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Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF. Actomyosin-Mediated Cellular Tension Drives Increased Tissue Stiffness and β-Catenin Activation to Induce Epidermal Hyperplasia and Tumor Growth. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:317. [PMID: 38350422 PMCID: PMC10871601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
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2
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Ntala C, Salji M, Salmond J, Officer L, Teodosio AV, Blomme A, McGhee EJ, Powley I, Ahmad I, Kruithof-de Julio M, Thalmann G, Roberts E, Goodyear CS, Jamaspishvili T, Berman DM, Carlin LM, Le Quesne J, Leung HY. Analysis of Prostate Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Identifies Reduced Stromal CD4 Effector T-cell Infiltration in Tumors with Pelvic Nodal Metastasis. EUR UROL SUPPL 2021; 29:19-29. [PMID: 34337530 PMCID: PMC8317840 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic nodal metastasis in prostate cancer impacts patient outcome negatively. OBJECTIVE To explore tumor-infiltrating immune cells as a potential predictive tool for regional lymph node (LN) metastasis. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS We applied multiplex immunofluorescence and targeted transcriptomic analysis on 94 radical prostatectomy specimens in patients with (LN+) or without (LN-) pelvic nodal metastases. Both intraepithelial and stromal infiltrations of immune cells and differentially expressed genes (mRNA and protein levels) were correlated with the nodal status. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The identified CD4 effector cell signature of nodal metastasis was validated in a comparable independent patient cohort of 184 informative cases. Patient outcome analysis and decision curve analysis were performed with the CD4 effector cell density-based signature. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In the discovery cohort, both tumor epithelium and stroma from patients with nodal metastasis had significantly lower infiltration of multiple immune cell types, with stromal CD4 effector cells highlighted as the top candidate marker. Targeted gene expression analysis and confirmatory protein analysis revealed key alteration of extracellular matrix components in tumors with nodal metastasis. Of note, stromal CD4 immune cell density was a significant independent predictor of LN metastasis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, p = 0.004), and was further validated as a significant predictor of nodal metastasis in the validation cohort (OR = 0.26, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Decreased T-cell infiltrates in the primary tumor (particularly CD4 effector cells) are associated with a higher risk of LN metastasis. Future evaluation of CD4-based assays on prostate cancer diagnostic biopsy materials may improve selection of at-risk patients for the treatment of LN metastasis. PATIENT SUMMARY In this report, we found that cancer showing evidence of cancer metastasis to the lymph nodes tends to have less immune cells present within the tumor. We conclude that the extent of immune cells present within a prostate tumor can help doctors determine the most appropriate treatment plan for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Ntala
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Salji
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Salmond
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leah Officer
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | - Ana Vieira Teodosio
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Powley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - George Thalmann
- Department of Urology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - David M. Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Leicester, UK
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Puttur F, Denney L, Gregory LG, Vuononvirta J, Oliver R, Entwistle LJ, Walker SA, Headley MB, McGhee EJ, Pease JE, Krummel MF, Carlin LM, Lloyd CM. Pulmonary environmental cues drive group 2 innate lymphoid cell dynamics in mice and humans. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaav7638. [PMID: 31175176 PMCID: PMC6744282 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav7638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are enriched in mucosal tissues (e.g., lung) and respond to epithelial cell-derived cytokines initiating type 2 inflammation. During inflammation, ILC2 numbers are increased in the lung. However, the mechanisms controlling ILC2 trafficking and motility within inflamed lungs remain unclear and are crucial for understanding ILC2 function in pulmonary immunity. Using several approaches, including lung intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that pulmonary ILC2s are highly dynamic, exhibit amoeboid-like movement, and aggregate in the lung peribronchial and perivascular spaces. They express distinct chemokine receptors, including CCR8, and actively home to CCL8 deposits located around the airway epithelium. Within lung tissue, ILC2s were particularly motile in extracellular matrix-enriched regions. We show that collagen-I drives ILC2 to markedly change their morphology by remodeling their actin cytoskeleton to promote environmental exploration critical for regulating eosinophilic inflammation. Our study provides previously unappreciated insights into ILC2 migratory patterns during inflammation and highlights the importance of environmental guidance cues in the lung in controlling ILC2 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Puttur
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Denney
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Oliver
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lewis J Entwistle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark B Headley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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4
