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Wilky BA, Trucco MM, Subhawong TK, Florou V, Park W, Kwon D, Wieder ED, Kolonias D, Rosenberg AE, Kerr DA, Sfakianaki E, Foley M, Merchan JR, Komanduri KV, Trent JC. Axitinib plus pembrolizumab in patients with advanced sarcomas including alveolar soft-part sarcoma: a single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:837-848. [PMID: 31078463 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VEGF promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment and contributes to immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in cancer. We aimed to assess the activity of the VEGF receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor axitinib plus the anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with sarcoma. METHODS This single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial was undertaken at a tertiary care academic medical centre in Miami, FL, USA, and participants were recruited from all over the USA and internationally. Patients were eligible if they were aged 16 years or older, and had histologically confirmed advanced or metastatic sarcomas, including alveolar soft-part sarcoma (ASPS); measurable disease with one site amenable to repeated biopsies; an ECOG performance status of 0-1; and progressive disease after previous treatment with at least one line of systemic therapy (unless no standard treatment existed or the patient declined therapy). The first five patients were enrolled in a lead-in cohort and were given axitinib 5 mg orally twice daily and pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously for 30 min on day 8 and every 3 weeks for cycles of 6 weeks for up to 2 years. Thereafter, patients received escalating doses of axitinib (2-10 mg) plus flat dose pembrolizumab according to the schedule above. The primary endpoint was 3-month progression-free survival. All patients were evaluable for survival and safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02636725, and is closed to accrual. FINDINGS Between April 19, 2016, and Feb 7, 2018, of 36 patients assessed for eligibility, 33 (92%) were enrolled and given study treatment (intention-to-treat population and safety population), 12 (36%) of whom had ASPS. With a median follow-up of 14·7 months (IQR 10·1-19·1), 3-month progression-free survival for all evaluable patients was 65·6% (95% CI 46·6-79·3). For patients with ASPS, 3-month progression-free survival was 72·7% (95% CI 37·1-90·3). The most common grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events included hypertension (five [15%] of 33 patients), autoimmune toxicities (five [15%]), nausea or vomiting (two [6%]), and seizures (two [6%]). Serious treatment-related adverse events occurred in seven (21%) patients, including autoimmune colitis, transaminitis, pneumothorax, haemoptysis, seizures, and hypertriglyceridemia. There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION Axitinib plus pembrolizumab has manageable toxicity and preliminary activity in patients with advanced sarcomas, particularly patients with ASPS, warranting further investigation in randomised controlled trials. FUNDING Merck, Pfizer, American Cancer Society, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breelyn A Wilky
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Matteo M Trucco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ty K Subhawong
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vaia Florou
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wungki Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Department of Public Health Science, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eric D Wieder
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Despina Kolonias
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrew E Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Darcy A Kerr
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Efrosyni Sfakianaki
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark Foley
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jaime R Merchan
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Krishna V Komanduri
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trent
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Joseph RW, Bayraktar UD, Kim TK, St John LS, Popat U, Khalili J, Molldrem JJ, Wieder ED, Komanduri KV. Vitamin D receptor upregulation in alloreactive human T cells. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:693-8. [PMID: 22548720 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is adversely associated with diseases characterized by inflammation. The combination of the high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplants (SCT) and the potential role of vitamin D deficiency in influencing graft-versus-host disease led us to further characterize the expression of VDR on alloreactive T cells. We hypothesized that vitamin D receptor expression may directly regulate alloreactive T cell responses. To overcome existing limitations in measuring VDR in bulk cellular populations, we developed a flow cytometric assay to measure cytoplasmic VDR in human T cells. Upon stimulation, VDR was expressed extremely early and exhibited sustained upregulation with chronic stimulation. VDR expression was also coupled to cytokine production, proliferation, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, VDR exhibited a maturation stage-specific pattern of expression, with greatest expression on cells known to mediate GVHD, naïve and early memory T cells. Alloreactive T cells upregulated VDR, whereas the nonreactive T cells did not. Finally, repletion of vitamin D in vitro was sufficient to significantly reduce alloreactive T cell responses. These data suggest that vitamin D effects on T cells may be important in reducing graft versus host disease (GVHD) in the allogeneic stem cell transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Joseph
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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3
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Ma Q, Wang C, Jones D, Quintanilla KE, Li D, Wang Y, Wieder ED, Clise-Dwyer K, Alatrash G, Mj Y, Munsell MF, Lu S, Qazilbash MH, Molldrem JJ. Adoptive transfer of PR1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with reduced leukemia burden in a mouse acute myeloid leukemia xenograft model. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:1056-62. [PMID: 20735170 PMCID: PMC3365857 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.506506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been used in the treatment of human cancer, including leukemia. Several studies have established PR1 peptide, an HLA-A2.1-restricted peptide derived from proteinase 3 (P3), as a human leukemia-associated antigen. PR1-specific CTL elicited in vitro from healthy donors have been shown to lyse P3-expressing AML cells from patients. We investigated whether PR1-CTL can be adoptively transferred into NOD/SCID mice to eliminate human leukemia cells. METHODS PR1-CTL were generated in bulk culture from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with autologous dendritic cells. Human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples were injected and engrafted in murine bone marrow at 2 weeks post-transfer. RESULTS Following adoptive transfer, bone marrow aspirate from mice that received AML alone had 72-88% blasts in a hypercellular marrow, whereas mice that received AML plus PR1-CTL co-infusion had normal hematopoietic elements and only 3-18% blasts in a hypocellular marrow. The PR1-CTL persisted in the bone marrow and liver and maintained a CD45RA⁻CD28+ effector phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We found that adoptive transfer of PR1-CTL generated in vitro is associated with reduced AML cells in NOD/SCID mice. PR1-CTL can migrate to the sites of disease and maintain their capacity to kill the AML cells. The surface phenotype of PR1-CTL was consistent with their trafficking pattern in both vascular and end-organ tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/growth & development
