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Rendina F, Falace A, Alongi G, Buia MC, Neiva J, Appolloni L, Marletta G, Russo GF. The Lush Fucales Underwater Forests off the Cilento Coast: An Overlooked Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1497. [PMID: 37050123 PMCID: PMC10096796 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fucales (Phaeophyceae) are ecosystem engineers and forest-forming macroalgae whose populations are declining dramatically. In the Mediterranean Sea, Cystoseira sensu lato (s.l.)-encompassing the genera Cystoseira sensu stricto, Ericaria, and Gongolaria-is the most diverse group, and many species have been shown to be locally extinct in many areas, resulting in a shift toward structurally less complex habitats with the consequent loss of ecosystem functions and services. In this study, we report on the extensive occurrence of healthy and dense marine forests formed by Fucales in the Santa Maria di Castellabate Marine Protected Area in Cilento, Italy (Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean). On a total area of 129.45 ha, 10 Cystoseira s.l. taxa were detected using a combined morphological and molecular approach, with an average cover of more than 70%. One of these taxa has been sequenced for the first time. These findings underline the high ecological value of this area as a hotspot of benthic biodiversity and highlight the importance of marine protected area management and regional monitoring programs to ensure the conservation of these valuable yet fragile coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rendina
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Falace
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CoNISMa National Inter University Consortium for Marine Sciences, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Alongi
- CoNISMa National Inter University Consortium for Marine Sciences, 00196 Roma, Italy
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | - João Neiva
- Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luca Appolloni
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Marletta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fulvio Russo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80143 Naples, Italy
- CoNISMa National Inter University Consortium for Marine Sciences, 00196 Roma, Italy
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. New observations on two umbraculid molluscs: Tylodina perversa (Umbraculida: Tylodinidae) and Umbraculum umbraculum (Umbraculida, Umbraculidae) along the central‑eastern coast of Sicily. TRAVAUX 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/travaux.65.e91185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present note aims to provide detailed information on the biology and ecology of two marine heterobranch species belonging to the order Umbraculida: Umbraculum umbraculum and Tylodina perversa. The observations were carried out through scuba dives from 2017 to May 2022 in 5 sites located along the central-eastern coast of Sicily. For each species, information on the morphology, abundance, bathymetric range, substrates and habitats, seasonality, and further remarks were here provided. Through this research, it was noted that along the central-eastern coast of Sicily, T. perversa has never been found on sponges of the genus Aplysina, its prey so far documented, but always on algal substrates. Regarding U. umbraculum, it was observed that it counts among the sponges of its diet also the poriferan C. crambe. Moreover, through this study, it was documented for the first time the breeding activity of U. umbraculum, never reported in detail.
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Marletta G. Status of shallow Fucales (Ochrophyta) assemblages in the bay of Brucoli, eastern coast of Sicily (Ionian Sea). Biodiversity Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.4.1011.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. Contribution to the knowledge of Pleurobranchus testudinarius Cantraine,1835 (Gastropoda Pleurobranchida) along the central- eastern coast of Sicily (Ionian Sea). Biodiversity Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.4.905.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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5
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. The sacoglossans (Gastropoda Heterobranchia) of the central- eastern coast of Sicily (Ionian Sea). Biodiversity Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.3.705.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. Contribution to the knowledge of Bosellia mimetica Trinchese, 1891 (Gastropoda Sacoglossa) and its seasonality along the central-eastern coast of Sicily (Ionian Sea). Biodiversity Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2021.12.2.335.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Costanzo LG, Marletta G, Alongi G. Non-indigenous macroalgal species in coralligenous habitats of the Marine Protected Area Isole Ciclopi (Sicily, Italy). IB 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/italianbotanist.11.60474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are considered one of the main threats for biodiversity. In the last decades, more than 60 macroalgae have been introduced in the Mediterranean Sea, causing serious problems in coastal areas. Nevertheless, the impacts of alien macroalgae in deep subtidal systems have been poorly studied, especially in the coralligenous habitats of the eastern coast of Sicily (Italy). Therefore, within the framework of the programme “Progetto Operativo di Monitoraggio (P.O.M.)” of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the aim of the present study was to gain knowledge on the alien macroalgae present in coralligenous habitats of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Isole Ciclopi, along the Ionian coast of Sicily. By Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) videos and destructive samples analysed in the laboratory, five alien species were identified: Caulerpa cylindracea, Antithamnion amphigeneum, Asparagopsis armata, Bonnemaisonia hamifera, and Lophocladia lallemandii. Since A. amphigeneum was previously reported only in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea, the present report represents the first record of this species in the eastern Mediterranean. The ROV surveys showed that the alien species do not have a high coverage and do not appear to be invasive in the coralligenous area of the MPA. Since ocean temperatures are predicted to increase as climate change continues and alien species are favoured by warming of the Mediterranean Sea, the risk of biotic homogenisation caused by the spread of alien species is realistic. Therefore, further studies are needed to assess the incidence and invasiveness of alien species in phytobenthic assemblages of coralligenous in the MPA.
