1
|
Stuardo-Parada A, López-Muñoz R, Villarroel-Espindola F, Figueroa CD, Ehrenfeld P. Minireview: functional roles of tissue kallikrein, kinins, and kallikrein-related peptidases in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:224. [PMID: 37405520 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite campaigns and improvements in detection and treatment, lung cancer continues to increase worldwide and represents a major public health problem. One approach to treating patients suffering from lung cancer is to target surface receptors overexpressed on tumor cells, such as GPCR-family kinin receptors, and proteases that control tumor progression, such as kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs). These proteases have been visualized in recent years due to their contribution to the progression of cancers, such as prostate and ovarian cancer, facilitating the invasive and metastatic capacity of tumor cells in these tissues. In fact, KLK3 is the specific prostate antigen, the only tissue-specific biomarker used to diagnose this malignancy. In lung cancer to date, evidence indicates that KLK5, KLK6, KLK8, KLK11, and KLK14 are the major peptidases regulated and involved in its progression. The expression levels of KLKs in this neoplasm are modulated by the secretome of the different cell types present in the tumor microenvironment, the cancer subtype and the tumor stage, among others. Considering the multiple functions of kinin receptors and KLKs, this review highlights their roles, even considering the SARS-CoV-2 effects. Since lung cancer is often diagnosed in advanced stages, our efforts should focus on early diagnosis, validating for example specific KLKs, especially in high-risk populations such as smokers and people exposed to carcinogenic fumes, oil fields, and contaminated workplaces, unexplored fields to investigate. Furthermore, their modulation could be considered as a promising approach in lung cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Stuardo-Parada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Villarroel-Espindola F, Ejsmentewicz T, Gonzalez-Stegmaier R, Jorquera RA, Salinas E. Intersections between innate immune response and gastric cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2222-2240. [PMID: 37124883 PMCID: PMC10134417 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i15.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy. It has a reduced prevalence but has maintained its poor prognosis being the fourth leading cause of deaths related to cancer. The highest mortality rates occur in Asian and Latin American countries, where cases are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Overall, GC is viewed as the consequence of a multifactorial process, involving the virulence of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strains, as well as some environmental factors, dietary habits, and host intrinsic factors. The tumor microenvironment in GC appears to be chronically inflamed which promotes tumor progression and reduces the therapeutic opportunities. It has been suggested that inflammation assessment needs to be measured qualitatively and quantitatively, considering cell-infiltration types, availability of receptors to detect damage and pathogens, and presence or absence of aggressive H. pylori strains. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells express several Toll-like receptors and determine the first defensive line against pathogens, and have been also described as mediators of tumorigenesis. However, other molecules, such as cytokines related to inflammation and innate immunity, including immune checkpoint molecules, interferon-gamma pathway and NETosis have been associated with an increased risk of GC. Therefore, this review will explore innate immune activation in the context of premalignant lesions of the gastric epithelium and established gastric tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Villarroel-Espindola
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Troy Ejsmentewicz
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Roxana Gonzalez-Stegmaier
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Roddy A Jorquera
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| | - Esteban Salinas
- Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 7500000, Metropolitan region, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caglevic C, Rolfo C, Gil-Bazo I, Cardona A, Sapunar J, Hirsch FR, Gandara DR, Morgan G, Novello S, Garassino MC, Mountzios G, Leighl NB, Bretel D, Arrieta O, Addeo A, Liu SV, Corrales L, Subbiah V, Aboitiz F, Villarroel-Espindola F, Reyes-Cosmelli F, Morales R, Mahave M, Raez L, Alatorre J, Santos E, Ubillos L, Tan DS, Zielinski C. The Armed Conflict and the Impact on Patients With Cancer in Ukraine: Urgent Considerations. JCO Glob Oncol 2022; 8:e2200123. [PMID: 35994695 PMCID: PMC9470147 DOI: 10.1200/go.22.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
On February 24, 2022, a war began within the Ukrainian borders. At least 3.0 million Ukrainian inhabitants have already fled the country. Critical infrastructure, including hospitals, has been damaged. Children with cancer were urgently transported to foreign countries, in an effort to minimize interruption of their life-saving treatments. Most adults did not have that option. War breeds cancer—delaying diagnosis, preventing treatment, and increasing risk. We project that a modest delay in care of only 4 months for five prevalent types of cancer will lead to an excess of over 3,600 cancer deaths in the subsequent years. It is critical that we establish plans to mitigate that risk as soon as possible. Ukraine conflict may cost 3600 lives or more because of a delay and lack of access for patients with cancer.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caglevic
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Clinical Research Center for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Andrés Cardona
- Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo Cancer Treatment and Research Center—CTIC, ONCOLGroup/FICMAC, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jorge Sapunar
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fred R. Hirsch
- Center for Thoracic Oncology. Mount Sinai Cancer, Mount Sinai Health System, Icahn School of Medicine, Joe Lowe and Louis Price Professor of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY
| | - David R. Gandara
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Translational and Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, International Society of Liquid Biopsy, Sacramento, CA
| | - Gilberto Morgan
- Skåne University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Silvia Novello
- Oncology Department, AOU San Luigi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giannis Mountzios
- 4th Oncology Department and Clinical Trials Unit Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Natasha B. Leighl
- Medical Oncology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, IHPME, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Oscar Arrieta
- Toracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Addeo
- Oncology department, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen V. Liu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center of Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Luis Corrales
- Centro de Investigación y Manejo del Cáncer (CIMCA), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, Medical Oncology Research, MD Anderson Cancer Network, Clinical Center For Targeted Therapy, Division of Pediatrics UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Reyes-Cosmelli
- Clinical Trials Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Morales
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Mahave
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Trials Unit, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Raez
- Memorial Cancer Institute/Memorial Health Care System, MCIFAU Florida Cancer Center of Excellence, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Jorge Alatorre
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) Clínica de Oncología Torácica, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Edgardo Santos
