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Palm EC, Landguth EL, Holden ZA, Day CC, Lamb CT, Frame PF, Morehouse AT, Mowat G, Proctor MF, Sawaya MA, Stenhouse G, Whittington J, Zeller KA. Corridor-based approach with spatial cross-validation reveals scale-dependent effects of geographic distance, human footprint and canopy cover on grizzly bear genetic connectivity. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5211-5227. [PMID: 37602946 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how human infrastructure and other landscape attributes affect genetic differentiation in animals is an important step for identifying and maintaining dispersal corridors for these species. We built upon recent advances in the field of landscape genetics by using an individual-based and multiscale approach to predict landscape-level genetic connectivity for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) across ~100,000 km2 in Canada's southern Rocky Mountains. We used a genetic dataset with 1156 unique individuals genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to identify landscape characteristics that influence grizzly bear gene flow at multiple spatial scales and map predicted genetic connectivity through a matrix of rugged terrain, large protected areas, highways and a growing human footprint. Our corridor-based modelling approach used a machine learning algorithm that objectively parameterized landscape resistance, incorporated spatial cross validation and variable selection and explicitly accounted for isolation by distance. This approach avoided overfitting, discarded variables that did not improve model performance across withheld test datasets and spatial predictive capacity compared to random cross-validation. We found that across all spatial scales, geographic distance explained more variation in genetic differentiation in grizzly bears than landscape variables. Human footprint inhibited connectivity across all spatial scales, while open canopies inhibited connectivity at the broadest spatial scale. Our results highlight the negative effect of human footprint on genetic connectivity, provide strong evidence for using spatial cross-validation in landscape genetics analyses and show that multiscale analyses provide additional information on how landscape variables affect genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Palm
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, US Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Erin L Landguth
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | - Casey C Day
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Clayton T Lamb
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul F Frame
- Fish and Wildlife Stewardship Branch, Government of Alberta, Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Garth Mowat
- Wildlife & Habitat Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development, Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, UBC Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jesse Whittington
- Parks Canada, Banff National Park Resource Conservation, Banff, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katherine A Zeller
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, US Forest Service, Missoula, Montana, USA
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2
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Wilson AE, Michaud SA, Jackson AM, Stenhouse G, McClelland CJR, Coops NC, Janz DM. Protein biomarkers in serum as a conservation tool to assess reproduction: a case study on brown bears ( Ursus arctos). Conserv Physiol 2021; 9:coab091. [PMID: 34888057 PMCID: PMC8651255 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the reproductive characteristics of a species can complement existing conservation strategies by understanding the mechanisms underlying demography. However, methodology to determine important aspects of female reproductive biology is often absent in monitoring programs for large mammals. Protein biomarkers may be a useful tool to detect physiological changes that are indicative of reproductive state. This study aimed to identify protein biomarkers of reproductive status in serum collected from free-ranging female brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada, from 2001 to 2018. We hypothesized that the expression of proteins related to reproduction in addition to energetics and stress can be used to answer specific management-focused questions: (i) identify when a female is pregnant, (ii) detect if a female is lactating, (iii) determine age of sexual maturity (i.e. primiparity) and (iv) assess female fertility (i.e. reproduction rate). Furthermore, we investigated if silver spoon effects (favourable early life conditions provide fitness benefits through adulthood) could be determined using protein expression. A target panel of 19 proteins with established relationships to physiological function was measured by peptide-based analysis using liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and their differential expression was evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We found biomarkers of pregnancy (apolipoprotein B-100 and afamin), lactation (apolipoprotein B-100 and alpha-2-macroglobulin) and sexual maturity (corticosteroid-binding globulin), but there were no statistically significant relationships with protein expression and fertility. The expression of proteins related to reproduction (afamin) and energetics (vitamin-D binding protein) was associated with the nutritional quality of the individual's present habitat rather than their early life habitat. This study highlights potential biomarkers of reproductive status and provides additional methods for monitoring physiological function in wildlife to inform conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sarah A Michaud
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Angela M Jackson
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, Alberta T7V 1V3, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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3