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Costanzo LG, Marletta G, Alongi G. Ecological Status of Coralligenous Macroalgal Assemblages in the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Isole Ciclopi (Ionian Sea). Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:329. [PMID: 33572059 PMCID: PMC7915808 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The coralligenous habitat represents one of the most important hotspots of Mediterranean biodiversity. However, along the Ionian coast of Sicily (Italy) the coralligenous macroalgal assemblages have always been poorly studied. The present study was carried out in the coralligenous habitat of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) Isole Ciclopi, located along the central-eastern coast of Sicily. Previously, only a few floristic studies, including some data on the coralligenous flora, were conducted within this MPA in the 1970s and 2001. Therefore, the present study aimed to gain an updated knowledge on the coralligenous flora and to compare the current data with data derived from the previous floristic studies, to observe if in the last 50 years environmental changes occurred and to monitor the effectiveness of the MPA in protecting this habitat. In particular, the coralligenous flora of the MPA was analyzed through remotely operated vehicles (ROV) surveys and destructive samples. ROV surveys allow us to observe that the coralligenous assemblages of the MPA are well-structured, especially regarding the encrusting Rhodophyta, which showed the highest percent cover among the main morphological groups/taxa. Through the sample analysis in the laboratory, a total of 92 taxa has been recorded. Comparing the floristic lists of the present research and the past studies, an increase of local biodiversity was highlighted. Nevertheless, an increment of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS), warm-water species, and Rhodophyta with wide ecological valence was also noted. The main causes of these variations in the coralligenous flora have been traced back to reduced water transparency, maybe due to sedimentation, and a rise in the seawater temperature. Therefore, although the coralligenous assemblages of the MPA Isole Ciclopi appear to be well-structured, future studies will be necessary to continue monitoring this habitat to evaluate whether the MPA is effective in safeguarding this hotspot of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giuseppe Costanzo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania Via Empedocle, 58-95128 Catania, Italy; (L.G.C.); (G.A.)
- Marine Protected Area “Isole Ciclopi”, Via Dante, 28-95021 Aci Castello, Italy
| | - Giuliana Marletta
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania Via Empedocle, 58-95128 Catania, Italy; (L.G.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Giuseppina Alongi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania Via Empedocle, 58-95128 Catania, Italy; (L.G.C.); (G.A.)
