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Wong KH, Zhou Q, Prabhu N, Furuhashi K, Chua YL, Grotenbreg GM, Kemeny DM. Blomia tropicalis allergen 5 (Blo t 5) T-cell epitopes and their ability to suppress the allergic immune response. Immunology 2017; 152:344-355. [PMID: 28581024 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Blomia tropicalis is the major asthma allergen in the tropics comparable to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. However, little is known about the B. tropicalis epitopes recognized by T cells. Our aim was to identify the T-cell epitopes in the major B. tropicalis allergen, Blo t 5, and investigate the potential of the corresponding peptides to inhibit the allergic inflammatory lung response. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding Blo t 5 and T-cell epitopes identified using the interferon-γ ELISPOT assay with 15-mer overlapping peptides. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) pulsed with Blo t 5 allergen followed by intranasal Blo t 5 challenge. Two H-2b restricted epitopes (Bt576-90 and Bt5106-115 ) were recognized by CD4 T cells specific for Blo t 5, but no CD8 epitopes were identified. In mice sensitized with Blo t 5-pulsed BMDC and challenged with intranasal Blo t 5 Bt576-90 and Bt5106-115 , peptide-specific CD4 T cells were found to secrete the T helper type 2 cytokines interleukin-5 and interleukin-13. Intradermal administration of synthetic peptides encoding the identified T-cell epitopes suppressed allergic airway inflammation to further allergen challenges. Hence, we have identified novel CD4 T-cell epitopes specific for Blo t 5 and demonstrated that these peptides could be employed therapeutically to suppress the T-cell response in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Wong
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Qian Zhou
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Gritstone Oncology, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - David M Kemeny
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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2
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Rashidian M, Ingram JR, Dougan M, Dongre A, Whang KA, LeGall C, Cragnolini JJ, Bierie B, Gostissa M, Gorman J, Grotenbreg GM, Bhan A, Weinberg RA, Ploegh HL. Predicting the response to CTLA-4 blockade by longitudinal noninvasive monitoring of CD8 T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2243-2255. [PMID: 28666979 PMCID: PMC5551571 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rashidian et al. show that 89Zr-PEGylated single-domain antibodies that target CD8+ T cells can be used to monitor and evaluate the response to immunotherapy as a predictive tool. Immunotherapy using checkpoint-blocking antibodies against targets such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 can cure melanoma and non–small cell lung cancer in a subset of patients. The presence of CD8 T cells in the tumor correlates with improved survival. We show that immuno–positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) can visualize tumors by detecting infiltrating lymphocytes and, through longitudinal observation of individual animals, distinguish responding tumors from those that do not respond to therapy. We used 89Zr-labeled PEGylated single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs) specific for CD8 to track the presence of intratumoral CD8+ T cells in the immunotherapy-susceptible B16 melanoma model in response to checkpoint blockade. A 89Zr-labeled PEGylated anti-CD8 VHH detected thymus and secondary lymphoid structures as well as intratumoral CD8 T cells. Animals that responded to CTLA-4 therapy showed a homogeneous distribution of the anti-CD8 PET signal throughout the tumor, whereas more heterogeneous infiltration of CD8 T cells correlated with faster tumor growth and worse responses. To support the validity of these observations, we used two different transplantable breast cancer models, yielding results that conformed with predictions based on the antimelanoma response. It may thus be possible to use immuno-PET and monitor antitumor immune responses as a prognostic tool to predict patient responses to checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Dougan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Anushka Dongre
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA.,Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology at MIT, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Camille LeGall
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Brian Bierie
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Atul Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A Weinberg
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA.,Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology at MIT, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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3
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Shah S, Grotenbreg GM, Rivera A, Yap GS. An extrafollicular pathway for the generation of effector CD8(+) T cells driven by the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-12. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26244629 PMCID: PMC4549662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 drives the generation of terminally differentiated KLRG1+ effector CD8+ T cells. Using a Toxoplasma vaccination model, we delineate the sequence of events that naïve CD8+ T cells undergo to become terminal effectors and the differentiation steps controlled by IL-12. We demonstrate that direct IL-12 signaling on CD8+ T cells is essential for the induction of KLRG1 and IFN-γ, but the subsequent downregulation of CXCR3 is controlled by IL-12 indirectly through the actions of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-inducible chemokines. Differentiation of nascent effectors occurs in an extrafollicular splenic compartment and is driven by late IL-12 production by DCs distinct from the classical CD8α+ DC. Unexpectedly, we also found extensive proliferation of both KLRG1− and KLRG1+ CD8+ T cells in the marginal zone and red pulp, which ceases prior to the final KLRG1Hi CXCR3Lo stage. Our findings highlight the notion of an extrafollicular pathway for effector T cell generation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09017.001 The immune system helps to protect us from cancer, infection by microbes and other diseases. There are several different types of immune cells that each have particular roles. For example, cytotoxic T cells can kill other cells in the body that are damaged or infected. These cells are found in various locations around the body—including a region of the spleen known as the white pulp—where they wait in an inactive state until they detect signals from a damaged or infected cell. These T cells divide and mature to produce populations of active T cells known as effector cytotoxic lymphoid cells (or CTLs for short), a process which is thought to occur