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Candido JB, Morton JP, Bailey P, Campbell AD, Karim SA, Jamieson T, Lapienyte L, Gopinathan A, Clark W, McGhee EJ, Wang J, Escorcio-Correia M, Zollinger R, Roshani R, Drew L, Rishi L, Arkell R, Evans TRJ, Nixon C, Jodrell DI, Wilkinson RW, Biankin AV, Barry ST, Balkwill FR, Sansom OJ. CSF1R + Macrophages Sustain Pancreatic Tumor Growth through T Cell Suppression and Maintenance of Key Gene Programs that Define the Squamous Subtype. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1448-1460. [PMID: 29719257 PMCID: PMC5946718 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is resistant to most therapies including single-agent immunotherapy and has a dense desmoplastic stroma, and most patients present with advanced metastatic disease. We reveal that macrophages are the dominant leukocyte population both in human PDAC stroma and autochthonous models, with an important functional contribution to the squamous subtype of human PDAC. We targeted macrophages in a genetic PDAC model using AZD7507, a potent selective inhibitor of CSF1R. AZD7507 caused shrinkage of established tumors and increased mouse survival in this difficult-to-treat model. Malignant cell proliferation diminished, with increased cell death and an enhanced T cell immune response. Loss of macrophages rewired other features of the TME, with global changes in gene expression akin to switching PDAC subtypes. These changes were markedly different to those elicited when neutrophils were targeted via CXCR2. These results suggest targeting the myeloid cell axis may be particularly efficacious in PDAC, especially with CSF1R inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aniline Compounds/pharmacology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Immunological
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B Candido
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Peter Bailey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Saadia A Karim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | - Aarthi Gopinathan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Raphael Zollinger
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Rozita Roshani
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Lisa Drew
- Bioscience, Oncology, iMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loveena Rishi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rebecca Arkell
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Duncan I Jodrell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Andrew V Biankin
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Simon T Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology, iMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frances R Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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5
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Martin KJ, McGhee EJ, Schwarz JP, Drysdale M, Brachmann SM, Stucke V, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Accepting from the best donor; analysis of long-lifetime donor fluorescent protein pairings to optimise dynamic FLIM-based FRET experiments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0183585. [PMID: 29293509 PMCID: PMC5749721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET biosensors have proven very useful tools for studying the activation of specific signalling pathways in living cells. Most biosensors designed to date have been predicated on fluorescent protein pairs that were identified by, and for use in, intensity based measurements, however fluorescence lifetime provides a more reliable measurement of FRET. Both the technology and fluorescent proteins available for FRET have moved on dramatically in the last decade. Lifetime imaging systems have become increasingly accessible and user-friendly, and there is an entire field of biology dedicated to refining and adapting different characteristics of existing and novel fluorescent proteins. This growing pool of fluorescent proteins includes the long-lifetime green and cyan fluorescent proteins Clover and mTurquoise2, the red variant mRuby2, and the dark acceptor sREACh. Here, we have tested these donors and acceptors in appropriate combinations against the standard or recommended norms (EGFP and mTFP as donors, mCherry and either Ypet or Venus as acceptors) to determine if they could provide more reliable, reproducible and quantifiable FLIM-FRET data to improve on the dynamic range compared to other donors and breadth of application of biosensor technologies. These tests were performed for comparison on both a wide-field, frequency domain system and a multiphoton, TCSPC time domain FLIM system. Clover proved to be an excellent donor with extended dynamic range in combination with mCherry on both platforms, while mRuby2 showed a high degree of variability and poor FRET efficiencies in all cases. mTFP-Venus was the most consistent cyan-yellow pair between the two FLIM methodologies, but mTurquoise2 has better dynamic range and transfers energy consistently over time to the dark acceptor sRCh. Combination of mTFP-sRCh with Clover-mCherry would allow the simultaneous use of two FLIM-FRET biosensors within one sample by eliminating the crosstalk between the yellow acceptor and green donor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Drysdale
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Volker Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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6
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Kadir S, Leung W, Killen M, Magenau A, Stevenson D, Lucas MC, Reischmann N, Vennin C, Conway JRW, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Law AM, Gallego-Ortega D, Ormandy CJ, Walters SN, Grey ST, Bailey J, Chtanova T, Quinn JMW, Baldock PA, Croucher PI, Schwarz JP, Mrowinska A, Zhang L, Herzog H, Masedunskas A, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Del Monte-Nieto G, Harvey RP, Samuel MS, Pajic M, McGhee EJ, Johnsson AKE, Sansom OJ, Welch HCE, Morton JP, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Timpson P. A RhoA-FRET Biosensor Mouse for Intravital Imaging in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Contexts. Cell Rep 2017; 21:274-288. [PMID: 28978480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is involved in a variety of fundamental processes in normal tissue. Spatiotemporal control of RhoA is thought to govern mechanosensing, growth, and motility of cells, while its deregulation is associated with disease development. Here, we describe the generation of a RhoA-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse and its utility for monitoring real-time activity of RhoA in a variety of native tissues in vivo. We assess changes in RhoA activity during mechanosensing of osteocytes within the bone and during neutrophil migration. We also demonstrate spatiotemporal order of RhoA activity within crypt cells of the small intestine and during different stages of mammary gestation. Subsequently, we reveal co-option of RhoA activity in both invasive breast and pancreatic cancers, and we assess drug targeting in these disease settings, illustrating the potential for utilizing this mouse to study RhoA activity in vivo in real time.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biosensing Techniques
- Bone and Bones/cytology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/instrumentation
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/ultrastructure
- Intravital Microscopy/instrumentation
- Intravital Microscopy/methods
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/ultrastructure
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/ultrastructure
- Osteocytes/metabolism
