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Robbins RC, Singer RS, Innes GK, Plummer PJ, Apley MD, Gaunt PS, Papich MG, Granick J, Marshall ES, Smith DR, Frey E, Cervantes HM, Beaudoin AL, Canon AJ, Brookshire C, Buckley M, Whaley J, Schnabel L, Costin M. Animal drug shortages limit veterinary therapeutic options and introduce artifacts in antimicrobial sales reporting. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:576-579. [PMID: 38171090 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.10.0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Supply chain issues disrupt veterinary care and cause downstream consequences that alter the practice of veterinary medicine. Antimicrobials are just 1 class of pharmaceuticals that have been impacted by supply chain issues over the last couple of years. Since February 2021, 2 sponsors/manufacturers of penicillin products have reported shortages in the active pharmaceutical ingredient. With the release of the 2021 Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals by the FDA, a key finding was a 19% decrease in penicillin sales and distribution from 2020 to 2021. Herein, we provide our clinicians' professional perspective regarding how drug shortages, specifically that of penicillin, might contribute to misconstrued patterns in antimicrobial use and what can be done by veterinarians and the FDA to minimize the impact of an antimicrobial drug shortage on animal health and well-being.
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Stapleton GS, Innes GK, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Patton AN, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Assessing the difference in contamination of retail meat with multidrug-resistant bacteria using for-consumer package label claims that indicate on-farm antibiotic use practices- United States, 2016-2019. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00649-y. [PMID: 38374423 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic use in food-producing animals can select for antibiotic resistance in bacteria that can be transmitted to people through contamination of food products during meat processing. Contamination resulting in foodborne illness contributes to adverse health outcomes. Some livestock producers have implemented antibiotic use reduction strategies marketed to consumers on regulated retail meat packaging labels ("label claims"). OBJECTIVE We investigated whether retail meat label claims were associated with isolation of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs, resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics) from U.S. meat samples. METHODS We utilized retail meat data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) collected during 2016-2019 for bacterial contamination of chicken breast, ground turkey, ground beef, and pork chops. We used modified Poisson regression models to compare the prevalence of MDRO contamination among meat samples with any antibiotic restriction label claims versus those without such claims (i.e., conventionally produced). RESULTS In NARMS, 62,338 meat samples were evaluated for bacterial growth from 2016-2019. Of these, 24,446 (39%) samples had label claims that indicated antibiotic use was restricted during animal production. MDROs were isolated from 2252 (4%) meat samples, of which 71% (n = 1591) were conventionally produced, and 29% (n = 661) had antibiotic restriction label claims. Compared with conventional samples, meat with antibiotic restriction label claims had a statistically lower prevalence of MDROs (adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.73). This relationship was consistent for the outcome of any bacterial growth. IMPACT This repeated cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative retail meat surveillance database in the United States supports that retail meats labeled with antibiotic restriction claims were less likely to be contaminated with MDROs compared with retail meat without such claims during 2016-2019. These findings indicate the potential for the public to become exposed to bacterial pathogens via retail meat and emphasizes a possibility that consumers could reduce their exposure to environmental reservoirs of foodborne pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sean Stapleton
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Yuma Center for Excellence in Desert Agriculture, Yuma, AZ, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew N Patton
- Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology & Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Innes GK, Patton AN, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Stapleton GS, Abraham AG, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Distance and destination of retail meat alter multidrug resistant contamination in the United States food system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21024. [PMID: 38030674 PMCID: PMC10687246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global concern, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, defined as those resistant to more than three drug classes. The animal agriculture industry contributes to the antimicrobial resistant foodborne illness burden via contaminated retail meat. In the United States, retail meat is shipped across the country. Therefore, understanding geospatial factors that influence MDR bacterial contamination is vital to protect consumers and inform interventions. Using data available from the United States Food and Drug Administration's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we describe retail meat shipping distances using processor and retailer locations and investigated this distance as a risk factor for MDR bacteria meat contamination using log-binomial regression. Meat samples collected during 2012-2014 totaled 11,243, of which 4791 (42.61%) were contaminated with bacteria and 835 (17.43%) of those bacteria were MDR. All examined geospatial factors were associated with MDR bacteria meat contamination. After adjustment for year and meat type, we found higher prevalence of MDR contamination among meat processed in the south (relative adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.35; 95% CI 1.06-1.73 when compared to the next-highest region), sold in Maryland (aPR 1.12; 95% CI 0.95-1.32 when compared to the next-highest state), and shipped from 194 to 469 miles (aPR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31-1.94 when compared to meats that traveled < 194 miles). However, sensitivity analyses revealed that New York sold the meat with the highest prevalence of MDR Salmonella contamination (4.84%). In this secondary analysis of NARMS data, both geographic location where products were sold and the shipping distance were associated with microbial contamination on retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Innes
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Yuma Center for Excellence in Desert Agriculture, Yuma, AZ, USA.