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloblastin/immunology
- Myeloblastin/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 900, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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4
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Kim TK, St John LS, Wieder ED, Khalili J, Ma Q, Komanduri KV. Human late memory CD8+ T cells have a distinct cytokine signature characterized by CC chemokine production without IL-2 production. J Immunol 2009; 183:6167-74. [PMID: 19841187 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Late memory T cell skewing is observed in the setting of immune recovery after cord blood transplantation, and may be associated with inferior control of viral reactivation and cancers. Therefore, we sought to understand how late memory cells differ functionally from earlier stage memory T cells, and whether surface phenotypes associated with differentiation stages were predictably associated with functional signatures. Higher order cytokine flow cytometry allows characterization of human T cells based on complex phenotypic markers and their differential capacity to simultaneously secrete effector proteins, including cytokines and chemokines. We used 8-color, 10-parameter cytokine flow cytometry to characterize the functional activation of human late memory CD8(+) T cells defined by CD45RA and CD27 expression (CD27(-)CD45RA(+)). We assessed the 15 possible functional signatures of cells defined by production of IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1beta alone or in combination, following activation with Ags stimulating bypassing surface proteins (PMA:ionomycin) or through the TCR (e.g., viral Ags). Late memory CD8(+) T cells produced abundant amounts of CC chemokines (MIP-1beta, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES) but not IL-2. IL-2/IFN-gamma coproduction, characteristic of protective immune responses to viral infections, was absent in late memory CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate that functional cytokine signatures are predictably associated with CD8(+) maturation stages, and that the polarization of late memory CD8(+) T cells toward CC chemokine production and away from IL-2 production suggests a unique functional role for this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kon Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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5
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Ozsoy HZ, Sivasubramanian N, Wieder ED, Pedersen S, Mann DL. Oxidative stress promotes ligand-independent and enhanced ligand-dependent tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23419-28. [PMID: 18544535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1, p55) and 2 (TNFR2, p75) are characterized by several cysteine-rich modules in the extracellular domain, raising the possibility that redox-induced modifications of these cysteine residues might alter TNFR function. To test this possibility, we examined fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in 293T cells transfected with CFP- and YFP-tagged TNFRs exposed to the thiol oxidant diamide. Treatment with high concentrations of diamide (1 mm) resulted in an increase in the FRET signal that was sensitive to inhibition with the reducing agent dithiothreitol, suggesting that oxidative stress resulted in TNFR self-association. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of diamide (1 mum) that was not sufficient to provoke TNFR self-association resulted in increased TNF-induced FRET signals relative to the untreated cells, suggesting that oxidative stress enhanced ligand-dependent TNFR signaling. Similar findings were obtained when the TNFR1- and TNFR2-transfected cells were pretreated with a cell-impermeable oxidase, DsbA, that catalyzes disulfide bond formation between thiol groups on cysteine residues. The changes in TNFR self-association were functionally significant, because pretreating the HeLa cells and 293T cells resulted in increased TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation and TNF-induced expression of IkappaB and syndecan-4 mRNA levels. Although pretreatment with DsbA did not result in an increase in TNF binding to TNFRs, it resulted in increased TNF-induced activation of NF-kappaB, consistent with an allosteric modification of the TNFRs. Taken together, these results suggest that oxidative stress promotes TNFR receptor self-interaction and ligand-independent and enhanced ligand-dependent TNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Z Ozsoy
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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6
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Yang Y, Iwanaga K, Raso MG, Wislez M, Hanna AE, Wieder ED, Molldrem JJ, Wistuba II, Powis G, Demayo FJ, Kim CF, Kurie JM. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates bronchioalveolar stem cell expansion in mouse models of oncogenic K-ras-induced lung cancer. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2220. [PMID: 18493606 PMCID: PMC2376060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. Developing more effective NSCLC therapeutics will require the elucidation of the genetic and biochemical bases for this disease. Bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) are a putative cancer stem cell population in mouse models of oncogenic K-ras-induced lung adenocarcinoma, an histologic subtype of NSCLC. The signals activated by oncogenic K-ras that mediate BASC expansion have not been fully defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to modulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a key mediator of oncogenic K-ras, in two genetic mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogenic K-ras-induced BASC accumulation and tumor growth were blocked by treatment with a small molecule PI3K inhibitor and enhanced by inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10, a negative regulator of PI3K. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that PI3K is a critical regulator of BASC expansion, supporting treatment strategies to target PI3K in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Iwanaga
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Gabriela Raso
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marie Wislez
- Service de Pneumologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Tenon, UFR Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Amy E. Hanna
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Wieder
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation Research, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Garth Powis
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Francesco J. Demayo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carla F. Kim
