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Burden N, Brown RJ, Holmes B, Panter GH, Salinas ER, Sewell F, Weltje L, Wheeler JR, Wolf Y, Lagadic L. An international cross-laboratory survey on fish vitellogenin analysis: Methodological challenges and opportunities for best practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 145:105501. [PMID: 37820895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (VTG) is a biomarker for possible endocrine activity of chemicals acting via the estrogen, androgen, or steroidogenesis pathways. VTG is assessed in standardised fish guideline studies conducted for regulatory safety assessment of chemicals. VTG data can be highly variable leading to concerns for potential equivocal, false positive and/or negative outcomes. Consequently, additional fish testing may be required to address uncertainties in the VTG response, and possibly erroneous/missed identification of endocrine activity. To better understand the technical challenges of VTG assessment and reporting for regulatory purposes, a survey was sent to 27 testing laboratories performing these analyses. The survey results from 16 respondents (6 from the UK, 3 from the USA, and 7 from the EU) were analysed and discussed in a follow-up webinar. High variability in background VTG concentrations was widely acknowledged and thought to be associated with fish batch, husbandry, laboratory practices, and several methodological aspects. These include sample collection and storage, VTG quantification, data handling, and the benchmarks used for data acceptability. Information gathered in the survey provides a basis for improving and harmonizing the measurement of VTG in fish, and an opportunity to reassess the suitability of current acceptability criteria in test guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Burden
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK.
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- wca Environment Ltd., Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, SN7 7YR, UK.
| | - Breanne Holmes
- Bayer AG, R&D Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Grace H Panter
- wca Environment Ltd., Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, SN7 7YR, UK
| | - Edward R Salinas
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - Fiona Sewell
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva Agriscience, Zuid-Oostsingel 24D, 4611 BB, Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne Wolf
- Bayer AG, R&D Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, R&D Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany.
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2
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Brown RJ, Panter GH, Burden N, Salinas ER, Weltje L, Wheeler JR, Wolf Y, Lagadic L. Are changes in vitellogenin concentrations in fish reliable indicators of chemical-induced endocrine activity? Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 266:115563. [PMID: 37827093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenin (VTG), a biomarker for endocrine activity, is a mechanistic component of the regulatory assessment of potential endocrine-disrupting properties of chemicals. This review of VTG data is based on changes reported for 106 substances in standard fish species. High intra-study and inter-laboratory variability in VTG concentrations was confirmed, as well as discrepancies in interpretation of results based on large differences between fish in the dilution water versus solvent control, or due to the presence of outlier measurements. VTG responses in fish were ranked against predictions for estrogen receptor agonist activity and aromatase inhibition from bioactivity model output and ToxCast in vitro assay results, respectively. These endocrine mechanisms explained most of the VTG responses in the absence of systemic toxicity, the magnitude of the VTG response being proportional to the in vitro potency. Interpretation of the VTG data was sometimes confounded by an alternative endocrine mechanism of action. There was evidence for both false positive and negative responses for VTG synthesis, but overall, it was rare for substances without endocrine activity in vitro to cause a concentration-dependent VTG response in fish in the absence of systemic toxicity. To increase confidence in the VTG results, we recommend improvements in the VTG measurement methodologies and greater transparency in reporting of VTG data (including quality control criteria for assay performance). This review supports the application of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) by demonstrating that endocrine activity in vitro from mammalian cell lines is predictive for in vivo VTG response in fish, suggesting that in vitro mechanistic data could be used more broadly in decision-making to help reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Brown
- wca, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7YR, UK.