- Osteocytes/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Time-Lapse Imaging/instrumentation
- Time-Lapse Imaging/methods
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Monica Killen
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bailey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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7
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Reid SE, Kay EJ, Neilson LJ, Henze AT, Serneels J, McGhee EJ, Dhayade S, Nixon C, Mackey JB, Santi A, Swaminathan K, Athineos D, Papalazarou V, Patella F, Román-Fernández Á, ElMaghloob Y, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Adams RH, Ismail S, Bryant DM, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Machesky LM, Carlin LM, Blyth K, Mazzone M, Zanivan S. Tumor matrix stiffness promotes metastatic cancer cell interaction with the endothelium. EMBO J 2017; 36:2373-2389. [PMID: 28694244 PMCID: PMC5556271 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression alters the composition and physical properties of the extracellular matrix. Particularly, increased matrix stiffness has profound effects on tumor growth and metastasis. While endothelial cells are key players in cancer progression, the influence of tumor stiffness on the endothelium and the impact on metastasis is unknown. Through quantitative mass spectrometry, we find that the matricellular protein CCN1/CYR61 is highly regulated by stiffness in endothelial cells. We show that stiffness-induced CCN1 activates β-catenin nuclear translocation and signaling and that this contributes to upregulate N-cadherin levels on the surface of the endothelium, in vitro This facilitates N-cadherin-dependent cancer cell-endothelium interaction. Using intravital imaging, we show that knockout of Ccn1 in endothelial cells inhibits melanoma cancer cell binding to the blood vessels, a critical step in cancer cell transit through the vasculature to metastasize. Targeting stiffness-induced changes in the vasculature, such as CCN1, is therefore a potential yet unappreciated mechanism to impair metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Kay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Anne-Theres Henze
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jens Serneels
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Bg Mackey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Santi
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Vasileios Papalazarou
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - David M Bryant
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manuel Salmeron-Sanchez
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Vennin C, Chin VT, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Magenau A, Melenec P, Walters SN, Del Monte-Nieto G, Conway JRW, Nobis M, Allam AH, McCloy RA, Currey N, Pinese M, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Adam AAS, Heu C, Nagrial AM, Chou A, Steinmann A, Drury A, Froio D, Giry-Laterriere M, Harris NLE, Phan T, Jain R, Weninger W, McGhee EJ, Whan R, Johns AL, Samra JS, Chantrill L, Gill AJ, Kohonen-Corish M, Harvey RP, Biankin AV, Evans TRJ, Anderson KI, Grey ST, Ormandy CJ, Gallego-Ortega D, Wang Y, Samuel MS, Sansom OJ, Burgess A, Cox TR, Morton JP, Pajic M, Timpson P. Transient tissue priming via ROCK inhibition uncouples pancreatic cancer progression, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaai8504. [PMID: 28381539 PMCID: PMC5777504 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emerging standard of care for patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer is a combination of cytotoxic drugs gemcitabine and Abraxane, but patient response remains moderate. Pancreatic cancer development and metastasis occur in complex settings, with reciprocal feedback from microenvironmental cues influencing both disease progression and drug response. Little is known about how sequential dual targeting of tumor tissue tension and vasculature before chemotherapy can affect tumor response. We used intravital imaging to assess how transient manipulation of the tumor tissue, or "priming," using the pharmaceutical Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil affects response to chemotherapy. Intravital Förster resonance energy transfer imaging of a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 biosensor to monitor the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs revealed that priming improves pancreatic cancer response to gemcitabine/Abraxane at both primary and secondary sites. Transient priming also sensitized cells to shear stress and impaired colonization efficiency and fibrotic niche remodeling within the liver, three important features of cancer spread. Last, we demonstrate a graded response to priming in stratified patient-derived tumors, indicating that fine-tuned tissue manipulation before chemotherapy may offer opportunities in both primary and metastatic targeting of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Venessa T Chin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Melenec
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Amr H Allam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachael A McCloy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Currey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Arne A S Adam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Celine Heu
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Adnan M Nagrial
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela Steinmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alison Drury
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Danielle Froio
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Marc Giry-Laterriere
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nathanial L E Harris
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Tri Phan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Renee Whan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Amber L Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Lorraine Chantrill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2560, Australia
| | - Maija Kohonen-Corish
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Sydney, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Andrew Burgess
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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9
