrations of HER1-4 in breast cancer tissue, autologous reference tissue, normal breast tissue and serum samples, to see whether non-cancer cells from these patients express a protein profile indicating general activation. METHODS Tissue samples from malignant and adjacent normal breast tissue (autologous reference tissue) were collected from 118 women consecutively admitted for surgical treatment of breast cancer. In addition, 26 samples of normal breast tissue were collected from healthy women having breast reduction surgery. The tissue samples were homogenized and the proteins extracted. The tissue and serum concentrations of HER1-4 were determined quantitatively using a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS HER1 was down regulated in cancer tissue when compared to autologous reference tissue (p=8 x 10(-6)), while HER2 (p<10(-7)) and HER3 (p=3 x 10(-5)) were up regulated. Comparing autologous reference tissue with normal tissue showed down regulation of HER1 (p=0.122) and up regulation of HER2 (p=10(-6)), HER3 (p<10(-7)) and HER4 (p<10(-7)). Furthermore, we observed that correlations between the receptor combinations HER1-2, HER1-3 and HER1-4 were maintained from normal breast tissue to autologous reference breast tissue, but were lost in cancer tissue. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that these findings indicate that breast cancer is a systemic disease where the HER1-4 system in autologous reference tissue is continuously activated, thus favoring the subsequent development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Aa Olsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle County Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
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5
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Olsen DA, Oestergaard B, Bokmand S, Jakobsen EH, Brandslund I. Normal breast tissue cells from breast cancer patients express epidermal growth factor receptor HER1-4 protein concentrations characteristic for cancer cells. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract #3052
Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor HER2 is expressed to higher than normal concentrations in 25%-30% of human breast cancers and in approximately 90% of these cases the overexpression is a result of gene amplification. The mechanism behind HER2 amplification is unknown but may be caused by continuous stimulation and activation of the HER1 system. Consequently we have mapped the concentrations of all four epidermal growth factor receptors HER1-4 in breast cancer tissue, in autologous non-cancer breast tissue and normal breast tissue from healthy women.
 Material and Methods: Tissue samples of malignant and adjacent normal breast tissue were collected from 118 consecutive women admitted for surgical treatment of breast cancer. In addition 26 samples of normal breast tissue from healthy women were collected. The tissue samples weighing between 10 and 40 mg were homogenized and the proteins were extracted. The total protein amount in the samples were measured and the protein concentrations of HER1-4 were determined quantitatively using ELISA expressed as pg/mg total protein.
 Results: HER1 demonstrated lower than normal concentrations both in autologous non-cancer tissue and cancer tissue. HER2 showed 4 times higher than normal concentrations in autologous reference tissue and 24 times higher in cancer tissue, while the corresponding figures for HER3 was factor 8 and 13 and for HER4 factor 10 and 8. These differences were significant at p<10-4. Further it was observed that correlations between the receptors were maintained from normal breast tissue to autologous reference breast tissue but were lost in cancer tissue. Adjusting the concentrations of receptors by differences in cell number content did not change differently in the cancer patients.
 Discussion: We propose these findings to indicate that breast cancer is a systemic disease where also non-cancer tissue cells in the cancer patients are continuously activated thus favouring the subsequent development of cancer. This may explain the observation that occurrence of new cancers are increased in patients previously treated for cancer. Measurement of decreased HER1 and increased HER2-4 in breast cells from healthy women may in the future be used as an indicator of increased risk for cancer development.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 3052.