- Florida Precision Oncology/a Division of Genesis Care USA, Research Services Thoracic and Head/Neck Cancer Programs Clinical, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Luis Ubillos
- Instituto Nacional del Cancer, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniel S.W. Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Zielinski
- Central European Cancer Center, Wiener Privatklinik, Vienna, and Central European Cooperative Oncology Group, HQ, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aguirre-Ducler A, Gianino N, Villarroel-Espindola F, Desai S, Tang D, Zhao H, Syrigos K, Trepicchio WL, Kannan K, Gregory RC, Schalper KA. Tumor cell SYK expression modulates the tumor immune microenvironment composition in human cancer via TNF-α dependent signaling. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005113. [PMID: 35868661 PMCID: PMC9315908 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of SYK in cancer cells has been associated with both tumor promoting and tumor suppressive effects. Despite being proposed as anticancer therapeutic target, the possible role of SYK in modulating local adaptive antitumor immune responses remains uncertain. Using detailed analysis of primary human tumors and in vitro models, we reveal the immunomodulatory effect of SYK protein in human solid cancer. METHODS We spatially mapped SYK kinase in tumor cells, stromal cells and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) in 808 primary non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) from two cohorts and in 374 breast carcinomas (BCs) from two independent cohorts. We established the associations of localized SYK with clinicopathologic variables and outcomes. The immunomodulatory role of SYK on tumor cells was assessed using in vitro cytokine stimulation, transcriptomic analysis and selective SYK blockade using a small molecule inhibitor. Functional responses were assessed using cocultures of tumor cells with peripheral blood lymphocytes. T cell responses in baseline and post-treatment biopsies from patients with BC treated with a SYK inhibitor in a phase I clinical trial were also studied. RESULTS Elevated tumor cell or leukocyte SYK expression was associated with high CD4+ and CD8+ TILs and better outcome in both NSCLC and BC. Tumor cell SYK was associated with oncogenic driver mutations in EGFR or KRAS in lung adenocarcinomas and with triple negative phenotype in BC. In cultured tumor cells, SYK was upregulated by TNFα and required for the TNFα-induced proinflammatory responses and T cell activation. SYK blockade after nivolumab in a phase I clinical trial including three patients with advanced triple negative BC reduced TILs and T cell proliferation. Our work establishes the proinflammatory function of tumor cell SYK in lung and breast cancer. SYK signaling in cultured tumor cells is required for T cell activation and SYK blockade limits adaptive antitumor immune responses and tumor rejection in patients with cancer. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results establish the immunomodulatory role of SYK expression in human solid tumors. This information could be used to develop novel biomarkers and/or therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Aguirre-Ducler
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Cancer Research, Instituto Oncologico Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Nicole Gianino
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Shruti Desai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daiwei Tang
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Henick BS, Villarroel-Espindola F, Datar I, Sanmamed MF, Yu J, Desai S, Li A, Aguirre-Ducler A, Syrigos K, Rimm DL, Chen L, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Quantitative tissue analysis and role of myeloid cells in non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e005025. [PMID: 35793873 PMCID: PMC9260844 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the prominent role of innate immunity in the antitumor response, little is known about the myeloid composition of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with respect to histology and molecular subtype. We used multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) to measure the distribution and clinical significance of major myeloid cell subsets in large retrospective NSCLC collections. METHODS We established a QIF panel to map major myeloid cell subsets in fixed human NSCLC including 4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole for all cells, pancytokeratin for tumor-epithelial cells, CD68 for M1-like macrophages; and CD11b plus HLA-DR to interrogate mature and immature myeloid cell populations such as myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We interrogated 793 NSCLCs represented in four tissue microarray-based cohorts: #1 (Yale, n=379) and #2 (Greece, n=230) with diverse NSCLC subtypes; #3 (Yale, n=138) with molecularly annotated lung adenocarcinomas (ADC); and #4 (Yale, n=46) with patient-matched NSCLC and morphologically-normal lung tissue. We examined associations between marker levels, myeloid cell profiles, clinicopathologic/molecular variables and survival. RESULTS The levels of CD68+ M1 like macrophages were significantly lower and the fraction of CD11b+/HLA-DR- MDSC-like cells was prominently higher in tumor than in matched non-tumor lung tissues. HLA-DR was consistently higher in myeloid cells from tumors with elevated CD68 expression. Stromal CD11b was significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) than in ADC across the cohorts and EGFR-mutated lung ADCs displayed lower CD11b levels than KRAS-mutant tumors. Increased stromal CD68- and HLA-DR-expressing cells was associated with better survival in ADCs from two independent NSCLC cohorts. In SCC, increased stromal CD11b or HLA-DR expression was associated with a trend towards shorter 5-year survival. CONCLUSIONS NSCLCs display an unfavorable myeloid immune contexture relative to non-tumor lung and exhibit distinct myeloid-cell profiles across histologies and presence of major oncogenic driver-mutations. Elevated M1-like stromal proinflammatory myeloid cells are prognostic in lung ADC, but not in SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Henick
- Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ila Datar
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jovian Yu
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Alice Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adam Aguirre-Ducler
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
A malignant tumor consists of malignant cells as well as a wide array of normal host tissues including stroma, vasculature, and immune infiltrate. The interaction between cancer and these host tissues is critical as these host tissues play a variety of roles in supporting or resisting disease progression. Radiotherapy (RT) has direct effects on malignant cells, but, also, critically important effects on these other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Given the growing role of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapy strategies, understanding how RT affects the TME, particularly the immune compartment, is essential to advance RT in this new era of cancer therapy. The interactions between RT and the TME are complex, affecting the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. RT can induce both proinflammatory effects and immune suppressive effects that can either promote or impede antitumor immunity. It is likely that the initial proinflammatory effects of RT eventually lead to rebound immune-suppression as chronic inflammation sets in. The exact kinetics and nature of how RT changes the TME likely depends on timing, dose, fractionation, site irradiated, and tumor type. With increased understanding of the effects of RT on the TME, in the future it is likely that we will be able to personalize RT by varying the dose, site, and timing of intervention to generate the desired response to partner with immunotherapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arta M Monjazeb
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Anthony Nguyen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen L Shiao
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kristina Young