within the white pulp. A small protein called cytokine IL-12 is involved in the production of CTLs. The cytokine is released from other immune cells and causes the activated T cells to divide and mature. It has long been believed that IL-12 produced in the white pulp early on in the process is sufficient to drive this process, but more recent work suggests that sustained production of IL-12 in other areas of the spleen that are accessible to the bloodstream may be needed. Here, Shah et al. studied the generation of cytotoxic T cells in mice that had been exposed to a vaccine against a disease called Toxoplasmosis. Their experiments show that IL-12 drives both the early and late stages of CTL production. In the early stages, the T cells respond to IL-12 that is secreted by a group of ‘lymphoid dendritic’ cells in the white pulp. However, in the later stages, the T cells move away from the white pulp to other parts of the spleen known as the marginal zone and red pulp, where a distinct group of ‘myeloid dendritic’ cells also produce IL-12 and direct the final maturation of the CTLs. Shah et al.'s findings also show that the process in which cytotoxic T cells divide and later mature to produce CTLs involves a series of tightly controlled events that mostly occur outside of the white pulp. These observations provide a new perspective on how to develop vaccines and other treatments that more efficiently generate the CTLs needed to protect against infections and cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09017.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhagi Shah
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, United States
| | - Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Immunology Programme, Departments of Microbiology and Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amariliz Rivera
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, United States
| | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, United States
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4
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Yu W, Jiang N, Ebert PJR, Kidd BA, Müller S, Lund PJ, Juang J, Adachi K, Tse T, Birnbaum ME, Newell EW, Wilson DM, Grotenbreg GM, Valitutti S, Quake SR, Davis MM. Clonal Deletion Prunes but Does Not Eliminate Self-Specific αβ CD8(+) T Lymphocytes. Immunity 2015; 42:929-41. [PMID: 25992863 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has long been thought that clonal deletion efficiently removes almost all self-specific T cells from the peripheral repertoire. We found that self-peptide MHC-specific CD8(+) T cells in the blood of healthy humans were present in frequencies similar to those specific for non-self antigens. For the Y chromosome-encoded SMCY antigen, self-specific T cells exhibited only a 3-fold lower average frequency in males versus females and were anergic with respect to peptide activation, although this inhibition could be overcome by a stronger stimulus. We conclude that clonal deletion prunes but does not eliminate self-specific T cells and suggest that to do so would create holes in the repertoire that pathogens could readily exploit. In support of this hypothesis, we detected T cells specific for all 20 amino acid variants at the p5 position of a hepatitis C virus epitope in a random group of blood donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter J R Ebert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A Kidd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sabina Müller
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France and Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Peder J Lund
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy Juang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Keishi Adachi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tiffany Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Darrell M Wilson
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Salvatore Valitutti
- INSERM, UMR1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France and Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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5
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Frøsig TM, Yap J, Seremet T, Lyngaa R, Svane IM, Thor Straten P, Heemskerk MHM, Grotenbreg GM, Hadrup SR. Design and validation of conditional ligands for HLA-B*08:01, HLA-B*15:01, HLA-B*35:01, and HLA-B*44:05. Cytometry A 2015; 87:967-75. [PMID: 26033882 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We designed conditional ligands restricted to HLA-B*08:01, -B*35:01, and -B*44:05 and proved the use of a conditional ligand previously designed for HLA-B*15:02 together with HLA-B*15:01. Furthermore, we compared the detection capabilities of specific HLA-B*15:01-restricted T cells using the HLA-B*15:01 and HLA-B*15:02 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimers and found remarkable differences in the staining patterns detected by flow cytometry. These new conditional ligands greatly add to the application of MHC-based technologies in the analyses of T-cell recognition as they represent frequently expressed HLA-B molecules. This expansion of conditional ligands is important to allow T-cell detection over a wide range of HLA restrictions, and provide comprehensive understanding of the T-cell recognition in a given context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mørch Frøsig
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiawei Yap
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences and the Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tina Seremet
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lyngaa
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Thor Straten
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Hematology, Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Choo JAL, Thong SY, Yap J, van Esch WJE, Raida M, Meijers R, Lescar J, Verhelst SHL, Grotenbreg GM. Bioorthogonal Cleavage and Exchange of Major Histocompatibility Complex Ligands by Employing Azobenzene-Containing Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Choo JAL, Thong SY, Yap J, van Esch WJE, Raida M, Meijers R, Lescar J, Verhelst SHL, Grotenbreg GM. Bioorthogonal Cleavage and Exchange of Major Histocompatibility Complex Ligands by Employing Azobenzene-Containing Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13390-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Banu N, Chia A, Ho ZZ, Garcia AT, Paravasivam K, Grotenbreg GM, Bertoletti A, Gehring AJ. Building and optimizing a virus-specific T cell receptor library for targeted immunotherapy in viral infections. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4166. [PMID: 24566718 PMCID: PMC3933865 DOI: 10.1038/srep04166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoration of antigen-specific T cell immunity has the potential to clear persistent viral infection. T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy can reconstitute CD8 T cell immunity in chronic patients. We cloned 10 virus-specific TCRs targeting 5 different viruses, causing chronic and acute infection. All 10 TCR genetic constructs were optimized for expression using a P2A sequence, codon optimization and the addition of a non-native disulfide bond. However, maximum TCR expression was only achieved after establishing the optimal orientation of the alpha and beta chains in the expression cassette; 9/10 TCRs favored the beta-P2A-alpha orientation over alpha-P2A-beta. Optimal TCR expression was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of IFN-gamma+ T cells. In addition, activating cells for transduction in the presence of Toll-like receptor ligands further enhanced IFN-gamma production. Thus, we have built a virus-specific TCR library that has potential for therapeutic intervention in chronic viral infection or virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasirah Banu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