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Affiliation(s)
- DA Olsen
- 1 Vejle County Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - B Oestergaard
- 1 Vejle County Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - S Bokmand
- 1 Vejle County Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - EH Jakobsen
- 1 Vejle County Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - I Brandslund
- 1 Vejle County Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
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6
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Olsen DA, Petersen SV, Oury TD, Valnickova Z, Thøgersen IB, Kristensen T, Bowler RP, Crapo JD, Enghild JJ. The intracellular proteolytic processing of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a two-step event. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22152-7. [PMID: 15044467 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a tetramer composed of either intact (Trp(1)-Ala(222)) or proteolytically cleaved (Trp(1)-Glu(209)) subunits. The latter form is processed intracellularly before secretion and lacks the C-terminal extracellular matrix (ECM)-binding region ((210)RKKRRRESECKAA(222)-COOH). We have previously suggested that the C-terminal processing of EC-SOD is either a one-step mechanism accomplished by a single intracellular endoproteolytic event cleaving the Glu(209)-Arg(210) peptide bond or a two-step mechanism involving two proteinases (Enghild, J. J., Thogersen, I. B., Oury, T. D., Valnickova, Z., Hojrup, P., and Crapo, J. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 14818-14822). In the latter case, an initial endoproteinase cleavage occurs somewhere in the region between Glu(209) and Glu(216). A carboxypeptidase specific for basic amino acid residues subsequently trims the remaining basic amino acid residues to Glu(209). A naturally occurring mutation of EC-SOD substituting Arg(213) for Gly enabled us to test these hypotheses. The mutation does not prevent proteolysis of the ECM-binding region but prevents a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme from trimming residues beyond Gly(213). The R213G mutation is located in the ECM-binding region, and individuals carrying this mutation have an increased concentration of EC-SOD in the circulatory system. In this study, we purified the R213G EC-SOD variant from heterozygous or homozygous individuals and determined the C-terminal residue of the processed subunit to be Gly(213). This finding supports the two-step processing mechanism and indicates that the R213G mutation does not disturb the initial endoproteinase cleavage event but perturbs the subsequent trimming of the C terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Aa Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus, Denmark
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7
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Bowler RP, Nicks M, Olsen DA, Thøgersen IB, Valnickova Z, Højrup P, Franzusoff A, Enghild JJ, Crapo JD. Furin proteolytically processes the heparin-binding region of extracellular superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:16505-11. [PMID: 11861638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105409200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that attenuates brain and lung injury from oxidative stress. A polybasic region in the carboxyl terminus distinguishes EC-SOD from other superoxide dismutases and determines EC-SOD's tissue half-life and affinity for heparin. There are two types of EC-SOD that differ based on the presence or absence of this heparin-binding region. It has recently been shown that proteolytic removal of the heparin-binding region is an intracellular event (Enghild, J. J., Thogersen, I. B., Oury, T. D., Valnickova, Z., Hojrup, P., and Crapo, J. D. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 14818-14822). By using mammalian cell lines, we have now determined that removal of the heparin-binding region occurs after passage through the Golgi network but before being secreted into the extracellular space. Specific protease inhibitors and overexpression of intracellular proteases implicate furin as a processing protease. In vitro experiments using furin and purified EC-SOD suggest that furin proteolytically cleaves EC-SOD in the middle of the polybasic region and then requires an additional carboxypeptidase to remove the remaining lysines and arginines. A mutation in Arg(213) renders EC-SOD resistant to furin processing. These results indicate that furin-dependent processing of EC-SOD is important for determining the tissue distribution and half-life of EC-SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Bowler
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue microarrays are a method of relocating tissue from conventional histologic paraffin blocks in a manner that tissue from multiple patients or blocks can be seen on the same slide. This is done by using a needle to biopsy a standard histologic section and placing the core into an array on a recipient paraffin block. This technique allows maximization of tissue resources by analysis of small core biopsies of blocks, rather than complete sections. Using this technology, a carefully planned array can be constructed using cases from pathology tissue block archives, and a 20-year survival analysis can be done on a cohort of 600 or more patients using only a few microliters of antibody in a single experiment. Furthermore, this cohort can be analyzed thousands of times with different reagents as a result of judicious sectioning of the array block. This review describes this process and discusses the issues of representative sampling in heterogeneous lesions, the issue of antigen preservation, and some technical strategies and methods of array construction. In summary, this technique can provide a highly efficient, high-throughput mechanism for evaluation of protein expression in large cohorts. It has the potential for allowing validation of new genes at a speed comparable to the rapid rate of gene discovery afforded by DNA microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Rimm
- Department of Pathology and the Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA.