| | - Grace H Panter
- wca, Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire SN7 7YR, UK
| | - Natalie Burden
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Edward R Salinas
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany; Bayer AG, R&D, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva Agriscience, Zuid-Oostsingel 24D, 4611 BB Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Wolf
- Bayer AG, R&D, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, R&D, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Alfred-Nobel Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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3
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Leubner N, Pawlowski S, Salinas ER, Wigh A, Dammann M, Preibisch A, Schmitt C. Assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of four commonly used phenolic benzotriazoles based on in silico and experimental in vivo data. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36896760 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic benzotriazoles (BTZs) are used globally as light stabilizers in various plastic products to protect them from photooxidative degradation. The same physical-chemical properties that confer their functionality, like a sufficient photostability and a high octanol-water partition coefficient, also raise concerns on their potential for environmental persistence and bioaccumulation based on in silico predictive tools. To evaluate their bioaccumulation potential in aquatic organisms, standardized fish bioaccumulation studies according to OECD TG 305 were conducted with four of the most commonly used BTZs: UV 234, UV 329, UV P and UV 326. The resulting growth and lipid corrected BCF values revealed that UV 234, UV 329, UV P were below the bioaccumulation threshold (BCF ≤ 2000), but UV 326 is considered very bioaccumulative (BCF ≥ 5000) with respect to the bioaccumulation criteria under REACH. Comparing these experimentally derived data with quantitative structure activity related or other calculated values using a logarithmic partitioning coefficient octanol-water (log Pow ) driven mathematical formula revealed significant discrepancies demonstrating the weakness of current in silico approaches for this group of substances. Furthermore, available environmental monitoring data demonstrate that these rudimentary in silico approaches can lead to unreliable bioaccumulation estimates for this chemical class due to considerable uncertainties in underlying assumptions (e.g., concentration, route of exposure). However, using more sophisticated in silico methods (i.e., CATALOGIC base-line model), the derived BCF values were better aligned with the experimentally derived ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Leubner
- BASF SE, GBP/RA, Department of Product Safety, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Pawlowski
- BASF SE, GBP/RA, Department of Product Safety, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Edward R Salinas
- BASF SE, Ecotoxicology Crop Protection, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Adriana Wigh
- BASF SE, RG/T, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- BASF SE, RG/T, Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Alina Preibisch
- BASF Services Europe GmbH, Regulatory Toxicology & Ecotoxicology, 10245, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Schmitt
- BASF SE, EV/SR, Global Regulatory Solutions, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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4
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Wheeler JR, Gao Z, Lagadic L, Salinas ER, Weltje L, Burden N. Hormone data collection in support of endocrine disruption (ED) assessment for aquatic vertebrates: Pragmatic and animal welfare considerations. Environ Int 2021; 146:106287. [PMID: 33276311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R Wheeler
- Shell International B.V., Shell Health, Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596 HR The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Zhenglei Gao
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Environmental Effects, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG Research and Development, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Environmental Effects, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 50, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Edward R Salinas
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany.
| | - Natalie Burden
- NC3Rs, Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, UK.
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5
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Salinas ER, Bozich JS, Kolbenschlag S, Kary-Heinrich M, Hopp PW, Lukas R, Zok S, Hidding B. Aquatic testing guidelines insufficiently control the influence of dilution water toc and hardness on cationic polymer toxicity - A proposal to improve standardized test procedures. Chemosphere 2020; 259:127473. [PMID: 32622247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers (CPs) are widely used chemicals for wastewater treatment applications and in various "down-the-drain" household products. The aquatic toxicity of CPs results from an electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell surfaces. These effects are greatly mitigated by the binding affinity of CPs to total organic carbon (TOC) in surface water. Consequently, baseline aquatic toxicity tests of CPs using clean lab water (TOC < 2 mg/L) typically overestimate toxicity and risk which is greatly mitigated at higher environmentally relevant OC levels. However, the point at which mitigation begins is not well defined and low-level TOC in lab water may influence the baseline toxicity