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Wu J, Han K, Sack MN. Targeting NAD+ Metabolism to Modulate Autoimmunity and Inflammation. J Immunol 2024; 212:1043-1050. [PMID: 38498807 PMCID: PMC10954088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
NAD+ biology is involved in controlling redox balance, functioning as a coenzyme in numerous enzymatic reactions, and is a cofactor for Sirtuin enzymes and a substrate for multiple regulatory enzyme reactions within and outside the cell. At the same time, NAD+ levels are diminished with aging and are consumed during the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases linked to aberrant immune activation. Direct NAD+ augmentation via the NAD+ salvage and Priess-Handler pathways is being investigated as a putative therapeutic intervention to improve the healthspan in inflammation-linked diseases. In this review, we survey NAD+ biology and its pivotal roles in the regulation of immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss emerging studies evaluate NAD+ boosting in murine models and in human diseases, and we highlight areas of research that remain unresolved in understanding the mechanisms of action of these nutritional supplementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kim Han
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael N Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Badami GD, La Manna MP, Di Carlo P, Stanek O, Linhartova I, Caccamo N, Sebo P, Dieli F. Delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitopes by Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxoid expands HLA-E-restricted cytotoxic CD8 + T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1289212. [PMID: 38106407 PMCID: PMC10722248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1289212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains the first cause of death from infection caused by a bacterial pathogen. Chemotherapy does not eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from human lungs, and the pathogen causes a latent tuberculosis infection that cannot be prevented by the currently available Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, which is ineffective in the prevention of pulmonary TB in adults. HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T lymphocytes are essential players in protective immune responses against Mtb. Hence, expanding this population in vivo or ex vivo may be crucial for vaccination or immunotherapy against TB. Methods The enzymatically inactive Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxoid is an effective tool for delivering peptide epitopes into the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APC) for presentation and stimulation of specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In this study, we have investigated the capacity of the CyaA toxoid to deliver Mtb epitopes known to bind HLA-E for the expansion of human CD8+ T cells in vitro. Results Our results show that the CyaA-toxoid containing five HLA-E-restricted Mtb epitopes causes significant expansion of HLA-E-restricted antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which produce IFN-γ and exert significant cytotoxic activity towards peptide-pulsed macrophages. Discussion HLA-E represents a promising platform for the development of new vaccines; our study indicates that the CyaA construct represents a suitable delivery system of the HLA-E-binding Mtb epitopes for ex vivo and in vitro expansion of HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cells inducing a predominant Tc1 cytokine profile with a significant increase of IFN-γ production, for prophylactic and immunotherapeutic applications against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusto D. Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco P. La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogen, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Irena Linhartova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogen, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogen, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), AOUP Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Dalel J, Ung SK, Hayes P, Black SL, Joseph S, King DF, Makinde J, Gilmour J. HIV-1 infection and the lack of viral control are associated with greater expression of interleukin-21 receptor on CD8+ T cells. AIDS 2021; 35:1167-1177. [PMID: 33710028 PMCID: PMC8183476 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interleukin-21 (IL-21) has been linked with the generation of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells following acute infection with HIV-1 and reduced exhaustion of CD8+ T cells. IL-21 has also been implicated in the promotion of CD8+ T-cell effector functions during viral infection. Little is known about the expression of interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) during HIV-1 infection or its role in HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell maintenance and subsequent viral control. METHODS We compared levels of IL-21R expression on total and memory subsets of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1-negative and HIV-1-positive donors. We also measured IL-21R on antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in volunteers who were positive for HIV-1 and had cytomegalovirus-responding T cells. Finally, we quantified plasma IL-21 in treatment-naive HIV-1-positive individuals and compared this with IL-21R expression. RESULTS IL-21R expression was significantly higher on CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0256), and on central memory (P = 0.0055) and effector memory (P = 0.0487) CD8+ T-cell subsets from HIV-1-positive individuals relative to HIV-1-negative individuals. For those infected with HIV-1, the levels of IL-21R expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells correlated significantly with visit viral load (r = 0.6667, P = 0.0152, n = 13) and inversely correlated with plasma IL-21 (r = -0.6273, P = 0.0440, n = 11). Lastly, CD8+ T cells from individuals with lower set point viral load who demonstrated better viral control had the lowest levels of IL-21R expression and highest levels of plasma IL-21. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrates significant associations between IL-21R expression on peripheral CD8+ T cells and viral load, as well as disease trajectory. This suggests that the IL-21 receptor could be a novel marker of CD8+ T-cell dysfunction during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jama Dalel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Lafouresse F, Jugele R, Müller S, Doineau M, Duplan-Eche V, Espinosa E, Puisségur MP, Gadat S, Valitutti S. Stochastic asymmetric repartition of lytic machinery in dividing CD8 + T cells generates heterogeneous killing behavior. eLife 2021; 10:62691. [PMID: 33427199 PMCID: PMC7867409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immune cells are endowed with a high degree of heterogeneity in their lytic function, but how this heterogeneity is generated is still an open question. We therefore investigated if human CD8+ T cells could segregate their lytic components during telophase, using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and live-cell imaging. We show that CD107a+-intracellular vesicles, perforin, and granzyme B unevenly segregate in a constant fraction of telophasic cells during each division round. Mathematical modeling posits that unequal lytic molecule inheritance by daughter cells results from the random distribution of lytic granules on the two sides of the cleavage furrow. Finally, we establish that the level of lytic compartment in individual cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) dictates CTL killing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lafouresse
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Jugele
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Doineau
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Duplan-Eche
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Espinosa
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Puisségur
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Gadat
- Toulouse School of Economics, CNRS UMR 5314, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, France and Institut Universitaire de France, Toulouse, France
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM U1037, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Université de Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Chen Y, Xue SA, Behboudi S, Mohammad GH, Pereira SP, Morris EC. Ex Vivo PD-L1/PD-1 Pathway Blockade Reverses Dysfunction of Circulating CEA-Specific T Cells in Pancreatic Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6178-6189. [PMID: 28710313 PMCID: PMC5683391 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a candidate target for cellular immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we have characterized the antigen-specific function of autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for the HLA-A2-restricted peptide, pCEA691-699, isolated from the peripheral T-cell repertoire of pancreatic cancer patients and sought to determine if ex vivo PD-L1 and TIM-3 blockade could enhance CTL function.Experimental Design: CD8+ T-cell lines were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 18 HLA-A2+ patients with pancreatic cancer and from 15 healthy controls. In vitro peptide-specific responses were evaluated by flow cytometry after staining for intracellular cytokine production and carboxy fluorescein succinimydyl ester cytotoxicity assays using pancreatic cancer cell lines as targets.Results: Cytokine-secreting functional CEA691-specific CTL lines were successfully generated from 10 of 18 pancreatic cancer patients, with two CTL lines able to recognize and kill both CEA691 peptide-loaded T2 cells and CEA+ HLA-A2+ pancreatic cancer cell lines. In the presence of ex vivo PD-L1 blockade, functional CEA691-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, including IFNγ secretion and proliferation, were enhanced, and this effect was more pronounced on Ag-specific T cells isolated from tumor draining lymph nodes.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that CEA691-specific CTL can be readily expanded from the self-restricted T-cell repertoire of pancreatic cancer patients and that their function can be enhanced by PD-L1 blockade. Clin Cancer Res; 23(20); 6178-89. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'An University, Xi'An, P. R. China
| | | | - Goran H Mohammad
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Stephen P Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Morris
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Alteber Z, Azulay M, Cafri G, Vadai E, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L. Cryoimmunotherapy with local co-administration of ex vivo generated dendritic cells and CpG-ODN immune adjuvant, elicits a specific antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:369-80. [PMID: 24452202 PMCID: PMC11029716 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryoablation is a low-invasive surgical procedure for management of malignant tumors. Tissue destruction is obtained by repeated deep freezing and thawing and results in coagulative necrosis and in apoptosis. This procedure induces the release of tumor-associated antigens and proinflammatory factors into the microenvironment. Local administration of immature dendritic cells (DCs) potentiates the immune response induced by cryoablation. To further augment the induction of long-lasting antitumor immunity, we investigated the clinical value of combining cryoimmunotherapy consisting of cryoablation and inoculation of immature DCs with administration of the immune adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Injection of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma, D122-luc-5.5 that expresses the luciferase gene, results in spontaneous metastases, which can be easily monitored in vivo. The local tumor was treated by the combined treatment. The clinical outcome was assessed by monitoring tumor growth, metastasis in distant organs, overall survival, and protection from tumor recurrence. The nature of the induced T cell responses was analyzed. Combined cryoimmunotherapy results in reduced tumor growth, low metastasis and significantly prolonged survival. Moreover, this treatment induces antitumor memory that protected mice from rechallenge. The underlying suggested mechanisms are the generation of tumor-specific type 1 T cell responses, subsequent induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and generation of systemic memory. Our data highlight the combined cryoimmunotherapy as a novel antitumor vaccine with promising preclinical results. Adjustment of this technique into practice will provide the therapeutic benefits of both, ablation of the primary tumor and induction of robust antitumor and antimetastatic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Alteber
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meir Azulay
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Cafri
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ezra Vadai
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 761000 Rehovot, Israel