| | - Andrew N Patton
- University of San Francisco Geospatial Analysis Lab, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Sean Stapleton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Casey JA, Tartof SY, Davis MF, Nachman KE, Price L, Liu C, Yu K, Gupta V, Innes GK, Tseng HF, Do V, Pressman AR, Rudolph KE. Impact of a Statewide Livestock Antibiotic Use Policy on Resistance in Human Urine Escherichia coli Isolates: A Synthetic Control Analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:27007. [PMID: 36821707 PMCID: PMC9945560 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On 1 January 2018, California implemented Senate Bill 27 (SB27), banning, for the first time in the United States, routine preventive use of antibiotics in food-animal production and any antibiotic use without a veterinarian's prescription. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess whether SB27 was associated with decreased antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolated from human urine. METHODS We used U.S. nationwide monthly state-level data from BD Insights Research Database (Becton, Dickinson, and Co.) spanning 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2021 on antibiotic-resistance patterns of 30-d nonduplicate E. coli isolated from urine. Tested antibiotic classes included aminoglycosides, extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC), fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Counts of tested and not-susceptible (resistant and intermediate, hereafter resistant) urine isolates were available by sex, age group (<65, 65+ year), month, and state. We applied a synthetic control approach to estimate the causal effect of SB27 on resistance patterns. Our approach created a synthetic California based on a composite of other states without the policy change and contrasted its counterfactual postpolicy trends with the observed postpolicy trends in California. FINDINGS We included 7.1 million E. coli urine isolates, 90% among women, across 33 states. From 2013 to 2017, the median (interquartile range) resistance percentages in California were 11.9% (7.4, 17.6), 13.8% (5.8, 20.0), 24.6% (9.6, 36.4), 7.9% (2.1, 13.1), for aminoglycosides, ESC, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines, respectively. SB27 was associated with a 7.1% reduction in ESC resistance (p-value for joint null: <0.01), but no change in resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, or tetracyclines. DISCUSSION Further research is needed to determine the role of SB27 in the observed reduction in ESC resistance E. coli in human populations, particularly as additional states implement similar legislation. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A. Casey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sara Y. Tartof
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keeve E. Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Cindy Liu
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kalvin Yu
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gabriel K. Innes
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, Yuma, Arizona, USA
| | - Hung Fu Tseng
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Vivian Do
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alice R. Pressman
- Center for Health Systems Research, Sutter Health, Walnut Creek, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara E. Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
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Barber C, Crank K, Papp K, Innes GK, Schmitz BW, Chavez J, Rossi A, Gerrity D. Community-Scale Wastewater Surveillance of Candida auris during an Ongoing Outbreak in Southern Nevada. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1755-1763. [PMID: 36656763 PMCID: PMC9893721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and an emerging global public health threat, given its high mortality among infected individuals, antifungal resistance, and persistence in healthcare environments. This study explored the applicability of wastewater surveillance for C. auris in a metropolitan area with reported outbreaks across multiple healthcare facilities. Influent or primary effluent samples were collected over 10 weeks from seven sewersheds in Southern Nevada. Pelleted solids were analyzed using an adapted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay targeting the ITS2 region of the C. auris genome. Positive detection was observed in 72 of 91 samples (79%), with higher detection frequencies in sewersheds serving healthcare facilities involved in the outbreak (94 vs 20% sample positivity). Influent wastewater concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 log10 gene copies per liter (gc/L), and primary clarification achieved an average log reduction value (LRV) of 1.24 ± 0.34. Presumptive negative surface water and wastewater controls were non-detect. These results demonstrate that wastewater surveillance may assist in tracking the spread of C. auris and serve as an early warning tool for public health action. These findings provide the foundation for future application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to community- or facility-level surveillance of C. auris and other high consequence, healthcare-associated infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Barber
- School
of Public Health, University of Nevada Las
Vegas, 4700 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, United States
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Katherine Crank
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Katerina Papp
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Gabriel K. Innes
- Yuma
Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th Street, Yuma, Arizona 85364, United States
| | - Bradley W. Schmitz
- Yuma
Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th Street, Yuma, Arizona 85364, United States
| | - Jorge Chavez
- Utah
Department of Health and Human Services, Utah Public Health Laboratory, 4431 South 2700 West, Taylorsville, Utah 84129, United States
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Utah
Department of Health and Human Services, Utah Public Health Laboratory, 4431 South 2700 West, Taylorsville, Utah 84129, United States
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
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Prasek SM, Pepper IL, Innes GK, Slinski S, Betancourt WQ, Foster AR, Yaglom HD, Porter WT, Engelthaler DM, Schmitz BW. Variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 shedding rates in wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159165. [PMID: 36195153 PMCID: PMC9527179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that SARS-CoV-2 waste shedding rates vary by community and are influenced by multiple factors; however, differences in shedding rates across multiple variants have yet to be evaluated. The purpose of this work is to build on previous research that evaluated waste shedding rates for early SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant, and update population level waste shedding rates for the more-recent Omicron variant in six communities. Mean SARS-CoV-2 waste shedding rates were found to increase with the predominance of the Delta variant and subsequently decrease with Omicron infections. Interestingly, the Delta stage had the highest mean shedding rates and was associated with the most severe disease symptoms reported in other clinical studies, while Omicron, exhibiting reduced symptoms, had the lowest mean shedding rates. Additionally, shedding rates were most consistent across communities during the Omicron stage. This is the first paper to identify waste shedding rates specific to the Omicron variant and fills a knowledge gap critical to disease prevalence modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prasek
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Stephanie Slinski
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Aidan R Foster
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Hayley D Yaglom
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - W Tanner Porter
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - David M Engelthaler
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Bradley W Schmitz
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA.
