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Kreuzig C, Kargl G, Pommerol A, Knollenberg J, Lethuillier A, Molinski NS, Gilke T, Bischoff D, Feller C, Kührt E, Sierks H, Hänni N, Capelo H, Güttler C, Haack D, Otto K, Kaufmann E, Schweighart M, Macher W, Tiefenbacher P, Gundlach B, Blum J. The CoPhyLab comet-simulation chamber. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:115102. [PMID: 34852535 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Comet Physics Laboratory (CoPhyLab) is an international research program to study the physical properties of cometary analog materials under simulated space conditions. The project is dedicated to studying, with the help of multiple instruments and the different expertise and background from the different partners, the physics of comets, including the processes inside cometary nuclei, the activity leading to the ejection of dust and gas, and the sub-surface and surface evolution of cometary nuclei when exposed to solar illumination. CoPhyLab will provide essential information on the formation and evolution of comets and insights into the origins of primitive Solar System bodies. To this end, we constructed a new laboratory that hosts several small-scale experiments and a large-scale comet-simulation chamber (L-Chamber). This chamber has been designed and constructed to host ice-dust samples with a diameter of up to 250 mm and a variable height between 100 and 300 mm. The cometary-analog samples will be kept at temperatures below 120 K and pressures around 10-6 mbar to ensure cometary-like conditions. In total, 14 different scientific instruments are attached to the L-Chamber to study the temporal evolution of the physical properties of the sample under different insolation conditions. Due to the implementation of a scale inside the L-Chamber that can measure weight changes of the samples with high precision, the cooling system is mechanically decoupled from the sample holder and cooling of the samples occurs by radiation only. The constructed chamber allows us to conduct uninterrupted experiments at low temperatures and pressures up to several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kreuzig
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G Kargl
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - A Pommerol
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Knollenberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - A Lethuillier
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - N S Molinski
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Gilke
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D Bischoff
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Feller
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Kührt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - N Hänni
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Capelo
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Haack
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - K Otto
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - E Kaufmann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - M Schweighart
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - W Macher
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - P Tiefenbacher
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - B Gundlach
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Blum
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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El-Maarry MR, Groussin O, Thomas N, Pajola M, Auger AT, Davidsson B, Hu X, Hviid SF, Knollenberg J, Güttler C, Tubiana C, Fornasier S, Feller C, Hasselmann P, Vincent JB, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy P, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Keller HU, Rickman H, A’Hearn MF, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Bodewits D, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, Deshapriya JDP, Fulle M, Gutierrez PJ, Hofmann M, Ip WH, Jorda L, Kovacs G, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Lin ZY, Lopez Moreno JJ, Marchi S, Marzari F, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X. Surface changes on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko suggest a more active past. Science 2017; 355:1392-1395. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramy El-Maarry
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - O. Groussin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Pajola
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A.-T. Auger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - B. Davidsson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - X. Hu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Knollenberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Tubiana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Fornasier
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - C. Feller
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - P. Hasselmann
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-B. Vincent
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Barbieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326 CNRS & Université Aix-Marseille, 13388 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Centro de Astrobiología, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
- International Space Science Institute, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D. Koschny
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. U. Keller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H. Rickman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Center, 00716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. F. A’Hearn
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - M. A. Barucci
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), CNRS–Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines–Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - I. Bertini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Besse
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bodewits
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G. Cremonese
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Debei
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - J. Deller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. D. P. Deshapriya
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - M. Fulle
- INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - G. Kovacs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J.-R. Kramm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Lazzarin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Z.-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - J. J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Marchi
- Solar System Exploration Research, Virtual Institute, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F. Marzari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Mottola
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Naletto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro di Ateneo di Studi ed Attivitá Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo” (CISAS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - N. Oklay
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Pommerol
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F. Preusker
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Scholten
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - X. Shi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Fornasier S, Mottola S, Keller HU, Barucci MA, Davidsson B, Feller C, Deshapriya JDP, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, A’Hearn M, Agarwal J, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, El-Maarry MR, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Güttler C, Hofmann M, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kovacs G, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara ML, Lazzarin M, Moreno JJL, Marzari F, Massironi M, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X, Thomas N, Toth I, Tubiana C, Vincent JB. Rosetta’s comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds its dusty mantle to reveal its icy nature. Science 2016; 354:1566-1570. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Spohn T, Knollenberg J, Ball AJ, Banaszkiewicz M, Benkhoff J, Grott M, Grygorczuk J, Hüttig C, Hagermann A, Kargl G, Kaufmann E, Kömle N, Kührt E, Kossacki KJ, Marczewski W, Pelivan I, Schrödter R, Seiferlin K. COMETARY SCIENCE. Thermal and mechanical properties of the near-surface layers of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 2015; 349:aab0464. [PMID: 26228152 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Thermal and mechanical material properties determine comet evolution and even solar system formation because comets are considered remnant volatile-rich planetesimals. Using data from the Multipurpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-Surface Science (MUPUS) instrument package gathered at the Philae landing site Abydos on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, we found the diurnal temperature to vary between 90 and 130 K. The surface emissivity was 0.97, and the local thermal inertia was 85 ± 35 J m(-2) K(-1)s(-1/2). The MUPUS thermal probe did not fully penetrate the near-surface layers, suggesting a local resistance of the ground to penetration of >4 megapascals, equivalent to >2 megapascal uniaxial compressive strength. A sintered near-surface microporous dust-ice layer with a porosity of 30 to 65% is consistent with the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spohn
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - J Knollenberg
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - A J Ball
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | | | - J Benkhoff
- European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - M Grott