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Rath N, Morton JP, Julian L, Helbig L, Kadir S, McGhee EJ, Anderson KI, Kalna G, Mullin M, Pinho AV, Rooman I, Samuel MS, Olson MF. ROCK signaling promotes collagen remodeling to facilitate invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor cell growth. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:198-218. [PMID: 28031255 PMCID: PMC5286371 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer death; identifying PDAC enablers may reveal potential therapeutic targets. Expression of the actomyosin regulatory ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases increased with tumor progression in human and mouse pancreatic tumors, while elevated ROCK1/ROCK2 expression in human patients, or conditional ROCK2 activation in a KrasG12D/p53R172H mouse PDAC model, was associated with reduced survival. Conditional ROCK1 or ROCK2 activation promoted invasive growth of mouse PDAC cells into three-dimensional collagen matrices by increasing matrix remodeling activities. RNA sequencing revealed a coordinated program of ROCK-induced genes that facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling, with greatest fold-changes for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Mmp10 and Mmp13 MMP inhibition not only decreased collagen degradation and invasion, but also reduced proliferation in three-dimensional contexts. Treatment of KrasG12D/p53R172H PDAC mice with a ROCK inhibitor prolonged survival, which was associated with increased tumor-associated collagen. These findings reveal an ancillary role for increased ROCK signaling in pancreatic cancer progression to promote extracellular matrix remodeling that facilitates proliferation and invasive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Linda Julian
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lena Helbig
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Margaret Mullin
- Electron Microscopy Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andreia V Pinho
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Oncology Research Centre, Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Rath N, Kadir S, Morton JP, Pinho AV, Helbig L, Julian L, McGhee EJ, Kalna G, Vazquez A, Anderson KI, Rooman I, Samuel MS, Olson MF. Abstract C22: ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tme16-c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death and despite advances in chemotherapeutic regimens the overall 5-year survival rate remains less than 5%. The actomyosin-regulating ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases are downstream-targets of the Rho GTPase pathway. They contribute to various processes, such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, differentiation and survival, which then influence numerous stages of cancer growth and progression. Interestingly, exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer genomes revealed that 15% of pancreatic cancer patients carry an amplification of the ROCK1 gene (1). Moreover, we found significant increases in ROCK1 and ROCK2 RNA expression in pancreatic cancer datasets obtained using Oncomine. When we further determined the protein expression of ROCK2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) we found an up-regulation of ROCK2 during disease progression. Higher ROCK2 levels also correlated with less differentiated tumors. A characteristic of advanced stages of pancreatic cancer is a collagen and fibroblast enriched stroma. To analyze the effect of ROCK kinases on cancer cell invasion, we performed 3-dimensional organotypic assays. Our results demonstrate that increased ROCK signaling was sufficient to convert non-invasive PDAC cells into ones capable of invasion into organotypic collagen matrix. Using an RNA sequencing approach, we investigated the effect of ROCK activation on pancreatic cancer cell gene transcription. Differential expression analysis revealed an enrichment of gene sets that are involved in cell-matrix interaction, and we found a higher release of matrix metalloproteinases MMP10 and MMP13 upon ROCK activation. In addition, our organotypic studies revealed extensive tissue remodeling and an accumulation of cleaved collagen bundles at the sites of PDAC cell invasion. Furthermore, collagen degradation and cell invasion into organotypic matrices were significantly reduced by application of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, confirming that ROCK-induced invasion is dependent on MMP activity. Interestingly, our studies also indicated that ROCK-driven invasion of PDAC cells into collagen matrix enabled cell growth. To study the function of ROCK kinase signaling in pancreatic cancer in vivo, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in a mouse model of PDAC. We found that an increase of ROCK activity in pancreatic cancer cells accelerated PDAC progression, which resulted in reduced survival. Contrary, the administration of a ROCK inhibitor during tumor progression had a beneficial effect on survival. In summary, our results suggest that targeting ROCK kinases should be considered for chemotherapy of invasive pancreatic cancer.
(1) Biankin et al. Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):399-405
Citation Format: Nicola Rath, Shereen Kadir, Jennifer P. Morton, Andreia V. Pinho, Lena Helbig, Linda Julian, Ewan J. McGhee, Gabriela Kalna, Alexei Vazquez, Kurt I. Anderson, Ilse Rooman, Michael S. Samuel, Michael F. Olson. ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr C22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Shereen Kadir
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | - Lena Helbig
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Linda Julian
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Alexei Vazquez
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | | | - Ilse Rooman
- 2Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,
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11
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Erami Z, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Lucas MC, Leung W, Reischmann N, Mrowinska A, Schwarz JP, Kadir S, Conway JRW, Vennin C, Karim SA, Campbell AD, Gallego-Ortega D, Magenau A, Murphy KJ, Ridgway RA, Law AM, Walters SN, Grey ST, Croucher DR, Zhang L, Herzog H, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Ormandy CJ, Evans TRJ, Strathdee D, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Intravital FRAP Imaging using an E-cadherin-GFP Mouse Reveals Disease- and Drug-Dependent Dynamic Regulation of Cell-Cell Junctions in Live Tissue. Cell Rep 2016; 14:152-167. [PMID: 26725115 PMCID: PMC4709331 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions play a prominent role in maintaining the epithelial architecture. The disruption or deregulation of these adhesions in cancer can lead to the collapse of tumor epithelia that precedes invasion and subsequent metastasis. Here we generated an E-cadherin-GFP mouse that enables intravital photobleaching and quantification of E-cadherin mobility in live tissue without affecting normal biology. We demonstrate the broad applications of this mouse by examining E-cadherin regulation in multiple tissues, including mammary, brain, liver, and kidney tissue, while specifically monitoring E-cadherin mobility during disease progression in the pancreas. We assess E-cadherin stability in native pancreatic tissue upon genetic manipulation involving Kras and p53 or in response to anti-invasive drug treatment and gain insights into the dynamic remodeling of E-cadherin during in situ cancer progression. FRAP in the E-cadherin-GFP mouse, therefore, promises to be a valuable tool to fundamentally expand our understanding of E-cadherin-mediated events in native microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Saadia A Karim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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12