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Wilson AE, Sergiel A, Selva N, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A, Stenhouse G, Janz DM. Correcting for enzyme immunoassay changes in long term monitoring studies. MethodsX 2021; 8:101212. [PMID: 34434735 PMCID: PMC8374155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are a common tool for measuring steroid hormones in wildlife due to their low cost, commercial availability, and rapid results. Testing technologies improve continuously, sometimes requiring changes in protocols or crucial assay components. Antibody replacement between EIA kits can cause differences in EIA sensitivity, which can hinder monitoring hormone concentration over time. The antibody in a common cortisol EIA kit used for long-term monitoring of stress in wildlife was replaced in 2014, causing differences in cross reactivity and standard curve concentrations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a method to standardize results following changes in EIA sensitivity. We validated this method using cortisol concentrations measured in the hair of brown bears (Ursus arctos).We used a simple linear regression to model the relationship between cortisol concentrations using kit 1 and kit 2. We found a linear relationship between the two kits (R2 = 0.85) and used the regression equation (kit2 = (0.98 × kit1) + 1.65) to predict cortisol concentrations in re-measured samples. Mean predicted percent error was 16% and 72% of samples had a predicted percent error <20%, suggesting that this method is well-suited for correcting changes in EIA sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E. Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Agnieszka Sergiel
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Høgskoleveien 12, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, 3800 Bø, Norway
- Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- fRI Research, Grizzly Bear Program, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton T7V 1V3, AB, Canada
| | - David M. Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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Zubiria Perez A, Bone C, Stenhouse G. Simulating multi-scale movement decision-making and learning in a large carnivore using agent-based modelling. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wilson AE, Wismer D, Stenhouse G, Coops NC, Janz DM. Landscape condition influences energetics, reproduction, and stress biomarkers in grizzly bears. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12124. [PMID: 34108541 PMCID: PMC8190091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental change has been shown to influence mammalian distribution, habitat use, and behavior; however, few studies have investigated the impact on physiological function. This study aimed to determine the influence of landscape condition on the expression of target proteins related to energetics, reproduction, and stress in grizzly bears. We hypothesized that changes in landscape condition explains protein expression. Skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada from 2013-2019 (n = 86 individuals). We used an information theoretic approach to develop 11 a priori candidate generalized linear mixed models to explain protein expression. We compared models using Akaike Information Criteria (AICc) weights and averaged models with ΔAICc < 2 for each protein. Food resources, represented by increased distance to coal mines and decreased crown closure, positively influenced energetic proteins (adiponectin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein). Proteins related to reproduction (ceruloplasmin and serpin B5) were positively associated with increased wetland and upland food resources in addition to movement, but negatively associated with increased distance to roads. One stress related protein, complement C3, was positively influenced by increased percent conifer. Given the need to detect emerging threats to wildlife, we suggest the assessment of physiological function will lead to improved monitoring of species in rapidly changing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E. Wilson
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Canada ,Toxicology Centre, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3 Canada
| | - Dan Wismer
- fRI Research, Grizzly Bear Program, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB T7V 1V3 Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- fRI Research, Grizzly Bear Program, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB T7V 1V3 Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - David M. Janz
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Canada ,Toxicology Centre, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3 Canada
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6
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Sorensen A, Denny C, McKay T, Stenhouse G. Response of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to pipelines in Alberta. Environ Manage 2021; 67:1158-1170. [PMID: 33738538 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research provides the first in-depth analysis of fine-scale grizzly bear habitat selection and movement patterns in response to the linear footprints cleared for below-ground pipelines in Alberta. Using an extensive set of GPS location data from collared grizzly bears, we were able to determine that grizzly bears selected for younger pipelines (mean age since last construction~6.5 years), which are known to have a greater abundance of important bear foods. Bears also selected for wider corridors that were disturbed for construction more than once. During the spring season, sex/age class was an important predictor of grizzly bear use of pipelines, with adult female bears more likely to use these features than other sex/age classes. Examination of movement patterns revealed that pipeline density influenced grizzly bears' movement rates and path straightness, particularly in the spring, when bears moved more slowly and movement paths were more tortuous in areas with higher pipeline densities. These movement patterns are consistent with foraging behavior and further indicate that bears are not exhibiting avoidance behaviors or displacement by pipeline features, and pipelines may be functioning as seasonally important foraging areas for grizzly bears in Alberta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Sorensen
- Wildlife Research Biologist, Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada.