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR; Radiation Oncology Division, The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balcells ME, Rojas L, Le Corre N, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Ceballos ME, Ferrés M, Chang M, Vizcaya C, Mondaca S, Huete Á, Castro R, Sarmiento M, Villarroel L, Pizarro A, Ross P, Santander J, Lara B, Ferrada M, Vargas-Salas S, Beltrán-Pavez C, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F, Caglevic C, Mahave M, Selman C, Gazitúa R, Briones JL, Villarroel-Espindola F, Balmaceda C, Espinoza MA, Pereira J, Nervi B. Early versus deferred anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma in patients admitted for COVID-19: A randomized phase II clinical trial. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003415. [PMID: 33657114 PMCID: PMC7929568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma (CP), despite limited evidence on its efficacy, is being widely used as a compassionate therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early CP therapy in COVID-19 progression. METHODS AND FINDINGS The study was an open-label, single-center randomized clinical trial performed in an academic medical center in Santiago, Chile, from May 10, 2020, to July 18, 2020, with final follow-up until August 17, 2020. The trial included patients hospitalized within the first 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset, presenting risk factors for illness progression and not on mechanical ventilation. The intervention consisted of immediate CP (early plasma group) versus no CP unless developing prespecified criteria of deterioration (deferred plasma group). Additional standard treatment was allowed in both arms. The primary outcome was a composite of mechanical ventilation, hospitalization for >14 days, or death. The key secondary outcomes included time to respiratory failure, days of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, mortality at 30 days, and SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR clearance rate. Of 58 randomized patients (mean age, 65.8 years; 50% male), 57 (98.3%) completed the trial. A total of 13 (43.3%) participants from the deferred group received plasma based on clinical aggravation. We failed to find benefit in the primary outcome (32.1% versus 33.3%, odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% CI 0.32-2.84, p > 0.999) in the early versus deferred CP group. The in-hospital mortality rate was 17.9% versus 6.7% (OR 3.04, 95% CI 0.54-17.17 p = 0.246), mechanical ventilation 17.9% versus 6.7% (OR 3.04, 95% CI 0.54-17.17, p = 0.246), and prolonged hospitalization 21.4% versus 30.0% (OR 0.64, 95% CI, 0.19-2.10, p = 0.554) in the early versus deferred CP group, respectively. The viral clearance rate on day 3 (26% versus 8%, p = 0.204) and day 7 (38% versus 19%, p = 0.374) did not differ between groups. Two patients experienced serious adverse events within 6 hours after plasma transfusion. The main limitation of this study is the lack of statistical power to detect a smaller but clinically relevant therapeutic effect of CP, as well as not having confirmed neutralizing antibodies in donor before plasma infusion. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we failed to find evidence of benefit in mortality, length of hospitalization, or mechanical ventilation requirement by immediate addition of CP therapy in the early stages of COVID-19 compared to its use only in case of patient deterioration. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04375098.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Elvira Balcells
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Rojas
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Program of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Ceballos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Red de Salud UC CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mayling Chang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Vizcaya
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Mondaca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Huete
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Castro
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Sarmiento
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Villarroel
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Pizarro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Santander
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Lara
- Emergency Medicine Section, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrada
- Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas-Salas
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Beltrán-Pavez
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mauricio Mahave
- Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Selman
- Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raimundo Gazitúa
- Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Franz Villarroel-Espindola
- Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
- Translational Medicine Research Laboratory, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Balmaceda
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Clinical Research Center, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Espinoza
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Pereira
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin YWE, Shnitzer T, Talmon R, Villarroel-Espindola F, Desai S, Schalper K, Kluger Y. Graph of graphs analysis for multiplexed data with application to imaging mass cytometry. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008741. [PMID: 33780435 PMCID: PMC8032202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) combines laser ablation and mass spectrometry to quantitate metal-conjugated primary antibodies incubated in intact tumor tissue slides. This strategy allows spatially-resolved multiplexing of dozens of simultaneous protein targets with 1μm resolution. Each slide is a spatial assay consisting of high-dimensional multivariate observations (m-dimensional feature space) collected at different spatial positions and capturing data from a single biological sample or even representative spots from multiple samples when using tissue microarrays. Often, each of these spatial assays could be characterized by several regions of interest (ROIs). To extract meaningful information from the multi-dimensional observations recorded at different ROIs across different assays, we propose to analyze such datasets using a two-step graph-based approach. We first construct for each ROI a graph representing the interactions between the m covariates and compute an m dimensional vector characterizing the steady state distribution among features. We then use all these m-dimensional vectors to construct a graph between the ROIs from all assays. This second graph is subjected to a nonlinear dimension reduction analysis, retrieving the intrinsic geometric representation of the ROIs. Such a representation provides the foundation for efficient and accurate organization of the different ROIs that correlates with their phenotypes. Theoretically, we show that when the ROIs have a particular bi-modal distribution, the new representation gives rise to a better distinction between the two modalities compared to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator. We applied our method to predict the sensitivity to PD-1 axis blockers treatment of lung cancer subjects based on IMC data, achieving 97.3% average accuracy on two IMC datasets. This serves as empirical evidence that the graph of graphs approach enables us to integrate multiple ROIs and the intra-relationships between the features at each ROI, giving rise to an informative representation that is strongly associated with the phenotypic state of the entire image.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Eileen Lin
- Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Shnitzer
- Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ronen Talmon
- Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Franz Villarroel-Espindola
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shruti Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kurt Schalper
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Program of Applied Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