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7
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Prasek SM, Pepper IL, Innes GK, Slinski S, Ruedas M, Sanchez A, Brierley P, Betancourt WQ, Stark ER, Foster AR, Betts-Childress ND, Schmitz BW. Population level SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates determined via wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156535. [PMID: 35688254 PMCID: PMC9172256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been utilized as an early warning tool to anticipate disease outbreaks, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, COVID-19 disease models built from wastewater-collected data have been limited by the complexities involved in estimating SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates. In this study, wastewater from six municipalities in Arizona and Florida with distinct demographics were monitored for SARS-CoV-2 RNA between September 2020 and December 2021. Virus concentrations with corresponding clinical case counts were utilized to estimate community-wide fecal shedding rates that encompassed all infected individuals. Analyses suggest that average SARS-CoV-2 RNA fecal shedding rates typically occurred within a consistent range (7.53-9.29 log10 gc/g-feces); and yet, were unique to each community and influenced by population demographics. Age, ethnicity, and socio-economic factors may have influenced shedding rates. Interestingly, populations with median age between 30 and 39 had the greatest fecal shedding rates. Additionally, rates remained relatively constant throughout the pandemic provided conditions related to vaccination and variants were unchanged. Rates significantly increased in some communities when the Delta variant became predominant. Findings in this study suggest that community-specific shedding rates may be appropriate in model development relating wastewater virus concentrations to clinical case counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prasek
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Stephanie Slinski
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Martha Ruedas
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Ana Sanchez
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Paul Brierley
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Erika R Stark
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Aidan R Foster
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Nick D Betts-Childress
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Bradley W Schmitz
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8(th) St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA.
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8
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Barrett JR, Innes GK, Johnson KA, Lhermie G, Ivanek R, Greiner Safi A, Lansing D. Correction: Consumer perceptions of antimicrobial use in animal husbandry: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270442. [PMID: 35727810 PMCID: PMC9212138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Innes GK, Lambrou AS, Thumrin P, Thukngamdee Y, Tangwangvivat R, Doungngern P, Noradechanon K, Netrabukkana P, Meidenbauer K, Mehoke T, Heaney CD, Hinjoy S, Elayadi AN. Enhancing global health security in Thailand: Strengths and challenges of initiating a One Health approach to avian influenza surveillance. One Health 2022; 14:100397. [PMID: 35686140 PMCID: PMC9171517 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease surveillance systems support early warning, promote preparedness, and inform public health response. Pathogens that have human, animal, and environmental reservoirs should be monitored through systems that incorporate a One Health approach. In 2016, Thailand's federal government piloted an avian influenza (AI) surveillance system that integrates stakeholders from human, animal, and environmental sectors, at the central level and in four provinces to monitor influenza A viruses within human, waterfowl, and poultry populations. This research aims to describe and evaluate Thailand's piloted AI surveillance system to inform strategies for strengthening and building surveillance systems relevant to One Health. We assessed this surveillance system using the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (U.S. CDC) “Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems” and added three novel metrics: transparency, interoperability, and security. In-depth key informant interviews were conducted with representatives among six Thai federal agencies and departments, the One Health coordinating unit, a corporate poultry producer, and the Thai Ministry of Public Health-U.S. CDC Collaborating Unit. Thailand's AI surveillance system demonstrated strengths in acceptability, simplicity, representativeness, and flexibility, and exhibited challenges in data quality, stability, security, interoperability, and transparency. System efforts may be strengthened through increasing laboratory integration, improving pathogen detection capabilities, implementing interoperable systems, and incorporating sustainable capacity building mechanisms. This innovative piloted surveillance system provides a strategic framework that can be used to develop, integrate, and bolster One Health surveillance approaches to combat emerging global pathogen threats and enhance global health security. Infectious disease surveillance systems are often siloed by host, pathogen, and route of entry. Thailand initiated an Avian Influenza surveillance system and adopted a One Health model. The system is strongest in acceptability, simplicity, representativeness, and flexibility.
