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Kreuzig C, Kargl G, Pommerol A, Knollenberg J, Lethuillier A, Molinski NS, Gilke T, Bischoff D, Feller C, Kührt E, Sierks H, Hänni N, Capelo H, Güttler C, Haack D, Otto K, Kaufmann E, Schweighart M, Macher W, Tiefenbacher P, Gundlach B, Blum J. The CoPhyLab comet-simulation chamber. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:115102. [PMID: 34852535 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Comet Physics Laboratory (CoPhyLab) is an international research program to study the physical properties of cometary analog materials under simulated space conditions. The project is dedicated to studying, with the help of multiple instruments and the different expertise and background from the different partners, the physics of comets, including the processes inside cometary nuclei, the activity leading to the ejection of dust and gas, and the sub-surface and surface evolution of cometary nuclei when exposed to solar illumination. CoPhyLab will provide essential information on the formation and evolution of comets and insights into the origins of primitive Solar System bodies. To this end, we constructed a new laboratory that hosts several small-scale experiments and a large-scale comet-simulation chamber (L-Chamber). This chamber has been designed and constructed to host ice-dust samples with a diameter of up to 250 mm and a variable height between 100 and 300 mm. The cometary-analog samples will be kept at temperatures below 120 K and pressures around 10-6 mbar to ensure cometary-like conditions. In total, 14 different scientific instruments are attached to the L-Chamber to study the temporal evolution of the physical properties of the sample under different insolation conditions. Due to the implementation of a scale inside the L-Chamber that can measure weight changes of the samples with high precision, the cooling system is mechanically decoupled from the sample holder and cooling of the samples occurs by radiation only. The constructed chamber allows us to conduct uninterrupted experiments at low temperatures and pressures up to several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kreuzig
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - G Kargl
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - A Pommerol
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Knollenberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - A Lethuillier
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - N S Molinski
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T Gilke
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - D Bischoff
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Feller
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - E Kührt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - N Hänni
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Capelo
- Physics Institute for Space Research and Planetary Science, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Haack
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - K Otto
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2, 12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany
| | - E Kaufmann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - M Schweighart
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - W Macher
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - P Tiefenbacher
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science, Schmiedlstraße 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
| | - B Gundlach
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Blum
- Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik (IGeP), TU Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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El-Maarry MR, Groussin O, Thomas N, Pajola M, Auger AT, Davidsson B, Hu X, Hviid SF, Knollenberg J, Güttler C, Tubiana C, Fornasier S, Feller C, Hasselmann P, Vincent JB, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy P, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Keller HU, Rickman H, A’Hearn MF, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Bodewits D, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, Deshapriya JDP, Fulle M, Gutierrez PJ, Hofmann M, Ip WH, Jorda L, Kovacs G, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Lin ZY, Lopez Moreno JJ, Marchi S, Marzari F, Mottola S, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X. Surface changes on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko suggest a more active past. Science 2017; 355:1392-1395. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aak9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ramy El-Maarry
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - O. Groussin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M. Pajola
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A.-T. Auger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - B. Davidsson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - X. Hu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Knollenberg
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Güttler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Tubiana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S. Fornasier
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - C. Feller
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - P. Hasselmann
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-B. Vincent
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Barbieri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326 CNRS & Université Aix-Marseille, 13388 Marseille Cedex 13, France
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Centro de Astrobiología, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
- International Space Science Institute, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - D. Koschny
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. U. Keller
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - H. Rickman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Center, 00716 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. F. A’Hearn
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - M. A. Barucci
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), CNRS–Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines–Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - I. Bertini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Besse
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Bodewits
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G. Cremonese
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Debei
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - J. Deller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. D. P. Deshapriya
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Meudon Principal Cedex 92195, France
| | - M. Fulle
- INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, 34014 Trieste, Italy
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Hofmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - G. Kovacs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J.-R. Kramm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- Operations Department, European Space Astronomy Centre/ESA, P.O. Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - L. M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - M. Lazzarin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Z.-Yi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, Taiwan
| | - J. J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), c/ Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Marchi
- Solar System Exploration Research, Virtual Institute, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - F. Marzari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Mottola
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G. Naletto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche–Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Padova Luxor, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro di Ateneo di Studi ed Attivitá Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo” (CISAS), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - N. Oklay
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Pommerol
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F. Preusker
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Scholten