- Children's Hospital Stem Cell Program and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Kurie
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lee ST, Liu S, Radvanyi L, Sukhumalchandra P, Molldrem JJ, Wieder ED, Hwu P, Liu YJ, Kwak LW, Lizée G, Neelapu SS. A novel strategy for rapid and efficient isolation of human tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell clones. J Immunol Methods 2007; 331:13-26. [PMID: 17959194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with antigen-specific T cells is a promising approach for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. However, cloning of antigen-specific T cells by the traditional approach of limiting dilution is a time-consuming, laborious, and inefficient process. Here, we describe a novel flow cytometric strategy for rapid isolation of human tumor antigen-specific T-cell clones by using T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta antibodies in combination with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based proliferation assay. The CFSE dilution following antigen stimulation identified proliferating antigen-specific T cells, and the TCRVbeta antibodies allowed distinguishing T cells at the clonal level from a heterogeneous T-cell population. This method of TCRVbeta/CFSE dilution was used for the isolation of four different human lymphoma and melanoma-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell clones reactive against defined and undefined tumor antigens. Isolated tumor-specific T-cell clones could be expanded to large numbers ex vivo while maintaining phenotype, function, and tumor antigen specificity. The method was simple, efficient, and reproducible, and may have potential application for the development of adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Tae Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Nurieva RI, Chuvpilo S, Wieder ED, Elkon KB, Locksley R, Serfling E, Dong C. A costimulation-initiated signaling pathway regulates NFATc1 transcription in T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2007; 179:1096-103. [PMID: 17617602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and differentiation is accompanied and mediated by transcriptional reprogramming. The NFATc1 transcription factor is strongly induced upon T cell activation and controls numerous genes involved in the T cell effector function. However, its regulation by physiological stimuli in primary T cells has not been well understood. We previously found that ICOS synergizes with TCR and CD28 to greatly enhance NFATc1 expression in primary T cells. In this study, we have examined the signaling mechanisms whereby costimulation regulates NFATc1 expression. We found that CD28 and ICOS regulate sustained PI3K activity in primary T cells, which is required for NFATc1 up-regulation. CD28 and ICOS costimulation, possibly through Itk, a Tec kinase downstream of the PI3K, enhanced phosphorylation of phospholipase C gamma1 and increased and sustained Ca(2+) flux in T cells. Costimulation of T cells potentiated transcription of the Nfatc1 gene P1 promoter in a PI3K-dependent manner. This work demonstrates an important role for costimulatory receptors in sustaining T cell activation programs leading to Nfatc1 gene transcription and has implications in our understanding of the immune response and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Komanduri KV, St John LS, de Lima M, McMannis J, Rosinski S, McNiece I, Bryan SG, Kaur I, Martin S, Wieder ED, Worth L, Cooper LJN, Petropoulos D, Molldrem JJ, Champlin RE, Shpall EJ. Delayed immune reconstitution after cord blood transplantation is characterized by impaired thymopoiesis and late memory T-cell skewing. Blood 2007; 110:4543-51. [PMID: 17671230 PMCID: PMC2234787 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-092130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in immune assessment, including the development of T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assays of thymopoiesis, cytokine-flow cytometry assays of T-cell function, and higher-order phenotyping of T-cell maturation subsets have improved our understanding of T-cell homeostasis. Limited data exist using these methods to characterize immune recovery in adult cord blood (CB) transplant recipients, in whom infection is a leading cause of mortality. We now report the results of a single-center prospective study of T-cell immune recovery after cord blood transplantation (CBT) in a predominantly adult population. Our primary findings include the following: (1) Prolonged T lymphopenia and compensatory expansion of B and natural killer (NK) cells was evident; (2) CB transplant recipients had impaired functional recovery, although we did observe posttransplantation de novo T-cell responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in a subset of patients; (3) Thymopoietic failure characterized post-CBT immune reconstitution, in marked contrast to results in other transplant recipients; and (4) Thymopoietic failure was associated with late memory T-cell skewing. Our data suggest that efforts to improve outcomes in adult CB transplant recipients should be aimed at optimizing T-cell immune recovery. Strategies that improve the engraftment of lymphoid precursors, protect the thymus during pretransplant conditioning, and/or augment the recovery of thymopoiesis may improve outcomes after CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna V Komanduri
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Rangel R, McKeller MR, Sims-Mourtada JC, Kashi C, Cain K, Wieder ED, Molldrem JJ, Pham LV, Ford RJ, Yotnda P, Guret C, Francés V, Martinez-Valdez H. Assembly of the kappa preB receptor requires a V kappa-like protein encoded by a germline transcript. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17807-14. [PMID: 15757909 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409479200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By confining germline transcription as a byproduct of the mechanisms inherent to genetic rearrangements, the translation of respective mRNAs and their biological relevance might have been overlooked. Here we report the identification, cloning, and biochemical characterization of a human Vkappa-like protein that is encoded by a germline transcript. This surrogate protein assembles with the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain at the surface of B cell progenitors and precursors to form a kappa-like antigen receptor. These findings support the notion that germline transcription is not futile and stress the flexibility in eukaryotic gene usage and expression. In addition, the present study confirms the co-existence of surrogate lambda and kappa receptors that are proposed to work in concert to promote B lymphocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rangel
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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11