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10
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Innes GK, Bhondoekhan F, Lau B, Gross AL, Ng DK, Abraham AG. The Measurement Error Elephant in the Room: Challenges and Solutions to Measurement Error in Epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 2022; 43:94-105. [PMID: 34664648 PMCID: PMC9005058 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement error, although ubiquitous, is uncommonly acknowledged and rarely assessed or corrected in epidemiologic studies. This review offers a straightforward guide to common problems caused by measurement error in research studies and a review of several accessible bias-correction methods for epidemiologists and data analysts. Although most correction methods require criterion validation including a gold standard, there are also ways to evaluate the impact of measurement error and potentially correct for it without such data. Technical difficulty ranges from simple algebra to more complex algorithms that require expertise, fine tuning, and computational power. However, at all skill levels, software packages and methods are available and can be used to understand the threat to inferences that arises from imperfect measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison G Abraham
- Correspondence to Dr. Alison G. Abraham, Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1635 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO 80045 (e-mail: )
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Schmitz BW, Innes GK, Prasek SM, Betancourt WQ, Stark ER, Foster AR, Abraham AG, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Enumerating asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and estimating SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates via wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149794. [PMID: 34467933 PMCID: PMC8378060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was utilized to monitor SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage collected from manholes specific to individual student dormitories (dorms) at the University of Arizona in the fall semester of 2020, which led to successful identification and reduction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission events. Positive wastewater samples triggered clinical testing of residents within that dorm; thus, SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were identified regardless of symptom expression. This current study examined clinical testing data to determine the abundance of asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases in these defined communities. Nasal and nasopharyngeal swab samples processed via antigen and PCR tests indicated that 79.2% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic, and only 20.8% of positive cases reported COVID-19 symptoms at the time of testing. Clinical data was paired with corresponding wastewater virus concentrations, which enabled calculation of viral shedding rates in feces per infected person. Mean shedding rates averaged from positive wastewater samples across all dorms were 7.30 ± 0.67 log10 genome copies per gram of feces (gc/g-feces) based on the N1 gene. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates from infected individuals has been the critical missing component necessary for WBE models to measure and predict SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in communities. The findings from this study can be utilized to create models that can be used to inform public health prevention and response actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sarah M Prasek
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Erika R Stark
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Aidan R Foster
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1635 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
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Schmitz BW, Innes GK, Prasek SM, Betancourt WQ, Stark ER, Foster AR, Abraham AG, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. Enumerating asymptomatic COVID-19 cases and estimating SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates via wastewater-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2021; 801:149794. [PMID: 34467933 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.16.21255638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was utilized to monitor SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage collected from manholes specific to individual student dormitories (dorms) at the University of Arizona in the fall semester of 2020, which led to successful identification and reduction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission events. Positive wastewater samples triggered clinical testing of residents within that dorm; thus, SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were identified regardless of symptom expression. This current study examined clinical testing data to determine the abundance of asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases in these defined communities. Nasal and nasopharyngeal swab samples processed via antigen and PCR tests indicated that 79.2% of SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic, and only 20.8% of positive cases reported COVID-19 symptoms at the time of testing. Clinical data was paired with corresponding wastewater virus concentrations, which enabled calculation of viral shedding rates in feces per infected person. Mean shedding rates averaged from positive wastewater samples across all dorms were 7.30 ± 0.67 log10 genome copies per gram of feces (gc/g-feces) based on the N1 gene. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 fecal shedding rates from infected individuals has been the critical missing component necessary for WBE models to measure and predict SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in communities. The findings from this study can be utilized to create models that can be used to inform public health prevention and response actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sarah M Prasek
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Erika R Stark
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Aidan R Foster
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1635 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
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Barrett JR, Innes GK, Johnson KA, Lhermie G, Ivanek R, Greiner Safi A, Lansing D. Consumer perceptions of antimicrobial use in animal husbandry: A scoping review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261010. [PMID: 34879112 PMCID: PMC8654221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in animal agriculture is often perceived to play a role in the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance. Increased consumer awareness of this issue places pressure on animal husbandry to adopt policies to reduce or eliminate antimicrobial use. We use a scoping review methodology to assess research on consumer perceptions of antimicrobial drugs in meat products in the United States, Canada, or the European Union. Evaluating peer-reviewed and grey literature, we included studies for assessment if they met these topical and geographic requirements, involved primary data collection, and were originally published in English. Our screening process identified 124 relevant studies. Three reviewers jointly developed a data charting form and independently charted the contents of the studies. Of the 105 studies that measured consumer concern, 77.1% found that consumers were concerned about antimicrobial use in meat production. A minority of studies (29.8% of all studies) queried why consumers hold these views. These studies found human health and animal welfare were the main reasons for concern. Antimicrobial resistance rarely registered as an explicit reason for concern. A smaller group of studies (23.3%) measured the personal characteristics of consumers that expressed concern about antimicrobials. Among these studies, the most common and consistent features of these consumers were gender, age, income, and education. Regarding the methodology used, studies tended to be dominated by either willingness-to-pay studies or Likert scale questionnaires (73.64% of all studies). We recommend consideration of qualitative research into consumer views on this topic, which may provide new perspectives that explain consumer decision-making and mentality that are lacking in the literature. In addition, more research into the difference between what consumers claim is of concern and their ultimate purchasing decisions would be especially valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime R. Barrett