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Florian AE, Lepensky CK, Kwon O, Haynes MK, Sklar LA, Zweifach A. Flow cytometry enables a high-throughput homogeneous fluorescent antibody-binding assay for cytotoxic T cell lytic granule exocytosis. J Biomol Screen 2013; 18:420-9. [PMID: 23160568 PMCID: PMC4043149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112466697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed a homogeneous phenotypic fluorescence end-point assay for cytotoxic T lymphocyte lytic granule exocytosis. This flow cytometric assay measures binding of an antibody to a luminal epitope of a lysosomal membrane protein (LAMP-1) that is exposed by exocytosis to the extracellular solution. Washing to remove unbound antibody is not required. Confirming the assay's ability to detect novel active compounds, we screened at a concentration of 50 µM a synthetic diversity library of 91 compounds in a 96-well plate format, identifying 17 compounds that blocked by 90% or more. The actions of six structurally related tetracyano-hexahydroisoindole compounds that inhibited by ~90% at a concentration of 10 µM were investigated further. Four reduced elevations in intracellular Ca(2+); it is likely that depolarization of the cells' membrane potential underlies the effect for at least two of the compounds. Another compound was found to be a potent inhibitor of the activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK. Finally, we transferred the assay to a 384-well format and screened the Prestwick Compound Library using high-throughput flow cytometry. Our results indicate that our assay will likely be a useful means of screening libraries for novel compounds with important biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Florian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
| | - Christopher K. Lepensky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Mark K. Haynes
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, MSC07 4025, Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- University of New Mexico Center for Molecular Discovery, MSC07 4025, Albuquerque NM 87131-0001
| | - Adam Zweifach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut at Storrs, 91 N. Eagleville Rd. Unit 3125, Storrs CT 06269-3125
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Xu H, Wang X, Liu DX, Moroney-Rasmussen T, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. IL-17-producing innate lymphoid cells are restricted to mucosal tissues and are depleted in SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:658-69. [PMID: 22669579 PMCID: PMC3702374 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are an emerging subset of lymphocytes involved in surveillance against virally infected cells. Here, we show CD3(-)CD8(high) lymphocytes in macaque blood include major subsets of ILCs including natural killer (NK) cells expressing CD16, NKp46, and NKG2A, but also populations of ILCs in mucosal tissues having different properties. One ILC subset secreted interleukin (IL)-17 (ILC17), but these were restricted to mucosal tissues. Some mucosal ILC17 cells expressed classical NK-cell markers, but little NKG2A or NKG2D. Some ILC17 cells secreted IL-22 and tumor necrosis factor-α, but few produced interferon (IFN)-γ or contained granzyme B. IL-17 production by ILCs was induced by IL-6, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-23. Further, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection resulted in a significant loss of ILC17 cells, especially in the jejunum, which persisted throughout SIV infection. These findings indicate that ILC17 cells may be involved in innate mucosal immune responses, and their loss may contribute to loss of intestinal mucosal integrity and disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - David X. Liu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Terri Moroney-Rasmussen
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine 18703 Three Rivers Road Covington, LA 70433
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Song H, Pavlicek JW, Cai F, Bhattacharya T, Li H, Iyer SS, Bar KJ, Decker JM, Goonetilleke N, Liu MKP, Berg A, Hora B, Drinker MS, Eudailey J, Pickeral J, Moody MA, Ferrari G, McMichael A, Perelson AS, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Haynes BF, Gao F. Impact of immune escape mutations on HIV-1 fitness in the context of the cognate transmitted/founder genome. Retrovirology 2012; 9:89. [PMID: 23110705 PMCID: PMC3496648 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A modest change in HIV-1 fitness can have a significant impact on viral quasispecies evolution and viral pathogenesis, transmission and disease progression. To determine the impact of immune escape mutations selected by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) on viral fitness in the context of the cognate transmitted/founder (T/F) genome, we developed a new competitive fitness assay using molecular clones of T/F genomes lacking exogenous genetic markers and a highly sensitive and precise parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) method. RESULTS The T/F and mutant viruses were competed in CD4+ T-cell enriched cultures, relative proportions of viruses were assayed after repeated cell-free passage, and fitness costs were estimated by mathematical modeling. Naturally occurring HLA B57-restricted mutations involving the TW10 epitope in Gag and two epitopes in Tat/Rev and Env were assessed independently and together. Compensatory mutations which restored viral replication fitness were also assessed. A principal TW10 escape mutation, T242N, led to a 42% reduction in replication fitness but V247I and G248A mutations in the same epitope restored fitness to wild-type levels. No fitness difference was observed between the T/F and a naturally selected variant carrying the early CTL escape mutation (R355K) in Env and a reversion mutation in the Tat/Rev overlapping region. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a broad spectrum of fitness costs to CTL escape mutations in T/F viral genomes, similar to recent findings reported for neutralizing antibody escape mutations, and highlight the extraordinary plasticity and adaptive potential of the HIV-1 genome. Analysis of T/F genomes and their evolved progeny is a powerful approach for assessing the impact of composite mutational events on viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuo Song
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pavlicek
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tanmoy Bhattacharya
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shilpa S Iyer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julie M Decker
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Michael KP Liu
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Anna Berg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bhavna Hora
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark S Drinker
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Josh Eudailey
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joy Pickeral
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Andrew McMichael
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Liu H, Zhang T, Ye J, Li H, Huang J, Li X, Wu B, Huang X, Hou J. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to chemotherapy in patients with advance non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1849-56. [PMID: 22456757 PMCID: PMC11029471 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that anticancer immune responses contribute to the success of chemotherapy. The predictive significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of TIL subtypes in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. In total, 159 patients with stage III and IV NSCLC were retrospectively enrolled. The prevalence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+) and Foxp3(+) TILs was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue obtained before chemotherapy. The density of TILs subgroups was treated as dichotomous variables using the median values as cutoff. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences in overall survival between groups were determined using the Log-rank test. Prognostic effects of TIL subsets density were evaluated by Cox regression analysis. The presence of CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and FOXP3(+) TILs was not correlated with any clinicopathological features. Neither the prevalence of TILs nor combined analysis displayed obvious prognostic performances for overall survival in Cox regression model. Instead, higher FOXP3(+)/CD8(+) ratio in tumor sites was an independent factor for poor response to platinum-based chemotherapy in overall cohort. These findings suggest that immunological CD8(+) and FOXP3(+)Tregs cell infiltrate within tumor environment is predictive of response to platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. The understanding of the clinical relevance of the microenvironmental immunological milieu might provide an important clue for the design of novel strategies in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases of Sun Yat-Sen University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Street, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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11
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Lerret NM, Houlihan JL, Kheradmand T, Pothoven KL, Zhang ZJ, Luo X. Donor-specific CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells protect skin allografts and facilitate induction of conventional CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2335-47. [PMID: 22681667 PMCID: PMC3429694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) regulatory T cells play a critical role in tolerance induction in transplantation. CD8(+) suppressor T cells have also been shown to control alloimmune responses in preclinical and clinical models. However, the exact nature of the CD8(+) suppressor T cells, their induction and mechanism of function in allogeneic transplantation remain elusive. In this study, we show that functionally suppressive, alloantigen-specific CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells can be induced and significantly expanded by stimulating naïve CD8(+) T cells with donor dendritic cells in the presence of IL-2, TGF-β1 and retinoic acid. These CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells express enhanced levels of CTLA-4, CCR4 and CD103, inhibit the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, and suppress CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation and cytokine production in a donor-specific and contact-dependent manner. Importantly, upon adoptive transfer, the induced CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells protect full MHC-mismatched skin allografts. In vivo, the CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells preferentially traffic to the graft draining lymph node where they induce conventional CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells and concurrently suppress effector T cell expansion. We conclude that donor-specific CD8(+) Foxp3(+) suppressor T cells can be induced and exploited as an effective form of cell therapy for graft protection in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Lerret
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA,Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Josetta L. Houlihan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA,Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Taba Kheradmand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Pothoven
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA,Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
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12
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Im SA, Choi HS, Choi SO, Kim KH, Lee S, Hwang BY, Lee MK, Lee CK. Restoration of electric footshock-induced immunosuppression in mice by Gynostemma pentaphyllum components. Molecules 2012; 17:7695-708. [PMID: 22732883 PMCID: PMC6268916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of the ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX) were examined in electric footshock (EFS)-stressed mice. The mice were orally administered various doses of GP-EX for 7 days before exposure to EFS (duration: 3 min, interval: 10 s, intensity: 2 mA) once a day from day 8 for 14 days with continuous daily feeding of GP-EX. Oral administration of GP-EX to mice prevented EFS stress-induced immunosuppression as determined by the lymphoid organ (thymus and spleen) weight and cellularity. In addition, oral administration of GP-EX restored EFS-suppressed functional properties of mature lymphocytes in terms of concanavalin A-induced proliferation of splenocytes and lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β). Furthermore, we found that mice that were orally administered with GP-EX generated much more potent ovalbumin-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses upon intravenous ovalbumin injection compared to the untreated controls. These results demonstrate that oral administration of the ethanol extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum could increase host defense in immunocompromised situations such as stress-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; (S.-A.I.); (H.S.C.); (S.O.C.); (K.-H.K.); (S.L.); (B.Y.H.); (M.K.L.)