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Cameron JM, Gabrielsen M, Chim YH, Munro J, McGhee EJ, Sumpton D, Eaton P, Anderson KI, Yin H, Olson MF. Polarized cell motility induces hydrogen peroxide to inhibit cofilin via cysteine oxidation. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1520-5. [PMID: 25981793 PMCID: PMC4454775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell motility is driven by polarized actin polymerization [1]. Signals at the leading edge recruit actin polymerization machinery to promote membrane protrusion, while matrix adhesion generates tractive force to propel forward movement. To work effectively, cell motility is regulated by a complex network of signaling events that affect protein activity and localization. H2O2 has an important role as a diffusible second messenger [2], and mediates its effects through oxidation of cysteine thiols. One cell activity influenced by H2O2 is motility [3]. However, a lack of sensitive and H2O2-specific probes for measurements in live cells has not allowed for direct observation of H2O2 accumulation in migrating cells or protrusions. In addition, the identities of proteins oxidized by H2O2 that contribute to actin dynamics and cell motility have not been characterized. We now show, as determined by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, that motile cells generate H2O2 at membranes and cell protrusions and that H2O2 inhibits cofilin activity through oxidation of cysteines 139 (C139) and 147 (C147). Molecular modeling suggests that C139 oxidation would sterically hinder actin association, while the increased negative charge of oxidized C147 would lead to electrostatic repulsion of the opposite negatively charged surface. Expression of oxidation-resistant cofilin impairs cell spreading, adhesion, and directional migration. These findings indicate that H2O2 production contributes to polarized cell motility through localized cofilin inhibition and that there are additional proteins oxidized during cell migration that might have similar roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer M Cameron
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ya Hua Chim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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13
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Johnsson AKE, Dai Y, Nobis M, Baker MJ, McGhee EJ, Walker S, Schwarz JP, Kadir S, Morton JP, Myant KB, Huels DJ, Segonds-Pichon A, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P, Welch HCE. The Rac-FRET mouse reveals tight spatiotemporal control of Rac activity in primary cells and tissues. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1153-1164. [PMID: 24630994 PMCID: PMC3988842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The small G protein family Rac has numerous regulators that integrate extracellular signals into tight spatiotemporal maps of its activity to promote specific cell morphologies and responses. Here, we have generated a mouse strain, Rac-FRET, which ubiquitously expresses the Raichu-Rac biosensor. It enables FRET imaging and quantification of Rac activity in live tissues and primary cells without affecting cell properties and responses. We assessed Rac activity in chemotaxing Rac-FRET neutrophils and found enrichment in leading-edge protrusions and unexpected longitudinal shifts and oscillations during protruding and stalling phases of migration. We monitored Rac activity in normal or disease states of intestinal, liver, mammary, pancreatic, and skin tissue, in response to stimulation or inhibition and upon genetic manipulation of upstream regulators, revealing unexpected insights into Rac signaling during disease development. The Rac-FRET strain is a resource that promises to fundamentally advance our understanding of Rac-dependent responses in primary cells and native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Johnsson
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Martin J Baker
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David J Huels
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Anne Segonds-Pichon
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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14
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Herrmann D, Magenau A, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Monitoring the dynamics of Src activity in response to anti-invasive dasatinib treatment at a subcellular level using dual intravital imaging. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:478-86. [PMID: 25482620 PMCID: PMC4594577 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer remains an extensive field of research. Intravital imaging is an emerging tool, which can be used in drug discovery to facilitate and fine-tune maximum drug response in live tumors. A greater understanding of intratumoural delivery and pharmacodynamics of a drug can be obtained by imaging drug target-specific fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors in real time. Here, we outline our recent work using a Src-FRET biosensor as a readout of Src activity to gauge optimal tyrosine kinase inhibition in response to dasatinib treatment regimens in vivo. By simultaneously monitoring both the inhibition of Src using FRET imaging, and the modulation of the surrounding extracellular matrix using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, we were able to show enhanced drug penetrance and delivery to live pancreatic tumors. We discuss the implications of this dual intravital imaging approach in the context of altered tumor-stromal interactions, while summarising how this approach could be applied to assess other combination strategies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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15