| | - Adeline Chia
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
| | - Zi Zong Ho
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
| | - Alfonso Tan Garcia
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
| | - Komathi Paravasivam
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Departments of Microbiology and Biological Sciences, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- 1] Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore [2] Program of Emerging Viral Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam J Gehring
- 1] Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore [2] Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA [3] Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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9
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van Buuren MM, Dijkgraaf FE, Linnemann C, Toebes M, Chang CXL, Mok JY, Nguyen M, van Esch WJE, Kvistborg P, Grotenbreg GM, Schumacher TNM. HLA micropolymorphisms strongly affect peptide-MHC multimer-based monitoring of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. J Immunol 2013; 192:641-8. [PMID: 24342804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-MHC (pMHC) multimers have become one of the most widely used tools to measure Ag-specific T cell responses in humans. With the aim of understanding the requirements for pMHC-based personalized immunomonitoring, in which individuals expressing subtypes of the commonly studied HLA alleles are encountered, we assessed how the ability to detect Ag-specific T cells for a given peptide is affected by micropolymorphic differences between HLA subtypes. First, analysis of a set of 10 HLA-A*02:01-restricted T cell clones demonstrated that staining with pMHC multimers of seven distinct subtypes of the HLA-A*02 allele group was highly variable and not predicted by sequence homology. Second, to analyze the effect of minor sequence variation in a clinical setting, we screened tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of an HLA-A*02:06 melanoma patient with either subtype-matched or HLA-A*02:01 multimers loaded with 145 different melanoma-associated Ags. This revealed that of the four HLA-A*02:06-restricted melanoma-associated T cell responses observed in this patient, two responses were underestimated and one was overlooked when using subtype-mismatched pMHC multimer collections. To our knowledge, these data provide the first demonstration of the strong effect of minor sequence variation on pMHC-based personalized immunomonitoring, and they provide tools to prevent this issue for common variants within the HLA-A*02 allele group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit M van Buuren
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Rivino L, Tan AT, Chia A, Kumaran EAP, Grotenbreg GM, MacAry PA, Bertoletti A. Defining CD8+ T cell determinants during human viral infection in populations of Asian ethnicity. J Immunol 2013; 191:4010-9. [PMID: 24058176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The identification of virus-specific CD8(+) T cell determinants is a fundamental requirement for our understanding of viral disease pathogenesis. T cell epitope mapping strategies increasingly rely on algorithms that predict the binding of peptides to MHC molecules. There is, however, little information on the reliability of predictive algorithms in the context of human populations, in particular, for those expressing HLA class I molecules for which there are limited experimental data available. In this study, we evaluate the ability of NetMHCpan to predict antiviral CD8(+) T cell epitopes that we identified with a traditional approach in patients of Asian ethnicity infected with Dengue virus, hepatitis B virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We experimentally demonstrate that the predictive power of algorithms defining peptide-MHC interaction directly correlates with the amount of training data on which the predictive algorithm has been constructed. These results highlight the limited applicability of the NetMHCpan algorithm for populations expressing HLA molecules for which there are little or no experimental binding data, such as those of Asian ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rivino
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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11
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Howland SW, Poh CM, Gun SY, Claser C, Malleret B, Shastri N, Ginhoux F, Grotenbreg GM, Rénia L. Brain microvessel cross-presentation is a hallmark of experimental cerebral malaria. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:984-99. [PMID: 23681698 PMCID: PMC3721469 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a devastating complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Its pathogenesis is complex, involving both parasite- and immune-mediated events. CD8+ T cells play an effector role in murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection. We have identified a highly immunogenic CD8 epitope in glideosome-associated protein 50 that is conserved across rodent malaria species. Epitope-specific CD8+ T cells are induced during PbA infection, migrating to the brain just before neurological signs manifest. They are functional, cytotoxic and can damage the blood–brain barrier in vivo. Such CD8+ T cells are also found in the brain during infection with parasite strains/species that do not induce neuropathology. We demonstrate here that PbA infection causes brain microvessels to cross-present parasite antigen, while non-ECM-causing parasites do not. Further, treatment with fast-acting anti-malarial drugs before the onset of ECM reduces parasite load and thus antigen presentation in the brain, preventing ECM death. Thus our data suggest that combined therapies targeting both the parasite and host antigen-presenting cells may improve the outcome of CM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Chang CXL, Tan AT, Or MY, Toh KY, Lim PY, Chia ASE, Froesig TM, Nadua KD, Oh HLJ, Leong HN, Hadrup SR, Gehring AJ, Tan YJ, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Conditional ligands for Asian HLA variants facilitate the definition of CD8+ T-cell responses in acute and chronic viral diseases. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1109-20. [PMID: 23280567 PMCID: PMC3655610 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Conditional ligands have enabled the high-throughput production of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) libraries that present defined peptides. Immunomonitoring platforms typically concentrate on restriction elements associated with European ancestry, and such tools are scarce for Asian HLA variants. We report 30 novel irradiation-sensitive ligands, specifically targeting South East Asian populations, which provide 93, 63, and 79% coverage for HLA-A, -B, and -C, respectively. Unique ligands for all 16 HLA types were constructed to provide the desired soluble HLA product in sufficient yield. Peptide exchange was accomplished for all variants as demonstrated by an ELISA-based MHC stability assay. HLA tetramers with redirected specificity could detect antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses against human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B (HBV), dengue virus (DENV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections. The potential of this population-centric HLA library was demonstrated with the characterization of seven novel T-cell epitopes from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, HBV, and DENV. Posthoc analysis revealed that the majority of responses would be more readily identified by our unbiased discovery approach than through the application of state-of-the-art epitope prediction. This flow cytometry-based technology therefore holds considerable promise for monitoring clinically relevant antigen-specific T-cell responses in populations of distinct ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia X L Chang
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Low JL, Naidoo A, Yeo G, Gehring AJ, Ho ZZ, Yau YH, Shochat SG, Kranz DM, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Binding of TCR multimers and a TCR-like antibody with distinct fine-specificities is dependent on the surface density of HLA complexes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51397. [PMID: 23251518 PMCID: PMC3519586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules evolved to sample degraded protein fragments from the interior of the cell, and to display them at the surface for immune surveillance by CD8+ T cells. The ability of these lymphocytes to identify immunogenic peptide-MHC (pMHC) products on, for example, infected hepatocytes, and to subsequently eliminate those cells, is crucial for the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Various protein scaffolds have been designed to recapitulate the specific recognition of presented antigens with the aim to be exploited both diagnostically (e.g. to visualize cells exposed to infectious agents or cellular transformation) and therapeutically (e.g. for the delivery of drugs to compromised cells). In line with this, we report the construction of a soluble tetrameric form of an αβ T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the HBV epitope Env183–191 restricted by HLA-A*02:01, and compare its avidity and fine-specificity with a TCR-like monoclonal antibody generated against the same HLA target. A flow cytometry-based assay with streptavidin-coated beads loaded with Env183–191/HLA-A*02:01 complexes at high surface density, enabled us to probe the specific interaction of these molecules with their cognate pMHC. We demonstrate that the TCR tetramer has similar avidity for the pMHC as the antibody, but they differ in their fine-specificity, with only the TCR tetramer being capable of binding both natural variants of the Env183–191 epitope found in HBV genotypes A/C/D (187Arg) and genotype B (187Lys). Collectively, the results highlight the promiscuity of our soluble TCR, which could be an advantageous feature when targeting cells infected with a mutation-prone virus, but that binding of the soluble oligomeric TCR relies considerably on the surface density of the presented antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong L. Low
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anneta Naidoo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Zong Ho
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Hoe Yau
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susana G. Shochat
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research, (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M. Grotenbreg
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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14
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Knijnenburg AD, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, Mars-Groenendijk RH, Noort D, Grotenbreg GM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Ring-Extended Gramicidin S Analogs Containingcis δ-Sugar Amino Acid Turn Mimetics with Varying Ring Size. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Kolpe AB, Kiener TK, Grotenbreg GM, Kwang J. Display of enterovirus 71 VP1 on baculovirus as a type II transmembrane protein elicits protective B and T cell responses in immunized mice. Virus Res 2012; 168:64-72. [PMID: 22728446 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) has become a major public health threat across Asia Pacific. The virus causes hand, foot, and mouth disease which can lead to neurological complications in young children. There are no specific antivirals or vaccines against EV71 infection. The major neutralizing epitope of EV71 is located in the carboxy-terminal half of the VP1 protein at amino acid positions 215-219 (Lim et al., 2012). To study the immunogenicity of VP1 we have developed a baculovirus vector which displays VP1 as a type II transmembrane protein, providing an accessible C-terminus. Immunization of mice with this recombinant baculovirus elicited neutralizing antibodies against heterologous EV71 in an in vitro microneutralization assay. Passive protection of neonatal mice confirmed the prophylactic efficacy of the antisera. Additionally, EV71 specific T cell responses were stimulated. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the display of VP1 as a type II transmembrane protein efficiently stimulated both humoral and cellular immunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annasaheb B Kolpe
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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16