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13
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Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines are emerging as novel and potent approaches to treat cancer. These vaccines enhance the body's immune response to cancerous cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), an initiator of adaptive immunity, are a key cell type targeted by these strategies. Current DC-based cancer vaccines are based on ex vivo manipulation of the cells following their isolation from the patient, followed by reintroduction to the patient, but this approach has many limitations in practical cancer treatment. However, recent progress in materials science has allowed the design and fabrication of physically and chemically functionalized materials platforms that can specifically target DCs in the body. These materials, through their in vivo modulation of DCs, have tremendous potentials as new cancer therapies. Nanoparticles, which are several orders of magnitude smaller than DCs, can efficiently deliver antigen and danger signals to these cells through passive or active targeting. Three-dimensional biomaterials, with sizes several orders of magnitude larger than DCs, create microenvironments that allow the effective recruitment and programming of these cells, and can be used as local depots of nanoparticles targeting resident DCs. Both material strategies have shown potential in promoting antigen-specific T cell responses of magnitudes relevant to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Mooney
- Corresponding Author: Prof. David J. Mooney, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., 325 Pierce Hall, Cambridge, MA 02138, Tel: (+1) 617-384-9624, Fax: (+1) 617-495-9837,
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14
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Myers CE, Hanavan P, Antwi K, Mahadevan D, Nadeem AJ, Cooke L, Scheck AC, Laughrey Z, Lake DF. CTL recognition of a novel HLA-A*0201-binding peptide derived from glioblastoma multiforme tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1319-32. [PMID: 21626031 PMCID: PMC11028898 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic instability of tumor cells can result in translation of proteins that are out of frame, resulting in expression of neopeptides. These neopeptides are not self-proteins and therefore should be immunogenic. By eluting peptides from human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor cell surfaces and subjecting them to tandem mass spectrometry, we identified a novel peptide (KLWGLTPKVTPS) corresponding to a frameshift in the 3' beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7 (HSD3B7) gene. HLA-binding algorithms predicted that a 9-amino acid sequence embedded in this peptide would bind to HLA-A*0201. We confirmed this prediction using an HLA-A*0201 refolding assay followed by live cell relative affinity assays, but also showed that the 12-mer binds to HLA-A*0201. Based on the 9-mer sequence, optimized peptide ligands (OPL) were designed and tested for their affinities to HLA-A*0201 and their abilities to elicit anti-peptide and CTL capable of killing GBM in vitro. Wild-type peptides as well as OPL induced anti-peptide CTL as measured by IFN-γ ELISPOTS. These CTL also killed GBM tumor cells in chromium-51 release assays. This study reports a new CTL target in GBM and further substantiates the concept that rational design and testing of multiple peptides for the same T-cell epitope elicits a broader response among different individuals than single peptide immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E. Myers
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Paul Hanavan
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Kwasi Antwi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
| | - A. Jamal Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
| | - Laurence Cooke
- Department of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA
| | | | - Zachary Laughrey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
| | - Douglas F. Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA
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15
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Zhang J, Zhou Z, Wang C, Shen J, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Xia D. Reduced tumorigenesis of EG7 after interleukin-10 gene transfer and enhanced efficacy in combination with intratumorally injection of adenovirus-mediated lymphotactin and the underlying mechanism. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:559-73. [PMID: 21240488 PMCID: PMC11029026 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although interleukin-10 (IL-10) is commonly regarded as an immunosuppressive cytokine, a wealth of evidence is accumulating that IL-10 also possesses some immunostimulating antitumor properties. Previous studies demonstrated that forced expression of the IL-10 gene in tumor cells could unexpectedly produce antitumor effects. In this study, we explored the tumorigenesis of EG7 cells transduced with IL-10 gene. In vivo, IL-10 gene transfer reduced tumorigenic capacity of EG7 cells and prolonged survival of the EG7 tumor-bearing mice. It was found that the cytotoxicities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK cells) were enhanced. Assessment of the immune status of the animals showed prevalence of a systemic and tumor-specific Th2 response (high levels of IL-4 and IL-10). To improve the therapeutic efficacy, we combined with intratumoral injection of adenovirus-mediated lymphotactin (Ad-Lptn) into the overestablished EG7 tumor model. More significant inhibition of tumor growth were observed in EG7 tumor-bearing mice that received combined treatment with IL-10 and Lptn gene than those of mice treated with IL-10 or Lptn gene alone. The highest NK cells and CTL activity was induced in the combined therapy group, increasing the production of IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) significantly but decreasing the expression of immune suppressive cells (CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and Gr1(+)CD11b(+) MDSCs). The necrosis of tumor cells was markedly observed in the tumor tissues, accompanying with strongest expression of Mig (monokine induced by interferon-gamma) and IP-10 (interferon-inducible protein 10), weakest expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). In vivo, depletion analysis demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells and NK cells were the predominant effector cell subset responsible for the antitumor effect of IL-10 or Lptn gene. These findings may provide a potential strategy to improve the antitumor efficacy of IL-10 and Lptn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhidong Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Taizhou College, 318000 Taizhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangen Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihuang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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16
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Ma Q, Wang C, Jones D, Quintanilla KE, Li D, Wang Y, Wieder ED, Clise-Dwyer K, Alatrash G, Mj Y, Munsell MF, Lu S, Qazilbash MH, Molldrem JJ. Adoptive transfer of PR1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with reduced leukemia burden in a mouse acute myeloid leukemia xenograft model. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:1056-62. [PMID: 20735170 PMCID: PMC3365857 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.506506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been used in the treatment of human cancer, including leukemia. Several studies have established PR1 peptide, an HLA-A2.1-restricted peptide derived from proteinase 3 (P3), as a human leukemia-associated antigen. PR1-specific CTL elicited in vitro from healthy donors have been shown to lyse P3-expressing AML cells from patients. We investigated whether PR1-CTL can be adoptively transferred into NOD/SCID mice to eliminate human leukemia cells. METHODS PR1-CTL were generated in bulk culture from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with autologous dendritic cells. Human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples were injected and engrafted in murine bone marrow at 2 weeks post-transfer. RESULTS Following adoptive transfer, bone marrow aspirate from mice that received AML alone had 72-88% blasts in a hypercellular marrow, whereas mice that received AML plus PR1-CTL co-infusion had normal hematopoietic elements and only 3-18% blasts in a hypocellular marrow. The PR1-CTL persisted in the bone marrow and liver and maintained a CD45RA⁻CD28+ effector phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We found that adoptive transfer of PR1-CTL generated in vitro is associated with reduced AML cells in NOD/SCID mice. PR1-CTL can migrate to the sites of disease and maintain their capacity to kill the AML cells. The surface phenotype of PR1-CTL was consistent with their trafficking pattern in both vascular and end-organ tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Bone Marrow/growth & development
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloblastin/immunology
- Myeloblastin/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 900, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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17
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Abstract
A major hurdle in the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine is viral diversity. For close to three decades, HIV vaccine development has focused on either the induction of T cell immune responses or antibody responses, and only rarely on both components. After the failure of the STEP trial, the scientific community concluded that a T cell-based vaccine would likely not be protective if the T cell immune responses were elicited against only a few dominant epitopes. Similarly, for vaccines focusing on antibody responses, one of the main criticisms after VaxGen's failed Phase III trials was on the limited antigen breadth included in the two formulations used. The successes of polyvalent vaccine approaches against other antigenically variable pathogens encourage implementation of the same approach for the design of HIV-1 vaccines. A review of the existing HIV-1 vaccination approaches based on the polyvalent principle is included here to provide a historical perspective for the current effort of developing a polyvalent HIV-1 vaccine. Results summarized in this review provide a clear indication that the polyvalent approach is a viable one for the future development of an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lu
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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18
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Andrade Filho PA, Ito D, DeLeo AB, Ferris RL. CD8+ T cell recognition of polymorphic wild-type sequence p53(65-73) peptides in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1561-8. [PMID: 20577877 PMCID: PMC4109029 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene contains a well-studied polymorphism that encodes either proline (P) or arginine (R) at codon 72, and over half of the world's population is homozygous for R at this codon. The wild-type sequence (wt) p53 peptide, p53(65-73), has been identified as a CD8+ T cell-defined tumor antigen for use in broadly applicable cancer vaccines. However, depending on the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism of the recipient, the induced responses to the peptides incorporating R (p53(72R)) or P (p53(72P)) can be "self" or "non-self." Thus, we sought to determine which wt p53(65-73) peptide should be used in wt p53-based cancer vaccines. Despite similar predicted HLA-A2-binding affinities, the p53(72P) peptide was more efficient than the p53(72R) peptide in HLA-A2 stabilization assays. In vitro stimulation (IVS) of CD8+ T cells obtained from healthy HLA-A2(+) donors with these two peptides led to the generation of CD8+ T cell effectors in one-third of the samples tested, at a frequency similar to the responsiveness to other wt p53 peptides. Interestingly, regardless of their p53 codon 72 genotype, CD8+ T cells stimulated with either p53(72P) or p53(72R) peptide were cross-reactive against T2 cells pulsed with either peptide, as well as HLA-A2(+) head and neck cancer (HNC) cell lines presenting p53(72P) and/or p53(72R) peptides for T cell recognition. Therefore, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ T cells for the polymorphic wt p53(65-73) peptides, irrespective of their p53 codon 72 polymorphism, suggests that employing either peptide in wt p53-based vaccines can result in efficient targeting of this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. Andrade Filho
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Albert B. DeLeo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, USA