González-Stegmaier R, Cereceda K, Briones JL, Beltran-Pávez C, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Riquelme-Barrios S, Selman C, Yarad F, Mahave M, Caglevic C, Morales R, Aguirre A, Valiente-Echeverría F, Soto-Rifo R, Marsiglia H, Gazitua R, Villarroel-Espindola F. Seroconversion and Abundance of IgG Antibodies against S1-RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and Neutralizing Activity in the Chilean Population. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6680337. [PMID: 33644235 PMCID: PMC7901042 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. In Chile, half a million people have been infected and more than 16,000 have died from COVID-19. As part of the clinical trial NCT04384588, we quantified IgG against S1-RBD of SARS-CoV-2 (anti-RBD) in recovered people in Santiago and evaluated their suitability as COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors. ELISA and a luminescent SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype were used for IgG and neutralizing antibody quantification. 72.9% of the convalescent population (468 of 639) showed seroconversion (5-55 μg/mL anti-RBD IgG) and were suitable candidates for plasma donation. Analysis by gender, age, and days after symptom offset did not show significant differences. Neutralizing activity correlated with an increased concentration of anti-RBD IgG (p < 0.0001) and showed a high variability between donors. We confirmed that the majority of the Chilean patients have developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The quantification of anti-RBD IgG in convalescent plasma donors is necessary to increase the detection of neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. González-Stegmaier
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - K. Cereceda
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - J. L. Briones
- Haematology Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Beltran-Pávez
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - A. Oyarzún-Arrau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - S. Riquelme-Barrios
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - C. Selman
- Diagnostic Units, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
- Biobank, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - F. Yarad
- Diagnostic Units, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - M. Mahave
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Caglevic
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - R. Morales
- Internal Medicine Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - A. Aguirre
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - F. Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - R. Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
- HIV/AIDS Work Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - H. Marsiglia
- Radiotherapy Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - R. Gazitua
- Haematology Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| | - F. Villarroel-Espindola
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
- Cancer Research Department, Instituto Oncológico Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martinez-Morilla S, Villarroel-Espindola F, Wong PF, Toki MI, Aung TN, Pelekanou V, Bourke-Martin B, Schalper KA, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Biomarker Discovery in Patients with Immunotherapy-Treated Melanoma with Imaging Mass Cytometry. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1987-1996. [PMID: 33504554 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) is among the first tools with the capacity for multiplex analysis of more than 40 targets, which provides a novel approach to biomarker discovery. Here, we used IMC to characterize the tumor microenvironment of patients with metastatic melanoma who received immunotherapy in efforts to find indicative factors of treatment response. In spite of the new power of IMC, the image analysis aspects are still limited by the challenges of cell segmentation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, rather than segment, we performed image analysis using a newly designed version of the AQUA software to measure marker intensity in molecularly defined compartments: tumor cells, stroma, T cells, B cells, and macrophages. IMC data were compared with quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) and digital spatial profiling. RESULTS Validation of IMC results for immune markers was confirmed by regression with additional multiplexing methods and outcome assessment. Multivariable analyses by each compartment revealed significant associations of 12 markers for progression-free survival and seven markers for overall survival (OS). The most compelling indicative biomarker, beta2-microglobulin (B2M), was confirmed by correlation with OS by QIF in the discovery cohort and validated in an independent published cohort profiled by mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Using digital image analysis based on pixel colocalization to assess IMC data allowed us to quantitively measure 25 markers simultaneously on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue microarray samples. In addition to showing high concordance with other multiplexing technologies, we identified a series of potentially indicative biomarkers for immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma, including B2M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pok Fai Wong
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maria I Toki
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Thazin Nwe Aung
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Harriet M Kluger
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Landeros N, Alarcon MA, Molina G, Santoro P, Torres K, Olivares W, Wichmann I, Villarroel-Espindola F, Polakovicova I, Norero E, Corvalan AH. Abstract 2523: Loss of expression of wild-type transcript of CDH1 gene is associated with overexpression of microRNA-20 in diffuse-type of gastric cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the third cause of cancer death in the world. In Latin America, GC is one of the leading causes of death, particularly in Chile. E-cadherin has been classified as a tumor suppressor gene that participates in cell adhesion. Reduction or loss of E-cadherin expression could promote tumor progression particularly in the sporadic diffuse subtype of GC (SDGC). In addition, inactivation germline mutations of CDH1 (E-cadherin gene) have been linked to the hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome.
Methods: We evaluated the expression of E-cadherin by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in SDGC (n=27) and HDGC (n=22) cohorts. We also analyzed, by Sanger sequencing the full coding region of CDH1 in both cohorts. To identified miRNA-CDH1 interactions, an in silico analysis by mirWalk 2.0 software (5 or more algorithms) was performed. To validated in silico findings, 10 paired tumor and normal matched fresh gastric tissues were analyzed by miQ-PCR (miRNA) and qRT-PCR assay (CDH1 transcript) were performed.
Results: The expression analysis of E-cadherin showed loss of expression in 13/27 (48%) SDGC and in 19/22 (90%) HDGC cases, respectively. The decrease of E-cadherin expression was significantly higher in the hereditary cohort (p=0.002, χ2: 9.12, 95%CI:13.0-63.3). Exome sequence analysis of the full coding region of CDH1 identified 3 and 9 mutations in SDGC and HDGC, respectively. Correlation between loss of protein expression by IHC and mutations was not found. Next, we explore the role of miRNA, as an alternative mechanism of the loss of E-cadherin protein expression. In silico analysis identified 417 miRNAs candidates with predicted binding sites. Among these candidates, all members of the polycistronic cluster miR-17/92 have seed regions against the 3'-UTR of the CDH1 transcript. Levels of expression of all 6 members of the polycistronic cluster were validated against CDH1 expression in paired normal and tumor fresh tissues of SDGC. A strong inverse correlation between the overexpression of miR-20a and downregulation of CDH1 transcript was found exclusively in tumor tissue (p= 0.0267) but not in normal counterparts. These results were validated in the STAD-TCGA cohort.
