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Ortiz JL, Santos-Sanz P, Sicardy B, Benedetti-Rossi G, Bérard D, Morales N, Duffard R, Braga-Ribas F, Hopp U, Ries C, Nascimbeni V, Marzari F, Granata V, Pál A, Kiss C, Pribulla T, Komžík R, Hornoch K, Pravec P, Bacci P, Maestripieri M, Nerli L, Mazzei L, Bachini M, Martinelli F, Succi G, Ciabattari F, Mikuz H, Carbognani A, Gaehrken B, Mottola S, Hellmich S, Rommel FL, Fernández-Valenzuela E, Bagatin AC, Cikota S, Cikota A, Lecacheux J, Vieira-Martins R, Camargo JIB, Assafin M, Colas F, Behrend R, Desmars J, Meza E, Alvarez-Candal A, Beisker W, Gomes-Junior AR, Morgado BE, Roques F, Vachier F, Berthier J, Mueller TG, Madiedo JM, Unsalan O, Sonbas E, Karaman N, Erece O, Koseoglu DT, Ozisik T, Kalkan S, Guney Y, Niaei MS, Satir O, Yesilyaprak C, Puskullu C, Kabas A, Demircan O, Alikakos J, Charmandaris V, Leto G, Ohlert J, Christille JM, Szakáts R, Farkas AT, Varga-Verebélyi E, Marton G, Marciniak A, Bartczak P, Santana-Ros T, Butkiewicz-Bąk M, Dudziński G, Alí-Lagoa V, Gazeas K, Tzouganatos L, Paschalis N, Tsamis V, Sánchez-Lavega A, Pérez-Hoyos S, Hueso R, Guirado JC, Peris V, Iglesias-Marzoa R. The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation. Nature 2018; 550:219-223. [PMID: 29022593 DOI: 10.1038/nature24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Haumea-one of the four known trans-Neptunian dwarf planets-is a very elongated and rapidly rotating body. In contrast to other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo and density are not well constrained. The Centaur Chariklo was the first body other than a giant planet known to have a ring system, and the Centaur Chiron was later found to possess something similar to Chariklo's rings. Here we report observations from multiple Earth-based observatories of Haumea passing in front of a distant star (a multi-chord stellar occultation). Secondary events observed around the main body of Haumea are consistent with the presence of a ring with an opacity of 0.5, width of 70 kilometres and radius of about 2,287 kilometres. The ring is coplanar with both Haumea's equator and the orbit of its satellite Hi'iaka. The radius of the ring places it close to the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Haumea's spin period-that is, Haumea rotates three times on its axis in the time that a ring particle completes one revolution. The occultation by the main body provides an instantaneous elliptical projected shape with axes of about 1,704 kilometres and 1,138 kilometres. Combined with rotational light curves, the occultation constrains the three-dimensional orientation of Haumea and its triaxial shape, which is inconsistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium. Haumea's largest axis is at least 2,322 kilometres, larger than previously thought, implying an upper limit for its density of 1,885 kilograms per cubic metre and a geometric albedo of 0.51, both smaller than previous estimates. In addition, this estimate of the density of Haumea is closer to that of Pluto than are previous estimates, in line with expectations. No global nitrogen- or methane-dominated atmosphere was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ortiz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, 18008-Granada, Spain
| | - P Santos-Sanz
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, 18008-Granada, Spain
| | - B Sicardy
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G Benedetti-Rossi
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil
| | - D Bérard
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - N Morales
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, 18008-Granada, Spain
| | - R Duffard
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, 18008-Granada, Spain
| | - F Braga-Ribas
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil.,Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR/DAFIS), Rua Sete de Setembro 3165, CEP 80230-901 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - U Hopp
- Universitäts-Sternwarte München, München, Scheiner Straße 1, D-81679 München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ries
- Universitäts-Sternwarte München, München, Scheiner Straße 1, D-81679 München, Germany
| | - V Nascimbeni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, 'G. Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy.,INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - F Marzari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - V Granata
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, 'G. Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy.,INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy
| | - A Pál
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - C Kiss
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Pribulla
- Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 059 60 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia
| | - R Komžík
- Astronomical Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 059 60 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovakia
| | - K Hornoch
- Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fričova 298, 251 65 Ondřejov Czech Republic
| | - P Pravec
- Astronomical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Fričova 298, 251 65 Ondřejov Czech Republic
| | - P Bacci
- Astronomical Observatory San Marcello Pistoiese CARA Project, San Marcello Pistoiese, Pistoia, Italy
| | - M Maestripieri
- Astronomical Observatory San Marcello Pistoiese CARA Project, San Marcello Pistoiese, Pistoia, Italy
| | - L Nerli