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Martins SLR, St John LS, Champlin RE, Wieder ED, McMannis J, Molldrem JJ, Komanduri KV. Functional assessment and specific depletion of alloreactive human T cells using flow cytometry. Blood 2004; 104:3429-36. [PMID: 15284108 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell alloreactivity plays an important role in many disease processes, including the rejection of solid organ grafts and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. To develop a better understanding of the T cells involved in alloreactivity in humans, we developed a cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) assay that enabled us to characterize the phenotypic and functional characteristic of T cells responding to allogeneic stimuli. Using this approach, we determined that most T-cell alloreactivity resided within the CD4+ T-cell subset, as assessed by activation marker expression and the production of effector cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF]α) implicated in human GVHD. Following prolonged stimulation in vitro using either allogeneic stimulator cells or viral antigens, we found that coexpression of activation markers within the CD4+ T-cell subset occurred exclusively within a subpopulation of T cells that significantly increased their surface expression of CD4. We then developed a simple sorting strategy that exploited these phenotypic characteristics to specifically deplete alloreactive T cells while retaining broad specificity for other stimuli, including viral antigens and third-party alloantigens. This approach also was applied to specifically enrich or deplete human virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio L R Martins
- Transplant Immunology Section, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, MD Anderson Cancer Center, SCRB 3.3019, Unit 900, 7455 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Amrolia PJ, Muccioli-Casadei G, Yvon E, Huls H, Sili U, Wieder ED, Bollard C, Michalek J, Ghetie V, Heslop HE, Molldrem JJ, Rooney CM, Schlinder J, Vitetta E, Brenner MK. Selective depletion of donor alloreactive T cells without loss of antiviral or antileukemic responses. Blood 2003; 102:2292-9. [PMID: 12763937 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor immune reconstitution after haploidentical stem cell transplantation results in a high mortality from viral infections and relapse. One approach to overcome this problem is to selectively deplete the graft of alloreactive cells using an immunotoxin directed against the activation marker CD25. However, the degree of depletion of alloreactive cells is variable following stimulation with recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and this can result in graft versus host disease (GVHD). We have refined this approach using recipient Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as stimulators to activate donor alloreactive T cells. Our studies demonstrate that allodepletion with an anti-CD25 immunotoxin following stimulation with HLA-mismatched host LCLs more consistently depleted in vitro alloreactivity than stimulation with host PBMCs, as assessed in primary mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs). Allodepletion using this approach specifically abrogates cytotoxic T-cell responses against host LCLs. In interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, antiviral responses to adenovirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were preserved following allodepletion. Likewise, using HLA-A2-pp65 tetramers, we have shown that the frequency of CMV-specific T cells is unaffected by allodepletion. Moreover, the donor anti-EBV response is partially retained by recognition of EBV antigens through the nonshared haplotype. Finally, we studied whether allodepletion affects the response to candidate tumor antigens in myeloid malignancies. Using HLA-A2-PR1 tetramer analysis, we found that the frequency of T cells recognizing the PR1 epitope of proteinase 3 was not significantly different in allodepleted and unmanipulated PBMCs from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) undergoing transplantation. Based on these data, we have embarked on a phase 1 clinical trial of addback of allo-LCL-depleted donor T cells in the haplo-identical setting.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Flow Cytometry
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Histocompatibility Testing
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/prevention & control
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Transfusion
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Persis J Amrolia
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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13
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Abstract
With the advent of cellular immunotherapy, the ability to monitor immune responses during treatment will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the new therapies. While the ultimate determinate of the success of immunotherapy trials will be clinical outcome, methods of monitoring immunity in real-time have become available that will assist in the development of immunotherapy strategies and in the prediction of individual patient prognosis during the course of treatment. The essentials of existing immune assays are described here with examples of how these techniques have been used previously. A perspective on which approaches will likely prove the most useful for monitoring immune responses in real-time during immunotherapy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Section of Transplant Immunology, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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De Lima M, St John LS, Wieder ED, Lee MS, McMannis J, Karandish S, Giralt S, Beran M, Couriel D, Korbling M, Bibawi S, Champlin R, Komanduri KV. Double-chimaerism after transplantation of two human leucocyte antigen mismatched, unrelated cord blood units. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:773-6. [PMID: 12437658 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The small number of progenitor cells is the major limitation to the use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) for the transplantation of adults. We tested the hypothesis that two units transplanted simultaneously could each contribute to haematopoietic reconstitution. A patient with advanced acute lymphocytic leukaemia received a mismatched, unrelated UCB transplant using units from two donors after conditioning. The recipient achieved a complete remission without graft-versus-host disease. Double chimaerism was documented in several leucocyte subpopulations; both units contributed to haematopoiesis until relapse. Triple chimaerism was present from relapse until death due to leukaemia. This approach may potentially improve UCB transplantation outcome for adults lacking a histocompatible donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos De Lima