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Rimm DL, Camp RL, Charette LA, Costa J, Olsen DA, Reiss M. Tissue microarray: a new technology for amplification of tissue resources. Cancer J 2001; 7:24-31. [PMID: 11269645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Tissue microarrays are a method of harvesting small disks of tissue from a range of standard histologic sections and placing them in an array on a recipient paraffin block such that hundreds of cases can be analyzed simultaneously. This technique allows maximization of tissue resources by analysis of small-core biop sies of blocks, rather than complete sections. Using this technology, a carefully planned array can be constructed with cases from pathology tissue block archives, such that a 20-year survival analysis can be performed on a cohort of 600 or more patients by use of only a few microliters of antibody in a single experiment. The reflex criticism of this technique is that the tissue analyzed is not representative, especially in antigens with heterogeneous staining patterns. This review addresses this issue, as well as the issue of antigen preservation or durability, which validates construction of arrays from archives. Strategies and methods of construction and analysis of the arrays are discussed, as well as some other unusual array applications. This technique can provide a highly efficient, high-throughput mechanism for evaluation of protein expression in large cohorts. It has the potential to allow validation of new genes at a speed comparable to the rapid rate of gene discovery afforded by DNA microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
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Sood R, Porter AC, Olsen DA, Cavener DR, Wek RC. A mammalian homologue of GCN2 protein kinase important for translational control by phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha. Genetics 2000; 154:787-801. [PMID: 10655230 PMCID: PMC1460965 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.2.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of protein kinases regulates translation in response to different cellular stresses by phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2alpha). In yeast, an eIF-2alpha kinase, GCN2, functions in translational control in response to amino acid starvation. It is thought that uncharged tRNA that accumulates during amino acid limitation binds to sequences in GCN2 homologous to histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS) enzymes, leading to enhanced kinase catalytic activity. Given that starvation for amino acids also stimulates phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha in mammalian cells, we searched for and identified a GCN2 homologue in mice. We cloned three different cDNAs encoding mouse GCN2 isoforms, derived from a single gene, that vary in their amino-terminal sequences. Like their yeast counterpart, the mouse GCN2 isoforms contain HisRS-related sequences juxtaposed to the kinase catalytic domain. While GCN2 mRNA was found in all mouse tissues examined, the isoforms appear to be differentially expressed. Mouse GCN2 expressed in yeast was found to inhibit growth by hyperphosphorylation of eIF-2alpha, requiring both the kinase catalytic domain and the HisRS-related sequences. Additionally, lysates prepared from yeast expressing mGCN2 were found to phosphorylate recombinant eIF-2alpha substrate. Mouse GCN2 activity in both the in vivo and in vitro assays required the presence of serine-51, the known regulatory phosphorylation site in eIF-2alpha. Together, our studies identify a new mammalian eIF-2alpha kinase, GCN2, that can mediate translational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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11
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Dale LC, Olsen DA, Patten CA, Schroeder DR, Croghan IT, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Wolter TD. Predictors of smoking cessation among elderly smokers treated for nicotine dependence. Tob Control 1997; 6:181-7. [PMID: 9396101 PMCID: PMC1759565 DOI: 10.1136/tc.6.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine outcomes and predictors of smoking cessation among elderly patients treated for nicotine dependence. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of patients aged 65-82 who received a nicotine dependence consultation at the Mayo Medical Center between 1 April 1988 and 30 May 1992. Patients were contacted by telephone by a trained interviewer six months after the consultation and were sent a follow-up survey in August 1993. SETTING Mayo Medical Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States. SUBJECTS A total of 613 patients (310 men, 303 women) with a mean age of 69.0 (SD 3.5) years were seen during the study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Point prevalence self-reported smoking status. Patients were considered abstinent if they self-reported not smoking (not even a puff) during the seven days before contact. RESULTS At six-month follow up, 24.8% of the 613 patients reported abstinence from smoking. On multivariate analysis, smoking abstinence was more likely if patients were hospitalised at the time of the consultation, married to a non-smoking spouse, very motivated to stop smoking, and reported their longest time of previous abstinence to be less than a day or more than a month. The response rate to the mailed follow-up survey was 69.9% (429 of 613). The mean duration of follow up was 40.0 +/- 13.2 months following the consultation. Of the 429 patients, 103 (24.0%) reported abstinence from smoking and 326 (76.0%) were smoking at six-month follow up. Patients who reported abstinence at six months had a higher cessation rate at the last follow up (76.0%) compared with patients who were smoking at six-month follow up (33.0%, P < 0.001). For patients who were not smoking at six months, no factors were found to significantly predict abstinence at last follow up. For patients who were smoking at six months, factors associated with smoking cessation at last follow up were: more than a year as the longest time off cigarettes before the consultation; counsellor rating of less severe nicotine dependence; and older age at first regular smoking. CONCLUSIONS Several predictors of smoking cessation were identified in this study which may be useful for tailoring smoking interventions for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Dale
- Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Lipman NS, Weischedel AK, Connors MJ, Olsen DA, Taylor NS. Utilization of cholestyramine resin as a preventive treatment for antibiotic (clindamycin) induced enterotoxaemia in the rabbit. Lab Anim 1992; 26:1-8. [PMID: 1548840 DOI: 10.1258/002367792780809039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholestyramine, an ion exchange resin shown to bind bacterial toxins, was utilized to treat rabbits with antibiotic induced enterotoxaemia. Three groups of 6 rabbits were administered 30 mg/kg clindamycin phosphate intravenously on day 1. One group was untreated; 2 groups were treated daily by gavage with 2 g cholestyramine in 20 ml water until day 21, starting on either day 1 or 3. Daily body weights, faecal output, faecal occult blood, food and water consumption, and body temperatures were determined. Four of 6 rabbits in the untreated group either died or were moribund and euthanased. There were no deaths in either treatment groups. Dramatic decreases in food consumption (86%), water consumption (62%), and faecal output (89%) were noted within 3 days after clindamycin administration in all groups. These parameters remained depressed throughout the study. There was no clear trend in body weight changes, body temperature, or faecal occult blood test results. Cholestyramine was effective in eliminating mortality associated with the intravenous administration of clindamycin and is recommended to prevent the development of enterotoxaemia when pyrogen testing or administering antibiotics known to induce the syndrome in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Lipman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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Mann WR, Venkatraj VS, Allen RG, Liu Q, Olsen DA, Adler-Brecher B, Mao JI, Weiffenbach B, Sherman SL, Auerbach AD. Fanconi anemia: evidence for linkage heterogeneity on chromosome 20q. Genomics 1991; 9:329-37. [PMID: 2004784 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90261-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which affected individuals are predisposed to acute myelogenous leukemia and other malignancies. We report the results of a genetic linkage study involving 34 families enrolled in the International Fanconi Anemia Registry. A significant lod score was obtained between D20S20, an anonymous DNA segment from chromosome 20q, and Fanconi anemia (Zmax 3.04, theta max = 0.12). However, six other anonymous DNA segments from chromosome 20q, including D20S19, which is highly polymorphic and tightly linked to D20S20, showed no or only weak evidence for linkage to Fanconi anemia. An admixture test revealed significant evidence for linkage heterogeneity (chi 2 = 6.10, P = 0.01) at the D20S19 locus. Lod scores suggestive of linkage between Fanconi anemia and this locus were obtained with two of the largest kindreds studied (lods = 2.6 and 2.1, at theta = 0.001). Thus, our data support the provisional assignment of a Fanconi anemia gene to chromosome 20q.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Mann
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Kohl PK, Olsen DA, Buchanan TM. Monoclonal antibodies to protein I for serotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: correlation of serotype with bactericidal activity. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 1989; 270:517-26. [PMID: 2496539 DOI: 10.1016/s0176-6724(89)80023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seven monoclonal antibodies have been used for the serotyping of one hundred Neisseria gonorrhoeae wild strains, randomly selected from nine U.S. cities, and seven serotype reference strains by the co-agglutination method. As determined by gel-immunoradioassay, the monoclonal antibodies recognized the protein I trimer of a single or a limited subset of serotype reference strains. All but three strains were typable by one or two of the antibodies. The most common serotypes were 1.3 (26%), 1 (20%), 5 (17%), 5.7 (11%) and 9 (10%). To correlate typing results with ability for killing of these antibodies, susceptibility of typed and non-typed strains to killing was studied. Susceptibility was significantly associated with typing by the serotype 7 (p = 0.011) and serotype 9 (p = 0.033) specific monoclonal antibodies. Reaction of antibodies recognizing epitopes on the protein IB molecule with a given strain predicted in an average of 43% of strains (49% of strains of serotype 5, 62% of serotype 7, 29% of serotype 8, and 33% of serotype 9) its susceptibility to killing by the typing antibodies. In contrast, only 15% of the strains (15% of strains of serotype 1 and 15% of serotype 3) were killed by their typing antibodies, recognizing epitopes on the protein IA molecule. These monoclonal antibodies might prove to be important for the isolation and structural characterization of epitopes responsible for susceptibility of the gonococcus to killing and thus for the development of a vaccine against invasive gonococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Kohl