| | - Catherine Denny
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - Tracy McKay
- Wildlife Biologist, Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Research Scientist and Program Lead, Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
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7
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Veeratterapillay R, Geraghty R, Pandian R, Roy C, Stenhouse G, Soomro N, Paez E, Rogers A, Page T, Rix D, Thomas D, Rai B. Ten-year oncological outcomes of diagnostic ureteroscopy prior to nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(21)01153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Phoebus I, Boulanger J, Eiken HG, Fløystad I, Graham K, Hagen SB, Sorensen A, Stenhouse G. Comparison of grizzly bear hair-snag and scat sampling along roads to inform wildlife population monitoring. Wildlife Biology 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Phoebus
- I. Phoebus (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-0298) ✉ , K. Graham, A. Sorensen and G. Stenhouse (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-4585), fRI Research Grizzly Bear Program, Hinton, AB, Canada
| | - John Boulanger
- J. Boulanger (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-1445), Integrated Ecological Research, Nelson, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- H. G. Eiken (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-3648), I. Fløystad (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-4265) and S. B. Hagen (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-7752), Norwegian Inst. of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Ida Fløystad
- H. G. Eiken (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-3648), I. Fløystad (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-4265) and S. B. Hagen (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-7752), Norwegian Inst. of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Karen Graham
- I. Phoebus (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-0298) ✉ , K. Graham, A. Sorensen and G. Stenhouse (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-4585), fRI Research Grizzly Bear Program, Hinton, AB, Canada
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- H. G. Eiken (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5368-3648), I. Fløystad (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0484-4265) and S. B. Hagen (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-7752), Norwegian Inst. of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Akershus, Norway
| | - Anja Sorensen
- I. Phoebus (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-0298) ✉ , K. Graham, A. Sorensen and G. Stenhouse (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-4585), fRI Research Grizzly Bear Program, Hinton, AB, Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- I. Phoebus (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-0298) ✉ , K. Graham, A. Sorensen and G. Stenhouse (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-4585), fRI Research Grizzly Bear Program, Hinton, AB, Canada
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9
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Pigeon KE, MacNearney D, Hebblewhite M, Musiani M, Neufeld L, Cranston J, Stenhouse G, Schmiegelow F, Finnegan L. The density of anthropogenic features explains seasonal and behaviour-based functional responses in selection of linear features by a social predator. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11437. [PMID: 32651419 PMCID: PMC7351780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic linear features facilitate access and travel efficiency for predators, and can influence predator distribution and encounter rates with prey. We used GPS collar data from eight wolf packs and characteristics of seismic lines to investigate whether ease-of-travel or access to areas presumed to be preferred by prey best explained seasonal selection patterns of wolves near seismic lines, and whether the density of anthropogenic features led to functional responses in habitat selection. At a broad scale, wolves showed evidence of habitat-driven functional responses by exhibiting greater selection for areas near low-vegetation height seismic lines in areas with low densities of anthropogenic features. We highlight the importance of considering landscape heterogeneity and habitat characteristics, and the functional response in habitat selection when investigating seasonal behaviour-based selection patterns. Our results support behaviour in line with search for primary prey during summer and fall, and ease-of-travel during spring, while patterns of selection during winter aligned best with ease-of-travel for the less-industrialized foothills landscape, and with search for primary prey in the more-industrialized boreal landscape. These results highlight that time-sensitive restoration actions on anthropogenic features can affect the probability of overlap between predators and threatened prey within different landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine E Pigeon
- fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada. .,Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory (GLEL), Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - D MacNearney
- fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada.,Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Hebblewhite
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - M Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - L Neufeld
- Parks Canada, Jasper National Park, Jasper, AB, Canada
| | - J Cranston
- Arctos Ecological Consultants, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - G Stenhouse
- fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada
| | - F Schmiegelow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Yukon Research Centre, Yukon University, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
| | - L Finnegan
- fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada
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10
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Wilson AE, Kearney S, Wismer D, Macbeth B, Stenhouse G, Coops NC, Janz DM. Population‐level monitoring of stress in grizzly bears between 2004 and 2014. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E. Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences University of Saskatchewan 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon SaskatchewanS7N 5B3Canada