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. New data on the seasonality of Flabellina affinis (Gmelin, 1791) and Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda Nudibranchia) in the Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean. Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.4.1045.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. First record of Aporodoris millegrana (Alder et Hancock, 1854) (Gastropoda Heterobranchia Nudibranchia) in the Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea. Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.4.875.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. The biodiversity of the marine Heterobranchia fauna along the central-eastern coast of Sicily, Ionian Sea. Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.4.861.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Lombardo A, Marletta G, Leonardi G. Seasonality of Edmundsella pedata (Montagu, 1816) (Nudibranchia Flabellinidae) along the Ionian coasts of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea). Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.2.631.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. New records of Biuve fulvipunctata (Baba, 1938) (Gastropoda Cephalaspidea) and Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Perez et Llera, 1982 (Gastropoda Nudibranchia) in the Ionian coasts of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea. Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.2.587.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. First record of Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli et Crocetta, 2019 (Gastropoda Nudibranchia Goniodorididae) for Sicily (Ionian Sea, Italy). Biodiversity Journal 2020. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2020.11.1.17.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Protein immobilization in a specific conformation or orientation at an interface is influenced by specific interactions with the outer layer of the surface. A strategy to build-up a complex construct which is able to orient protein molecules, based on metal-cation chelation processes, is reported. The proposed methodology implies the formation of a mercaptoundecanoic acid monolayer on a gold surface that is activated to attach covalently the tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) on the surface, whose sites are then employed to chelate copper ions, providing a selective platform for the orientation of human serum albumin (HSA) molecules. The protein adsorption process on GHK and GHK-Cu(II)-complex surfaces was monitored by the in situ quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and force spectroscopy technique. The changes in frequency and dissipation factor as well as the D- f plots from QCM-D measurements help to characterize the changes in the protein conformation and are confirmed by force curve spectroscopy results. An improved kinetic model, based on random sequential adsorption with variable protein footprints, has been developed to predict and simulate the experimentally found HSA average surface coverage onto the GHK and GHK-Cu(II)-complex surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tuccitto
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - G M L Messina
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - G Li-Destri
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
| | - A Wietecka
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
- Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan , Umultowska 89b , PL-61-614 Poznan , Poland
| | - G Marletta
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania and CSGI , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , 95125 Catania , Italy
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. A new Atlantic immigrant in the Mediterranean Sea: Pleurobranchus wirtzi Ortea, Moro et Caballer, 2014 (Gastropoda Pleurobranchida). Biodiversity Journal 2019. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2019.10.3.275.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Lombardo A, Marletta G. Presence of the alien species Godiva quadricolor (Barnard, 1927) (Gastropoda Nudibranchia Facelinidae) along the coast of eastern Sicily. Biodiversity Journal 2019. [DOI: 10.31396/biodiv.jour.2019.10.2.147.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Forte G, Messina G, Zamuner A, Dettin M, Grassi A, Marletta G. Surface-driven first-step events of nanoscale self-assembly for molecular peptide fibers: An experimental and theoretical study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 168:148-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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19
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Giamblanco N, Petralia S, Conoci S, Messineo C, Marletta G. Ionic strength-controlled hybridization and stability of hybrids of KRAS DNA single-nucleotides: A surface plasmon resonance study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:41-46. [PMID: 28662393 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The discrimination of a fully matched, unlabeled KRAS wild-type (WT) (C-G) target sample with respect to three of the most frequent KRAS codon mutations (G12 S (C-A), G12 R (C-C), G12C (C-T)) was investigated using an optimized detection strategy involving surface plasmon resonance (SPR), based on optimized probe-surface density and ionic strength control. The changes observed in the SPR signal were always larger for WT compared with the single-mismatch target DNA oligonucleotides, and were aligned with the theoretical energy differences between the base pair C-G, C-T, C-A, C-C. Hybridization rates of ∼106M-1s-1 were detected without the introduction of high temperature and labels, usually needed in conventional hybridization methods. One hundred percent mutation discrimination of the matched KRAS wild-type (C-G) sequence with respect to three mismatched G12C (C-T), G12 S (C-A), G12 R (C-C) target sequences was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giamblanco
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6 - 95129 Catania, Italy.
| | - S Petralia
- STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - S Conoci
- STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy.