Conclusions: Our results might explain the loss of expression of CDH1 in GC due to overexpression miR-20, a member of the polycistronic cluster miR-17/92. Future experimental validation of the predicted seed region will be necessary to confirm these findings.
Grant support: CONICYT-FONDAP-15130011, Fondecyt-1191928
Citation Format: Natalia Landeros, Maria A. Alarcon, Graciela Molina, Pablo Santoro, Keila Torres, Wilda Olivares, Ignacio Wichmann, Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Iva Polakovicova, Enrique Norero, Alejandro H. Corvalan. Loss of expression of wild-type transcript of CDH1 gene is associated with overexpression of microRNA-20 in diffuse-type of gastric cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2523.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo Santoro
- 1Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Keila Torres
- 1Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wilda Olivares
- 1Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Norero
- 1Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martinez-Morilla S, Villarroel-Espindola F, Wong PF, Kluger H, Toki M, Aung TN, Pelekanou V, Bourke-Martin B, Rimm DL. Abstract 2001: Biomarker discovery in immunotherapy-treated melanoma patients with imaging mass cytometry. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Understanding the complexity of the tumor microenvironment could allow identification of new biomarkers that predict response to immunotherapy in cancer patients and anticipate the toxicity associated with the treatment. Since the number of targets measurable by quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) is limited, we applied Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC), a metal-conjugated antibody-based high-plex technology, to generate a multidimensional analysis of the microenvironment. We interrogated a 25-antibody panel, including tumor and immune cell markers, in a cohort of melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint blockers.
Methods: We used a validated, optimized panel of 25 antibodies conjugated to unique metals, including a DNA intercalator conjugated with 191/193Ir, for detection using HyperionTM (Fluidigm). Digital image analysis was performed using a newly designed version of the AQUA software (Navigate BP) to measure marker intensity in molecularly defined masks or compartments as follows: all cells (DNA intercalator Ir191/193), tumor cells (HMB45/S100), stroma (tumor cells subtracted from all cells), T cells (CD3), B cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD68). Results were compared to QIF and Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP), a NanoString technology based on primary antibodies conjugated to indexing DNA oligos. We examined archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from a metastatic melanoma cohort treated with immunotherapy (n=60) in tissue microarray format.
Results: Immune markers such as CD3, CD4 and CD8 showed a high correlation between the three multiplexing methods: IMC, DSP and QIF (r=0.48-0.89, p<0.0001). Moreover, high CD3 and CD8 levels assessed by IMC were statistically significantly associated with favorable outcome, confirming results previously published on the same cohort (Toki et al, CCR, 2018). Multivariable analyses revealed significant associations of MHC-I, CSF1R, IRF1, LAG3, PD1, MHC-II and beta2-microglobulin (B2M) in tumor with progression-free survival (PFS) independent of age, sex, mutation, stage, treatment, and prior immune checkpoint blockade treatment. In stroma, high TIM3 and high PD-L2 also predicted response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, we tested for validation by QIF B2M, MHC-I and CSF1R, predictive markers identified by IMC. However, only B2M showed a statistically significant correlation with overall survival.
Conclusion: Using IMC technology and digital image analysis based on pixel colocalization, we were able to evaluate simultaneously 25 markers on FFPE tissue microarray samples. There was a high concordance with QIF and DSP for immune markers such as CD3, CD4 and CD8. A series of potentially predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma were identified.
Citation Format: Sandra Martinez-Morilla, Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Pok Fai Wong, Harriet Kluger, Maria Toki, Thazin New Aung, Vasiliki Pelekanou, Brian Bourke-Martin, David L. Rimm. Biomarker discovery in immunotherapy-treated melanoma patients with imaging mass cytometry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2001.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ding A, Villarroel-Espindola F, Ducler A, Henick BS, Desai S, Gianino N, Zugazagoitia J, Rimm DL, Robert A, Cruzalegui F, Ferré P, Herbst R, Sanmamed M, Chen L, Schalper KA. Abstract 5525: VISTA/PSGL1 axis as a dominant immunomodulatory pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction.
VISTA/PD-1H is an Ig domain-containing type I transmembrane protein able to suppress T-cell activation and is being evaluated as a candidate anti-cancer immunotherapy target. VISTA can bind P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL1) and V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 3 (VSIG3) suggesting these interactions could mediate VISTA's immunomodulatory effect. We studied the tissue distribution of VISTA, PSGL1 and VSIG3 in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods
We used multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) to simultaneously measure DAPI, cytokeratin (CK), VISTA, PSGL1 and VSIG3 in 48 paired tumor/normal lung samples and in 850 stage I-IV NSCLCs from four independent cohorts represented in tissue microarray format. The first 2 NSCLC cohorts (Cohorts #1, n=382 and #2, n=282) included cases treated with standard of care non-immunotherapy. Cohort #3 included 137 lung adenocarcinomas with analysis of mutant oncogenic drivers; and Cohort #4 included 49 NSCLC cases treated with PD-1 axis blockers. The targets were selectively measured in CK+ tumor cells and CK-negative stromal cells. We also determined the spatial association between VISTA and its binding partners by fluorescence signal co-localization. The association between target levels, clinicopathologic/molecular variables, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), PD-L1 expression and survival was established.
Results
PSGL1 was located predominantly in stromal/immune cells and VSIG3 was detected in both tumor and stromal compartments. Both targets were expressed at higher levels in NSCLC than in non-tumor lung tissue and showed a positive association with VISTA in cancer tissues. Using the visual detection threshold PSGL1 and VSIG3 expression were detected in >90% of cases from cohorts #1 and #2 and showed positive association with CD3+ TILs and PD-L1 levels. PSGL1 was higher in lung adenocarcinomas harboring EGFR mutations than in tumors with KRAS variants or cases lacking mutations in both oncogenes. Elevated VISTA/PSGL1 co-localization was significantly associated with longer 5-year overall survival in cases not treated with immunostimulatory therapy (Cohorts #1 and #2). However, an opposite association was seen in cases treated with PD-1 axis blockers, where elevated VISTA/PSGL1 co-expression was associated with shorter survival.