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Caroline Müllenbroich M, McGhee EJ, Wright AJ, Anderson KI, Mathieson K. Strategies to overcome photobleaching in algorithm-based adaptive optics for nonlinear in-vivo imaging. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:16021. [PMID: 24474507 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.016021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a nonlinear adaptive optics microscope utilizing a deformable membrane mirror (DMM) and demonstrated its use in compensating for system- and sample-induced aberrations. The optimum shape of the DMM was determined with a random search algorithm optimizing on either two photon fluorescence or second harmonic signals as merit factors. We present here several strategies to overcome photobleaching issues associated with lengthy optimization routines by adapting the search algorithm and the experimental methodology. Optimizations were performed on extrinsic fluorescent dyes, fluorescent beads loaded into organotypic tissue cultures and the intrinsic second harmonic signal of these cultures. We validate the approach of using these preoptimized mirror shapes to compile a robust look-up table that can be applied for imaging over several days and through a variety of tissues. In this way, the photon exposure to the fluorescent cells under investigation is limited to imaging. Using our look-up table approach, we show signal intensity improvement factors ranging from 1.7 to 4.1 in organotypic tissue cultures and freshly excised mouse tissue. Imaging zebrafish in vivo, we demonstrate signal improvement by a factor of 2. This methodology is easily reproducible and could be applied to many photon starved experiments, for example fluorescent life time imaging, or when photobleaching is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caroline Müllenbroich
- University of Strathclyde, Scottish University Physics Alliance, Institute of Photonics, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, G4 0NW Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, G61 1BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Wright
- University of Nottingham, Institute of Biophysics, Imaging and Optical Science, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, G61 1BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Mathieson
- University of Strathclyde, Scottish University Physics Alliance, Institute of Photonics, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, G4 0NW Glasgow, United Kingdom
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16
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Nobis M, Carragher NO, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Advanced intravital subcellular imaging reveals vital three-dimensional signalling events driving cancer cell behaviour and drug responses in live tissue. FEBS J 2013; 280:5177-97. [PMID: 23678945 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The integration of signal transduction pathways plays a fundamental role in governing disease initiation, progression and outcome. It is therefore necessary to understand disease at the signalling level to enable effective treatment and to intervene in its progression. The recent extension of in vitro subcellular image-based analysis to live in vivo modelling of disease is providing a more complete picture of real-time, dynamic signalling processes or drug responses in live tissue. Intravital imaging offers alternative strategies for studying disease and embraces the biological complexities that govern disease progression. In the present review, we highlight how three-dimensional or live intravital imaging has uncovered novel insights into biological mechanisms or modes of drug action. Furthermore, we offer a prospective view of how imaging applications may be integrated further with the aim of understanding disease in a more physiological and functional manner within the framework of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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17
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Quinn J, Edward M, Campbell AD, McGarry LC, Evans TRJ, Brunton VG, Frame MC, Carragher NO, Wang Y, Sansom OJ, Timpson P, Anderson KI. Intravital FLIM-FRET imaging reveals dasatinib-induced spatial control of src in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4674-86. [PMID: 23749641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis occur in a complex three-dimensional (3D) environment, with reciprocal feedback from the surrounding host tissue and vasculature-governing behavior. In this study, we used a novel intravital method that revealed spatiotemporal regulation of Src activity in response to the anti-invasive Src inhibitor dasatinib. A fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) Src biosensor was used to monitor drug-targeting efficacy in a transgenic p53-mutant mouse model of pancreatic cancer. In contrast to conventional techniques, FLIM-FRET analysis allowed for accurate, time-dependent, live monitoring of drug efficacy and clearance in live tumors. In 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that a spatially distinct gradient of Src activity exists within invading tumor cells, governed by the depth of penetration into complex matrices. In parallel, this gradient was also found to exist within live tumors, where Src activity is enhanced at the invasive border relative to the tumor cortex. Upon treatment with dasatinib, we observed a switch in activity at the invasive borders, correlating with impaired metastatic capacity in vivo. Src regulation was governed by the proximity of cells to the host vasculature, as cells distal to the vasculature were regulated differentially in response to drug treatment compared with cells proximal to the vasculature. Overall, our results in live tumors revealed that a threshold of drug penetrance exists in vivo and that this can be used to map areas of poor drug-targeting efficiency within specific tumor microenvironments. We propose that using FLIM-FRET in this capacity could provide a useful preclinical tool in animal models before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow; Section of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Abstract
Advances in fluorescence microscopy have enabled the study of membrane diffusion, cell adhesion and signal transduction at the molecular level in living cells grown in culture. By contrast, imaging in living organisms has primarily been restricted to the localization and dynamics of cells in tissues. Now, imaging of molecular dynamics is on the cusp of progressing from cell culture to living tissue. This transition has been driven by the understanding that the microenvironment critically determines many developmental and pathological processes. Here, we review recent progress in fluorescent protein imaging in vivo by drawing primarily on cancer-related studies in mice. We emphasize the need for techniques that can be easily combined with genetic models and complement fluorescent protein imaging by providing contextual information about the cellular environment. In this Commentary we will consider differences between in vitro and in vivo experimental design and argue for an approach to in vivo imaging that is built upon the use of intermediate systems, such as 3-D and explant culture models, which offer flexibility and control that is not always available in vivo. Collectively, these methods present a paradigm shift towards the molecular-level investigation of disease and therapy in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G611BD, UK