- UPCI Research Pavilion, The Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863 USA
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19
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You CX, Liu Y, Shi M, Cao M, Luo RC, Hermonat PL. Comparison of AAV/IL-7 autocrine (T cell) versus paracrine (DC) gene delivery for enhancing CTL stimulation and function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:779-87. [PMID: 20091029 PMCID: PMC11030548 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0798-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) into patients holds promise in treating cancer. Such anti-cancer CTL are stimulated by professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC). We hypothesize the gene delivery of various Th1-response cytokines, such as interleukin 7 (IL-7), should further enhance CTL stimulation and activity. However, the issue as to which cell type, DC (paracrine) or the T cell (autocrine), should express a particular Th1 cytokine gene for optimal CTL stimulation has never been addressed. We used adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV) to compare delivery of IL-7 and IL-2 genes into DC or T cells and to exogenous commercial cytokines for generating robust carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific CTL. AAV/IL-7 transduction of T cells (autocrine delivery) generated CTL with the highest killing capability. Consistent with this, AAV/IL-7 delivery generated T cell populations with the highest proliferation, highest interferon gamma expression, highest CD8(+):CD4(+) ratio, highest CD8(+), CD69(+) levels, and lowest CD4(+), CD25(+) (Treg) levels. These data are consistent with higher killing by the AAV/IL-7-altered CTL. These data strongly suggest that IL-7 autocrine gene delivery is optimal for CTL generation. These data also suggest Th1 cytokine autocrine versus paracrine delivery is an important issue for immuno-gene therapy and uncovers new questions into cytokine mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Xuan You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maohua Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Rong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul L. Hermonat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 532, 4301 West Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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20
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Lazaro E, Godfrey SB, Stamegna P, Ogbechie T, Kerrigan C, Zhang M, Walker BD, Le Gall S. Differential HIV epitope processing in monocytes and CD4 T cells affects cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:236-43. [PMID: 19505257 PMCID: PMC3724235 DOI: 10.1086/599837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to clear virus-infected cells is dependent on the presentation of viral peptides processed intracellularly and displayed by major histocompatibility complex class I. Most CTL functional assays use exogenously added peptides, a practice that does not account for the kinetics and quantity of antigenic peptides produced by infectable cells. Here, we examined the relative ability of 2 major human immunodeficiency virus-infectable cell subsets-CD4 T lymphocytes and monocytes-to produce antigenic peptides, using cytosol as a source of peptidases and mass spectrometry to define the degradation products. We show clear subset-specific differences in the kinetics of peptide production and the ability of the peptides produced to sensitize cells for lysis by CTLs, with primary CD4 T lymphocytes having significantly lower proteolytic activity than monocytes. These differences in epitope processing by cell subsets may affect the efficiency of CTL-mediated clearance of infected subsets and contribute to the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Lazaro
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Sasha Blue Godfrey
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Pamela Stamegna
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Tobi Ogbechie
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Christopher Kerrigan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Mei Zhang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard (formerly Partners AIDS Research Center), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 149 13 street, Boston, MA 02129
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21
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Piantadosi A, Chohan B, Panteleeff D, Baeten JM, Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Overbaugh J. HIV-1 evolution in gag and env is highly correlated but exhibits different relationships with viral load and the immune response. AIDS 2009; 23:579-87. [PMID: 19516110 PMCID: PMC2727980 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328328f76e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate relationships between HIV-1 evolution, including immune evasion, and markers of disease progression during chronic infection. DESIGN HIV-1 evolution and disease progression markers were evaluated over approximately 5 years of infection among 37 Kenyan women from a prospective, seroincident cohort. Evolution was measured in two genes, gag and env, which are primary targets of cellular and humoral immune responses, respectively. METHODS Proviral HIV-1 gag and env sequences were obtained from early and chronic infection when plasma viral load and CD4 cell counts were available. Human leukocyte antigen types were obtained to identify changes in gag cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. The breadth of the neutralizing antibody response was measured for each woman's plasma against a panel of six viruses. Tests of association were performed between virus evolution (diversity, divergence, and ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous divergence), markers of disease progression (viral load and CD4 cell count), and immune parameters (gag cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope mutation and neutralizing antibody breadth). RESULTS HIV-1 gag and env diversity and divergence were highly correlated in early and late infection. Divergence in gag was strongly correlated with viral load, largely because of the accumulation of synonymous changes. Mutation in gag cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes was associated with higher viral load. There was evidence for adaptive evolution in env, but the extent of env evolution was only weakly associated with neutralizing antibody breadth. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HIV-1 evolution in gag and env is highly correlated but exhibits gene-specific differences. The different immune pressures on these genes may partly explain differences in evolution and consequences for HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Piantadosi
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bhavna Chohan
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dana Panteleeff
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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22
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Gao X, Deeb D, Liu Y, Gautam S, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC. Immunomodulatory activity of xanthohumol: inhibition of T cell proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production through suppression of NF-kappaB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009; 31:477-84. [PMID: 19555200 PMCID: PMC2759314 DOI: 10.1080/08923970902798132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupus L.) and beer, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative activity, but has not been studied for effects on T cell-mediated immune responses. Here we demonstrate that XN has profound immunosuppressive effects on T cell proliferation, development of IL-2 activated killer (LAK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and production of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). The suppression of these cell-mediated immune responses by XN was at, least in part, due to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor through suppression of phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Gao
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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23
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McElroy DS, Badstibner AM, D’Orazio SE. Use of the CD107 mobilization assay reveals that cytotoxic T lymphocytes with novel MHC-Ib restriction are activated during Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol Methods 2007; 328:45-52. [PMID: 17900608 PMCID: PMC2140280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of cytotoxic activity by pathogen-specific T cells of unknown antigenic specificity is difficult due to the limitations of using infected cells, instead of peptide-pulsed cells, as targets. We report here that the recently described CD107 mobilization assay readily allowed for the ex vivo detection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with a novel MHC-Ib restriction that specifically recognized Listeria monocytogenes-infected macrophages. The CD107 mobilization assay is likely to be a useful tool for detection of CD8(+) T cells that recognize a wide variety of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise S. McElroy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Adina M. Badstibner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Sarah E.F. D’Orazio
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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24
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Vertuani S, Dubrovska E, Levitsky V, Jager MJ, Kiessling R, Levitskaya J. Retinoic acid elicits cytostatic, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects on uveal melanoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:193-204. [PMID: 16752155 PMCID: PMC11030064 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The current therapy of uveal melanoma (UM) metastases remains inefficient, which warrants the development of new treatment modalities. For the first time we investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on a panel of UM cell lines and found that RA induces morphological changes compatible with differentiation, suppresses proliferation and causes apoptosis in these cells. RA treatment resulted in an increase of p21, p27 and p53 protein levels and G1 arrest in UM cells, which correlated with significant down-modulation of surface Her2/neu proto-oncogene expression. In addition, RA-treated UM cells exhibited increased sensitivity to both MHC class I-restricted killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cell-mediated lysis that were accompanied by more efficient conjugate formation between UM cells and killer lymphocytes. Taken together, our results implicate UM as a new target for treatment with retinoids and suggest that retinoids and T- or NK-cell based immunotherapy can have mutually enhancing effects in UM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vertuani
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eugenia Dubrovska
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Immune and Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, KS-ringen, R8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Ramage JM, Spendlove I, Rees R, Moss RS, Durrant LG. The use of reverse immunology to identify HLA-A2 binding epitopes in Tie-2. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1004-10. [PMID: 16408213 PMCID: PMC11029822 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A potential target for a cancer vaccine would be receptors, such as Tie-2 which are over expressed on tumour endothelium. Using computer aided motif predictions for possible HLA class I epitopes, we have identified peptides from Tie-2 that should bind with a range of affinities to HLA-A*0201. No direct correlation between predicted values and actual binding affinities was observed. Although, the programs did produce a number of false positives, two epitopes were predicted that bound with relatively high affinity when compared with an influenza peptide. We have previously identified a Tie-2 epitope and shown that it was only immunogenic when we substituted preferred amino acids at key anchor residues to increase binding affinity. In this study we used a similar approach to generate modified epitopes. When HLA-A2 transgenic mice were immunised with peptides, CTL killing of the target cells was only achieved when the wild type epitope was presented at moderate levels. Moreover, the efficiency of immunisation was increased when we linked CD4 epitopes to CD8 epitopes. Caution should therefore be employed in the use of both reverse immunology and anchor modification of CTL epitopes in the identification of CTL epitopes for cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Ramage
- Academic unit of Clinical Oncology, Nottingham University, Hucknall Road, City Hospital, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK.