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - C Hüttig
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - A Hagermann
- Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - G Kargl
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences Graz, Austria
| | - E Kaufmann
- Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - N Kömle
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences Graz, Austria
| | - E Kührt
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - K J Kossacki
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - I Pelivan
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - R Schrödter
- Institute of Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - K Seiferlin
- Physics Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Hässig M, Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, Briois C, Calmonte U, Combi M, De Keyser J, Eberhardt P, Fiethe B, Fuselier SA, Galand M, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Jäckel A, Keller HU, Kopp E, Korth A, Kührt E, Le Roy L, Mall U, Marty B, Mousis O, Neefs E, Owen T, Rème H, Rubin M, Sémon T, Tornow C, Tzou CY, Waite JH, Wurz P. Cometary science. Time variability and heterogeneity in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Science 2015; 347:aaa0276. [PMID: 25613892 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Comets contain the best-preserved material from the beginning of our planetary system. Their nuclei and comae composition reveal clues about physical and chemical conditions during the early solar system when comets formed. ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) onboard the Rosetta spacecraft has measured the coma composition of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with well-sampled time resolution per rotation. Measurements were made over many comet rotation periods and a wide range of latitudes. These measurements show large fluctuations in composition in a heterogeneous coma that has diurnal and possibly seasonal variations in the major outgassing species: water, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. These results indicate a complex coma-nucleus relationship where seasonal variations may be driven by temperature differences just below the comet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hässig
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.
| | - K Altwegg
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Balsiger
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Bar-Nun
- Department of Geosciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - J J Berthelier
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Centre national de recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), BP 102, UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - A Bieler
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - P Bochsler
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Briois
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), UMR 7328 CNRS - Université d'Orléans, France
| | - U Calmonte
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Combi
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J De Keyser
- Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. Center for Plasma Astrophysics, KULeuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - P Eberhardt
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - B Fiethe
- Institute of Computer and Network Engineering (IDA), TU Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Straße 66, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S A Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - M Galand
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - S Gasc
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - T I Gombosi
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - K C Hansen
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A Jäckel
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Keller
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität (TU) Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Asteroids and Comets, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Kopp
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Korth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Kührt
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Asteroids and Comets, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Le Roy
- Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - U Mall
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Marty
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), 15 Rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - O Mousis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille), UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France
| | - E Neefs
- Engineering Division, BIRA-IASB, Ringlaan 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Owen
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - H Rème
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabathier (UPS), Observatoire de Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Toulouse, France. CNRS, IRAP, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M Rubin
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Sémon
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Tornow
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Planetary Research, Asteroids and Comets, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C-Y Tzou
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J H Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - P Wurz
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Sierks H, Lamy P, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, A'Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Carry B, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, Debei S, De Cecco M, De Leon J, Ferri F, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Hviid SF, Gaskell RW, Groussin O, Gutierrez P, Ip W, Jorda L, Kaasalainen M, Keller HU, Knollenberg J, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara L, Lazzarin M, Leyrat C, Lopez Moreno JJ, Magrin S, Marchi S, Marzari F, Massironi M, Michalik H, Moissl R, Naletto G, Preusker F, Sabau L, Sabolo W, Scholten F, Snodgrass C, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Vernazza P, Vincent JB, Wenzel KP, Andert T, Pätzold M, Weiss BP. Images of asteroid 21 Lutetia: a remnant planetesimal from the early Solar System. Science 2011; 334:487-90. [PMID: 22034428 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Images obtained by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) cameras onboard the Rosetta spacecraft reveal that asteroid 21 Lutetia has a complex geology and one of the highest asteroid densities measured so far, 3.4 ± 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter. The north pole region is covered by a thick layer of regolith, which is seen to flow in major landslides associated with albedo variation. Its geologically complex surface, ancient surface age, and high density suggest that Lutetia is most likely a primordial planetesimal. This contrasts with smaller asteroids visited by previous spacecraft, which are probably shattered bodies, fragments of larger parents, or reaccumulated rubble piles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany.
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Keller HU, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Lamy P, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, Sierks H, A’Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, De Cecco M, Debei S, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Moreno JL, Marzari F, Michalik H, Naletto G, Sabau L, Thomas N, Wenzel KP, Bertini I, Besse S, Ferri F, Kaasalainen M, Lowry S, Marchi S, Mottola S, Sabolo W, Schröder SE, Spjuth S, Vernazza P. E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta. Science 2010; 327:190-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1179559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. U. Keller
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | - D. Koschny
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - H. Rickman
- Institute för Astronomi och Rymdfysik, Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - H. Sierks
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Services d’Aéronomie de CNRS, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | | | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Luxor, Padova, Italy
| | - B. Davidsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - S. Debei
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - M. Fulle
- International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - O. Groussin
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | | | - J. R. Kramm
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L.-M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - H. Michalik
- Institute of Computer and Network Engineering, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - L. Sabau
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aérospacial, Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern, Switzerland
| | - K.-P. Wenzel
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - I. Bertini
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. Besse
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - F. Ferri
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - S. Lowry
- University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - S. Mottola
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Sabolo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. E. Schröder
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - S. Spjuth
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - P. Vernazza
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
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