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19
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Erami Z, Nobis M, Quinn JA, Edward M, Anderson KI. Organotypic collagen I assay: a malleable platform to assess cell behaviour in a 3-dimensional context. J Vis Exp 2011:e3089. [PMID: 22025017 PMCID: PMC3227204 DOI: 10.3791/3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and metastasis of tumor cells. Migration has been studied on glass coverslips in order to make cellular dynamics amenable to investigation by light microscopy. However, it has become clear that many aspects of cell migration depend on features of the local environment including its elasticity, protein composition, and pore size, which are not faithfully represented by rigid two dimensional substrates such as glass and plastic 1. Furthermore, interaction with other cell types, including stromal fibroblasts 2 and immune cells 3, has been shown to play a critical role in promoting the invasion of cancer cells. Investigation at the molecular level has increasingly shown that molecular dynamics, including response to drug treatment, of identical cells are significantly different when compared in vitro and in vivo4. Ideally, it would be best to study cell migration in its naturally occurring context in living organisms, however this is not always possible. Intermediate tissue culture systems, such as cell derived matrix, matrigel, organotypic culture (described here) tissue explants, organoids, and xenografts, are therefore important experimental intermediates. These systems approximate certain aspects of an in vivo environment but are more amenable to experimental manipulation such as use of stably transfected cell lines, drug treatment regimes, long term and high-resolution imaging. Such intermediate systems are especially useful as proving grounds to validate probes and establish parameters required to image the dynamic response of cells and fluorescent reporters prior to undertaking imaging in vivo 5. As such, they can serve an important role in reducing the need for experiments on living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Glasgow
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20
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McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Von Kriegsheim A, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Carragher NO, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. FLIM-FRET imaging in vivo reveals 3D-environment spatially regulates RhoGTPase activity during cancer cell invasion. Small GTPases 2011; 2:239-244. [PMID: 22145098 PMCID: PMC3225915 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.4.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conceptual advances in biology have been achieved by experimental studies using planar two-dimensional cell culture systems. Recent adaptations of molecular techniques to three-dimensional model systems are bridging the gap in our understanding of biological events in vitro and in vivo in the study of disease progression. Recently, in vitro studies using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shown that the prototypical RhoGTPases Cdc42, Rac and RhoA are temporally and spatially synchronized during cell migration, with initial RhoA activity inducing protrusion prior to activation of Rac. This simultaneous FRET approach illustrates the tight control and dynamic regulation of RhoGTPase activity necessary for coordinated cell migration in vitro. Here, we discuss our recent work using FLIM-FRET analysis in a three-dimensional setting to reveal another layer of regulation in which RhoA activity is governed by the extracellular microenvironment. We demonstrate that RhoA is spatially regulated into discrete fractions of activity at the leading edge and rear of cells during invasion in vivo or within three-dimensional matrices. Significantly, this spatial regulation of RhoA was absent in two-dimensional in vitro settings. This distinct sub-cellular regulation of RhoA at the poles of invading cells in three-dimensions sets a precedent that other RhoGTPases or signaling proteins may also be differentially regulated in a con-text-dependent manner during key biological processes such as invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Saadia A Karim
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
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21
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Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF. Actomyosin-mediated cellular tension drives increased tissue stiffness and β-catenin activation to induce epidermal hyperplasia and tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:776-91. [PMID: 21665151 PMCID: PMC3115541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and associated stroma manifest mechanical properties that promote cancer. Mechanosensation of tissue stiffness activates the Rho/ROCK pathway to increase actomyosin-mediated cellular tension to re-establish force equilibrium. To determine how actomyosin tension affects tissue homeostasis and tumor development, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in mouse skin. ROCK activation elevated tissue stiffness via increased collagen. β-catenin, a key element of mechanotranscription pathways, was stabilized by ROCK activation leading to nuclear accumulation, transcriptional activation, and consequent hyperproliferation and skin thickening. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility by blocking LIMK or myosin ATPase attenuated these responses, as did FAK inhibition. Tumor number, growth, and progression were increased by ROCK activation, while ROCK blockade was inhibitory, implicating actomyosin-mediated cellular tension and consequent collagen deposition as significant tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose I Lopez
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel R Croft
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Strachan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - June Munro
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Jing Zhou
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2X9, UK
| | | | - Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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22