- Astronomical Observatory San Marcello Pistoiese CARA Project, San Marcello Pistoiese, Pistoia, Italy
| | - L Mazzei
- Astronomical Observatory San Marcello Pistoiese CARA Project, San Marcello Pistoiese, Pistoia, Italy
| | - M Bachini
- Osservatorio astronomico di Tavolaia, Santa Maria a Monte, Italy.,Lajatico Astronomical Centre, Via Mulini a Vento 9 Orciatico, cap 56030 Lajatico, Italy
| | - F Martinelli
- Lajatico Astronomical Centre, Via Mulini a Vento 9 Orciatico, cap 56030 Lajatico, Italy
| | - G Succi
- Osservatorio astronomico di Tavolaia, Santa Maria a Monte, Italy.,Lajatico Astronomical Centre, Via Mulini a Vento 9 Orciatico, cap 56030 Lajatico, Italy
| | - F Ciabattari
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Monte Agliale, Via Cune Motrone, I-55023 Borgo a Mozzano, Italy
| | - H Mikuz
- Črni Vrh Observatory, Predgriže 29A, 5274 Črni Vrh nad Idrijo, Slovenia
| | - A Carbognani
- Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Lignan 39, 11020 Nus, Italy
| | - B Gaehrken
- Bayerische Volkssternwarte München, Rosenheimer Straße 145h, D-81671 München, Germany
| | - S Mottola
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Hellmich
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F L Rommel
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR/DAFIS), Rua Sete de Setembro 3165, CEP 80230-901 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - E Fernández-Valenzuela
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía S/N, 18008-Granada, Spain
| | - A Campo Bagatin
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y la Tecnología, Universidad de Alicante, PO Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - S Cikota
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department of Applied Physics, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.,Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Cikota
- European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - J Lecacheux
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - R Vieira-Martins
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil.,IMCCE/Observatoire de Paris, 77 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France.,Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil.,Observatório do Valongo/UFRJ, Ladeira Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20080-090, Brazil
| | - J I B Camargo
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil.,Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia-LIneA, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil
| | - M Assafin
- Observatório do Valongo/UFRJ, Ladeira Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20080-090, Brazil
| | - F Colas
- IMCCE/Observatoire de Paris, 77 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R Behrend
- Observatoire de Genève, CH1290 Sauverny, Switzerland
| | - J Desmars
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - E Meza
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - A Alvarez-Candal
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil
| | - W Beisker
- International Occultation Timing Association-European Section (IOTA-ES) Bartold-Knausstraße 8, D-30459 Hannover, Germany
| | - A R Gomes-Junior
- Observatório do Valongo/UFRJ, Ladeira Pedro Antônio 43, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20080-090, Brazil
| | - B E Morgado
- Observatório Nacional/MCTIC, Rua General José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro CEP 20921-400, Brazil
| | - F Roques
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Universités Paris 06, Universités Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - F Vachier
- IMCCE/Observatoire de Paris, 77 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - J Berthier
- IMCCE/Observatoire de Paris, 77 Avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
| | - T G Mueller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - J M Madiedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - O Unsalan
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - E Sonbas
- University of Adiyaman, Department of Physics, 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - N Karaman
- University of Adiyaman, Department of Physics, 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - O Erece
- TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG), Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - D T Koseoglu
- TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG), Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - T Ozisik
- TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG), Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - S Kalkan
- Ondokuz Mayis University Observatory, Space Research Center, 55200 Kurupelit, Turkey
| | - Y Guney
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Physics, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - M S Niaei
- Atatürk University, Astrophysics Research and Application Center (ATASAM), 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - O Satir
- Atatürk University, Astrophysics Research and Application Center (ATASAM), 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - C Yesilyaprak
- Atatürk University, Astrophysics Research and Application Center (ATASAM), 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.,Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - C Puskullu
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Astrophysics Research Center (ARC) and Ulupınar Observatory (UPO), Canakkale, Turkey
| | - A Kabas
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Astrophysics Research Center (ARC) and Ulupınar Observatory (UPO), Canakkale, Turkey
| | - O Demircan