- Univ.-Hautklinik, Heidelberg, Fed. Rep. of Germany
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Hook EW, Olsen DA, Buchanan TM. Analysis of the antigen specificity of the human serum immunoglobulin G immune response to complicated gonococcal infection. Infect Immun 1984; 43:706-9. [PMID: 6198284 PMCID: PMC264357 DOI: 10.1128/iai.43.2.706-709.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific basis of human serum immunoglobulin G antibody response to complicated gonococcal infection was studied in 13 patients by using the Western blot technique for transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose paper. Of 13 patients (8 with disseminated gonococcal infection, 4 with pelvic inflammatory disease, 1 with gonococcal epididymitis), 12 reacted with protein I antigens and 9 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sera from eight patients reacted with both protein I and LPS, whereas sera from four reacted only with protein I, and one sera reacted with LPS alone. One serum with antibody to both protein I and LPS by Western blot analysis was tested for bactericidal activity before and after adsorption of antibody to LPS. Removal of antibody to LPS reduced the bactericidal titer of this serum from 1:100 to 1:50, indicating that antibody to both antigens may be bactericidal for Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
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Jones RB, Newland JC, Olsen DA, Buchanan TM. Immune-enhanced phagocytosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by macrophages: characterization of the major antigens to which opsonins are directed. J Gen Microbiol 1980; 121:365-72. [PMID: 6114982 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-121-2-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
antisera were prepared in rabbits against whole organisms of colony type 1 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains F62 and B (fron gonococcal urethritis) and 7122 (a strain typical of those associated with disseminated gonococcal infection), and against purified outer membrane components from the same strains including pili and principal outer membrane protein. Antibody levels to pili, principal outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide were determined using a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each antiserum was heat-inactivated and tested for opsonic for its homologous strain, and this immune-enhanced phagocytosis was decreased by adsorption with homologous purified outer membrane components: pili greater than lipopolysaccharide greater than principal outer membrane protein. Opsonic activity was approximately equal for antiserum to purified pili and antiserum to the whole organisms for each of the three strains, and purified antibody to pili was highly opsonic. The F(ab')2 fragments of antibody to pili were not opsonic, indicating a role for the Fc receptor on the phagocyte membrane in immune-enhanced phagocytosis of gonococci.
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Olsen DA. Illustrative projections of money income size distributions, for households: 1980 to 1995. Curr Popul Rep Popul Charact 1980:1-128. [PMID: 12280024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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D'Aoust BG, White R, Wells JM, Olsen DA. Coral-algal associations: capacity for producing and sustaining elevated oxygen tensions in situ. Undersea Biomed Res 1976; 3:35-40. [PMID: 1273983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Net oxygen production during photosynthesis by all plants requires adaptation to intracellular O2 tensions in excess of 0.21 ATA. The symbiotic association of zooxanthellae (algae) in the tissues of many actinozoans and hydrozoans (corals and anemones) suggests such an adaptation in these tissues as well, and raises the question as to degree. Oxygen production by zooxanthellae in a single coral head of Montastrea cavernosum was monitored daily in situ in a closed, recirculating 15-liter system. The net photosynthetic activity repeatedly raised the PO2 to more than 0.5 ATA, indicating that even higher tensions existed in the coral's tissues in order to cause this increase and suggesting that coral tissue may represent another example of an oxygen-adapted tissue.
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Kletschka HD, Rafferty EH, Olsen DA, Clausen EW, Hubbard LC, Robinson AR, Larson WH. Artificial heart. III. Development of efficient atraumatic blood pump. A review of the literature concerning in vitro testing of blood pumps for hemolysis. Minn Med 1975; 58:757-81. [PMID: 1105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kletschka HD, Olsen DA. Thrombus formation on polymeric materials. V. Effect of interface on the formed elements. Minn Med 1971; 54:759-63. [PMID: 5566903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Olsen DA, Kletschka HD, Haynes JL. Thrombus formation on polymeric materials. IV. Behavior of blood proteins at interfaces. Minn Med 1971; 54:635-41. [PMID: 4934851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Olsen DA, Kletschka HD. Thrombus formation on polymeric materials. II. Blood compatible surfaces. Minn Med 1970; 53:877-84. [PMID: 4919077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Olsen DA, Kletschka HD. Thrombus formation on polymeric materials. I. Interactions of the biological environment with polymers. Minn Med 1970; 53:773-7. [PMID: 5427686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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