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, von Kriegsheim A, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Doyle B, Quinn JA, Carragher NO, Edward M, Olson MF, Frame MC, Brunton VG, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Spatial regulation of RhoA activity during pancreatic cancer cell invasion driven by mutant p53. Cancer Res 2011; 71:747-57. [PMID: 21266354 PMCID: PMC3033324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to observe changes in molecular behavior during cancer cell invasion in vivo remains a major challenge to our understanding of the metastatic process. Here, we demonstrate for the first time, an analysis of RhoA activity at a subcellular level using FLIM-FRET (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer) imaging in a live animal model of pancreatic cancer. In invasive mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells driven by mutant p53 (p53(R172H)), we observed a discrete fraction of high RhoA activity at both the leading edge and rear of cells in vivo which was absent in two-dimensional in vitro cultures. Notably, this pool of active RhoA was absent in noninvasive p53(fl) knockout PDAC cells, correlating with their poor invasive potential in vivo. We used dasatanib, a clinically approved anti-invasive agent that is active in this model, to illustrate the functional importance of spatially regulated RhoA. Dasatanib inhibited the activity of RhoA at the poles of p53(R172H) cells in vivo and this effect was independent of basal RhoA activity within the cell body. Taken together, quantitative in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging illustrated that RhoA is not only necessary for invasion, but also that subcellular spatial regulation of RhoA activity, as opposed to its global activity, is likely to govern invasion efficiency in vivo. Our findings reveal the utility of FLIM-FRET in analyzing dynamic biomarkers during drug treatment in living animals, and they also show how discrete intracellular molecular pools might be differentially manipulated by future anti-invasive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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23
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Talbot CB, McGinty J, Grant DM, McGhee EJ, Owen DM, Zhang W, Bunney TD, Munro I, Isherwood B, Eagle R, Hargreaves A, Dunsby C, Neil MAA, French PMW. High speed unsupervised fluorescence lifetime imaging confocal multiwell plate reader for high content analysis. J Biophotonics 2008. [PMID: 19343673 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.v1:6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report an automated optically sectioning fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) multiwell plate reader for high content analysis (HCA) in drug discovery and accelerated research in cell biology. The system utilizes a Nipkow disc confocal microscope and performs unsupervised FLIM with autofocus, automatic setting of acquisition parameters and automated localisation of cells in the field of view. We demonstrate its applications to test dye solutions, fixed and live cells and FLIM-FRET.
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24
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Talbot CB, McGinty J, Grant DM, McGhee EJ, Owen DM, Zhang W, Bunney TD, Munro I, Isherwood B, Eagle R, Hargreaves A, Dunsby C, Neil MAA, French PMW. High speed unsupervised fluorescence lifetime imaging confocal multiwell plate reader for high content analysis. J Biophotonics 2008; 1:514-521. [PMID: 19343677 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.200810054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report an automated optically sectioning fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) multiwell plate reader for high content analysis (HCA) in drug discovery and accelerated research in cell biology. The system utilizes a Nipkow disc confocal microscope and performs unsupervised FLIM with autofocus, automatic setting of acquisition parameters and automated localisation of cells in the field of view. We demonstrate its applications to test dye solutions, fixed and live cells and FLIM-FRET.
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25
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Grant DM, McGinty J, McGhee EJ, Bunney TD, Owen DM, Talbot CB, Zhang W, Kumar S, Munro I, Lanigan PM, Kennedy GT, Dunsby C, Magee AI, Courtney P, Katan M, Neil MAA, French PMW. High speed optically sectioned fluorescence lifetime imaging permits study of live cell signaling events. Opt Express 2007; 15:15656-73. [PMID: 19550853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.015656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a time domain optically sectioned fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) microscope developed for high-speed live cell imaging. This single photon excited system combines wide field parallel pixel detection with confocal sectioning utilizing spinning Nipkow disc microscopy. It can acquire fluorescence lifetime images of live cells at up to 10 frames per second (fps), permitting high-speed FLIM of cell dynamics and protein interactions with potential for high throughput cell imaging and screening applications. We demonstrate the application of this FLIM microscope to real-time monitoring of changes in lipid order in cell membranes following cholesterol depletion using cyclodextrin and to the activation of the small GTP-ase Ras in live cells using FRET.
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Karrai K, Warburton RJ, Schulhauser C, Högele A, Urbaszek B, McGhee EJ, Govorov AO, Garcia JM, Gerardot BD, Petroff PM. Hybridization of electronic states in quantum dots through photon emission. Nature 2004; 427:135-8. [PMID: 14712271 DOI: 10.1038/nature02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of semiconductor quantum dots has opened up new opportunities in photonics. Quantum dots are usually described as 'artificial atoms', because electron and hole confinement gives rise to discrete energy levels. This picture can be justified from the shell structure observed as a quantum dot is filled either with excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) or with electrons. The discrete energy levels have been most spectacularly exploited in single photon sources that use a single quantum dot as emitter. At low temperatures, the artificial atom picture is strengthened by the long coherence times of excitons in quantum dots, motivating the application of quantum dots in quantum optics and quantum information processing. In this context, excitons in quantum dots have already been manipulated coherently. We show here that quantum dots can also possess electronic states that go far beyond the artificial atom model. These states are a coherent hybridization of localized quantum dot states and extended continuum states: they have no analogue in atomic physics. The states are generated by the emission of a photon from a quantum dot. We show how a new version of the Anderson model that describes interactions between localized and extended states can account for the observed hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Karrai
- Center for NanoScience and Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany
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