outcome. Similarly, divalent cations, quantified as water hardness, may modulate the electrostatic binding between OC and CP. Although standard guidelines define limits for lab water hardness and TOC, the consequences of variability within those limits on test outcome is unknown. We investigated the impact of part-per-billion (ppb) additions of TOC to lab water at different hardness levels on CP acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Raphidocelis subcapitata. In both species, the acute toxicities of CPs with different molecular weight and charge density varied by > 10-fold in response to slight changes in TOC and water hardness, although parameters were maintained within guideline limits. When determining the baseline aquatic toxicity of CPs, the lab water should be standardized at the lowest biologically tolerable hardness and TOC at a reliably measurable level (>1 - < 2 mg/L) to reduce variability and increase the reliability of the toxicity estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Jared S Bozich
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sara Kolbenschlag
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kary-Heinrich
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp W Hopp
- Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Henkelstrasse 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lukas
- Product Stewardship, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zok
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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6
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Lagadic L, Bender K, Burden N, Salinas ER, Weltje L. Recommendations for Reducing the USE of Fish and Amphibians in Endocrine-Disruption Testing of Biocides and Plant Protection Products in Europe. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019; 15:659-662. [PMID: 31349386 PMCID: PMC6852156 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Ecotoxicology, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Katrin Bender
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Environmental Safety, Ecotoxicology, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Edward R Salinas
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
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7
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Pawlowski S, Lanzinger AC, Dolich T, Füßl S, Salinas ER, Zok S, Weiss B, Hefner N, Van Sloun P, Hombeck H, Klingelmann E, Petersen-Thiery M. Evaluation of the bioaccumulation of octocrylene after dietary and aqueous exposure. Sci Total Environ 2019; 672:669-679. [PMID: 30974358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene is used as UV filter in personal care products with a high production volume and can be detected in surface water and biota. It is liquid at ambient temperature, highly lipophilic, has a high adsorption capacity to organic material and is considered as persistent in the environment. The very low water solubility complicates the evaluation of potential long-term effects in aquatic toxicity testing, since effect thresholds are often above the water solubility limit. Thus, the evaluation of the bioaccumulation potential becomes highly relevant for the assessment of long-term environmental effects. However, even the determination of the water solubility limit for a substance with such difficult properties is challenging. The following experiments are described, and results compared to available environmental monitoring data: A bioconcentration study with aqueous exposure (BCF) in zebrafish and a biomagnification study with dietary exposure (BMF) in rainbow trout, as well as supporting experiments to evaluate the water solubility. The growth and lipid corrected BCF determined by aqueous exposure was 858 L kg-1 while the corrected BMF was 0.0335. The model-based estimation of the BCF from BMF (152-1182 L kg-1) is in good agreement with the measured BCF value. Environmental monitoring data provide only limited information on the bioaccumulation potential of octocrylene, as only few investigations were made in biota and water in parallel and concentrations of octocrylene vary by several orders of magnitude during seasons. Based on the determined fish BCF data, we conclude that OCR is not bioaccumulative according to the criteria as laid down by ECHA, 2017. Furthermore, the low BMF value indicates no accumulation along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Hefner
- DSM Nutritional Products AG, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Petra Van Sloun
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Helena Hombeck
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Otte JC, Schultz B, Fruth D, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Hidding B, Salinas ER. Intrinsic Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:86-93. [PMID: 28903500 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio, zf) are gaining attention as an alternative invivo test system for drug discovery, early developmental toxicity screenings and chemical testing in ecotoxicological and toxicological testing strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated transcriptional evidence for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) during early zf development. However, elaborate experiments on XME activities during development are incomplete. In this work, the intrinsic activities of representative phase I and II XME were monitored by transformation of putative zf model substrates analyzed using photometry and high pressure liquid chromatography techniques. Six different defined stages of zf development (between 2.5 h postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf) were investigated by preparing a subcellular fraction from whole organism homogenates. We demonstrated that zf embryos as early as 2.5 hpf possess intrinsic metabolic activities for esterase, Aldh, Gst, and Cyp1a above the methodological detection limit. The activities of the enzymes Cyp3a and Nat were measurable during later stages in development. Activities represent dynamic patterns during development. The role of XME activities revealed in this work is relevant for the assessing toxicity in this test system and therefore contributes to a valuable characterization of zf embryos as an alternative testing organism in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Schultz