Conclusions
PSGL1 and VSIG3 are frequently expressed in human NSCLC. Expression of PSGL1 is associated with increased tumor immune infiltration and activating EGFR mutations. High baseline VISTA/PSGL1 co-expression is associated with adverse outcome after PD-1 axis blockers. The latter suggest VISTA/PSGL1 as a dominant immune evasion pathway independent from PD-1/PD-L1 axis in a subset of human NSCLC. Validation of these findings is ongoing.
Citation Format: Alicia Ding, Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Adam Ducler, Brian S. Henick, Shruti Desai, Nicole Gianino, Jon Zugazagoitia, David L. Rimm, Alain Robert, Francisco Cruzalegui, Pierre Ferré, Roy Herbst, Miguel Sanmamed, Lieping Chen, Kurt A. Schalper. VISTA/PSGL1 axis as a dominant immunomodulatory pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5525.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Robert
- 2Pierre Fabre Research Institute, St-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | | | - Pierre Ferré
- 3Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yusuf R, Villarroel-Espindola F, Schalper K, Emu B. P1.04-23 Characterizing the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma in People Living with HIV Using Imaging Mass Cytometry. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Patsenker J, Stanton KP, Villarroel-Espindola F, Esch A, Montgomery RR, Psyrri A, Kalogeras KT, Kotoula V, Foutzilas G, Schalper KA, Kluger Y, Rimm DL. Multiplexed (18-Plex) Measurement of Signaling Targets and Cytotoxic T Cells in Trastuzumab-Treated Patients using Imaging Mass Cytometry. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3054-3062. [PMID: 30796036 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) uses metal-conjugated antibodies to provide multidimensional, objective measurement of protein targets. We used this high-throughput platform to perform an 18-plex assessment of HER2 ICD/ECD, cytotoxic T-cell infiltration and other structural and signaling proteins in a cohort of patients treated with trastuzumab to discover associations with trastuzumab benefit. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An antibody panel for detection of 18 targets (pan-cytokeratin, HER2 ICD, HER2 ECD, CD8, vimentin, cytokeratin 7, β-catenin, HER3, MET, EGFR, ERK 1-2, MEK 1-2, PTEN, PI3K p110 α, Akt, mTOR, Ki67, and Histone H3) was used with a selection of trastuzumab-treated patients from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group 10/05 trial (n = 180), and identified a case-control series. RESULTS Patients that recurred after adjuvant treatment with trastuzumab trended toward a decreased fraction of HER2 ECD pixels over threshold compared with cases without recurrence (P = 0.057). After exclusion of the lowest HER2 expressers, 5-year recurrence events were associated with reduced total extracellular domain (ECD)/intracellular domain (ICD) ratio intensity in tumor (P = 0.044). These observations are consistent with our previous work using quantitative immunofluorescence, but represent the proof on identical cell content. We also describe the association of the ECD of HER2 with CD8 T-cell infiltration on the same slide. CONCLUSIONS The proximity of CD8 cells as a function of the expression of the ECD of HER2 provides further evidence for the role of the immune system in the mechanism of action of trastuzumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Carvajal-Hausdorf
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Clínica Alemana-Facultad de Medicina U. del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan Patsenker
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | | | | | - Amanda Esch
- Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Vassiliki Kotoula
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Foutzilas
- Department of Medical Oncology, "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - David L Rimm
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pelekanou V, Villarroel-Espindola F, Schalper KA, Pusztai L, Rimm DL. CD68, CD163, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) co-localization in breast tumor microenvironment predicts survival differently in ER-positive and -negative cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:154. [PMID: 30558648 PMCID: PMC6298021 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the cancer immune landscape and their potential as treatment targets or modulators of response to treatment are gaining increasing interest. TAMs display high molecular and functional complexity. Therefore their objective assessment as breast cancer biomarkers is critical. The aims of this study were to objectively determine the in situ expression and significance of TAM biomarkers (CD68, CD163, and MMP-9) in breast cancer and to identify subclasses of patients who could benefit from TAM-targeting therapies. Methods We measured CD68, CD163, and MMP-9 protein expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of breast carcinomas represented in tissue microarray format using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) in two independent Yale cohorts: cohort A—n = 398, estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) and ER− cases—and the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-only cohort B (n = 160). Associations between macrophage markers, ER status, and survival were assessed. Protein expression measured by QIF was compared with mRNA expression data from the METABRIC study. Results All three macrophage markers were co-expressed, displaying higher expression in ER− cancers. High pan-macrophage marker CD68 correlated with poorer overall survival (OS) only in ER− cases of cohort A (P = 0.02). High expression of CD163 protein in TAMs was associated with improved OS in ER− cases (cohort A, P = 0.03 and TNBC cohort B, P = 0.04, respectively) but not in ER+ cancers. MMP-9 protein was not individually associated with OS. High expression of MMP-9 in the CD68+/CD163+ TAMs was associated with worse OS in ER+ tumors (P <0.001) but not in ER− cancers. In the METABRIC dataset, mRNA levels followed the co-expression pattern observed in QIF but did not always show the same trend regarding OS. Conclusions Macrophage activity markers correlate with survival differently in ER+ and ER− cancers. The association between high co-expression and co-localization of MMP-9/CD163/CD68 and poor survival in ER+ cancers suggests that these cancers may be candidates for macrophage-targeted therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13058-018-1076-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. .,Sanofi US Services Inc., Bridgewater Township, USA.