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Planetenforschung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - X. Shi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Fornasier S, Mottola S, Keller HU, Barucci MA, Davidsson B, Feller C, Deshapriya JDP, Sierks H, Barbieri C, Lamy PL, Rodrigo R, Koschny D, Rickman H, A’Hearn M, Agarwal J, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Debei S, De Cecco M, Deller J, El-Maarry MR, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Güttler C, Hofmann M, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kovacs G, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara ML, Lazzarin M, Moreno JJL, Marzari F, Massironi M, Naletto G, Oklay N, Pajola M, Pommerol A, Preusker F, Scholten F, Shi X, Thomas N, Toth I, Tubiana C, Vincent JB. Rosetta’s comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds its dusty mantle to reveal its icy nature. Science 2016; 354:1566-1570. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Pätzold M, Andert T, Hahn M, Asmar SW, Barriot JP, Bird MK, Häusler B, Peter K, Tellmann S, Grün E, Weissman PR, Sierks H, Jorda L, Gaskell R, Preusker F, Scholten F. A homogeneous nucleus for comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from its gravity field. Nature 2016; 530:63-5. [PMID: 26842054 DOI: 10.1038/nature16535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cometary nuclei consist mostly of dust and water ice. Previous observations have found nuclei to be low-density and highly porous bodies, but have only moderately constrained the range of allowed densities because of the measurement uncertainties. Here we report the precise mass, bulk density, porosity and internal structure of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on the basis of its gravity field. The mass and gravity field are derived from measured spacecraft velocity perturbations at fly-by distances between 10 and 100 kilometres. The gravitational point mass is GM = 666.2 ± 0.2 cubic metres per second squared, giving a mass M = (9,982 ± 3) × 10(9) kilograms. Together with the current estimate of the volume of the nucleus, the average bulk density of the nucleus is 533 ± 6 kilograms per cubic metre. The nucleus appears to be a low-density, highly porous (72-74 per cent) dusty body, similar to that of comet 9P/Tempel 1. The most likely composition mix has approximately four times more dust than ice by mass and two times more dust than ice by volume. We conclude that the interior of the nucleus is homogeneous and constant in density on a global scale without large voids. The high porosity seems to be an inherent property of the nucleus material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pätzold
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Abteilung Planetenforschung, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - T Andert
- Institut für Raumfahrttechnik und Weltraumnutzung, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - M Hahn
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Abteilung Planetenforschung, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - S W Asmar
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - J-P Barriot
- Université de la Polynésie Francaise, Faaa, Tahiti
| | - M K Bird
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Abteilung Planetenforschung, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - B Häusler
- Institut für Raumfahrttechnik und Weltraumnutzung, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - K Peter
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Abteilung Planetenforschung, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - S Tellmann
- Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Abteilung Planetenforschung, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - E Grün
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P R Weissman
- Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - L Jorda
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, 13388 Marseille, France
| | - R Gaskell
- Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell Suite 106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
| | - F Preusker
- Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Berlin-Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Scholten
- Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Berlin-Adlershof, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Jaumann R, Williams DA, Buczkowski DL, Yingst RA, Preusker F, Hiesinger H, Schmedemann N, Kneissl T, Vincent JB, Blewett DT, Buratti BJ, Carsenty U, Denevi BW, De Sanctis MC, Garry WB, Keller HU, Kersten E, Krohn K, Li JY, Marchi S, Matz KD, McCord TB, McSween HY, Mest SC, Mittlefehldt DW, Mottola S, Nathues A, Neukum G, O’Brien DP, Pieters CM, Prettyman TH, Raymond CA, Roatsch T, Russell CT, Schenk P, Schmidt BE, Scholten F, Stephan K, Sykes MV, Tricarico P, Wagner R, Zuber MT, Sierks H. Vesta’s Shape and Morphology. Science 2012; 336:687-90. [PMID: 22582254 DOI: 10.1126/science.1219122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Jaumann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Planetary Sciences, Germany
| | | | - D. L. Buczkowski
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - R. A. Yingst
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - F. Preusker
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Hiesinger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | | | - T. Kneissl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Planetary Sciences, Germany
| | - J. B. Vincent
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - D. T. Blewett
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - B. J. Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - U. Carsenty
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - B. W. Denevi
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - M. C. De Sanctis
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma, Italy
| | - W. B. Garry
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | | | - E. Kersten
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Krohn
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - J.-Y. Li
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Marchi
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lunar Science Institute, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - K. D. Matz
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - H. Y. McSween
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S. C. Mest
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - D. W. Mittlefehldt
- Astromaterials Research Office, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - S. Mottola
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Nathues
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - G. Neukum
- Freie Universität Berlin, Planetary Sciences, Germany
| | | | - C. M. Pieters
- Brown University, Planetary Geosciences Department, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - C. A. Raymond
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - T. Roatsch
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - C. T. Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - P. Schenk
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - B. E. Schmidt
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - F. Scholten
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - K. Stephan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. V. Sykes
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - P. Tricarico
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - R. Wagner
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. T. Zuber
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139,USA
| | - H. Sierks
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
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Sierks H, Lamy P, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, A'Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Bertini I, Besse S, Carry B, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, Debei S, De Cecco M, De Leon J, Ferri F, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Hviid SF, Gaskell RW, Groussin O, Gutierrez P, Ip W, Jorda L, Kaasalainen M, Keller HU, Knollenberg J, Kramm R, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara L, Lazzarin M, Leyrat C, Lopez Moreno JJ, Magrin S, Marchi S, Marzari F, Massironi M, Michalik H, Moissl R, Naletto G, Preusker F, Sabau L, Sabolo W, Scholten F, Snodgrass C, Thomas N, Tubiana C, Vernazza P, Vincent JB, Wenzel KP, Andert T, Pätzold M, Weiss BP. Images of asteroid 21 Lutetia: a remnant planetesimal from the early Solar System. Science 2011; 334:487-90. [PMID: 22034428 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Images obtained by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) cameras onboard the Rosetta spacecraft reveal that asteroid 21 Lutetia has a complex geology and one of the highest asteroid densities measured so far, 3.4 ± 0.3 grams per cubic centimeter. The north pole region is covered by a thick layer of regolith, which is seen to flow in major landslides associated with albedo variation. Its geologically complex surface, ancient surface age, and high density suggest that Lutetia is most likely a primordial planetesimal. This contrasts with smaller asteroids visited by previous spacecraft, which are probably shattered bodies, fragments of larger parents, or reaccumulated rubble piles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, 37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany.