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26
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Boon ACM, de Mutsert G, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. Functional profile of human influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity is influenced by interleukin-2 concentration and epitope specificity. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 142:45-52. [PMID: 16178855 PMCID: PMC1809493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of influenza A virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to degranulate and produce cytokines upon antigenic restimulation was studied in four HLA-A*0101 and HLA-A*0201 positive subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of these subjects were stimulated with influenza A virus in the presence of high or low interleukin (IL)-2 concentrations. CD8(+) T cell populations specific for the HLA-A*0101 restricted epitope NP(44-52) and the HLA-A*0201 restricted epitope M1(58-66) were identified by positive staining with tetramers of peptide major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) (NP-Tm and M1-Tm, respectively). Within these populations, the proportion of cells mobilizing CD107a, or expressing interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-(TNF)-alpha upon short-term peptide restimulation was determined by flow cytometry. Independent of IL-2 concentrations, large subject-dependent differences in the mobilization of CD107a and expression of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha by both NP- and M1-specific T cells were observed. In two of the four subjects, the functional profile of NP-Tm(+) and M1-Tm(+) cells differed considerably. Overall, no difference in the proportion of NP-Tm(+) or M1-Tm(+) cells expressing CD107a was observed. The proportion of M1-Tm(+) cells that produced IFN-gamma (P < 0.05) was larger than for NP-Tm(+) cells, independent of IL-2 concentration. When cultured under IL-2(hi) concentrations higher TNF-alpha expression was also observed in M1-Tm(+) cells (P < 0.05). The IL-2 concentration during expansion of virus-specific cells had a profound effect on the functionality of both M1-Tm(+) and NP-Tm(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C M Boon
- Department of Virology and WHO National Influenza Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Wang XH, Qin Y, Hu MH, Xie Y. Dendritic cells pulsed with gp96-peptide complexes derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:971-80. [PMID: 15965645 PMCID: PMC11032807 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of activating immune responses. Different forms of tumor antigens have been used to load DCs to initiate tumor-specific immune responses. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are considered natural adjuvants which have the ability to chaperone peptides associated with them presented efficiently by interaction with professional APCs through specific receptors. In the present study, we used HSP, gp96-peptide complexes, derived from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells as antigens for pulsing DCs. We found that gp96-peptide complexes derived from HCC cells induced the maturation of DCs by enhancing expression of human leukocyte antigen class II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD83. The matured DCs stimulated a high level of autologous T cell proliferation and induced HCC specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which specifically killed HCC cells by a major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I restricted mechanism. These findings demonstrate that DCs pulsed with gp96-peptide complexes derived from HCC cells are effective in activating specific T cell responses against HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. H. Wang
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- College of life sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Qin
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- College of life sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - M. H. Hu
- College of life sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Y. Xie
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
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28
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Ma JH, Sui YF, Ye J, Huang YY, Li ZS, Chen GS, Qu P, Song HP, Zhang XM. Heat shock protein 70/MAGE-3 fusion protein vaccine can enhance cellular and humoral immune responses to MAGE-3 in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:907-14. [PMID: 15756604 PMCID: PMC11034288 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MAGE-3, a member of melanoma antigen (MAGE) gene family, is recognized as an ideal candidate for tumor vaccine because it is expressed in a significant proportion of tumors of various histological types and can induce antigen-specific immune response in vivo. There is now substantial evidence that heat shock proteins HSPs isolated from cancer cells and virus-infected cells can be used as vaccines to produce cancer-specific or virus-specific immunity. In this research, we investigated whether M. tuberculosis HSP70 can be used as vehicle to elicit immune response to its accompanying MAGE-3 protein. A recombinant protein expression vector was constructed that permitted the production of fusion protein linking amino acids 195-314 of MAGE-3 to the C terminus of HSP70. We found that HSP70-MAGE-3 fusion protein can elicit stronger cellular and humoral immune responses against MAGE-3 expressing murine tumor than those elicited by MAGE-3 protein in vivo, which resulted in potent antitumor immunity against MAGE-3-expressing tumors. Covalent linkage of HSP70 to MAGE-3 was necessary to elicit immune response to MAGE-3. These results indicate that linkage of HSP70 to MAGE-3 enhanced immune responses to MAGE-3 in vivo and HSP70 can be exploited to enhance the cellular and humoral immune responses against any attached tumor-specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hai Ma
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Yan-Fang Sui
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Jing Ye
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ya-Yu Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zeng-Shan Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Guang-Sheng Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ping Qu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Hong-Ping Song
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xiu-Min Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Department of Pathology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 Shaanxi Province China
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29
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Copland M, Fraser AR, Harrison SJ, Holyoake TL. Targeting the silent minority: emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for eradication of malignant stem cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:297-306. [PMID: 15692843 PMCID: PMC11032986 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 05/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Standard allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has provided a cure for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) over the last 25 years, but is only an option for a minority of patients. It was hoped that the introduction of imatinib mesylate (IM), a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the Bcr-Abl oncogene product, would provide long-term remission or even cure for those patients without a donor, but studies have shown that IM does not eliminate leukaemic stem cells in CML patients. To overcome this problem of molecular persistence, research is underway to combine reduced intensity stem cell transplant or non-donor-dependent immunotherapies with IM with the aim of increasing cure rate, reducing toxicity and improving quality of life. The alternative approach is to combine IM or second-generation agents with other novel drugs that interrupt key signalling pathways activated by Bcr-Abl. This article will focus on the latest immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapeutic options in CML and how they may be combined to improve the outcome for CML patients in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Copland
- ATMU, Section of Experimental Haematology, University Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
| | - A. R. Fraser
- ATMU, Section of Experimental Haematology, University Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
| | - S. J. Harrison
- ATMU, Section of Experimental Haematology, University Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
| | - T. L. Holyoake
- ATMU, Section of Experimental Haematology, University Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER UK
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30
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O'Rourke MGE, Johnson M, Lanagan C, See J, Yang J, Bell JR, Slater GJ, Kerr BM, Crowe B, Purdie DM, Elliott SL, Ellem KAO, Schmidt CW. Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous melanoma cell/dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:387-95. [PMID: 12682787 PMCID: PMC11032907 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-003-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced metastatic melanoma is incurable by standard treatments, but occasionally responds to immunotherapy. Recent trials using dendritic cells (DC) as a cellular adjuvant have concentrated on defined peptides as the source of antigens, and rely on foreign proteins as a source of help to generate a cell-mediated immune response. This approach limits patient accrual, because currently defined, non-mutated epitopes are restricted by a small number of human leucocyte antigens. It also fails to take advantage of mutated epitopes peculiar to the patient's own tumour, and of CD4+ T lymphocytes as potential effectors of anti-tumour immunity. We therefore sought to determine whether a fully autologous DC vaccine is feasible, and of therapeutic benefit. Patients with American Joint Cancer Committee stage IV melanoma were treated with a fully autologous immunotherapy consisting of monocyte-derived DC, matured after culture with irradiated tumour cells. Of 19 patients enrolled into the trial, sufficient tumour was available to make treatments for 17. Of these, 12 received a complete priming phase of six cycles of either 0.9x10(6) or 5x10(6) DC/intradermal injection, at 2-weekly intervals. Where possible, treatment continued with the lower dose at 6-weekly intervals. The remaining five patients could not complete priming, due to progressive disease. Three of the 12 patients who completed priming have durable complete responses (average duration 35 months+), three had partial responses, and the remaining six had progressive disease (WHO criteria). Disease regression was not correlated with dose or with the development of delayed type hypersensitivity responses to intradermal challenge with irradiated, autologous tumour. However, plasma S-100B levels prior to the commencement of treatment correlated with objective clinical response ( P=0.05) and survival (log rank P<0.001). The treatment had minimal side-effects and was well tolerated by all patients. Mature, monocyte-derived DC preparations exposed to appropriate tumour antigen sources can be reliably produced for patients with advanced metastatic melanoma, and in a subset of those patients with lower volume disease their repeated administration results in durable complete responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. E. O'Rourke
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maree Johnson
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine Lanagan
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janet See
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Yang
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John R. Bell
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greg J. Slater
- />QLD X-Ray, Mater Misericordiae Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beverley M. Kerr
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beth Crowe
- />Melanoma Therapy Group, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital, Raymond Terrace, 4101 South Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M. Purdie