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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9
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Holden PA, Gardea-Torresdey J, Klaessig F, Turco RF, Mortimer M, Hund-Rinke K, Hubal EAC, Avery D, Barceló D, Behra R, Cohen Y, Deydier-Stephan L, Lee Ferguson P, Fernandes TF, Harthorn BH, Henderson WM, Hoke RA, Hristozov D, Johnston JM, Kane AB, Kapustka L, Keller AA, Lenihan HS, Lovell W, Murphy CJ, Nisbet RM, Petersen EJ, Salinas ER, Scheringer M, Sharma M, Speed DE, Sultan Y, Westerhoff P, White JC, Wiesner MR, Wong EM, Xing B, Horan MS, Godwin HA, Nel AE. Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:6124-45. [PMID: 27177237 PMCID: PMC4967154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jorge Gardea-Torresdey
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Fred Klaessig
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Pennsylvania Bio Nano Systems, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, United States
| | - Ronald F. Turco
- College of Agriculture, Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - David Avery
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Institut Català de Recerca de l’Aigua (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Renata Behra
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yoram Cohen
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Patrick Lee Ferguson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Barbara Herr Harthorn
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Center for Nanotechnology in Society, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - William Matthew Henderson
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Robert A. Hoke
- E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice 30123, Italy
| | - John M. Johnston
- Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Agnes B. Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | | | - Arturo A. Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hunter S. Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wess Lovell
- Vive Crop Protection Inc, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Roger M. Nisbet
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Edward R. Salinas
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, D-67056, Germany
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA International Science Consortium, Ltd., London N1 9RL, England, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Speed
- Globalfoundries, Corporate EHS, Hopewell Junction, New York 12533, United States
| | - Yasir Sultan
- Environment Canada, Gatineau, Quebec J8X 4C8, Canada
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jason C. White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Eva M. Wong
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Meghan Steele Horan
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hilary A. Godwin
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - André E. Nel
- University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Petersen EJ, Diamond SA, Kennedy AJ, Goss GG, Ho K, Lead J, Hanna SK, Hartmann NB, Hund-Rinke K, Mader B, Manier N, Pandard P, Salinas ER, Sayre P. Adapting OECD Aquatic Toxicity Tests for Use with Manufactured Nanomaterials: Key Issues and Consensus Recommendations. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:9532-9547. [PMID: 26182079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The unique or enhanced properties of manufactured nanomaterials (MNs) suggest that their use in nanoenabled products will continue to increase. This will result in increased potential for human and environmental exposure to MNs during manufacturing, use, and disposal of nanoenabled products. Scientifically based risk assessment for MNs necessitates the development of reproducible, standardized hazard testing methods such as those provided by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Currently, there is no comprehensive guidance on how best to address testing issues specific to MN particulate, fibrous, or colloidal properties. This paper summarizes the findings from an expert workshop convened to develop a guidance document that addresses the difficulties encountered when testing MNs using OECD aquatic and sediment test guidelines. Critical components were identified by workshop participants that require specific guidance for MN testing: preparation of dispersions, dose metrics, the importance and challenges associated with maintaining and monitoring exposure levels, and the need for reliable methods to quantify MNs in complex media. To facilitate a scientific advance in the consistency of nanoecotoxicology test results, we identify and discuss critical considerations where expert consensus recommendations were and were not achieved and provide specific research recommendations to resolve issues for which consensus was not reached. This process will enable the development of prescriptive testing guidance for MNs. Critically, we highlight the need to quantify and properly interpret and express exposure during the bioassays used to determine hazard values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Stephen A Diamond