| | - C Messineo
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6 - 95129 Catania, Italy
| | - G Marletta
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6 - 95129 Catania, Italy
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Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces offer a great deal in view of the control of biological processes at subcellular level. An innovative methodology has been developed to fabricate large-scale hexagonally close-packed arrays of polymer/gold nanowells of tunable diameter and depth, ranging between about 70 and 100 nm (diameter) and 15 and 40 nm (depth). Nanowell volumes down to 0.3 attolitres and nanowell densities as high as ∼10(9) wells per cm(2) could also be demonstrated. The present paper investigates the main features of protein trapping processes within the obtained nanowell arrays. Selective protein trapping, also involving orientation and biofunctionality changes, appears to be induced by the nanoconfinement. Nanomorphology measurements and antibody preferential linkages are demonstrated for human serum albumin versus lysozyme, the first being efficiently trapped within the nanocavities and the second being preferentially deposited outside them. The selective protein-dependent trapping/untrapping within the nanowells is discussed in terms of the variation in the out-diffusion coefficients of the biomolecules entering the nanowells, either as a function of the matching/mismatching of the biomolecules and nanocavity dimensions, or, alternatively, owing to the drastic conformational changes due to nanoconfinement. In this case, the trapping of large and soft human serum albumin is privileged with respect to the small and hard lysozyme. Furthermore, the observed peculiar antibody response to the confined proteins is accounted for in terms of the enhancement of their biological response following the modified accessibility of the key epitopes, which in turn suggests drastic conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M L Messina
- Laboratory of Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Messina GML, De Zotti M, Lettieri R, Gatto E, Venanzi M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Marletta G. Design of lipidic platforms anchored within nanometric cavities by peptide hooks. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06054d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A stable confinement of liposomes within arrays of hybrid polymer/Au nanocavities was achieved using peptide hooks covalently linked to the Au floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. L. Messina
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnologies (LAMSUN)
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- Center for Colloids and Surface Science (CSGI)
- 95129 Catania
| | - M. De Zotti
- ICB Padova Unit
- CNR
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
| | - R. Lettieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies
- University of Rome “Tor Vergata”
- CSGI
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - E. Gatto
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies
- University of Rome “Tor Vergata”
- CSGI
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - M. Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies
- University of Rome “Tor Vergata”
- CSGI
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - F. Formaggio
- ICB Padova Unit
- CNR
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
| | - C. Toniolo
- ICB Padova Unit
- CNR
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Padova
- 35131 Padova
| | - G. Marletta
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnologies (LAMSUN)
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- Center for Colloids and Surface Science (CSGI)
- 95129 Catania
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22
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Torrisi V, Graillot A, Vitorazi L, Crouzet Q, Marletta G, Loubat C, Berret JF. Preventing Corona Effects: Multiphosphonic Acid Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers for Stable Stealth Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3171-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500832q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Torrisi
- Matière
et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis
Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
- Laboratory
for Molecular Surfaces and
Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - A. Graillot
- Specific
Polymers,
ZAC Via Domitia, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - L. Vitorazi
- Matière
et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis
Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Q. Crouzet
- Specific
Polymers,
ZAC Via Domitia, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - G. Marletta
- Laboratory
for Molecular Surfaces and
Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania and CSGI, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - C. Loubat
- Specific
Polymers,
ZAC Via Domitia, 150 Avenue des Cocardières, 34160 Castries, France
| | - J.-F. Berret
- Matière
et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis
Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
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Dettin M, Zamuner A, Iucci G, Messina GML, Battocchio C, Picariello G, Gallina G, Marletta G, Castagliuolo I, Brun P. Driving h-osteoblast adhesion and proliferation on titania: peptide hydrogels decorated with growth factors and adhesive conjugates. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:585-94. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dettin
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padua; Padua 35131 Italy
| | - A. Zamuner
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padua; Padua 35131 Italy
| | - G. Iucci
- Department of Physics; University ‘Roma Tre’; Rome 00146 Italy
| | - G. M. L. Messina
- Department of Chemistry; University of Catania; Catania 95125 Italy
| | - C. Battocchio
- Department of Physics; University ‘Roma Tre’; Rome 00146 Italy
| | - G. Picariello
- Institute of Food Sciences; CNR; Avellino 83100 Italy
| | - G. Gallina
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Padua; Padua 35131 Italy
| | - G. Marletta
- Department of Chemistry; University of Catania; Catania 95125 Italy