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van der Knaap M, Otero JM, Llamas-Saiz A, van Raaij MJ, Lageveen LI, Busscher HJ, Grotenbreg GM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Design, synthesis and structural analysis of mixed α/β-peptides that adopt stable cyclic hairpin-like conformations. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Chew SL, Or MY, Chang CXL, Gehring AJ, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Stability screening of arrays of major histocompatibility complexes on combinatorially encoded flow cytometry beads. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28466-75. [PMID: 21680737 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding and stabilization capacity of potential T cell epitopes to class I MHC molecules form the basis for their immunogenicity and provide fundamental insight into factors that dictate cellular immune responses. We have developed a versatile high throughput cell-free method to measure MHC stability by capturing a variety of MHC products on the surface of streptavidin-coated particles followed by flow cytometry analysis. Arrays of peptide-MHC combinations, generated by exchanging conditional ligand-loaded MHC, could be probed in a single experiment, thus combining the molecular precision of biochemically purified MHCs with high content multiparametric flow cytometry-based assays. Semiquantitative determination of the peptide affinity for the restriction element could also be accomplished through competition experiments using this bead-based assay. Furthermore, the generated peptide-MHC reagents could directly be applied to antigen-specific CD8(+) T lymphocyte analysis. The combinatorial labeling of beads allowed straightforward identification by their unique fluorescent signatures and provided a convenient means for extended assay multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Ling Chew
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, and Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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18
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Chang CXL, Dai L, Tan ZW, Choo JAL, Bertoletti A, Grotenbreg GM. Sources of diversity in T cell epitope discovery. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2011; 16:3014-35. [PMID: 21622218 DOI: 10.2741/3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD8-positive T cells respond to small antigenic peptide fragments presented on class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). Those specific T cell epitopes capable of precipitating a cellular immune response are either derived from (altered) self (i.e. they are autoimmune- or cancer-associated) or come from foreign sources (i.e. they are pathogen-associated). Identification of T cell epitopes provides elementary information that can be employed in technologies that monitor and predict the likely outcome of an immune response, as well as in therapeutic and vaccine development efforts. The coexistence between host and pathogen has largely driven the diversification of both their systems of immune surveillance and their antigenic determinants, respectively. In this review, we discuss the multitude of factors that introduce diversity to the T cell response from both sides of the host-pathogen interaction. Furthermore, we provide an overview of a variety of commonly employed methods and tools to characterize class I MHC restricted antigen presentation and recent endeavors towards the harmonization of reporting data concerning T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Xin Lei Chang
- National University of Singapore (NUS), Immunology Programme and Departments of Microbiology and Biological Sciences, Centre for Life Sciences, No 03-05, 28 Medical Drive, 117456 Singapore
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19
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Knijnenburg AD, Kapoerchan VV, Grotenbreg GM, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, Mars-Groenendijk RH, Noort D, Otero JM, Llamas-Saiz AL, van Raaij MJ, Ravensbergen B, Nibbering PH, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Synthesis and evaluation of strand and turn modified ring-extended gramicidin S derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3402-9. [PMID: 21561781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the crystal structure of previously reported ring-extended gramicidin S (GS) derivative 2 (GS14K4), containing a d-amino acid residue in one of the β-strand regions. This structure is in agreement with a previously reported modeling study of the same molecule. The polar side chain of the additional d-amino acid residue is positioned at the same face of the molecule as the hydrophobic side chains, and we believe that because of this compound 2 is considerably less hydrophobic than extended GS derivatives in which the strand regions are exclusively composed of l-amino acids. Using this backbone structure as our benchmark we prepared a small series of ring-extended GS analogues featuring sugar amino acid dipeptide isosteres of varied hydrophobicity at the turn region. We show that via this approach hydrophobicity of extended GS analogues can be tuned without affecting the secondary structure (as observed from NMR and CD spectra). Biological evaluation reveals that hydrophobicity correlates to cell toxicity, but still bacteriolysis is induced with GS analogues that are too hydrophilic to efficiently lyse human red blood cells.
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20
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Kirak O, Frickel EM, Grotenbreg GM, Suh H, Jaenisch R, Ploegh HL. Transnuclear mice with pre-defined T cell receptor specificities against Toxoplasma gondii obtained via SCNT. J Vis Exp 2010:2168. [PMID: 20972401 DOI: 10.3791/2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes, such as T cells, undergo genetic V(D)J recombination, to generate a receptor with a certain specificity. Mice transgenic for a rearranged antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) have been an indispensable tool to study T cell development and function. However, such TCRs are usually isolated from the relevant T cells after long-term culture often following repeated antigen stimulation, which unavoidably selects for T cells with high affinity. Random genomic integration of the TCR α- and β-chain and expression from non-endogenous promoters can lead to variations in expression level and kinetics. Epigenetic reprogramming via somatic cell nuclear transfer provides a tool to generate embryonic stem cells and mice from any cell of interest. Consequently, when SCNT is applied to T cells of known specificity, these genetic V(D)J rearrangements are transferred to the SCNT-embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the mice derived from them, while epigenetic marks are reset. We have demonstrated that T cells with pre-defined specificities against Toxoplasma gondii can be used to generate mouse models that express the specific TCR from their endogenous loci, without experimentally introduced genetic modification. The relative ease and speed with which such transnuclear models can be obtained holds promise for the construction of other disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Kirak
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, USA.