| | - Franz Villarroel-Espindola
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, 06520, CT, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Datar I, Villarroel-Espindola F, Henick BS, Syrigos KN, Toki M, Rimm DL, Ferrone S, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Expression and clinical significance of antigen presentation components beta-2 microglobulin, HLA class I heavy chains, and HLA class II in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ila Datar
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Henick BS, Datar I, Villarroel-Espindola F, Sanmamed MF, Yu J, Tuktamyshov R, Li AC, Toki M, Syrigos KN, Rimm DL, Chen L, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Multiplexed analysis of myeloid cell (MC) markers to characterize the innate immune composition and clinical features of human non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ila Datar
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Miguel F. Sanmamed
- CIMA, CUN. Department of Oncology. University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jovian Yu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Alice Chuan Li
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Villarroel-Espindola F, Yu X, Datar I, Mani N, Sanmamed M, Velcheti V, Syrigos K, Toki M, Zhao H, Chen L, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Spatially Resolved and Quantitative Analysis of VISTA/PD-1H as a Novel Immunotherapy Target in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1562-1573. [PMID: 29203588 PMCID: PMC5884702 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Determine the localized expression pattern and clinical significance of VISTA/PD-1H in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Experimental Design: Using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we performed localized measurements of VISTA, PD-1, and PD-L1 protein in 758 stage I-IV NSCLCs from 3 independent cohorts represented in tissue microarray format. The targets were selectively measured in cytokeratin+ tumor epithelial cells, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T-helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, CD20+ B lymphocytes and CD68+ tumor-associated macrophages. We determined the association between the targets, clinicopathological/molecular variables and survival. Genomic analyses of lung cancer cases from TCGA were also performed.Results: VISTA protein was detected in 99% of NSCLCs with a predominant membranous/cytoplasmic staining pattern. Expression in tumor and stromal cells was seen in 21% and 98% of cases, respectively. The levels of VISTA were positively associated with PD-L1, PD-1, CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages. VISTA expression was higher in T-lymphocytes than in macrophages; and in cytotoxic T cells than in T-helper cells. Elevated VISTA was associated with absence of EGFR mutations and lower mutational burden in lung adenocarcinomas. Presence of VISTA in tumor compartment predicted longer 5-year survival.Conclusions: VISTA is frequently expressed in human NSCLC and shows association with increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, PD-1 axis markers, specific genomic alterations and outcome. These results support the immunomodulatory role of VISTA in human NSCLC and suggests its potential as therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1562-73. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ila Datar
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Nikita Mani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Miguel Sanmamed
- Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Maria Toki
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lieping Chen
- Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roy S Herbst
- Medical Oncology and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
- Medical Oncology and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Stanton KP, Patsenker J, Villarroel-Espindola F, Esch A, Montgomery RR, Psyrri A, Kalogeras KT, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G, Schalper KA, Kluger Y, Rimm DL. Abstract P2-09-18: Multiplexed (18-Plex) measurement of protein targets in trastuzumab-treated patients using imaging mass cytometry. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-09-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Recent studies have shown that the molecular heterogeneity of HER2 intracellular (ICD) and extracellular (ECD) domains, as well as overall immune infiltration, are associated with response to adjuvant trastuzumab. Traditional strategies for in situ measurement in the tumor microenvironment allow the combination of up to 6 targets, limiting our capability for in-depth interrogation of tissues. Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) uses metal-conjugated antibodies to provide multidimensional, objective measurement of protein targets. We used this high-throughput multiplexing platform to perform an 18-plex assessment of HER2 ICD/ECD, cytotoxic T cell infiltration and other structural and signaling proteins in a cohort of patients treated with trastuzumab.
Methods: An antibody panel for detection of 18 targets (Pancytokeratin, HER2 ICD, HER2 ECD, CD8, vimentin, cytokeratin 7, beta-catenin, HER3, MET, EGFR, ERK 1-2, MEK 1-2, PTEN, PI3K p110 alpha, Akt, mTOR, Ki67 and Histone H3) was conjugated to unique metals for detection in an IMC instrument (Fluidigm). All assays were objectively standardized and validated using quantitative immunofluoresce (QIF). Finally, the IMC technique was validated against HER2 single marker assays by QIF. We used a collection of trastuzumab-treated patients from the HeCOG 10/05 trial (n=180), and identified a case:control series using 5-year recurrence events (n=19), which were matched to controls (n=41) by age and TNM stage. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues in tissue microarray format were ablated in the IMC attachment to the CyTOF flow cytometer for simultaneous detection of markers. Image visualization was conducted using MCD Viewer (Fluidigm). Statistical analyses were performed using a range of platforms.
Results: Patients that recurred after adjuvant treatment with trastuzumab showed a decreased fraction of HER2 ECD pixels over threshold in a compartment determined by CK and HER2 ICD compared to cases without recurrence (p=0.057). After exclusion of the lowest HER2 expressers (that would have fallen below the threshold for positive by current HER2 assays), 5-year recurrence events where associated with reduced total ECD/ ICD ratio intensity in tumor (p=0.044). Patients below the median for total ECD/ICD ratio showed a trend for decreased benefit from trastuzumab (p=0.066). Levels of cytotoxic T cell infiltration, depicted by total CD8 intensity, were lower in patients with recurrences (p=0.05).
Conclusion: Objective measurement of highly multiplexed protein targets in routine, fixed breast cancer tissues shows that a decreased ratio of HER2 ECD/ ICD is associated with 5-year recurrence after trastuzumab treatment. This observation is consistent with our previous work using QIF but represents the first time this has been done on identical cell content (on a single tissue section). Additionally, on the same section we found that lower levels of overall cytotoxic T cell infiltration were associated with worse outcome. Further analysis of the multiplexed data, including both correlative and distance-based analyses are underway.