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Astrophysics Research Center (ARC) and Ulupınar Observatory (UPO), Canakkale, Turkey
| | - J Alikakos
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, GR-15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - V Charmandaris
- Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, GR-15236 Penteli, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - G Leto
- INAF-Catania Astrophysical Observatory, Via Santa Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - J Ohlert
- Michael Adrian Observatorium, Astronomie Stiftung Trebur, Fichtenstraße 7, 65468 Trebur, Germany.,University of Applied Sciences, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Wilhelm-Leuschner-Straße 13, D-61169 Friedberg, Germany
| | - J M Christille
- Astronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta Valley (OAVdA), Lignan 39, 11020 Nus, Italy
| | - R Szakáts
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Takácsné Farkas
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Varga-Verebélyi
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Marton
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege 15-17, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Marciniak
- Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland
| | - P Bartczak
- Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland
| | - T Santana-Ros
- Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland
| | - M Butkiewicz-Bąk
- Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland
| | - G Dudziński
- Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, 60-286 Poznań, Poland
| | - V Alí-Lagoa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, D-85741 Garching, Germany
| | - K Gazeas
- Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - L Tzouganatos
- Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - N Paschalis
- Nunki Observatory, Skiathos Island 37002, Greece
| | - V Tsamis
- Ellinogermaniki Agogi Observatory, Dimitriou Panagea street, GR-15351 Athens, Greece
| | - A Sánchez-Lavega
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - S Pérez-Hoyos
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - R Hueso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - J C Guirado
- Observatori Astronòmic de la Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.,Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, Calle Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - V Peris
- Observatori Astronòmic de la Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - R Iglesias-Marzoa
- Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón, Plaza de San Juan 1, 2ª planta, 44001 Teruel, Spain.,Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Fco Sánchez, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
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El-Maarry MR, Groussin O, Thomas N, Pajola M, Auger AT, Davidsson B, Hu X, Hviid SF, Knollenberg J, Güttler C, Tubiana C, Fornasier S, Feller C, Hasselmann P, Vincent JB, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy P, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Keller HU, Rickman H, A’Hearn MF, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Bodewits D, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, Deshapriya JDP, Fulle M, Gutierrez PJ, Hofmann M, Ip WH, Jorda L, Kovacs G, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Lin ZY, Lopez Moreno JJ, Marchi S, Marzari F, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X. Surface changes on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko suggest a more active past. Science 2017; 355:1392-1395. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramy El-Maarry
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - O. Groussin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Pajola
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A.-T. Auger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - B. Davidsson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - X. Hu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Knollenberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Tubiana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Fornasier
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - C. Feller
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - P. Hasselmann
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-B. Vincent
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Barbieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326 CNRS & Université Aix-Marseille, 13388 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Centro de Astrobiología, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
- International Space Science Institute, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D. Koschny
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. U. Keller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H. Rickman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Center, 00716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. F. A’Hearn
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - M. A. Barucci
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), CNRS–Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines–Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - I. Bertini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Besse
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bodewits
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G. Cremonese
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Debei
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - J. Deller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. D. P. Deshapriya