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Elliott
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kay A. O. Ellem
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher W. Schmidt
- />Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd., 4006 Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is typically characterized by the over-expression of the tumour suppressor protein p53. Considerable evidence suggests that immune competence is important in the control of cutaneous SCC. We discuss the immunobiology of p53 and its relevance to cutaneous SCC, including the potential interaction with human papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P B Black
- University of Oxford, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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32
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Terajima M, Cruz J, Raines G, Kilpatrick ED, Kennedy JS, Rothman AL, Ennis FA. Quantitation of CD8+ T cell responses to newly identified HLA-A*0201-restricted T cell epitopes conserved among vaccinia and variola (smallpox) viruses. J Exp Med 2003; 197:927-32. [PMID: 12668642 PMCID: PMC2193889 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with vaccinia virus resulted in long-lasting protection against smallpox and was the approach used to eliminate natural smallpox infections worldwide. Due to the concern about the potential use of smallpox virus as a bioweapon, smallpox vaccination is currently being reintroduced. Severe complications from vaccination were associated with congenital or acquired T cell deficiencies, but not with congenital agammaglobulinemia, suggesting the importance of T cell immunity in recovery from infection. In this report, we identified two CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by the most common human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele, HLA-A*0201. Both epitopes are highly conserved in vaccinia and variola viruses. The frequency of vaccinia-specific CD8+ T cell responses to these epitopes measured by interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and HLA/peptide tetramer staining peaked 2 wk after primary immunization and then declined, but were still detectable 1 to 3 yr after primary immunization. 2 wk after immunization, IFN-gamma-producing cells specific to these two epitopes were 14% of total vaccinia virus-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells in one donor, 35% in the second donor, and 6% in the third donor. This information will be useful for studies of human T cell memory and for the design and analyses of the immunogenicity of experimental vaccinia vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terajima
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave. North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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33
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Rosset MB, Tieng V, Charron D, Toubert A. Differences in MHC-class I presented minor histocompatibility antigens extracted from normal and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 132:46-52. [PMID: 12653835 PMCID: PMC1808673 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) may develop after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) between donors and recipients incompatible for minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAg). Here, we examined the possible relationship between tissue-specific distribution of dominant mHAg peptides and specific organ destruction caused by GVHD. In the B6 anti-Balb/b (H-2b) strain combination, a GVHD developed against Balb/b mHAgs. Despite the high number of incompatible mHAgs between these two strains, both cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and GVHD could be attributed to a limited number of dominant mHAgs. We studied CTL-defined expression of dominant mHAgs in normal tissues and their GVHD-related modifications. mHAg peptides were prepared by acid elution and reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography fractionation from the spleen, liver, gut and skin as GVHD target tissues and from the heart and kidney as control tissues. Peptidic fractions extracted from normal and GVHD tissues were incubated with RMA-S targets and analysed using bulk B6 anti-Balb/b CTL. In each tissue several fractions were recognized with a given pattern of mHAg expression. GVHD induced qualitative and quantitative changes in antigenic peptide expression. Modifications in mHAg presentation during GVHD concerned preferentially GVHD target organs as opposed to non-GVHD target organs. In addition, when immunizing tissues were derived from GVHD mice instead of normal mice, the profile of CTL recognition was different. In conclusion, these data indicate that broad differences could exist in peptide presentation between various normal and GVHD-target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bruley Rosset
- INSERM U267, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif and Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, INSERM U396, AP-HPHôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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34
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Abstract
Whereas ligation of CD28 is known to provide a critical costimulatory signal for activation of CD4 T cells, the requirement for CD28 as a costimulatory signal during activation of CD8 cells is less well defined. Even less is known about the involvement of CD28 signals during peripheral tolerance induction in CD8 T cells. In this study, comparison of T cell responses from CD28-deficient and CD28 wild-type H-Y-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice reveals that CD8 cells can proliferate, secrete cytokines, and generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes efficiently in the absence of CD28 costimulation in vitro. Surprisingly, using pregnancy as a model to study the H-Y-specific response of maternal T cells in the presence or absence of CD28 costimulation in vivo, it was found that peripheral tolerance does not occur in CD28KO pregnants in contrast to the partial clonal deletion and hyporesponsiveness of remaining T cells observed in CD28WT pregnants. These data demonstrate for the first time that CD28 is critical for tolerance induction of CD8 T cells, contrasting markedly with CD28 independence of in vitro activation, and suggest that the role of CD28/B7 interactions in peripheral tolerance of CD8 T cells may differ significantly from that of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Vacchio
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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Liu K, Rosenberg SA. Interleukin-2-independent proliferation of human melanoma-reactive T lymphocytes transduced with an exogenous IL-2 gene is stimulation dependent. J Immunother 2003; 26:190-201. [PMID: 12806273 PMCID: PMC2553215 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200305000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A major obstacle limiting the efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer (adoptive immunotherapy) to treat patients with cancer is the short survival of the transferred cells. These in vitro activated T cells depend on the growth factor, interleukin (IL)-2, and may undergo apoptosis in vivo when they are transferred. The authors previously reported that the need for an exogenous source of IL-2 could be abrogated in vitro by retrovirally transducing antitumor T lymphocytes with an exogenous IL-2 gene. Here they report that this growth of IL-2 transductants depended on restimulation of the T-cell receptor complex and appeared to be regulated at the transcriptional level of the transduced IL-2 gene. The transduced IL-2 transcript was barely detectable in IL-2-transductants just before they died without restimulation, and they expressed a low level of the CD25 molecule, the alpha chain of the IL-2 trimeric receptor complex. Melanoma-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (either bulk or CD8+ cells alone), when transduced with an IL-2 retroviral vector, could produce IL-2 upon tumor stimulation and proliferated after the destruction of autologous tumor cells in the absence of added IL-2. Control vector-transduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes failed to do so under the same conditions. These findings provide a foundation for the development of clinical efforts to adoptively transfer melanoma-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes transduced with an IL-2 retroviral vector for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma to evaluate the fate and therapeutic effect of these IL-2 gene-modified antitumor T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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36
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Papagno L, Appay V, Sutton J, Rostron T, Gillespie GMA, Ogg GS, King A, Makadzanhge AT, Waters A, Balotta C, Vyakarnam A, Easterbrook PJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Comparison between HIV- and CMV-specific T cell responses in long-term HIV infected donors. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 130:509-17. [PMID: 12452843 PMCID: PMC1906546 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.02005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying non-progression in HIV-1 infection are not well understood; however, this state has been associated previously with strong HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the preservation of proliferative CD4+ T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens. Using a combination of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISpot assays and tetramer staining, the HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell populations were quantified and characterized in untreated long-term HIV-1-infected non-progressors and individuals with slowly progressive disease, both in relation to CD4+ T cell responses, and in comparison with responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens. High levels of CD8+ T cell responses specific for HIV-1 or CMV were observed, but neither their frequency nor their phenotype seemed to differ between the two patient groups. Moreover, while CMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were preserved in these donors, IFN-gamma release by HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells was generally low. These data raise questions with regard to the role played by CD8+ T cells in the establishment and maintenance of long-term non-progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Papagno
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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37
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Nakamoto Y, Kaneko S, Fan H, Momoi T, Tsutsui H, Nakanishi K, Kobayashi K, Suda T. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma development associated with chronic hepatitis by anti-fas ligand antibody therapy. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1105-11. [PMID: 12391022 PMCID: PMC2194047 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent immune response to hepatitis viruses is a well-recognized risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular and cellular basis for the procarcinogenic potential of the immune response is not well defined. Here, using a unique animal model of chronic hepatitis that induces hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we demonstrate that neutralization of the activity of Fas ligand prevented hepatocyte apoptosis, proliferation, liver inflammation, and the eventual development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The results indicate that Fas ligand is involved not only in direct hepatocyte killing but also in the process of inflammation and hepatocellular carcinogenesis in chronic hepatitis. This is the first demonstration that amelioration of chronic inflammation by some treatment actually caused reduction of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine. Center for the Development of Molecular Target Drugs, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) is a hantavirus that causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which is an important public health problem in large parts of Europe. We examined the memory cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in 13 Finnish individuals who had HFRS between 1984 and 1995. In seven of these donors, we detected virus-specific CTL responses against the PUUV nucleocapsid (N) protein after in vitro stimulation with PUUV. Six novel CD8(+) CTL epitopes were defined on the N protein and were found to be restricted by various HLA alleles including A2, A28, B7, and B8. This is the first demonstration of PUUV-specific CTL responses in humans, and the first identification of CTL epitopes on PUUV. In addition, this study provides one of the few characterizations of a human antiviral memory T cell response, without the complicating issues of virus persistence or reinfection. Interferon (IFN)-gamma ELISPOT analysis showed that memory CTL specific for these epitopes were present at high frequency in PUUV-immune individuals many years after acute infection in the absence of detectable viral RNA. The frequencies of PUUV-specific CTL were comparable to or exceeded those found in other viral systems including influenza, EBV and HIV, in which CTL responses may be boosted by periodic reinfection or virus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Van Epps