Citation Format: Carvajal-Hausdorf DE, Stanton KP, Patsenker J, Villarroel-Espindola F, Esch A, Montgomery RR, Psyrri A, Kalogeras KT, Kotoula V, Fountzilas G, Schalper KA, Kluger Y, Rimm DL. Multiplexed (18-Plex) measurement of protein targets in trastuzumab-treated patients using imaging mass cytometry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-18.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DE Carvajal-Hausdorf
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - KP Stanton
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Patsenker
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - F Villarroel-Espindola
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Esch
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - RR Montgomery
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Psyrri
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - KT Kalogeras
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Kotoula
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - G Fountzilas
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - KA Schalper
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Y Kluger
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - DL Rimm
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY; Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, ON, Canada; Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Villarroel-Espindola F, Datar IJ, Velcheti V, Rimm DL, Herbst RS, Schalper KA. Abstract 5657: Objective measurement and significance of VISTA (PD-1H) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: VISTA (PD-1H) is a member of the B7 family of immune co-regulatory molecules and has been proposed as a novel anti-cancer immunotherapy target. The intra- and extracellular domains of VISTA show homology to PD-1 and PD-L1, respectively, suggesting a role in anti-tumor immune evasion. The expression of VISTA, its association with PD-1 axis components and biological role in human NSCLC are unknown.
Methods: Using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF), we simultaneously measured the levels of VISTA (clone D1L2G, CST), PD-L1 (clone 405.9A11, CST) and PD-1 (clone EH33, CST) protein in 732 stage I-IV NSCLCs from 3 retrospective collections represented in tissue microarray format (cohort #1 [n=297, Yale], cohort #2 [n=329, Greece]; and cohort #3 [n=106, Yale]). To evaluate the tumor tissue distribution, VISTA was also selectively measured in cytokeratin+ tumor cells, CD3+ T-cells, CD4+ T-helper cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells and CD20+ B-lymphocytes. Associations between the marker levels, clinico-pathological-molecular variables and survival were studied.
Results: VISTA protein was detected in all NSCLCs, showed a membranous staining pattern and was localized predominantly in the tumor cells in 27.4% of cases; and in the stromal compartment in 98.5%. Although VISTA was detected in all major tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subsets, the signal was higher in CD20+ B-cells than in CD3+ T-lymphocytes (P<0.05); and in CD4+ helper than in CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells (P<0.001). Using the median score as cut point, elevated VISTA in tumor and/or stromal cells was significantly associated with high PD-L1, PD-1 protein expression and increased CD8+TILs in the cohorts (P<0.001 - P<0.05). No consistent association between VISTA levels and age, gender, smoking status, specific NSCLC histology, stage, EGFR/KRAS mutations and overall survival was found.
Conclusion: VISTA is expressed in the majority of NSCLCs and shows differential distribution in tumor/stromal cells and TIL subsets, suggesting a complex function as a ligand and receptor. Elevated expression of VISTA in NSCLC is associated with increased PD-1 axis targets and cytotoxic T-cell density, indicating its possible modulation by pro-inflammatory signals. Our results support VISTA as a candidate target for anti-cancer immunotherapy in NSCLC alone or in combination with PD-1 axis blockers.
Citation Format: Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Ila J. Datar, Vamsidhar Velcheti, David L. Rimm, Roy S. Herbst, Kurt A. Schalper. Objective measurement and significance of VISTA (PD-1H) expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5657. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5657
Collapse
|
22
|
Datar IJ, Wang J, Mani N, Villarroel-Espindola F, Ryan P, Sanmamed MF, McEachern K, Jenkins D, Rimm DL, Chen L, Herbst R, Schalper K. Abstract 5600: Simultaneous measurement and clinical significance of PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The ineffective anti-tumor immune response is characterized by increased immune suppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment. In particular, T-cells recognizing tumor antigens can express diverse immune inhibitory receptors mediating lymphocyte inactivation and limiting tumor rejection. Blockade of these receptors such as PD-1 induces prominent clinical benefit in patients with NSCLC. However, the expression and significance of additional potentially actionable immune inhibitory receptors in lung cancer is poorly understood.
Methods: After careful validation of assays and using multiplexed quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) we measured the levels of CD3 (rabbit polyclonal, Dako), PD-1 (clone EH33, CST), LAG-3 (Clone 17B4, Abcam) and TIM-3 (clone D5D5R, CST) in 698 stages I-IV formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) lung carcinomas represented in three tissue microarrays (cohort #1 [Yale n=186], cohort #2 [Yale n=192, and cohort #3 [Greece n=320]). We also included a collection of lung adenocarcinomas with molecular annotation (cohort #4 [Yale n=106]). The targets were measured in all cells of the preparation using fluorescence co-localization with DAPI and specifically in CD3-positive T-lymphocytes. Associations between the markers and with major clinico-pathological variables, driver mutations and survival were studied.
Results: All the targets were detected predominantly in CD3+ T-cells with membranous staining. Expression of PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 in T-cells across all NSCLC cohorts was 68.7%, 39.7% and 55.8%, respectively. Elevated levels of PD-1, LAG-3 or TIM-3 were significantly associated with increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and with the co-expression of one or more of the other inhibitory receptors (P<0.001). Simultaneous co-expression of all 3 markers was identified in 32.6% of cases. No consistent association was seen between the targets and patient age, gender, smoking status, clinical stage, tumor histology and overall survival. PD-1, TIM-3 and CD3 expression was significantly lower in EGFR and KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinomas than in tumors lacking mutations in these oncogenic drivers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 are differentially expressed in NSCLC, show frequent co-expression and association with elevated CD3+ T-cells. Our results support the biological role of PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 in NSCLC and suggest co-activation of these immune inhibitory pathways in a proportion of cases. Modulation of these receptors could enhance the anti-tumor immune response in lung cancer.
Citation Format: Ila J. Datar, Jun Wang, Nikita Mani, Franz Villarroel-Espindola, Patrick Ryan, Miguel F. Sanmamed, Kristen McEachern, David Jenkins, David L. Rimm, Leiping Chen, Roy Herbst, Kurt Schalper. Simultaneous measurement and clinical significance of PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5600. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5600
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Wang
- 1Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|