| | - Sean Kearney
- Department of Forest Resource Management University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Dan Wismer
- Grizzly Bear Program Foothills Research Institute 1176 Switzer Drive Hinton AlbertaT7V 1V3Canada
| | - Bryan Macbeth
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development 2080 Labieux Road Nanaimo British ColumbiaV9T 6J9Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Grizzly Bear Program Foothills Research Institute 1176 Switzer Drive Hinton AlbertaT7V 1V3Canada
| | - Nicholas C. Coops
- Department of Forest Resource Management University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - David M. Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences University of Saskatchewan 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon SaskatchewanS7N 5B3Canada
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11
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Wilson AE, Michaud SA, Jackson AM, Stenhouse G, Coops NC, Janz DM. Development and validation of protein biomarkers of health in grizzly bears. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa056. [PMID: 32607241 PMCID: PMC7311831 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large carnivores play critical roles in the maintenance and function of natural ecosystems; however, the populations of many of these species are in decline across the globe. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel techniques that can be used as sensitive conservation tools to detect new threats to the health of individual animals well in advance of population-level effects. Our study aimed to determine the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress in the skin of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) using a liquid chromatography and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assay. We hypothesized that a suite of target proteins could be measured using this technique and that the expression of these proteins would be associated with biological (sex, age, sample location on body) and environmental (geographic area, season, sample year) variables. Small skin biopsies were collected from free-ranging grizzly bears in Alberta, Canada, from 2013 to 2019 (n = 136 samples from 111 individuals). Over 700 proteins were detected in the skin of grizzly bears, 19 of which were chosen as targets because of their established roles in physiological function. Generalized linear mixed model analysis was used for each target protein. Results indicate that sample year influenced the majority of proteins, suggesting that physiological changes may be driven in part by responses to changes in the environment. Season influenced the expression of proteins related to energetics, reproduction and stress, all of which were lower during fall compared to early spring. The expression of proteins related to energetics and stress varied by geographic area, while the majority of proteins that were affected by biological attributes (age class, sex and age class by sex interaction) were related to reproduction and stress. This study provides a novel method by which scientists and managers can further assess and monitor physiological function in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey E Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Sarah A Michaud
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Angela M Jackson
- The University of Victoria Genome BC Proteomics Centre, 4464 Markham St #3101, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Foothills Research Institute, Grizzly Bear Program, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, Alberta T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resource Management, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David M Janz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
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12
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Hornseth ML, Pigeon KE, MacNearney D, Larsen TA, Stenhouse G, Cranston J, Finnegan L. Motorized Activity on Legacy Seismic Lines: A Predictive Modeling Approach to Prioritize Restoration Efforts. Environ Manage 2018; 62:595-607. [PMID: 29752497 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural regeneration of seismic lines, cleared for hydrocarbon exploration, is slow and often hindered by vegetation damage, soil compaction, and motorized human activity. There is an extensive network of seismic lines in western Canada which is known to impact forest ecosystems, and seismic lines have been linked to declines in woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Seismic line restoration is costly, but necessary for caribou conservation to reduce cumulative disturbance. Understanding where motorized activity may be impeding regeneration of seismic lines will aid in prioritizing restoration. Our study area in west-central Alberta, encompassed five caribou ranges where restoration is required under federal species at risk recovery strategies, hence prioritizing seismic lines for restoration is of immediate conservation value. To understand patterns of motorized activity on seismic lines, we evaluated five a priori hypotheses using a predictive modeling framework and Geographic Information System variables across three landscapes in the foothills and northern boreal regions of Alberta. In the northern boreal landscape, motorized activity was most common in dry areas with a large industrial footprint. In highly disturbed areas of the foothills, motorized activity on seismic lines increased with low vegetation heights, relatively dry soils, and further from forest cutblocks, while in less disturbed areas of the foothills, motorized activity on seismic lines decreased proportional to seismic line density, slope steepness, and white-tailed deer abundance, and increased proportional with distance to roads. We generated predictive maps of high motorized activity, identifying 21,777 km of seismic lines where active restoration could expedite forest regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Hornseth
- Borealis Ecology, 12 First Ave, Orangeville, ON, L9W 1H8, Canada.
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada.