| | - I. Castagliuolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Padua 35121 Italy
| | - P. Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Padua 35121 Italy
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Sbrana F, Fotia C, Bracalello A, Baldini N, Marletta G, Ciapetti G, Bochicchio B, Vassalli M. Multiscale characterization of a chimeric biomimetic polypeptide for stem cell culture. Bioinspir Biomim 2012; 7:046007. [PMID: 22917962 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/7/4/046007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have attracted great interest in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of their multipotentiality and relative ease of isolation from adult tissues. The medical application of this cellular system requires the inclusion in a growth and delivery scaffold that is crucial for the clinical effectiveness of the therapy. In particular, the ideal scaffolding material should have the needed porosity and mechanical strength to allow a good integration with the surrounding tissues, but it should also assure high biocompatibility and full resorbability. For such a purpose, protein-inspired biomaterials and, in particular, elastomeric-derived polypeptides are playing a major role, in which they are expected to fulfil many of the biological and mechanical requirements. A specific chimeric protein, designed starting from elastin, resilin and collagen sequences, was characterized over different length scales. Single-molecule mechanics, aggregation properties and compatibility with human mesenchymal stem cells were tested, showing that the engineered compound is a good candidate as a stem cell scaffold to be used in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sbrana
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genova, Italy
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25
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Tuccitto N, Marletta G, Carnazza S, Grasso L, Caratozzolo M, Guglielmino S, Licciardello A. ToF-SIMS imaging of surface self-organized fractal patterns of bacteria. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Karakecili A, Satriano C, Gumusderelioglu M, Marletta G. Relationship between the fibroblastic behaviour and surface properties of RGD-immobilized PCL membranes. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18:317-9. [PMID: 17323164 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-006-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) membranes were modified with the cell adhesive peptide RGD by chemical immobilization technique. The roughness and hydrophilicity were increased after RGD immobilization and an improved cell attachment was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karakecili
- Chemical Engineering Dept., Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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27
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Marletta G, Ciapetti G, Satriano C, Perut F, Salerno M, Baldini N. Improved osteogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal cells cultured on ion-induced chemically structured poly-ε-caprolactone. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1132-40. [PMID: 17118444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control cell proliferation/differentiation, using material surface, is a main goal in tissue engineering. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attachment, proliferation and differentiation to the osteoblastic phenotype of human marrow stromal cells (MSC) when seeded on poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) thin films before and after irradiation with 10 keV He+. The polymeric surface was characterized as surface chemical structure and composition, roughness and morphology on the micro- and nano-scale, wettability and surface free energy parameters. MSC were obtained from patients undergoing routine hip replacement surgery, expanded in vitro and cultured on untreated PCL and He+ irradiated PCL films for up to 4-5 weeks in osteogenic medium. He+-irradiation led to slight smoothening of the surface and different nanoscale surface chemical structure, while surface free energy resulted unchanged in comparison to untreated PCL. The results from biological testing demonstrated that early attachment and further proliferation, as well as osteoblastic markers, were higher for MSC on He+-irradiated PCL. In conclusion, the change of PCL surface properties induced by ion beam irradiation is confirmed to enhance the adhesion of MSC and support their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Marletta
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and CSGI, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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28
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Ciapetti G, Ambrosio L, Marletta G, Baldini N, Giunti A. Human bone marrow stromal cells: In vitro expansion and differentiation for bone engineering. Biomaterials 2006; 27:6150-60. [PMID: 16965811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stromal cells from marrow hold a great promise for bone regeneration. Even if they are already being exploited in many clinical settings, the biological basis for the source and maintenance of their proliferation/differentiation potential after in vitro isolation and expansion needs further investigation. Most studies on osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells (MSC) have been performed using bone marrow from the iliac crest. In this study, MSC were derived from spare femoral bone marrow obtained during hip replacement surgery from 20 adult donors. After in vitro isolation the cells were grown in osteogenic medium, and their proliferation and differentiation analysed during in vitro expansion. We found that MSC isolated from the femur of adult patients consistently maintain an osteogenic potential. Using biochemical signals, these cells turn to fully differentiated osteoblasts with a predictable set of molecular and phenotypic events of in vitro bone deposition. When seeded on polycaprolactone-based scaffold or surfaces, the proliferation and mineralization of femur-derived MSC were modulated by the surface chemistry/topography. Despite remarkable differences between individual colony-forming ability, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization ability, these cells are a potential source for bone engineering, either by direct autologous reimplantation or by ex vivo expansion and reimplantation combined to a proper scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ciapetti