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Gabriel K. Innes
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Johnson
- Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Guillaume Lhermie
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Amelia Greiner Safi
- Department of Public and Planetary Health, College of Veterinary Medicine & Department of Communication, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - David Lansing
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Innes GK, Markos A, Dalton KR, Gould CA, Nachman KE, Fanzo J, Barnhill A, Frattaroli S, Davis MF. How animal agriculture stakeholders define, perceive, and are impacted by antimicrobial resistance: challenging the Wellcome Trust's Reframing Resistance principles. Agric Human Values 2021; 38:893-909. [PMID: 34776605 PMCID: PMC8588841 DOI: 10.1007/s10460-021-10197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Humans, animals, and the environment face a universal crisis: antimicrobial resistance (AR). Addressing AR and its multi-disciplinary causes across many sectors including in human and veterinary medicine remains underdeveloped. One barrier to AR efforts is an inconsistent process to incorporate the plenitude of stakeholders about what AR is and how to stifle its development and spread-especially stakeholders from the animal agriculture sector, one of the largest purchasers of antimicrobial drugs. In 2019, The Wellcome Trust released Reframing Resistance: How to communicate about antimicrobial resistance effectively (Reframing Resistance), which proposed the need to establish a consistent and harmonized messaging effort that describes the AR crisis and its global implications for health and wellbeing across all stakeholders. Yet, Reframing Resistance does not specifically engage the animal agriculture community. This study investigates the gap between two principles recommended by Reframing Resistance and animal agriculture stakeholders. For this analysis, the research group conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of United States animal agriculture stakeholders. Participants reported attitudes, beliefs, and practices about a variety of issues, including how they defined AR and what entities the AR crisis impacts most. Exploration of Reframing Resistance's Principle 2, "explain the fundamentals succinctly" and Principle 3, "emphasis that this is universal issue; it can affect anyone, including you" reveals disagreement in both the fundamentals of AR and consensus of "who" the AR crisis impacts. Principle 2 may do better to acknowledge that animal agriculture stakeholders espouse a complex array of perspectives that cannot be summed up in a single perspective or principle. As a primary tool to combat AR, behavior change must be accomplished first through outreach to stakeholder groups and understanding their perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K. Innes
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Agnes Markos
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Dalton
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Gould
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Environmental Health and Engineering, 1305 Delafield Pl NW, Washington, DC 20011, USA
| | - Keeve E. Nachman
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jessica Fanzo
- John Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 1717 Massachusetts Ave NW 730, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Anne Barnhill
- John Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shannon Frattaroli
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Betancourt WQ, Schmitz BW, Innes GK, Prasek SM, Pogreba Brown KM, Stark ER, Foster AR, Sprissler RS, Harris DT, Sherchan SP, Gerba CP, Pepper IL. COVID-19 containment on a college campus via wastewater-based epidemiology, targeted clinical testing and an intervention. Sci Total Environ 2021; 779:146408. [PMID: 33743467 PMCID: PMC7954642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology has potential as an early-warning tool for determining the presence of COVID-19 in a community. The University of Arizona (UArizona) utilized WBE paired with clinical testing as a surveillance tool to monitor the UArizona community for SARS-CoV-2 in near real-time, as students re-entered campus in the fall. Positive detection of virus RNA in wastewater lead to selected clinical testing, identification, and isolation of three infected individuals (one symptomatic and two asymptomatic) that averted potential disease transmission. This case study demonstrated the value of WBE as a tool to efficiently utilize resources for COVID-19 prevention and response. Thus, WBE coupled with targeted clinical testing was further conducted on 13 dorms during the course of the Fall semester (Table 3). In total, 91 wastewater samples resulted in positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA that successfully provided an early-warning for at least a single new reported case of infection (positive clinical test) among the residents living in the dorm. Overall, WBE proved to be an accurate diagnostic for new cases of COVID-19 with an 82.0% positive predictive value and an 88.9% negative predictive value. Increases in positive wastewater samples and clinical tests were noted following holiday-related activities. However, shelter-in-place policies proved to be effective in reducing the number of daily reported positive wastewater and clinical tests. This case study provides evidence for WBE paired with clinical testing and public health interventions to effectively contain potential outbreaks of COVID-19 in defined communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Q Betancourt
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Bradley W Schmitz
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th St., Yuma, AZ 85364, USA
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sarah M Prasek
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Kristen M Pogreba Brown
- Mel & Enid Zukerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Erika R Stark
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Aidan R Foster
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ryan S Sprissler
- Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David T Harris
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1656 E. Mabel St., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, 2959 W. Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA.