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21
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Kirak O, Frickel EM, Grotenbreg GM, Suh H, Jaenisch R, Ploegh HL. Transnuclear mice with predefined T cell receptor specificities against Toxoplasma gondii obtained via SCNT. Science 2010; 328:243-8. [PMID: 20378817 PMCID: PMC2940321 DOI: 10.1126/science.1178590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mice that are transgenic for rearranged antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) are essential tools to study T cell development and function. Such TCRs are usually isolated from the relevant T cells after long-term culture, often after repeated antigen stimulation, which unavoidably skews the T cell population used. Random genomic integration of the TCR alpha and beta chain and expression from nonendogenous promoters represent additional drawbacks of transgenics. Using epigenetic reprogramming via somatic cell nuclear transfer, we demonstrated that T cells with predefined specificities against Toxoplasma gondii can be used to generate mouse models that express the TCR from their endogenous loci, without experimentally introduced genetic modification. The relative ease and speed with which such transnuclear models can be obtained holds promise for the construction of other disease models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Transfer Techniques
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Kirak
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | | | - Heikyung Suh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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22
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Bonger KM, Kapoerchan VV, Grotenbreg GM, van Koppen CJ, Timmers CM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS. Oligoproline helices as structurally defined scaffolds for oligomeric G protein-coupled receptor ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1881-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b923556f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Antos JM, Chew GL, Guimaraes CP, Yoder NC, Grotenbreg GM, Popp MWL, Ploegh HL. Site-specific N- and C-terminal labeling of a single polypeptide using sortases of different specificity. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10800-1. [PMID: 19610623 PMCID: PMC2730784 DOI: 10.1021/ja902681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The unique reactivity of two sortase enzymes, SrtAstaph from Staphylococcus aureus and SrtAstrep from Streptococcus pyogenes, is exploited for site-specific labeling of a single polypeptide with different labels at its N and C termini. SrtAstrep is used to label the protein’s C terminus at an LPXTG site with a fluorescently labeled dialanine nucleophile. Selective N-terminal labeling of proteins containing N-terminal glycine residues is achieved using SrtAstaph and LPXT derivatives. The generality of N-terminal labeling with SrtAstaph is demonstrated by near-quantitative labeling of multiple protein substrates with excellent site specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Antos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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24
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Tuin AW, Grotenbreg GM, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, Mars-Groenendijk RH, van der Marel GA, Noort D, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Structural and biological evaluation of some loloatin C analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6233-40. [PMID: 19679485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Loloatin C is a cyclic cationic antimicrobial peptide which is active against gram positive as well as certain gram negative bacteria. Unfortunately, it is equally potent against human erythrocytes. To probe the structure-activity relationship of this promising antibiotic peptide, amino acid substitution and/or incorporation of a constraint sugar amino acid dipeptide isoster has been applied. Six new derivatives have been synthesized using SPPS and their solution structure investigated using NMR studies. Finally, the antimicrobial and the hemolytic activities have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan W Tuin
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
A general chemoenzymatic method for the site-specific attachment of lipids to protein substrates is described. Sortase A is used to append short lipid-modified oligoglycine peptides to the C terminus of protein substrates bearing a five amino acid sortase A recognition sequence (LPETG). We demonstrate the attachment of a range of hydrophobic modifications in excellent yield (60-90%), including a simple step for removing the sortase enzyme postreaction. Lipoproteins prepared using these procedures were subsequently shown to associate with mammalian cells in a lipid tail-dependent fashion and localized to the plasma membrane and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Antos
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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26
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Frickel EM, Sahoo N, Hopp J, Gubbels MJ, Craver MPJ, Knoll LJ, Ploegh HL, Grotenbreg GM. Parasite stage-specific recognition of endogenous Toxoplasma gondii-derived CD8+ T cell epitopes. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1625-33. [PMID: 18922097 DOI: 10.1086/593019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BALB/c mice control infection with the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii and develop a latent chronic infection in the brain, as do immunocompetent humans. Interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells provide essential protection against T. gondii infection, but the epitopes recognized have so far remained elusive. METHODS We employed caged major histocompatibility complex molecules to generate approximately 250 H-2L(d) tetramers and to distinguish T. gondii-specific CD8+ T cells in BALB/c mice. RESULTS We identified 2 T. gondii-specific H-2L(d)-restricted T cell epitopes, one from dense granule protein GRA4 and the other from rhoptry protein ROP7. H-2L(d)/GRA4 reactive T cells from multiple organ sources predominated 2 weeks after infection, while the reactivity of the H-2L(d)/ROP7 T cells peaked 6-8 weeks after infection. BALB/c animals infected with T. gondii mutants defective in establishing a chronic infection showed altered levels of antigen-specific T cells, depending on the T. gondii mutant used. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed light on the identity and the parasite stage-specificity of 2 CD8+ T cell epitopes recognized in the acute and chronic phase of infection with T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Frickel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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27