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Pathology, and Leukaemia, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Kochenderfer JN, Kobayashi S, Wieder ED, Su C, Molldrem JJ. Loss of T-lymphocyte clonal dominance in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome responsive to immunosuppression. Blood 2002; 100:3639-45. [PMID: 12393644 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) contributes to cytopenia in some patients and can be reversed by treatment with immunosuppression. We examined the T-cell repertoires of 12 patients with MDS before and after antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-based treatment by T-cell receptor Vbeta (TCR-Vbeta) spectratype analysis. The average number of TCR-Vbeta families with skewed spectratypes, representative of clonal or oligoclonal T-cell populations, was 7.6 in MDS patients before treatment and 3.2 in healthy controls (P =.02). Four patients who recovered effective hematopoiesis after treatment lost prominent, skewed peaks on their spectratypes, suggesting loss or diminution of overrepresented clonal T-cell populations. In contrast, patients who did not recover effective hematopoiesis showed persistently skewed repertoires 3 to 6 months after treatment. In 3 patients with skewed repertoires, cDNA from the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of 4 TCR-Vbeta families was cloned and repetitively sequenced, confirming clonal T-cell dominance in each family. In one nonresponder, 16 of 19 CDR3 sequences were identical, demonstrating that 9.3% of the total T-cell population was made up of a single clone. By 6 months after treatment, this clone persisted on both spectratype and DNA sequence complementarity and when analyzed by flow cytometry was shown to be CD8(+)/CD45RA(+)/HLA-DR(-). T-cell clones were not anergic because they could be expanded 4-fold in vitro. Our results demonstrate that predominant clonal T cells that appear to be antigen-driven persist in patients with MDS unresponsive to immunosuppression, but predominant clones regress in responders to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kochenderfer
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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16
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Guo W, Chan APY, Liang H, Wieder ED, Molldrem JJ, Etkin LD, Nagarajan L. A human Mix-like homeobox gene MIXL shows functional similarity to Xenopus Mix.1. Blood 2002; 100:89-95. [PMID: 12070013 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular events involved in specification of early hematopoietic system are not well known. In Xenopus, a paired-box homeodomain family (Mix.1-4) has been implicated in this process. Although Mix-like homeobox genes have been isolated from chicken (CMIX) and mice (Mml/MIXL1), isolation of a human Mix-like gene has remained elusive. We have recently isolated and characterized a novel human Mix-like homeobox gene with a predicted open reading frame of 232 amino acids designated the Mix.1 homeobox (Xenopus laevis)-like gene (MIXL). The overall identity of this novel protein to CMIX and Mml/MIXL1 is 41% and 69%, respectively. However, the identity in the homeodomain is 66% to that of Xenopus Mix.1, 79% to that of CMIX, and 94% to that of Mml/MIXL1. In normal hematopoiesis, MIXL expression appears to be restricted to immature B- and T-lymphoid cells. Several acute leukemic cell lines of B, T, and myeloid lineage express MIXL suggesting a survival/block in differentiation advantage. Furthermore, Xenopus animal cap assay revealed that MIXL could induce expression of the alpha-globin gene, suggesting a functional conservation of the homeodomain. Isolation of the MIXL gene is the first step toward understanding novel regulatory circuits in early hematopoietic differentiation and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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17
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Berkowitz RD, Alexander S, Bare C, Linquist-Stepps V, Bogan M, Moreno ME, Gibson L, Wieder ED, Kosek J, Stoddart CA, McCune JM. CCR5- and CXCR4-utilizing strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 exhibit differential tropism and pathogenesis in vivo. J Virol 1998; 72:10108-17. [PMID: 9811751 PMCID: PMC110545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.10108-10117.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1998] [Accepted: 08/26/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5-utilizing (R5) and CXCR4-utilizing (X4) strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been studied intensively in vitro, but the pathologic correlates of such differential tropism in vivo remain incompletely defined. In this study, X4 and R5 strains of HIV-1 were compared for tropism and pathogenesis in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice, an in vivo model of human thymopoiesis. The X4 strain NL4-3 replicates quickly and extensively in thymocytes in the cortex and medulla, causing significant depletion. In contrast, the R5 strain Ba-L initially infects stromal cells including macrophages in the thymic medulla, without any obvious pathologic consequence. After a period of 3 to 4 weeks, Ba-L infection slowly spreads through the thymocyte populations, occasionally culminating in thymocyte depletion after week 6 of infection. During the entire time of infection, Ba-L did not mutate into variants capable of utilizing CXCR4. Therefore, X4 strains are highly cytopathic after infection of the human thymus. In contrast, infection with R5 strains of HIV-1 can result in a two-phase process in vivo, involving apparently nonpathogenic replication in medullary stromal cells followed by cytopathic replication in thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Berkowitz
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, Stanford University, Stanford, and Veterans Hospital, Palo Alto, California, USA
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18
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Komanduri KV, Viswanathan MN, Wieder ED, Schmidt DK, Bredt BM, Jacobson MA, McCune JM. Restoration of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses after ganciclovir and highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with HIV-1. Nat Med 1998; 4:953-6. [PMID: 9701250 DOI: 10.1038/nm0898-953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) have produced conflicting results about the extent of reconstitution possible in the CD4+ lymphocyte repertoire after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The effect of HAART on the incidence of opportunistic infections will probably depend on reconstitution of antigen-specific CD4+ lymphocyte responses to important pathogens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), the leading cause of blindness in AIDS. Several studies have demonstrated an important role for CD4+ lymphocytes in controlling CMV replication in vitro and in clinical studies. It is now possible to quantitate antigen-specific CD4+ lymphocyte responses by flow cytometry. Using this method, we studied CMV-specific CD4+ lymphocyte responses in individuals infected with HIV-1 with and without a history of active CMV-associated end organ disease (EOD), and in those with quiescent CMV EOD after ganciclovir therapy and HAART. The presence of active CMV-associated EOD strongly correlated with loss of CMV-specific lymphocyte responses (P = 0.0004). In contrast, patients with no history of CMV-associated EOD and most patients with quiescent EOD after HAART demonstrated strong CMV-specific CD4+ lymphocyte responses. These data indicate that the loss of CMV-specific CD4+ lymphocyte responses in individuals infected with HIV-1 who have active CMV EOD may be restored after ganciclovir therapy and HAART, which provides evidence for functional immune reconstitution to an important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Komanduri
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94141-9100, USA
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19