- ‡Midwest Division, NanoSafe, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota 55802, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- §Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Greg G Goss
- ∥Department of Biological Sciences and National Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Kay Ho
- ⊥Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory-Atlantic Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Jamie Lead
- #Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29036, United States
| | - Shannon K Hanna
- †Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nanna B Hartmann
- ∇Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- ○Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Brian Mader
- ◆Environmental Laboratory, 3M, St. Paul, Minnesota 55144, United States
| | - Nicolas Manier
- ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Pandard
- ¶Institute National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique ALATA, F-60550 Verneuil en-Halatte, France
| | - Edward R Salinas
- ΔExperimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Phil Sayre
- ◇Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
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Weyman GS, Rufli H, Weltje L, Salinas ER, Hamitou M. Aquatic toxicity tests with substances that are poorly soluble in water and consequences for environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:1662-1669. [PMID: 22544669 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic toxicity tests with substances that are poorly soluble in water have been conducted using different methods, and estimates of toxicity have varied accordingly. The present study illustrates differences in toxicity values resulting from variation in test designs and solution preparation methods, and offers guidance on the best way to conduct these tests. Consequences for environmental risk assessment and classification are also discussed. The present study mainly considers active ingredients of plant protection products, but is also considered relevant to other chemicals. It is recommended that toxicity tests be conducted only up to the saturation limit, dispersants avoided, and solvents used only if necessary to support handling and speed of dissolution. Analytical measurements of exposure concentrations should reflect what organisms are exposed to. If acute toxicity testing at the saturation limit yields no adverse effects, further testing should not normally be required; the toxicity value of the endpoints should be considered as the saturation limit and adverse classification should not be required. Chronic testing, if required, should then be conducted at the practical saturation limit as this is the most realistic worst-case exposure scenario. If no adverse effects occur, the risk should be acceptable because higher aqueous exposure cannot occur. This could be substantiated by testing additional species. Assessment factors on no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values at the saturation limit require careful consideration in the risk assessment to avoid unnecessarily low regulatory acceptable concentrations.
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Tollner TL, Overstreet JW, Li MW, Meyers SA, Yudin AI, Salinas ER, Cherr GN. Lignosulfonic acid blocks in vitro fertilization of macaque oocytes when sperm are treated either before or after capacitation. J Androl 2002; 23:889-98. [PMID: 12399536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Lignin-derived macromolecules (LDMs) are biologically active compounds that affect a variety of cell-to-cell interactions including the inhibition of fertilization and embryo development in a number of nonmammalian species. The effect of ligno-sulfonic acid (LSA), a highly sulfonated LDM, on cynomolgus macaque sperm-oocyte interaction was evaluated with a zona pellucida binding assay and by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Sperm were treated with LSA (1.5 mg/mL) either before washing or after capacitation. Capacitation included centrifugation through 80% Percoll followed by 2 consecutive washes with medium, overnight incubation, and activation with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and caffeine. The zona binding assay was performed using immature oocytes that had adhered to the center of glass "binding chambers." The number of capacitated sperm that attached to the zona over a 3-minute period was recorded. Sperm attachment was significantly inhibited by LSA as compared to controls whether treatment occurred after capacitation (92.5%; P <.001) or before washing (82.5%; P <.001). When sperm were treated similarly with fucoidin, a sulfated polysaccharide known to inhibit sperm-oocyte interaction, sperm-zona binding was significantly inhibited by postcapacitation treatment but not by prewash treatment. Treatment of sperm with LSA consistently blocked fertilization over 4 IVF cycles both before washing and after capacitation. Fertilization rate for controls was 65% +/- 17%. No LSA-treated sperm were observed on the surface of lightly rinsed oocytes after 4 hours of coincubation. Localization of biotinylated LSA showed labeling over the entire sperm surface with the greatest intensity observed over the head and midpiece. LSA treatment had no effect on the percentage of motile sperm or quality of sperm motility. Due to the antifertility properties of this nontoxic molecule, LSA appears to have potential as a vaginal contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore L Tollner
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, 94923, USA
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