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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39
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Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are capable of transporting self-antigens from peripheral tissues to secondary lymphoid organs where they are presented to potentially autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. In the absence of an inflammatory response, this results in immune tolerance. The presence of activated, antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells converts this tolerogenic encounter into an immunogenic one by promoting extensive proliferation of CD8(+) T cells and their development into effectors. Surprisingly, activation of APCs with an agonistic antibody specific for CD40 could not substitute for CD4(+) help in this task. Anti-CD40 induced recruitment of dendritic cells expressing high levels of B7 costimulatory molecules into the lymph nodes, which in turn, greatly enhanced activation and expansion of CD8(+) T cells. However, these activated CD8(+) cells did not demonstrate effector function. We conclude that proliferative potential and gain of effector function are separable events in the differentiation program of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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40
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Yamano T, Murata S, Shimbara N, Tanaka N, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Yui K, Udono H. Two distinct pathways mediated by PA28 and hsp90 in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen processing. J Exp Med 2002; 196:185-96. [PMID: 12119343 PMCID: PMC2193925 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ligands are mainly produced by the proteasome. Herein, we show that the processing of antigens is regulated by two distinct pathways, one requiring PA28 and the other hsp90. Both hsp90 and PA28 enhanced the antigen processing of ovalbumin (OVA). Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of hsp90, almost completely suppressed OVA antigen presentation in PA28alpha(-/-)/beta(-/-) lipopolysaccharide blasts, but not in wild-type cells, indicating that hsp90 compensates for the loss of PA28 and is essential in the PA28-independent pathway. In contrast, treatment of cells with interferon (IFN)-gamma, which induces PA28 expression, abrogated the requirement of hsp90, suggesting that IFN-gamma enhances the PA28-dependent pathway, whereas it diminishes hsp90-dependent pathway. Importantly, IFN-gamma did not induce MHC class I expressions in PA28-deficient cells, indicating a prominent role for PA28 in IFN-gamma-stimulated peptide supply. Thus, these two pathways operate either redundantly or specifically, depending on antigen species and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Yamano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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41
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Li Y, Wang MN, Li H, King KD, Bassi R, Sun H, Santiago A, Hooper AT, Bohlen P, Hicklin DJ. Active immunization against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor flk1 inhibits tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1575-84. [PMID: 12070285 PMCID: PMC2193561 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor fetal liver kinase 1 (flk1; VEGFR-2, KDR) is an endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates physiological and pathological angiogenesis. We hypothesized that an active immunotherapy approach targeting flk1 may inhibit tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we first evaluated whether immune responses to flk1 could be elicited in mice by immunization with dendritic cells pulsed with a soluble flk1 protein (DC-flk1). This immunization generated flk1-specific neutralizing antibody and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, breaking tolerance to self-flk1 antigen. Tumor-induced angiogenesis was suppressed in immunized mice as measured in an alginate bead assay. Development of pulmonary metastases was strongly inhibited in DC-flk1-immunized mice challenged with B16 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells. DC-flk1 immunization also significantly prolonged the survival of mice challenged with Lewis lung tumors. Thus, an active immunization strategy that targets an angiogenesis-related antigen on endothelium can inhibit angiogenesis and may be a useful approach for treating angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY 10014, USA.
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42
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Reignat S, Webster GJM, Brown D, Ogg GS, King A, Seneviratne SL, Dusheiko G, Williams R, Maini MK, Bertoletti A. Escaping high viral load exhaustion: CD8 cells with altered tetramer binding in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1089-101. [PMID: 11994415 PMCID: PMC2193712 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion, anergy, and a spectrum of functional impairments can affect virus-specific CD8 cells in chronic viral infections. Here we characterize a low frequency population of CD8 cells present in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection which survive in the face of a high quantity of viral antigen. Although they do not appear to exert immunological pressure in vivo, these CD8 cells are not classically "tolerant" since they proliferate, lyse, and produce antiviral cytokines in vitro. They are characterized by altered HLA/peptide tetramer reactivity, which is not explained by TCR down-regulation or reduced functional avidity and which can be reversed with repetitive stimulation. CD8 cells with altered tetramer binding appear to have a specificity restricted to envelope antigen and not to other HBV antigens, suggesting that mechanisms of CD8 cell dysfunction are differentially regulated according to the antigenic form and presentation of individual viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Reignat
- Institute of Hepatology, University College London, London WC1 E6HX, United Kingdom
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43
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Nguyen LT, Elford AR, Murakami K, Garza KM, Schoenberger SP, Odermatt B, Speiser DE, Ohashi PS. Tumor growth enhances cross-presentation leading to limited T cell activation without tolerance. J Exp Med 2002; 195:423-35. [PMID: 11854356 PMCID: PMC2193619 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a tumor model of spontaneously arising insulinomas expressing a defined tumor-associated antigen, we investigated whether tumor growth promotes cross-presentation and tolerance of tumor-specific T cells. We found that an advanced tumor burden enhanced cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens to high avidity tumor-specific T cells, inducing T cell proliferation and limited effector function in vivo. However, contrary to other models, tumor-specific T cells were not tolerized despite a high tumor burden. In fact, in tumor-bearing mice, persistence and responsiveness of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells were enhanced. Accordingly, a potent T cell-mediated antitumor response could be elicited by intravenous administration of tumor-derived peptide and agonistic anti-CD40 antibody or viral immunization and reimmunization. Thus, in this model, tumor growth promotes activation of high avidity tumor-specific T cells instead of tolerance. Therefore, the host remains responsive to T cell immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Division
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Hypoglycemia/complications
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Insulinoma/complications
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/pathology
- Insulinoma/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation Chimera
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Nguyen
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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44
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Schüler T, Kammertoens T, Preiss S, Debs P, Noben-Trauth N, Blankenstein T. Generation of tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocytes requires interleukin 4 from CD8(+) T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1767-75. [PMID: 11748278 PMCID: PMC2193572 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.12.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of tumor-associated CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) often requires antigen representation, e.g., by dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4(+) T cell help. Previously, we showed that CTL-mediated tumor immunity required interleukin 4 (IL-4) during the immunization but not effector phase. To determine the source and target cells of IL-4, we performed adoptive T cell transfers using CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from IL-4(-/-) and IL-4R(-/-) mice and analyzed CTL generation. Even though necessary for CTL generation, CD4(+) T cells did not need to express IL-4 or IL-4R. Surprisingly, CTL generation required IL-4 but not IL-4R expression by CD8(+) T cells. As IL-4 (a) was expressed by naive CD8(+) T cells within 24 h after antigen encounter, (b) IL-4 induced DC maturation, and (c) CTL development was impaired in T cell-reconstituted IL-4R(-/-) mice, CD8(+) T cell-derived IL-4 appears to act on DCs. We conclude that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells provide different signals for DC activation during CTL generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schüler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Neumann Andersen G, Nagaeva O, Mandrika I, Petrovska R, Muceniece R, Mincheva-Nilsson L, Wikberg JE. MC(1) receptors are constitutively expressed on leucocyte subpopulations with antigen presenting and cytotoxic functions. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:441-6. [PMID: 11737060 PMCID: PMC1906236 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of melanocortin MC(1) receptors on human peripheral lymphocyte subsets was analysed by flow cytometry using rabbit antibodies selective for the human MC(1) receptor and a panel of monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte differentiation markers. The MC(1) receptor was found to be constitutively expressed on monocytes/macrophages, B-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of cytotoxic T-cells. Interestingly T-helper cells appeared to be essentially devoid of MC(1) receptors. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR which indicated strong expression of MC(1) receptor mRNA in CD14(+), CD19(+) and CD56(+) cells. However, only a faint RT-PCR signal was seen in CD3(+) cells, in line with the immuno-staining results that indicated that only part of the CD3(+) cells (i.e. some of the CD8(+) cells) expressed the MC(1) receptor. The MC(1) receptors' constitutive expression on immune cells with antigen-presenting and cytotoxic functions implies important roles for the melanocortic system in the modulation of immune responses.