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Yaqoob M, Edelstein CL, Wieder ED, Alkhunaizi AM, Gengaro PE, Nemenoff RA, Schrier RW. Nitric oxide kinetics during hypoxia in proximal tubules: effects of acidosis and glycine. Kidney Int 1996; 49:1314-9. [PMID: 8731096 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we directly monitored nitric oxide (NO) with an amperometric NO-sensor in suspensions of rat proximal tubules. Hypoxia-stimulated NO generation was characterized by an initial rise and a subsequent sustained increase which preceded cell membrane damage as assessed by lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In contrast, the NO concentration remained unmeasurable in normoxic controls. Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) prevented the hypoxia-induced increase in NO in a dose dependent manner in parallel with incremental cytoprotection. The hypoxia-induced elevation in NO and the associated membrane injury were both markedly prevented by extracellular acidosis (pH 6.95). In vitro proximal tubular nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (3H-arginine to 3H-citrulline assay) was pH dependent with optimum activity at pH 8.0 and greatly reduced activity at acidic pH even in the presence of calcium and co-factors. However, glycine, a well recognized cytoprotective agent, did not attenuate the NO concentration during hypoxia. The present study therefore provides direct evidence that NO is generated by rat proximal tubules during hypoxia and demonstrates that the protective effect of low pH against hypoxic rat tubular injury is associated with an inhibition of this NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaqoob
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
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20
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Ginès P, Li X, Zamarripa JL, Brown SE, Wieder ED, Nakamura T, Guzelian PS, Schrier RW, Heasley LE, Nemenoff RA. Tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors but not seven-membrane-spanning receptors or phorbol esters activate mitogen-activated protein kinase in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 1995; 22:1296-303. [PMID: 7557884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The response of rat hepatocytes to hormones and growth factors has been extensively studied with respect to phospholipase regulation and calcium mobilization. However, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade which integrates signals from a wide variety of extracellular stimuli has not been examined in these cells. Thus, in the present study the pathways leading to activation of MAP kinase in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes were investigated. Growth factors acting through tyrosine kinase receptors (epidermal growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor) increased Raf and MAP kinase activity through a protein kinase C and calcium-independent pathway. Agonists acting through seven-membrane-spanning receptors (arginine vasopressin and angiotensin II) increased intracellular calcium concentration but did not stimulate Raf or MAP kinase activity. Arginine vasopressin, however, stimulated MAP kinase activity in rat 1a fibroblasts transfected with the hepatic V1a receptor and in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was also unable to stimulate Raf and MAP kinase in hepatocytes in spite of a marked activation of protein kinase C. We conclude that only signals arising from tyrosine kinase receptors are able to activate MAP kinase in hepatocytes. Neither agonists acting through seven-membrane-spanning receptors nor phorbol esters stimulate MAP kinase in hepatocytes. The results suggest that specific cellular components that link seven-membrane-spanning receptors with MAP kinase activation in tissues such as vascular smooth muscle are absent in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ginès
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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21
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Abstract
The intracellular free calcium (Ca++i) concentration was measured in several cell lines after heating at 45.0 degrees C using flow cytometry with indo-1. Chinese hamster ovary 10B2 (CHO) cells do not stain well with indo-1, so a CHO mutant cell line (CHO IS1) isolated in our laboratory with much-improved stainability for indo-1 was used to study CA++i changes in heated CHO cells. BALB-3T3 (mouse) and EJ30 (human) cells were also studied. Cells were heated in the sample holder of the cell sorter in order to measure Ca++i within seconds after heating. Ca++i increased rapidly within the first 5 min of heating at 45.0 degrees C in all three lines, though the magnitude of the increase varied for each cell line. The Ca++i returned rapidly to baseline after heating in CHO IS1 cells and BALB-3T3 cells. After 5 min of heating, the Ca++i plateaued in the EJ30 and IS1 cells, but decreased in the 3T3 cells. There was an inverse relationship between the Ca++i after 10 min at 45 degrees C and survival for the different cell lines. Thermotolerant cells experienced a similar change in Ca++i during heating as non-thermotolerant cells, though the kinetics were somewhat different for the IS1 cells. A bimodal distribution of Ca++i developed in EJ30 cells by 2 min after heating. Cells sorted from the near-normal Ca++i region of the histogram had a 2-fold higher survival rate than the cells which had a high Ca++i concentration. These data support the view that Ca++i changes during heating are not the principal factor in heat-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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22
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Edelstein CL, Wieder ED, Yaqoob MM, Gengaro PE, Burke TJ, Nemenoff RA, Schrier RW. The role of cysteine proteases in hypoxia-induced rat renal proximal tubular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:7662-6. [PMID: 7644473 PMCID: PMC41205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the lysosomal proteases cathepsins B and L and the calcium-dependent cytosolic protease calpain in hypoxia-induced renal proximal tubular injury was investigated. As compared to normoxic tubules, cathepsin B and L activity, evaluated by the specific fluorescent substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, was not increased in hypoxic tubules or the medium used for incubation of hypoxic tubules in spite of high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the medium during hypoxia. These data in rat proximal tubules suggest that cathepsins are not released from lysosomes and do not gain access to the medium during hypoxia. An assay for calpain activity in isolated proximal tubules using the fluorescent substrate N-succinyl-Leu-Tyr-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin was developed. The calcium ionophore ionomycin induced a dose-dependent increase in calpain activity. This increase in calpain activity occurred prior to cell membrane damage as assessed by LDH release. Tubular calpain activity increased significantly by 7.5 min of hypoxia, before there was significant LDH release, and further increased during 20 min of hypoxia. The cysteine protease inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Phe methyl ester (CBZ) markedly decreased LDH release after 20 min of hypoxia and completely prevented the increase in calpain activity during hypoxia. The increase in calpain activity during hypoxia and the inhibitor studies with CBZ therefore supported a role for calpain as a mediator of hypoxia-induced proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Edelstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA