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Innes GK, Nachman KE, Abraham AG, Casey JA, Patton AN, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Contamination of Retail Meat Samples with Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Relation to Organic and Conventional Production and Processing: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Data from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, 2012-2017. Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:57004. [PMID: 33978452 PMCID: PMC8114881 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During food animal production, animals are exposed to, colonized by, and sometimes infected with bacteria that may contaminate animal products with susceptible and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). The United States' Organic Foods Production Act resulted in decreased antibiotic use in some animal production operations. Some studies have reported that decreased antibiotic use is associated with reduced MDRO on meat. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate associations of meat production and processing methods with MDRO and overall bacterial contamination of retail meats. METHODS Bacterial contamination data from 2012 to 2017 for chicken breast, ground beef, ground turkey, and pork chops were downloaded from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to estimate associations with MDRO contamination and any contamination (adjusted for year and meat type) overall, and according to bacteria genus (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli) and meat type. RESULTS A total of 39,349 retail meat samples were linked to 216 conventional, 123 split (conventional and organic), and three organic processing facilities. MDRO contamination was similar in conventionally produced meats processed at split vs. conventional facilities but was significantly lower in organically produced meats processed at split facilities [adjusted prevalance ratio (aPR)=0.43; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.63]. Meat processed by split vs. conventional processors had higher or similar MDRO contamination for all tested bacterial genera except Campylobacter (aPR=0.29; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.64). The prevalence of any contamination was lower in samples processed at split vs. conventional facilities for aggregated samples (aPR=0.70; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.73) and all meat types and bacterial genera. DISCUSSION Organically produced and processed retail meat samples had a significantly lower prevalence of MDRO than conventionally produced and processed samples had, whereas meat from split processors had a lower prevalence of any contamination than samples from conventional processors had. Additional studies are needed to confirm findings and clarify specific production and processing practices that might explain them. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K. Innes
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keeve E. Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison G. Abraham
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joan A. Casey
- Mailman School of Public Heath, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrew N. Patton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance B. Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y. Tartof
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Davis MF, Innes GK. The Cat's in the Bag: Despite Limited Cat-to-Cat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission, One Health Surveillance Efforts Are Needed. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1309-1312. [PMID: 33605418 PMCID: PMC7928724 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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18
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Lambrou AS, Innes GK, O'Sullivan L, Luitel H, Bhattarai RK, Basnet HB, Heaney CD. Policy implications for awareness gaps in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use among commercial Nepalese poultry producers. Glob Health Res Policy 2021; 6:6. [PMID: 33546762 PMCID: PMC7866638 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-021-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nepal's poultry industry has increased with a growing middle class, which has translated to an increase in antimicrobial consumption and thus a rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Describing and understanding antimicrobial use practices among commercial poultry producers in Nepal may help minimize the risks of AMR development in both humans and animals and determine the effectiveness of relevant policies. METHODS From July to August 2018, poultry farmers were randomly recruited from Nepal's Chitwan District to participate in a cross-sectional study. The lead producer in each poultry operation was administered a quantitative structured-survey via a 30-min interview. Participants were asked to provide demographics, production practices, and knowledge about their antimicrobial use practices. Descriptive data analysis was performed to obtain frequencies and compare practices. RESULTS In total, 150 commercial poultry producers of whom raised between 300 and 40,000 birds completed the interviews. Only 33% (n = 49) of producers reported knowing what AMR was, and among them only 50% (n = 25) consulted a veterinarian for treatment options. Antimicrobial administration for growth promotion was still employed by 13% of poultry producers. Similarly, critically important antimicrobial drugs, specifically colistin, were identified at 35% of participating operations. Producers reported low overall understanding and compliance of withdrawal periods (n = 41; 27%), which may result in both AMR development and adverse health reactions among consumers who ingest antimicrobial residues. Although Nepal has publicized antimicrobial use policies and awareness campaigns to instill healthy production practices, most producers (82%) were unaware of them. CONCLUSION Many Nepalese poultry producers lack overall antimicrobial use and AMR awareness, which is evidenced by low antimicrobial withdrawal period compliance, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, and the sustained use of critically important antimicrobials. Improved outreach and educational capacities, paired with increased veterinary resources and extensive monitoring in operations and retail meat products, may increase AMR awareness and policy enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Lambrou
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Laura O'Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Himal Luitel
- Center for Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Rebanta K Bhattarai