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46
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Liu X, Bai XF, Wen J, Gao JX, Liu J, Lu P, Wang Y, Zheng P, Liu Y. B7H costimulates clonal expansion of, and cognate destruction of tumor cells by, CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1339-48. [PMID: 11696598 PMCID: PMC2195972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B7H/B7RP (hereby called B7H) is a new member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules and interacts with inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS). Its function for CD8 T cells has not been reported. We report here that expression of B7H on the tumor cells reduced tumorigenicity and induced immunity to subsequent challenge with parental tumor cells. The immune protection correlates with an enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against P1A, the major tumor antigen expressed in the J558 tumor. To understand the mechanism of immune protection, we adoptively transferred transgenic T cells specific for tumor antigen P1A into mice that bore P1A-expressing tumors. We found that while the transgenic T cells divided faster in mice bearing the B7H(+) tumors, optimal B7H-induced clonal expansion of P1CTL required costimulation by B7-1 and B7-2 on the endogenous host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Interestingly, when B7H(+) and B7H(-) tumors were coinjected, P1CTL selectively eliminated the B7H(+) tumor cells. Moreover, B7H expressed on the tumor cells made them highly susceptible to destruction by CTL in vivo, even if the CTL was administrated into mice with large tumor burdens. Tumors that recurred in the P1CTL-treated mice lost transfected B7H and/or H-2L(d), the class I molecule that presents the P1A peptide. Taken together, our results reveal that B7H costimulates clonal expansion of, and cognate destruction by CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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47
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Hernandez J, Aung S, Redmond WL, Sherman LA. Phenotypic and functional analysis of CD8(+) T cells undergoing peripheral deletion in response to cross-presentation of self-antigen. J Exp Med 2001; 194:707-17. [PMID: 11560988 PMCID: PMC2195957 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.6.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all T cells specific for autoantigens are eliminated in the thymus, and therefore alternate mechanisms are required to prevent potentially autoreactive T cells from developing into effectors. Adoptive transfer of CD8(+) T cells from influenza hemagglutinin-specific Clone 4 TCR transgenic mice into mice that express hemagluttinin in the pancreatic islets results in tolerance. This is preceded by activation of Clone 4 T cells that encounter antigen cross-presented in the draining lymph nodes of the pancreas. In this report we compare the phenotype, function, and costimulatory requirements of Clone 4 T cells activated by endogenous self-antigen, with Clone 4 T cells stimulated by influenza virus. The cells undergoing tolerance upregulate both CD69 and CD44, yet only partially downregulate CD62L, and do not express CD49d or CD25. Most importantly, they lack the ability to produce interferon-gamma in response to antigen and show no cytolytic activity. Clone 4 T cells disappear after several cycles of division, apparently without leaving the site of initial activation. Surprisingly, despite the fact that such stimulation occurs through recognition of antigen that is cross-presented by a professional antigen-presenting cell, we find this activation is not dependent on costimulation through CD28. These data demonstrate that the recognition by naive CD8(+) T cells of cross-presented self-antigen results in localized proliferation and deletion, without the production of effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernandez
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sandra Aung
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - William L. Redmond
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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48
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Tamura M, Nishizaka S, Maeda Y, Ito M, Harashima N, Harada M, Shichijo S, Itoh K. Identification of cyclophilin B-derived peptides capable of inducing histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-A2-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:762-7. [PMID: 11473727 PMCID: PMC5926786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently suggested that cyclophilin B (Cyp-B) is a tumor antigen recognized by histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24-restricted and tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this study, we tried to identify Cyp-B-derived epitopes, which can induce HLA-A2-restricted and tumor-specific CTLs in cancer patients. The tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from an HLA-A0207 patient with colon cancer were found to respond to COS-7 cells when co-transfected with the Cyp-B gene and either HLA-A0201, -A0206, or -A0207 cDNA. These TILs contained CTLs capable of recognizing either the Cyp-B(129 - 138) or the Cyp-B(172 - 179) peptide among 28 different peptides, all of which were prepared based on the HLA-A2 binding motif. Both Cyp-B peptides possessed the ability to induce tumor-specific CTLs in HLA-A2(+) cancer patients. Cyp-B(172 - 180 (V)), which is a 9-mer peptide with valine added at the C terminus, showed no clear superiority over the parental Cyp-B(172 - 179) peptide in an in vitro sensitization experiment. In vitro-sensitized T cells with these peptides responded to cancer cells in an HLA-A2-restricted manner. These two Cyp-B peptides could be useful for specific immunotherapy of HLA-A2(+) cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Using patient data from a unique single source outbreak of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we have characterized the kinetics of acute HBV infection by monitoring viral turnover in the serum during the late incubation and clinical phases of the disease in humans. HBV replicates rapidly with minimally estimated doubling times ranging between 2.2 and 5.8 d (mean 3.7 +/- 1.5 d). After a peak viral load in serum of nearly 10(10) HBV DNA copies/ml is attained, clearance of HBV DNA follows a two or three phase decay pattern with an initial rapid decline characterized by mean half-life (t(1/2)) of 3.7 +/- 1.2 d, similar to the t(1/2) observed in the noncytolytic clearance of covalently closed circular DNA for other hepadnaviruses. The final phase of virion clearance occurs at a variable rate (t(1/2) of 4.8 to 284 d) and may relate to the rate of loss of infected hepatocytes. Free virus has a mean t(1/2) of at most 1.2 +/- 0.6 d. We estimate a peak HBV production rate of at least 10(13) virions/day and a maximum production rate of an infected hepatocyte of 200-1,000 virions/day, on average. At this peak rate of virion production we estimate that every possible single and most double mutations would be created each day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Whalley
- Centre for Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free Campus
| | - John M. Murray
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
- School of Mathematics, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dave Brown
- Centre for Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free Campus
| | | | - Vincent C. Emery
- Department of Virology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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50
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Subklewe M, Paludan C, Tsang ML, Mahnke K, Steinman RM, Münz C. Dendritic cells cross-present latency gene products from Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and expand tumor-reactive CD8(+) killer T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:405-11. [PMID: 11157061 PMCID: PMC2195925 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are not targets for infection by the transforming Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To test if the adjuvant role of DCs could be harnessed against EBV latency genes by cross-presentation, DCs were allowed to process either autologous or human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched, transformed, B lymphocyte cell lines (LCLs) that had been subject to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. After phagocytosis of small numbers of either type of dead LCL, which lacked direct immune-stimulatory capacity, DCs could expand CD8(+) T cells capable of killing LCLs that were HLA matched to the DCs. Necrotic EBV-transformed, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-negative LCLs, when presented by DCs, also could elicit responses to MHC class II-negative, EBV-transformed targets that were MHC class I matched to the DCs, confirming efficient cross-presentation of LCL antigens via MHC class I on the DC. Part of this EBV-specific CD8(+) T cell response, in both lytic and interferon gamma secretion assays, was specific for the EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)3A and latent membrane protein (LMP)2 latency antigens that are known to be expressed at low levels in transformed cells. The induced CD8(+) T cells recognized targets at low doses, 1-10 nM, of peptide. Therefore, the capacity of DCs to cross-present antigens from dead cells extends to the expansion of high affinity T cells specific for viral latency antigens involved in cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Casper Paludan
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Ming L. Tsang
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Ralph M. Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Christian Münz
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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