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23
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Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 10B2 cells do not stain well with indo-1 and thus cannot be used for experiments to measure intracellular calcium using this dye. We have isolated a mutant CHO cell line (CHO IS1) that stains quite well with indo-1 and that has virtually identical growth characteristics and heat sensitivity as the parent line. The mutant was isolated by sorting individual mutagenized cells with high indo-1 fluorescence and cloning them. Since it has been reported that cells with multiple drug resistance (MDR+) can pump out various fluorescent dyes, the mutant and parent lines were characterized for Hoechst 33342 staining, Adriamycin toxicity, and P-glycoprotein expression, which are markers of the MDR phenotype. P-Glycoprotein was measured with the C219 antibody using flow cytometry. Multidrug-resistant cells (CHRC5) were used as positive controls. The IS1 cells stained as well with Hoechst 33342 as fixed 10B2 cells, and much better than unfixed 10B2 cells. The IS1 cells were 10- to 30-fold more sensitive to Adriamycin than the 10B2 cells, and both cell lines were much more sensitive than the CHRC5 cells. The amount of P-glycoprotein was similar in both 10B2 and IS1 cell lines, but was about fivefold lower than the CHRC5 cells. Thus, the poor staining for indo-1 in the 10B2 cells may not be caused by the P-glycoprotein MDR pump, but by a different efflux pathway. Alternatively, the P-glycoprotein may be altered and less efficient in the CHO IS1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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24
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Li X, Tsai P, Wieder ED, Kribben A, Van Putten V, Schrier RW, Nemenoff RA. Vascular smooth muscle cells grown on Matrigel. A model of the contractile phenotype with decreased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:19653-8. [PMID: 8034734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells have been shown to exist in two phenotypic states which have been designated proliferative and contractile. The properties of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells grown on Matrigel were compared with cells grown on untreated plastic culture dishes. Cells grown on Matrigel manifested at least four important properties characteristic of the contractile phenotype as compared with cells grown on plastic. The cells grown on Matrigel had altered morphology similar to in vivo studies of contractile vascular smooth muscle. The cells had a low proliferative index, showed enhanced levels of the smooth muscle isoform of alpha-actin, and had an enhanced contractile response to the vasoconstrictor arginine vasopressin. All of these changes were maintained through at least five passages and could be reversed by replating cells grown on Matrigel back to uncoated plastic dishes. Changes in post-receptor signaling pathways which could account for the altered physiologic responses of the cells were investigated. Cells grown on Matrigel showed no alterations in agonist-induced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ or agonist-stimulated cAMP levels. However, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) by both vasoconstrictors and growth factors was inhibited by 50% in cells grown on Matrigel as compared with plastic. This decrease in agonist-induced MAP kinase was associated with a decrease in the levels of both p42 and p44 MAP kinase protein and a decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of both isoforms in cells grown on Matrigel. Alterations in MAP kinase activation can account at least in part for the observed physiologic responses of contractile vascular smooth muscle. Growth of vascular smooth muscle cells on Matrigel represents a useful model to examine phenotypic-dependent alterations in post-receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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25
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Kribben A, Wieder ED, Wetzels JF, Yu L, Gengaro PE, Burke TJ, Schrier RW. Evidence for role of cytosolic free calcium in hypoxia-induced proximal tubule injury. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1922-9. [PMID: 8182125 PMCID: PMC294299 DOI: 10.1172/jci117183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in hypoxic injury was investigated in rat proximal tubules. [Ca2+]i was measured using fura-2 and cell injury was estimated with propidium iodide (PI) in individual tubules using video imaging fluorescence microscopy. [Ca2+]i increased from approximately 170 to approximately 390 nM during 5 min of hypoxia. This increase preceded detectable cell injury as assessed by PI and was reversible with reoxygenation. 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA; 100 microM) reduced [Ca2+]i under basal conditions (approximately 80 nM) and during hypoxia (approximately 120 nM) and significantly attenuated hypoxic injury. When [Ca2+]i and hypoxic cell injury were studied concurrently in the same individual tubules, the 10 min [Ca2+]i rise correlated significantly with subsequent cell damage observed at 20 min. 2 mM glycine did not block the rise in [Ca2+]i, yet protected the tubules from hypoxic injury. These results indicate that in rat proximal tubules, hypoxia induces an increase of [Ca2+]i which occurs before cell damage. The protective effect of BAPTA supports a role for [Ca2+]i in the initiation of hypoxic proximal tubule injury. The glycine results, however, implicate calcium-independent mechanisms of injury and/or blockade of calcium-mediated processes of injury such as activation of phospholipases or proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kribben
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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26
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Li X, Kribben A, Wieder ED, Tsai P, Nemenoff RA, Schrier RW. Inhibition of vasopressin action in vascular smooth muscle by the V1 antagonist OPC-21268. Hypertension 1994; 23:217-22. [PMID: 8307632 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.23.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells arginine vasopressin acting through the V1 receptor increases intracellular Ca2+, leading to vasoconstriction. Recent studies have also shown that vasopressin activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), which may contribute to vasopressin-induced hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells. We examined the ability of an orally active, nonpeptide selective V1 antagonist (OPC-21268) to block vasopressin binding and postreceptor signaling in these cells. [3H]Vasopressin binding at 2 x 10(-9) mol/L was half-maximally blocked at 10(-9) mol/L OPC-21268. To compare effects of OPC-21268 on binding and postreceptor signaling, we stimulated cells with 10(-8) mol/L vasopressin. At this vasopressin concentration, half-maximal inhibition of binding occurred at 5 x 10(-9) mol/L OPC-21268. Half-maximal inhibition of Ca2+ efflux or increases in intracellular free Ca2+ required higher concentrations of antagonist (10(-7) mol/L), and half-maximal inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated MAP kinase was observed only at 10(-6) mol/L OPC-21268. These results indicate that this agent selectively blocks both vasopressin binding and postreceptor signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. The requirement of higher concentrations of OPC-21268 for blocking increases in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of MAP kinase suggests that binding to a fraction of V1 receptors generates maximal levels of second messengers or the existence of subtypes of the V1 receptor with differential affinity for this antagonist. These data have implications for the clinical use of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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Abstract