- Laboratory for Pathophysiology of Orthopaedic Implants, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, University of Bologna, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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29
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Puglisi O, Marletta G, Torrisi A, Foti G, Torrisi L. Nuclear and electronic energy loss of noble gas ions bombarding solid benzene and relative chemical effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00337578208216812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Satriano C, Messina G, Carnazza S, Guglielmino S, Marletta G. Bacterial adhesion onto nanopatterned polymer surfaces. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2005.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Miano F, Winlove CP, Lambusta D, Marletta G. Viscoelastic properties of insoluble amphiphiles at the air/water interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 296:269-75. [PMID: 16168432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the presence of a molecular monolayer on the dilatational properties of the air/water interface have been investigated. Two water insoluble amphiphiles, dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline and quercetin 3-O-palmitate, were spread onto a pendant drop and the dynamic surface pressure was measured by means of drop shape analysis. The surface dilatational elasticity and viscosity of the spread monolayers were also determined by the oscillating drop technique. Constraints on the range of measuring conditions were investigated and we demonstrated that the pressure-area isotherms derived from oscillatory dynamic measurements display phase behaviour similar to that found in equilibrium measurements, albeit at reduced resolution. Both the amphiphiles formed purely elastic films that were characterised by a dilatational modulus that depended on the surface concentration and obeyed a power scaling law. The exponent of the relationship could be related to the thermodynamic conditions prevailing at the interface. The phospholipid monolayer scaling exponent was 2.8 in a temperature range of 20-26 degrees C indicates a favourable solvency of molecules in the bidimensional matrix. A very high scaling exponent (11.8 at 7 degrees C) for quercetin palmitate was interpreted assuming that molecules self-organise in fibre-like structures. This interface structure and the phase behaviour was found consistent with observations of the surface film obtained by Brewster angle microscopy. The structured quercetin 3-O-palmitate monolayers are disrupted by temperature increase or by adding a 0.2 molar fraction of the immiscible dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miano
- SIFI S.p.A., via E. Patti 36, 95020 Lavinaio (CT), Italy.
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32
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Satriano C, Manso M, Gambino GL, Rossi F, Marletta G. Adsorption of a cell-adhesive oligopeptide on polymer surfaces irradiated by ion beams. Biomed Mater Eng 2005; 15:87-99. [PMID: 15623933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption behavior of H-Arg-Gly-Asp-OH (RGD) oligopeptide on ion-irradiated polymer surfaces has been studied. The RGD-incubated surfaces of poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) and poly(hydroxymethylsiloxane) (PHMS) thin films, before and after irradiation with 50 keV Ar+ to 1x10(15) ions/cm2, were investigated by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. It was found that no significant adsorption occurs on PET, while a measurable amount of RGD is preferentially adsorbed onto irradiated PHMS surfaces. The evaluated surface coverage was found to range between 5 and 12%. In situ adsorption measurements performed by using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring technique showed that the irradiation induced remarkable changes of mass uptake with respect to the unirradiated surfaces, mostly attributed to the change in the water adsorption capability of the irradiated surfaces. The adsorption results are discussed in terms of the ion-induced changes on the morphology, chemical structure and composition, surface free energy and surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Satriano
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology (LAMSUN), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Satriano C, Spinella N, Manso M, Licciardello A, Rossi F, Marletta G. Ion beam induced nanometric structure and oligopeptide adsorption on patterned polymer surfaces. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2003.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Satriano C, Marletta G, Carnazza S, Guglielmino S. Protein adsorption and fibroblast adhesion on irradiated polysiloxane surfaces. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2003; 14:663-670. [PMID: 15348405 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024999213426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A very peculiar case of differential cell response towards polysiloxane surfaces of very similar composition is investigated. Poly(hydroxymethylsiloxane) (PHMS) surfaces treated either by O(2)-plasma or 6 keV Ar(+)-beams have been used to test the adhesion, proliferation and spreading of human fibroblasts. The surface chemical structure and nanomorphology were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface free energy measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In spite of the close compositional and morphological similarity of the modified surfaces, the viability of the adhered cells, evaluated by means of optical microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy, was found to be very different in the two cases. The study of the features of the adsorbed protein adlayer on the two types of surfaces was performed by XPS and AFM and indicated that the overall cell behavior is connected to a quite different protein aggregation process, occurring respectively on the plasma- and Ar(+)-modified polysiloxane surfaces. It is suggested that the specific biological response of the modified surfaces is determined by the chemical structure at the nanometric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Satriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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35