- Center for Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Hom B Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Perez S, Innes GK, Walters MS, Mehr J, Arias J, Greeley R, Chew D. Increase in Hospital-Acquired Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection and Colonization in an Acute Care Hospital During a Surge in COVID-19 Admissions - New Jersey, February-July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69:1827-1831. [PMID: 33270611 PMCID: PMC7714028 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6948e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Schmitz BW, Innes GK, Xue J, Gerba CP, Pepper IL, Sherchan S. Reduction of erythromycin resistance gene erm(F) and class 1 integron-integrase genes in wastewater by Bardenpho treatment. Water Environ Res 2020; 92:1042-1050. [PMID: 31989707 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewaters routinely contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARG) that are removed to a varying degree during wastewater treatment. This study investigated the removal of the erythromycin ribosome methylase class F (erm(F)) and class 1 integron-integrase (intI1) genes at each stage from two water resource recovery facilities in southern Arizona. Although genes were significantly reduced by Bardenpho treatment, erm(F) and intI1 were still observed in ≥ 9 and 7 out of 12 secondary effluent samples. Primary processes via sedimentation or dissolved air flotation, as well as chlorine disinfection, did not significantly impact erm(F) and intI1 concentrations. Therefore, Bardenpho treatment was critical to reduce erm(F) and intI1. Concentrations of erm(F) and intI1 were compared with each other and other markers for anthropogenic pollution. Results from this study support intI1 as one suitable marker to measure erythromycin resistance genes in wastewater, as intI1 was found at higher concentrations, persisted more throughout treatment, and correlated with erm(F) at nearly every treatment stage. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Bardenpho treatment was the key process responsible for the reduction of intI1 and erm(F) genes during wastewater treatment. Primary treatment and chlorine disinfection did not impact erm(F) and intI1 gene concentrations. The intI1 gene is a suitable marker for measuring erm(F) genes in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley W Schmitz
- JHU/Stantec Alliance, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jia Xue
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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21
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Innes GK, Randad PR, Korinek A, Davis MF, Price LB, So AD, Heaney CD. External Societal Costs of Antimicrobial Resistance in Humans Attributable to Antimicrobial Use in Livestock. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 41:141-157. [PMID: 31910712 PMCID: PMC7199423 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans, which imposes significant health and economic costs on society. Economists call these costs negative externalities, societal costs that are not properly reflected in market prices. We review the relevant literature and develop a model to quantify the external costs of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in humans. Parameters required for this estimate include (a) the health and economic burden of AMR in humans,(b) the impact of AMU in animal agriculture on AMR in animals, (c) the fraction of AMR in humans attributable to animal agriculture, and (d) AMU in animals. We use a well-documented historic case to estimate an externality cost of about US$1,500 per kilogram of fluoroquinolones administered in US broiler chicken production. Enhanced data collection, particularly on the third and fourth parameters, is urgently needed to quantify more fully the externalities of AMU in animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Innes
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
| | - Pranay R Randad
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
| | - Anton Korinek
- Department of Economics and Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA;
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Lance B Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Anthony D So
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , ,
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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22
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Hutton TA, Innes GK, Harel J, Garneau P, Cucchiara A, Schifferli DM, Rankin SC. Phylogroup and virulence gene association with clinical characteristics of Escherichia coli urinary tract infections from dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:64-70. [PMID: 28971754 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717729395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates from infections outside the gastrointestinal tract are termed extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and can be divided into different subpathotypes; one of these is uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). The frequency with which UPEC strains cause urinary tract infections in dogs and cats is not well documented. We used an oligonucleotide microarray to characterize 60 E. coli isolates associated with the urinary tract of dogs ( n = 45) and cats ( n = 15), collected from 2004 to 2007, into ExPEC and UPEC and to correlate results with patient clinical characteristics. Microarray analysis was performed, and phylogroup was determined by a quadruplex PCR assay. Isolates that were missing 1 or 2 of the gene determinants representative of a function (capsule, iron uptake related genes, or specific adhesins) were designated as "non-classifiable" by microarray. Phylogroup B2 was positively associated with the UPEC subpathotype ( p < 0.0005) and negatively associated with "non-classifiable" isolates ( p < 0.0005). Phylogroup D was positively associated with ExPEC pathotype ( p = 0.025) and negatively associated with UPEC subpathotype ( p = 0.014). The ExPEC pathotype was positively associated with hospitalization for one or more days ( p = 0.031). The UPEC subpathotype was negatively associated with previous antimicrobial therapy ( p = 0.045) and previous hospitalization within the 3 mo prior to the positive culture ( p = 0.041). The UPEC subpathotype was positively associated with prostatitis ( p = 0.073) and negatively associated with current immunosuppressive therapy ( p = 0.090). Our results indicate that the case history observations may be critically important during the interpretation of laboratory results to encourage judicious use of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha A Hutton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Josée Harel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Philippe Garneau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Andrew Cucchiara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