The new intracellular pH (pH(i)) dye carboxy-seminaphthorhodafluor (SNARF-1) was compared to the established dye 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone (DCH) using flow cytometry. Both dyes give high-resolution pH(i) measurements. SNARF-1 remains trapped within cells much longer than DCH, so that pH(i) can be monitored during and after treatments with chemicals or hyperthermia. The toxicity of the dyes is similar, and both dyes can be used at concentrations that result in low toxicity to cells. Adequate staining of cells with SNARF-1 is dependent on the cell concentration. The absolute pHi values indicated by SNARF-1 are higher than values measured with DCH. However, the trends measured by both dyes are consistent, and both are useful for making pH(i) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Kribben A, Wieder ED, Li X, van Putten V, Granot Y, Schrier RW, Nemenoff RA. AVP-induced activation of MAP kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated through protein kinase C. Am J Physiol 1993; 265:C939-45. [PMID: 8238319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.4.c939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p42MAPK) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In VSMC, AVP increases free intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and activates protein kinase C (PKC) through activation of phospholipase C. The contribution of PKC and [Ca2+]i in p42MAPK regulation was therefore determined. Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of p42MAPK to the same extent as AVP. Inhibition of PKC by staurosporine or downregulation of PKC by PMA pretreatment abolished AVP-induced stimulation of p42MAPK. When [Ca2+]i was elevated to the same level as with AVP, using either ionomycin (0.1 microM) or thapsigargin (0.1 microM), MAP kinase was only partially activated. Elevation of [Ca2+]i to supraphysiological levels by 1 microM ionomycin stimulated MAP kinase activity to the same extent as AVP. This effect was blocked by downregulation of PKC. The intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid] blocked AVP-induced [Ca2+]i increase but did not affect AVP stimulation of p42MAPK. Thus AVP-induced activation of p42MAPK requires only the activation of PKC but not an increase in [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kribben
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262
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Kribben A, Wetzels JF, Wieder ED, Burke TJ, Schrier RW. New technique to assess hypoxia-induced cell injury in individual isolated renal tubules. Kidney Int 1993; 43:464-9. [PMID: 7680078 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1993.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kribben
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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31
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Wieder ED, Fox MH. The role of intracellular pH changes in heat sensitization by procaine. Radiat Res 1993; 133:67-72. [PMID: 8434115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been known for many years that procaine sensitizes cells markedly to hyperthermia, the mechanism by which this occurs is not yet understood. The recent finding in our laboratory that procaine caused an intracellular acidification following heating prompted further studies using carboxy-SNARF-1 to measure the intracellular pH of cells during heating. We found that procaine actually causes an intracellular alkalinization during heating and the intracellular pH is lowered immediately after the extracellular procaine is removed. These results suggest that procaine causes acid loading analogous to ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) loading. Sensitization could not be attributed entirely to this acid shock, since a comparable acid shock with NH4Cl loading following heating caused only a slight sensitization compared to procaine. Heated cells acidified with NH4Cl loading recovered rapidly from the low intracellular pH, whereas the cells acidified with procaine loading did not. Cell sorting demonstrated that the cells which were unable to recover from acidification by procaine had significantly lower survival than those that recovered. Thus, in addition to causing an intracellular acidification following heating, procaine alters cellular processes responsible for recovery from an acid shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Dynlacht JR, Wieder ED, Fox MH. Effects of Procaine on the Intracellular pH of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Heated at 42.0 or 45.0°C. Radiat Res 1991. [DOI: 10.2307/3578061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dynlacht JR, Wieder ED, Fox MH. Effects of procaine on the intracellular pH of Chinese hamster ovary cells heated at 42.0 or 45.0 degrees C. Radiat Res 1991; 128:14-8. [PMID: 1924724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The local anesthetic procaine greatly sensitizes cells to hyperthermia. Though it is generally accepted that procaine is a membrane-active agent that increases membrane fluidity in cells, the mechanism by which it potentiates heat killing is unknown. In this paper we report changes in intracellular pH (pHi) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells heated at 42.0 or 45.0 degrees C in the presence of procaine. The pHi was measured with flow cytometry using the dye 1,4-diacetoxy-2,3-dicyanobenzene (ADB). Studies were carried out using cells grown at normal pH (7.3) or cells placed in low-pH (6.6) medium 4 h prior to and during heating (acute low-pH treatment). Low-pH-adapted cells (PHV2), which were obtained previously by continuous culture in pH 6.6 medium, were also used. Normal cells heated in the presence of procaine at pH 7.3 underwent a large decrease in pHi compared to cells heated without procaine. Procaine had little additional effect on the intracellular pH of cells in medium with a pH of 6.6 for 4 h before and during 30 min of heating. PHV2 cells exposed to chronic low-pH conditions were resistant to acidification when heated with or without procaine. The surviving fraction of cells heated with procaine was significantly lower under all pH conditions than that of cells heated without procaine. Cells heated at 42.0 degrees C with procaine also became greatly acidified and their survival was reduced. These data suggest that the reduction in pHi caused by procaine may be part of the mechanism of heat sensitization, but cannot account for it entirely. Furthermore, the degree of procaine sensitization and intracellular acidification is dependent on the extracellular pH, with a larger effect occurring at pH 7.3 than at pH 6.6.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dynlacht
- Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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