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Patzold M, Andert TP, Asmar SW, Anderson JD, Barriot JP, Bird MK, Hausler B, Hahn M, Tellmann S, Sierks H, Lamy P, Weiss BP. Asteroid 21 Lutetia: Low Mass, High Density. Science 2011; 334:491-2. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1209389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Keller HU, Barbieri C, Koschny D, Lamy P, Rickman H, Rodrigo R, Sierks H, A’Hearn MF, Angrilli F, Barucci MA, Bertaux JL, Cremonese G, Da Deppo V, Davidsson B, De Cecco M, Debei S, Fornasier S, Fulle M, Groussin O, Gutierrez PJ, Hviid SF, Ip WH, Jorda L, Knollenberg J, Kramm JR, Kührt E, Küppers M, Lara LM, Lazzarin M, Moreno JL, Marzari F, Michalik H, Naletto G, Sabau L, Thomas N, Wenzel KP, Bertini I, Besse S, Ferri F, Kaasalainen M, Lowry S, Marchi S, Mottola S, Sabolo W, Schröder SE, Spjuth S, Vernazza P. E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta. Science 2010; 327:190-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1179559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. U. Keller
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | - D. Koschny
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - P. Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - H. Rickman
- Institute för Astronomi och Rymdfysik, Uppsala, Sweden
- Polish Academy of Sciences Space Research Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - H. Sierks
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | | | | | | | - J.-L. Bertaux
- Services d’Aéronomie de CNRS, Verrières le Buisson, France
| | | | - V. Da Deppo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Luxor, Padova, Italy
| | - B. Davidsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - S. Debei
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - M. Fulle
- International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - O. Groussin
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - P. J. Gutierrez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. F. Hviid
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - W.-H. Ip
- National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - L. Jorda
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | | | - J. R. Kramm
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - E. Kührt
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Küppers
- European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - L.-M. Lara
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - J. Lopez Moreno
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | | | - H. Michalik
- Institute of Computer and Network Engineering, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - L. Sabau
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aérospacial, Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - N. Thomas
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Bern, Switzerland
| | - K.-P. Wenzel
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - I. Bertini
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. Besse
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence, Marseille, France
| | - F. Ferri
- University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - S. Lowry
- University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - S. Mottola
- German Aerospace Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Sabolo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - S. E. Schröder
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - S. Spjuth
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany
| | - P. Vernazza
- European Space and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
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Heber B, Bothmer V, Dröge W, Kunow H, Müller-Mellin R, Sierks H, Wibberenz G, Ferrando P, Raviart A, Paizis C, Potgieter MS, Burger RA, Hattingh M, Haasbroek LJ, McComas D. Latitudinal distribution of >106 MeV protons and its relation to the ambient solar wind in the inner southern and northern heliosphere: Ulysses Cosmic and Solar Particle Investigation Kiel Electron Telescope Results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97ja01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simpson JA, Connell JJ, Lopate C, McKibben RB, Zhang M, Anglin JD, Ferrando P, Rastoin C, Raviart A, Heber B, Muiller-Meliin R, Kunow H, Sierks H, Wibberenz G, Bothmer V, Marsden RG, Sanderson TR, Trattner KJ, Wenzel KP, Paizis C. Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Investigations Over the South Polar Regions of the Sun. Science 1995; 268:1019-23. [PMID: 17774228 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5213.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Observations of galactic cosmic radiation and anomalous component nuclei with charged particle sensors on the Ulysses spacecraft showed that heliospheric magnetic field structure over the south solar pole does not permit substantially more direct access to the local interstellar cosmic ray spectrum than is possible in the equatorial zone. Fluxes of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component increased as a result of latitude gradients by less than 50% from the equator to -80 degrees . Thus, the modulated cosmic ray nucleon, electron, and anomalous component fluxes are nearly spherically symmetric in the inner solar system. The cosmic rays and the anomalous nuclear component underwent a continuous, -26 day recurrent modulation to -80.2 degrees , whereas all recurring magnetic field compressions and recurring streams in the solar wind disappeared above approximately 55 degrees S latitude.
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