| | - Shelley C Rankin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Hutton, Innes, Schifferli, Rankin).,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada (Harel, Garneau).,Center for Translational and Clinical Research and Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Cucchiara)
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23
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Abstract
Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens may occur following liver transplantation. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Postoperative complications may result in cholestasis. We have investigated the possibility that cholestasis may cause increased expression of MHC antigens in the liver. Cholestasis was induced in rat livers by bile duct ligation and transection. Total serum bilirubin rose markedly postoperatively and remained elevated over a period of 21 days. Samples of bile taken from rats were shown to remain sterile during the study period and there was no evidence of viral infection. Liver tissue taken 1, 3, 7, and 21 days postobstruction showed a marked increase in the expression of rat class I MHC antigens but not class II antigens. We suggest that cholestasis itself can induce increased MHC class I antigens in the liver. Therefore, if cholestasis occurs postoperatively in the human liver transplant recipient this might lead to increased expression of human class I MHC antigens and add to the overall cellular immune activity in a rejection reaction, although cholestasis probably cannot initiate rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Innes
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, England
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24
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Innes GK, Fuller BJ, Hobbs KE. Lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte cell cultures: modulation by free radical scavengers and iron. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 1988; 24:126-32. [PMID: 3125142 DOI: 10.1007/bf02623889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rat hepatocytes were isolated and then maintained in serum-free cell culture medium for 24 h. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated in the medium was assayed and used as a measure of lipid peroxidation. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and urea were measured in the medium and used as indicators of hepatocellular viability and function. The effects of iron; desferrioxamine mesylate (Desferal), an iron chelator; and mannitol, a hydroxyl free radical scavenger were investigated. The addition of iron, Fe2 resulted in a three-fold increase in the levels of MDA. Desferal inhibited the production of MDA and blocked the effect of Fe2+. Neither iron nor Desferal had any effect on LDH or urea levels. Mannitol had no effect on MDA or urea production, but caused a 4 to 8-fold increase in the LDH levels in the medium. The results show that iron is involved in the mechanism of lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte cultures but suggest that as a pathologic event lipid peroxidation is not expressed in terms of viability during the first 24 h of hepatocyte culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Innes
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
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25
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Abstract
Various tests of function have been suggested for assessing hepatocytes recovered from cryopreservation. In this study we have investigated hepatocyte attachment during tissue culture and cellular density in order to assess function and compared them with two classical dye exposure tests. The ability of hepatocytes to exclude trypan blue dye (TB) and metabolize fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was demonstrated. In populations of freshly prepared hepatocytes 88.07% were able to exclude TB and 87.31% were able to metabolize FDA. However in populations of hepatocytes recovered after cryopreservation using 1.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide as cryoprotectant only 33.44% were able to exclude TB and 31.59% able to metabolize FDA. Both of these tests gave the same estimate of functional ability. Density gradient centrifugation of hepatocytes on Percoll 400 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) separated two populations of hepatocytes; one (density ca.1.07 g/ml Percoll) in which most of the cells were able to exclude TB and the second (density ca. 1.02 g/ml Percoll) in which they were stained blue. The dense population was highly enriched in dye-excluding hepatocytes: freshly prepared hepatocytes, 92.4%, and cryopreserved hepatocytes, 88.66%. When samples of these cells (2 x 10(6) dye-excluding cells per dish) were tested for their ability to attach to tissue culture dishes only 17.28% of the cryopreserved hepatocytes were able to attach compared to 55.28% of the freshly prepared cells. We conclude that cryopreservation of hepatocytes produces a population of cells which are not metabolically identical to a population of freshly prepared hepatocytes even though they appear to have the same buoyant density and dye-excluding capabilities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Innes
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Innes GK, Fuller BJ. Lipid inclusions in hepatocyte grafts. Transplantation 1987; 43:459. [PMID: 3547806 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-198703000-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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Powell RC, Daniels M, Innes GK, Ashby MJ, Mashiter K. Effects of trifluoperazine on rat prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophin secretion in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1983; 103:492-6. [PMID: 6310921 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.1030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of trifluoperazine, a proposed inhibitor of calmodulin directed cellular function, on adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (GH) secretion from primary cultures of rat adenohypophyseal cells. 5 X 10(-6)M and 10(-5)M trifluoperazine caused a significant (P less than 0.005) reversible dose-related decrease in basal Prl secretion but was less effective on basal GH secretion, significant reversible inhibition (P less than 0.005) occurring only with 10(-5)M. Trifluoperazine did not consistently alter basal ACTH or TSH secretion but did inhibit 10(-2)M theophylline stimulation of ACTH, Prl and GH secretion and 1.5 X 10(-7)M TRH stimulation of TSH and Prl secretion. Paradoxically 10(-5)M trifluoperazine enhanced theophylline stimulation of TSH secretion. Our results show trifluoperazine to have differential effects on Prl, GH, ACTH and TSH secretion, which are consistent with the known calcium dependence of pituitary hormone secretion and may suggest a role for calmodulin in this process.
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