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Pignataro B, Licciardello A, Cataldo S, Marletta G. SPM and TOF-SIMS investigation of the physical and chemical modification induced by tip writing of self-assembled monolayers. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(02)00227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Auditore A, Satriano C, Coscia U, Ambrosone G, Parisi V, Marletta G. Human serum albumin adsorption onto a-SiC:H and a-C:H thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Biomol Eng 2002; 19:85-90. [PMID: 12202167 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(02)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we report the study of the adsorption behavior of a model protein such as human serum albumin (HSA) onto surfaces of a-SiC:H and a-C:H thin films deposited by using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique. The surface composition and surface energy of the various substrates as well as the evaluation of the adsorbed amount of protein has been carried out by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements. It has been found that HSA tends to preferentially adsorb on Si-rich surfaces, as far as the relative amount of adsorbed HSA decreases with increasing S-C concentration. Preliminary elements of mechanistic models are proposed for the correlation between chemical factors and the observed protein adsorption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Auditore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, v. A.Doria, 6-95125 Catania, Italy
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37
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Pignataro B, Grasso G, Renna L, Marletta G. Adhesion properties on nanometric scale of silicon oxide and silicon nitride surfaces modified by 1-octadecene. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Abstract
A very strong improvement of the cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation was observed for ion beam irradiated surfaces of polyethersulphones and polyurethane. The improvement shows a characteristic ion fluence-dependence with a threshold around 1 x 10(15) ions cm-2. We have compared this improvement of surface cytocompatibility with the various ion-induced chemical and physical modifications of the polymeric surfaces, taking into account their characteristic fluence-dependence. The irradiation induced a severe compositional and chemical modification of the polymeric surfaces as detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Contact angle measurements showed that the surface free energy was strongly modified by ion irradiation. The fluence-dependent formation of a hydrogenated amorphous carbon phase was demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. Our findings indicate that neither the simple modification of the functional groups nor the mere elemental composition nor the modification of the surface free energy can explain the observed fluence-dependence of the cell adhesion enhancement. On the contrary, we show that this enhancement correlates with the formation of a highly specific ion-induced 'unsaturated' a-C:H phase. According to these findings, we suggest that the formation of a substantial amount of hydrogenated amorphous carbon phases is the major factor promoting the cytocompatibility of ion irradiated polymer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, University of Catania, Italy
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39
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T�th A, Khotimsky VS, Bert�ti I, Marletta G. Particle-beam treatment of organosilicon gas separation membranes: A novel way of controlling their mass transport properties. J Appl Polym Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960613)60:11<1883::aid-app12>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Bottaro G, Marletta G, Rotolo N, Spina M, Azzaro F, Castiglione N, Patanè R. [Blood beta-carotene after oral administration of carotenoids. A dynamic test of lipid absorption]. Pediatr Med Chir 1992; 14:311-4. [PMID: 1528800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Authors report a method on the functional investigation of intestinal epithelium, based upon the dosage of serum carotene levels after administration of carotenoids. This test takes advantage of the modality of beta-carotene absorption that it behaves like a lipid. The "beta-carotene test" has demonstrated, as regards to T.A.R.T., great sensibility and specificity over 90%. It doesn't show value overlapping between normal and coeliac children and also it shows good compliance of children and simplicity in laboratory determination. For all these characteristics the Authors suggest the utilization of "beta-carotene test" as screening tool of malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bottaro
- Clinica Pediatrica l, Università di Catania, Italia
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41
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42
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Pappalardo G, Cicciù D, Caltabiano M, Marletta G. [An ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) study of the degradation of the surface of glass ionomeric cements in a wet environment]. Minerva Stomatol 1984; 33:635-44. [PMID: 6593584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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43
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Torrisi A, Marletta G, Puglisi O, Pignataro S. ESCA study of the adhesion of Ag, Cu and Ni to polysiloxane resins used in the semiconductor industry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.740050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Marletta G, Finocchiaro P, Libertini E, Recca A. Esca studies on the structure of amorphous addition complexes of tin dichloride with aromatic schiff bases. Polyhedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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