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - M. Fulle
- INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - G. Kovacs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J.-R. Kramm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Lazzarin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Z.-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - J. J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Marchi
- Solar System Exploration Research, Virtual Institute, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F. Marzari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Mottola
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Naletto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro di Ateneo di Studi ed Attivitá Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo” (CISAS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - N. Oklay
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Pommerol
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F. Preusker
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Scholten
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - X. Shi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Fornasier S, Mottola S, Keller HU, Barucci MA, Davidsson B, Feller C, Deshapriya JDP, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, A’Hearn M, Agarwal J, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, El-Maarry MR, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Güttler C, Hofmann M, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kovacs G, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara ML, Lazzarin M, Moreno JJL, Marzari F, Massironi M, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X, Thomas N, Toth I, Tubiana C, Vincent JB. Rosetta’s comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds its dusty mantle to reveal its icy nature. Science 2016; 354:1566-1570. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Martinato M, Krankovic I, Caccaro R, Scacchi M, Cesaro R, Marzari F, Colombara F, Compagno D, Judet S, Sturniolo G, D'Incà R. P.15.8 ASSESSMENT OF BOWEL PREPARATION FOR COLONOSCOPY: COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TOOLS AND DIFFERENT HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS. Dig Liver Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1590-8658(13)60558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
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5
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Sierks H, Lamy P, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, A'Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Carry B, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, Debei S, De Cecco M, De Leon J, Ferri F, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Hviid SF, Gaskell RW, Groussin O, Gutierrez P, Ip W, Jorda L, Kaasalainen M, Keller HU, Knollenberg J, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara L, Lazzarin M, Leyrat C, Lopez Moreno JJ, Magrin S, Marchi S, Marzari F, Massironi M, Michalik H, Moissl R, Naletto G, Preusker F, Sabau L, Sabolo W, Scholten F, Snodgrass C, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Vernazza P, Vincent JB, Wenzel KP, Andert T, Pätzold M, Weiss BP. Images of asteroid 21 Lutetia: a remnant planetesimal from the early Solar System. Science 2011; 334:487-90. [PMID: 22034428 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Images obtained by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) cameras onboard the Rosetta spacecraft reveal that asteroid 21 Lutetia has a complex geology and one of the highest asteroid densities measured so far, 3.4 ± 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter. The north pole region is covered by a thick layer of regolith, which is seen to flow in major landslides associated with albedo variation. Its geologically complex surface, ancient surface age, and high density suggest that Lutetia is most likely a primordial planetesimal. This contrasts with smaller asteroids visited by previous spacecraft, which are probably shattered bodies, fragments of larger parents, or reaccumulated rubble piles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany.
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6
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Keller HU, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Lamy P, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, Sierks H, A’Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, De Cecco M, Debei S, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Moreno JL, Marzari F, Michalik H, Naletto G, Sabau L, Thomas N, Wenzel KP, Bertini I, Besse S, Ferri F, Kaasalainen M, Lowry S, Marchi S, Mottola S, Sabolo W, Schröder SE, Spjuth S, Vernazza P. E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta. Science 2010; 327:190-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1179559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. U. Keller
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | - D. Koschny
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - H. Rickman
- Institute för Astronomi och Rymdfysik, Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - H. Sierks
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Services d’Aéronomie de CNRS, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | | | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Luxor, Padova, Italy
| | - B. Davidsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - S. Debei
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - M. Fulle