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Grotenbreg GM, Roan NR, Guillen E, Meijers R, Wang JH, Bell GW, Starnbach MN, Ploegh HL. Discovery of CD8+ T cell epitopes in Chlamydia trachomatis infection through use of caged class I MHC tetramers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3831-6. [PMID: 18245382 PMCID: PMC2268777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711504105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I MHC tetramers allow direct phenotypic identification of CD8(+) T cell populations, but their production remains laborious. A peptide exchange strategy that employs class I MHC products loaded with conditional ligands (caged MHC molecules) provides a fast and straightforward method to obtain diverse arrays of class I MHC tetramers and facilitates CD8(+) T cell epitope discovery. Here, we describe the development of photocleavable analogs of the FAPGNYPAL (SV9) epitope that bind H-2K(b) and H-2D(b) with full retention of their structural and functional integrity. We ranked all possible H-2K(b) octameric and H-2D(b) nonameric epitopes that span the genome of Chlamydia trachomatis and prepared MHC tetramers from approximately 2,000 of the highest scoring peptides by replacement of the SV9 analog with the peptide of choice. The resulting 2,000-member class I MHC tetramer array allowed the discovery of two variants of an epitope derived from polymorphic membrane protein I (PmpI) and an assessment of the kinetics of emergence and the effector function of the corresponding CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Guillen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Rob Meijers
- Medicine
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jia-huai Wang
- Pediatrics, and
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - George W. Bell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139
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28
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Popp MW, Antos JM, Grotenbreg GM, Spooner E, Ploegh HL. Sortagging: a versatile method for protein labeling. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3:707-8. [PMID: 17891153 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2007.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded reporter constructs that yield fluorescently labeled fusion proteins are a powerful tool for observing cell biological phenomena, but they have limitations. Sortagging (sortase-mediated transpeptidation) is a versatile chemoenzymatic system for site-specific labeling of proteins with small (<2 kDa) probes. Sortagging combines the precision of a genetically encoded tag with the specificity of an enzymatic reaction and the ease and chemical versatility of peptide synthesis. Here we apply this technique to proteins in vitro and on the surface of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian W Popp
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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29
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Grotenbreg GM, Nicholson MJ, Fowler KD, Wilbuer K, Octavio L, Yang M, Chakraborty AK, Ploegh HL, Wucherpfennig KW. Empty class II major histocompatibility complex created by peptide photolysis establishes the role of DM in peptide association. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:21425-36. [PMID: 17525157 PMCID: PMC3427782 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702844200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DM catalyzes the exchange of peptides bound to Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Because the dissociation and association components of the overall reaction are difficult to separate, a detailed mechanism of DM catalysis has long resisted elucidation. UV irradiation of DR molecules loaded with a photocleavable peptide (caged Class II MHC molecules) enabled synchronous and verifiable evacuation of the peptide-binding groove and tracking of early binding events in real time by fluorescence polarization. Empty DR molecules generated by photocleavage rapidly bound peptide but quickly resolved into species with substantially slower binding kinetics. DM formed a complex with empty DR molecules that bound peptide with even faster kinetics than empty DR molecules just having lost their peptide cargo. Mathematical models demonstrate that the peptide association rate of DR molecules is substantially higher in the presence of DM. We therefore unequivocally establish that DM contributes directly to peptide association through formation of a peptide-loading complex between DM and empty Class II MHC. This complex rapidly acquires a peptide analogous to the MHC class I peptide-loading complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa J. Nicholson
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kevin D. Fowler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kathrin Wilbuer
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Leah Octavio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Maxine Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Arup K. Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Massachusetts 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Kai Wucherpfennig, 44 Binney St., Boston MA 02115. Tel.: 617-632-3086; Fax: 617-632-2662;
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Llamas-Saiz AL, Grotenbreg GM, Overhand M, van Raaij MJ. Double-stranded helical twisted beta-sheet channels in crystals of gramicidin S grown in the presence of trifluoroacetic and hydrochloric acids. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2007; 63:401-7. [PMID: 17327677 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444906056435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gramicidin S is a nonribosomally synthesized cyclic decapeptide antibiotic with twofold symmetry (Val-Orn-Leu-D-Phe-Pro)(2); a natural source is Bacillus brevis. Gramicidin S is active against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. However, its haemolytic toxicity in humans limits its use as an antibiotic to certain topical applications. Synthetically obtained gramicidin S was crystallized from a solution containing water, methanol, trifluoroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. The structure was solved and refined at 0.95 A resolution. The asymmetric unit contains 1.5 molecules of gramicidin S, two trifluoroacetic acid molecules and ten water molecules located and refined in 14 positions. One gramicidin S molecule has an exact twofold-symmetrical conformation; the other deviates from the molecular twofold symmetry. The cyclic peptide adopts an antiparallel beta-sheet secondary structure with two type II' beta-turns. These turns have the residues D-Phe and Pro at positions i + 1 and i + 2, respectively. In the crystals, the gramicidin S molecules line up into double-stranded helical channels that differ from those observed previously. The implications of the supramolecular structure for several models of gramicidin S conformation and assembly in the membrane are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Llamas-Saiz