- International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - O. Groussin
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | | | - J. R. Kramm
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L.-M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - H. Michalik
- Institute of Computer and Network Engineering, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - L. Sabau
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aérospacial, Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern, Switzerland
| | - K.-P. Wenzel
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - I. Bertini
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. Besse
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - F. Ferri
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - S. Lowry
- University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - S. Mottola
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Sabolo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. E. Schröder
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - S. Spjuth
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - P. Vernazza
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The source and regulatory mechanisms that elevate beta-endorphin (beta-EP) approximately twofold higher than circulating plasma levels in the colostrum of lactating mothers are still unknown, and no studies have examined beta-EP availability previously during maturation phases of human milk. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of beta-EP vary over time between colostrum, transitional, and mature breast-milk and to evaluate whether this depends on the method of delivery. METHODS Mothers of healthy full-term and pre-term newborn infants who planned to breast-feed their newborn infants were considered for this study. They were consecutively recruited in one of 3 groups of 14, according to delivery method: group 1, vaginal delivery at term (gestational age 40.2 +/- 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 3.48 +/- 0.09 kg); group 2, preterm vaginal delivery (gestational age, 35.6 +/- 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 2.49 +/- 0.08 kg); and group 3, at-term elective cesarean section (gestational age, 39.0 +/- 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 3.32 +/- 0.14 kg). Three consecutive breast milk samples were obtained on the fourth day after birth, before each mother's discharge, and thereafter on the 10th and 30th postpartum days, close to expression of the colostrum, transitional, and mature milk production phases, respectively, to test beta-EP concentrations (beta-Endorphin 125I RIA; INCSTAR Corporation, Stillwater, MN). Data are presented as mean +/- standard deviation. Statistical comparison of beta-EP concentration among the three lactating mother groups was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. In addition, to test the hypothesis of a trend toward smaller values with time of beta-EP, the authors computed within each mother group a P value per trend (Kruskal-Wallis test) of beta-EP concentration averages on the 4th, 10th, and 30th days, respectively. Student's t test for independent samples was used for the analysis of the other data. The 0.05 significance level was used in the statistical analysis. All computations were made by computer. RESULTS Colostrum beta-EP concentrations on the fourth postpartum day of group 1 and group 2 mothers who were delivered of a neonate vaginally, at term, or prematurely were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than colostrum levels of group 3 mothers who underwent cesarean section. Group 2 mothers who were delivered of a neonate vaginally and prematurely presented the highest beta-EP concentrations (P < 0.05), lasting until the transitional milk phase (10th day). No significant differences were found across all 3 groups of lactating mothers in mature milk (30th day) beta-EP concentrations. In addition, the beta-EP trend toward smaller values with time within each of the three groups on days 4, 10, and 30 was statistically significant (P < 0.01 per trend). CONCLUSIONS It is hypothesized that elevated beta-EP concentrations in colostrum and transitional milk of mothers who were vaginally delivered of infants may contribute to postnatal fetal adaptation, to overcoming birth stress of natural labor and delivery, and at the same time to the postnatal development of several related biologic functions of breast-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physics and Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Padua University, Padua, Italy.
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9
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Zanardo V, Nicolussi S, Favaro F, Faggian D, Plebani M, Marzari F, Freato F. Effect of postpartum anxiety on the colostral milk beta-endorphin concentrations of breastfeeding mothers. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2001; 21:130-4. [PMID: 12521879 DOI: 10.1080/01443610020026001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripartal maternal apprehension and anxiety are associated with abnormal labour, dystocia and higher rates of fetal and maternal morbidity. Since colostral beta-endorphin (beta-EP) concentrations are twofold higher than circulating levels, we hypothesised that substantial maternal emotional distress in puerperium might induce consistent changes in colostral beta endorphin galactopoiesis. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effects of postpartum maternal anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y form, Spielberger CD, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1983) on colostral milk beta-EP levels (beta-endorphin 125I RIA, INCSTAR Corporation-Stillwater, Minnesota, USA) in a population of healthy lactating mothers, on the fourth postpartum discharge day, 14 after at term vaginal delivery, 14 after premature (> or = 34 <37 gestational weeks) vaginal delivery, and 14 after elective cesarean section. The colostral milk beta-EP concentrations of mothers who vaginally delivered at term or prematurely were significantly higher on the fourth postpartum day (6.0+/-0.5 and 6.6+/-0.7 vs. 4.3+/-0.4 pmol/l, respectively; P <0.05) than colostral levels of mothers who underwent caesarean section. At the same time, while trait anxiety levels (T, age corrected values) were unaffected by route and mode of delivery, in mothers presenting increased colostral milk beta-EP galactopoiesis after vaginal delivery there was a statistically significant negative correlation (r-0.40; P <0.03) between colostral milk beta-EP concentrations and trait anxiety levels. These data indicate that the labour pain and the vaginal delivery process play a central role in increasing colostral opioid availability for the breastfed neonate; peripartal maternal anxiety is a negative psychobiological determinant in opioid galactopoiesis, and possibly in the postnatal development of several related biological functions of growing infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Padua University School of Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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10
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Zanardo V, Rizzo L, Trevisanuto D, Simbi KA, Golin R, Magarotto M, Marzari F. Serum enzyme activities in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Fetal Diagn Ther 1999; 14:341-4. [PMID: 10640872 DOI: 10.1159/000020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were measured in 26 premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (group 1), and in 24 premature controls, matched for gestational age and birth weight (group 2). Blood samples were taken serially on 3, 10, 20, 30 and 60 postpartum days. Group 1 and group 2 premature infants showed statistically higher LDH activities on the 3rd postpartum day. These differences disappeared later and LDH activities progressively decreased with time in both premature groups. Mean AST values of group 1 and group 2 premature infants were also significantly higher on the 3rd postpartum day. Subsequently, in all groups, AST showed a postpartal decrease, and a stabilization from the 10th day of life until the 2nd postnatal month. Mean ALT values were instead, comparable on the 3rd postnatal day and subsequently increased, although not significantly. Like the AST, gamma-GT of group 1 and group 2 premature infants were slightly more elevated on the 3rd postpartum day. The subsequent decrease was however transitory, and at 1 and 2 postnatal months a noticeable, significant progressive increase in mean values was found. It is concluded that serum ALT, AST, LDH and gamma-GT measurement of sick premature infants within the first 2 months of life are not significantly altered by the occurrence of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Padua University, School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
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11
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Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a frequent complication of preterm birth and may lead to later CNS damage. The hypoglycemia incidence and the relative risk factors for the affected preterm infants were assessed. We examined 1,500 preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestational age) consecutively admitted between January 1994 and December 1996 at the Department of Pediatrics of Padua University, and screened for hypoglycemia by Dextrostix within the first hour of life. Hypoglycemia was defined as blood glucose levels <40 mg% at Dextrostix. Among study prematures, 35% had hypoglycemia; while the incidence was 9% at levels of Dextrostix <20 mg%. The relative risk for hypoglycemia (odds ratio, OR) was computed assuming a 99% confidence interval (CI). We found 5 risk factors for hypoglycemia: cesarean section (OR 2.24, CI 1.66-3.03), intrauterine malnutrition (SGA) (OR 1.65, CI 1.08-2.53), NICU hospitalization (OR 1.45, CI 1. 09-1.93), gestational age between 30 and 33 weeks (OR 1.93, CI 1. 34-2.78), and twinning (OR 2.49, CI 1.77-3.56). At levels of Dextrostix <20 mg%, 3 more risk factors were found: cardiopulmonary resuscitation at birth (OR 4.06, CI 2.52-6.54), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (OR 2.21, CI 1.34-3.36) and gestational age between 26 and 29 weeks (OR 2.16, CI 1.02-4.25). The identification of relative risk factors could be useful in improving the hypoglycemia prophylaxis, and in reducing related later CNS abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Padua University, Padova, Italy
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12
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Zanardo V, Trevisanuto D, Vanin E, Marzari F, Guglielmi A. Effect of prolonged dexamethasone on oxygen-dependency in infants with chronic lung disease. Pediatr Med Chir 1999; 21:1-4. [PMID: 10451887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of prolonged dexamethasone therapy on oxygen-dependency clinical phase of prematures with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, we examined a consecutive group of 27 infants (birth weight, < 1500 g and gestational age, < 32 weeks), who remained with a static or deteriorating oxygen-dependency after weaning from the respirator [pre-treatment FiO2, mean +/- SEM over three days (31 +/- 2)%, range (27-73)%]. Twenty five out of 27 infants were weaned from supplemental oxygen during the 42-day steroid treatment period, with a mean (+/- SEM) duration of oxygen supplementation of 16 +/- 4 days. The distribution of the ratios of successive post-treatment FiO2 values with respect to pre-treatment FiO2 shows, on average, a progressive reduction with time. The percentage of the FiO2 decrease is statistically significant at a level of 2 and 3 SD after 3 days and 7 days, respectively and the average FiO2 fall, as function of time, follows an exponential law. It follows that the time spent in oxygen for a single patient may be determined, accounting for the individual severity of pre-treatment FiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Italy
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Abstract
Isotopic dating indicates that chondrules were produced a few million years after the solar nebula formed. This timing is incompatible with dynamical lifetimes of small particles in the nebula and short time scales for the formation of planetesimals. Temporal and dynamical constraints can be reconciled if chondrules were produced by heating of debris from disrupted first-generation planetesimals. Jovian resonances can excite planetesimal eccentricities enough to cause collisional disruption and melting of dust by bow shocks in the nebular gas. The ages of chondrules may indicate the times of Jupiter's formation and dissipation of gas from the asteroidal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Weidenschilling
- S. J. Weidenschilling, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85705, USA. F. Marzari, Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy. L. L. Hood, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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14
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Abstract
Twin gestation is associated with higher rate of neonatal hypoglycemia than do singletons. We examined the role of specific risk factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia of 216 premature twins and 1284 premature singletons, consecutively born in the years 1994-1996 in the Department of Pediatrics of Padua University, Italy. Significantly higher risk of hypoglycemia (Dextrostix < 40 and < 20 mg%) was found in twins vs singletons (54% vs 32%, OR 2.49, CI 1.77-3.56; 19% vs 8%, OR 2.65, CI 1.59-4.19, respectively). Gestational age of 34-37 weeks increased hypoglycemia risk for the premature twins (77% vs 51%, OR 3.20 CI 1.49-6.88). Twin deliveries statistically differed from those of singletons in several perinatal characteristics. More twins were born by cesarean section (85% vs 55%, OR 4.15, CI 2.48-6.95), and the birth weight of twins was much lower related to prematures with BW < 1.0 kg (12% vs 6%, OR 2.06, CI 1.11-3.82) and SGA (20% vs 10%, OR 2.41, CI 1.46-3.98). The risk of twin deliveries was increased at 30-33 weeks gestational age (25% vs 15%, OR 1.84; CI 1.17-2.90). Twins were found to have higher rates of hospitalization (50% vs 40%, OR 1.52, CI 1.04-2.23) and showed an increased risk of cardiorespiratory resuscitation (51% vs 31%, OR 2.36, CI 1.61-3.47), hypothermia (11% vs 4%, OR 3.02, CI 2.33-3.91), BPD (25% vs 19%, OR 2.55, CI 1.10-5.91), and PVL (4% vs 1%, OR 4.08, CI 1.23-13.5). Mortality was found more often (not significant) in premature twins. The risk for intrapartum and early neonatal morbidity was however, mostly reduced in hypoglycemic twins, while it was comparable between smaller or smaller weight discordant twins and larger twins. Similarly, SGA twins, and smaller or smaller weight-discordant twins did not show increased hypoglycemia risk. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the multiple gestation per se is the single most important relative risk factor of hypoglycemia in premature twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zanardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Padua University, Italy
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15
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Abstract
The recent discoveries of massive planetary companions orbiting several solar-type stars pose a conundrum. Conventional models for the formation of giant planets (such as Jupiter and Saturn) place such objects at distances of several astronomical units from the parent star, whereas all but one of the new objects are on orbits well inside 1 AU; these planets must therefore have originated at larger distances and subsequently migrated inwards. One suggested migration mechanism invokes tidal interactions between the planet and the evolving circumstellar disk. Such a mechanism results in planets with small, essentially circular orbits, which appears to be the case for many of the new planets. But two of the objects have substantial orbital eccentricities, which are difficult to reconcile with a tidal-linkage model. Here we describe an alternative model for planetary migration that can account for these large orbital eccentricities. If a system of three or more giant planets form about a star, their orbits may become unstable as they gain mass by accreting gas from the circumstellar disk; subsequent gravitational encounters among these planets can eject one from the system while placing the others into highly eccentric orbits both closer and farther from the star.
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