- Unidad de Difracción de Rayos X (RIAIDT), Laboratorio Integral de Dinámica y Estructura de Biomoléculas José R. Carracido, Edificio CACTUS, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Risseeuw MDP, Grotenbreg GM, Witte MD, Tuin AW, Leeuwenburgh MA, Van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. The Synthesis ofcis- andtrans-Fused Bicyclic Sugar Amino Acids. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grotenbreg GM, Buizert AEM, Llamas-Saiz AL, Spalburg E, van Hooft PAV, de Neeling AJ, Noort D, van Raaij MJ, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. β-Turn Modified Gramicidin S Analogues Containing Arylated Sugar Amino Acids Display Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activity Comparable to the Natural Product. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:7559-65. [PMID: 16756311 DOI: 10.1021/ja0588510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and synthesis of gramicidin S (GS) analogues 10a-c containing arylated sugar amino acids (SAAs) as a replacement of one of the two (D)Phe-Pro beta-turn regions. The cyclic, amphiphilic peptides adopt a beta-sheet conformation featuring an unusual reverse turn induced by the SAAs. The altered turn region induces a slight distortion of the antiparallel beta-sheet, as compared to GS; the overall geometry however closely resembles that of the nonarylated GS analogue 1. GS analogues 10a-c proved to be as active as the parent GS itself as antibacterial agents and are equally efficient in lysing red blood cells. These properties are in sharp contrast to the diminished biological activity displayed by 1. We conclude that the presence of aromaticity in the turn regions of GS derivatives is required for biological activity, whereas the native conformation of the beta-hairpin is not. Our findings may guide future research toward efficient and nonhemolytic GS analogues for combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Love JC, Ronan JL, Grotenbreg GM, van der Veen AG, Ploegh HL. A microengraving method for rapid selection of single cells producing antigen-specific antibodies. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:703-7. [PMID: 16699501 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific antigens of interest are used as therapeutic agents and as tools for biomedical research. Discovering a single monoclonal antibody requires retrieval of an individual hybridoma from polyclonal mixtures of cells producing antibodies with a variety of specificities. The time required to isolate hybridomas by a limiting serial-dilution, however, has restricted the diversity and breadth of available antibodies. Here we present a soft lithographic method based on intaglio printing to generate microarrays comprising the secreted products of single cells. These engraved arrays enable a rapid (<12 h) and high-throughput (>100,000 individual cells) system for identification, recovery and clonal expansion of cells producing antigen-specific antibodies. This method can be adapted, in principle, to detect any secreted product in a multiplexed manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Love
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Ayres L, Grotenbreg GM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M, van Hest JCM. Synthesis and Controlled Polymerisation of a Novel Gramicidin S Analogue. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grotenbreg GM, Witte MD, van Hoof PAV, Spalburg E, Reiss P, Noort D, de Neeling AJ, Koert U, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of gramicidin S dimers. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:233-8. [PMID: 15717418 DOI: 10.1039/b414618b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of analogues of the cyclic beta-sheet gramicidin S (GS), having additional functionalities in their turn regions, is reported. The monomeric GS analogues were transformed into dimers and their activities towards biological membranes, through antimicriobial and hemolytic assays, were evaluated. Finally, conductivity measurements have been performed to elucidate ion channel forming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P. O. Box 9502, 2300, RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Grotenbreg GM, Kronemeijer M, Timmer MSM, El Oualid F, van Well RM, Verdoes M, Spalburg E, van Hooft PAV, de Neeling AJ, Noort D, van Boom JH, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. A practical synthesis of gramicidin s and sugar amino Acid containing analogues. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7851-9. [PMID: 15527261 DOI: 10.1021/jo0487449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical gram-scale and high-yielding synthesis of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S is presented. An Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis protocol is employed for the generation of the linear decapeptide precursor, which is cyclized in solution to afford the target compound. The versatility of our method is demonstrated by the construction of eight gramicidin S analogues (15a-h) having nonproteinogenic sugar amino acid residues (4-7) incorporated in the turn regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Grotenbreg GM, Christina AE, Buizert AEM, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. Synthesis and Application of Carbohydrate-Derived Morpholine Amino Acids†. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8331-9. [PMID: 15549804 DOI: 10.1021/jo048630x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of series of diversely functionalized epsilon-morpholine amino acids (MAAs, 5a-h) starting from an epsilon-sugar amino acid and following a two-step oxidative glycol cleavage/reductive amination strategy, is described. In an alternative synthetic scheme, diastereoisomerically pure delta-MAAs (12a,b) were obtained. Oligopeptides containing MAAs were prepared either by direct incorporation of a MAA building block or by subjecting a fully assembled SAA-containing peptide to the two-step glycol cleavage/reductive amination procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Grotenbreg GM, Timmer MSM, Llamas-Saiz AL, Verdoes M, van der Marel GA, van Raaij MJ, Overkleeft HS, Overhand M. An unusual reverse turn structure adopted by a furanoid sugar amino acid incorporated in gramicidin S. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:3444-6. [PMID: 15025470 DOI: 10.1021/ja0397254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new reverse turn, replacing one of the native type II' beta-turns in the cyclic peptide antibiotic gramicidin S, induced by a furanoid sugar amino acid is revealed. The C3-hydroxyl function plays a pivotal role by acting as a H-bond acceptor, consequently flipping the amide bond between residues i and i + 1, as was established by NMR and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Overkleeft HS, Overhand M, Grotenbreg GM, Tuin AW, Witte MD, Leeuwenburgh MA, van Boom JH, van der Marel GA. An Expeditious Route Towards Pyranopyran Sugar Amino Acids. Synlett 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-820021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Grotenbreg GM, Spalburg E, de Neeling AJ, van der Marel GA, Overkleeft HS, van Boom JH, Overhand M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel turn-modified gramicidin S analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2835-41. [PMID: 12788356 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel gramicidin S analogues having additional functionalities in the turn region by employing a biomimetic approach is described. The preservation of beta-sheet character in all analogues was established by NMR and the biological activity was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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