| | - K E Pigeon
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - D MacNearney
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - T A Larsen
- Grizzly Bear Program fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - G Stenhouse
- Grizzly Bear Program fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
| | - J Cranston
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, Biological Sciences Building University of Alberta, CW 405, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - L Finnegan
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, T7V 1V3, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Milligan
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research; 1176 Switzer Drive Hinton Alberta T7V 1V3 Canada
| | - Leonie Brown
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research; 1176 Switzer Drive Hinton Alberta T7V 1V3 Canada
| | - Dave Hobson
- Alberta Environment and Parks; Site 203, 111-54th Street Edson Alberta T7E 1T2 Canada
| | - Paul Frame
- Alberta Environment and Parks; 2nd Floor − 9920 108 St. Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research; 1176 Switzer Drive Hinton Alberta T7V 1V3 Canada
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Pigeon KE, Anderson M, MacNearney D, Cranston J, Stenhouse G, Finnegan L. Toward the Restoration of Caribou Habitat: Understanding Factors Associated with Human Motorized Use of Legacy Seismic Lines. Environ Manage 2016; 58:821-832. [PMID: 27590308 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-016-0763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Populations of boreal and southern mountain caribou in Alberta, Canada, are declining, and the ultimate cause of their decline is believed to be anthropogenic disturbance. Linear features are pervasive across the landscape, and of particular importance, seismic lines established in the 1900s (legacy seismic lines) are slow to regenerate. Off-highway vehicles are widely used on these seismic lines and can hamper vegetative re-growth because of ongoing physical damage, compaction, and active clearing. Restoration of seismic lines within caribou range is therefore a priority for the recovery of threatened populations in Alberta, but a triage-type approach is necessary to prioritize restoration and ensure conservation resources are wisely spent. To target restoration efforts, our objective was to determine factors that best explained levels of off-highway vehicles use on seismic lines intersecting roads. We investigated the relative importance of local topography, vegetation attributes of seismic lines, and broad-scale human factors such as the density of infrastructures and the proximity to recreation campsites and towns to explain the observed levels of off-highway vehicles use. We found that off-highway vehicles use was mainly associated with local topography and vegetation attributes of seismic lines that facilitated ease-of-travel. Broad-scale landscape attributes associated with industrial, recreation access, or hunting activities did not explain levels of off-highway vehicles use. Management actions aimed at promoting natural regeneration and reduce ease-of-travel on legacy seismic lines within caribou ranges can be beneficial to caribou recovery in Alberta, Canada, and we therefore recommend restrictions of off-highway vehicles use on low vegetation, dry seismic lines in caribou ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine E Pigeon
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6.
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6.
| | - Meghan Anderson
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6
| | - Doug MacNearney
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6
| | - Jerome Cranston
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B4
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Grizzly Bear Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6
| | - Laura Finnegan
- Caribou Program, fRI Research, 1176 Switzer Drive, Hinton, AB, Canada, T7V 1X6
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Jansen HT, Leise T, Stenhouse G, Pigeon K, Kasworm W, Teisberg J, Radandt T, Dallmann R, Brown S, Robbins CT. The bear circadian clock doesn't 'sleep' during winter dormancy. Front Zool 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 27660641 PMCID: PMC5026772 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most biological functions are synchronized to the environmental light:dark cycle via a circadian timekeeping system. Bears exhibit shallow torpor combined with metabolic suppression during winter dormancy. We sought to confirm that free-running circadian rhythms of body temperature (Tb) and activity were expressed in torpid grizzly (brown) bears and that they were functionally responsive to environmental light. We also measured activity and ambient light exposures in denning wild bears to determine if rhythms were evident and what the photic conditions of their natural dens were. Lastly, we used cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from captive torpid bears to assess molecular clock operation in peripheral tissues. Circadian parameters were estimated using robust wavelet transforms and maximum entropy spectral analyses. Results Captive grizzly bears housed in constant darkness during winter dormancy expressed circadian rhythms of activity and Tb. The rhythm period of juvenile bears was significantly shorter than that of adult bears. However, the period of activity rhythms in adult captive bears was virtually identical to that of adult wild denning bears as was the strength of the activity rhythms. Similar to what has been found in other mammals, a single light exposure during the bear’s active period delayed subsequent activity onsets whereas these were advanced when light was applied during the bear’s inactive period. Lastly, in vitro studies confirmed the expression of molecular circadian rhythms with a period comparable to the bear’s own behavioral rhythms. Conclusions Based on these findings we conclude that the circadian system is functional in torpid bears and their peripheral tissues even when housed in constant darkness, is responsive to phase-shifting effects of light, and therefore, is a normal facet of torpid bear physiology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0173-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko T Jansen
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Mailstop 7620, Veterinary and Biomedical Research Bldg., Room 205, Pullman, WA 99164-7620 USA
| | - Tanya Leise
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002 USA
| | | | - Karine Pigeon
- Foothills Research Institute, Hinton, AB T7V 1X6 Canada
| | | | | | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057 Switzerland ; Present address: Warwick Medical School and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Steven Brown
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, 8057 Switzerland
| | - Charles T Robbins
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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MacNearney D, Pigeon K, Stenhouse G, Nijland W, Coops NC, Finnegan L. Heading for the hills? Evaluating spatial distribution of woodland caribou in response to a growing anthropogenic disturbance footprint. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6484-6509. [PMID: 27777724 PMCID: PMC5058522 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic landscape change (i.e., disturbance) is recognized as an important factor in the decline and extirpation of wildlife populations. Understanding and monitoring the relationship between wildlife distribution and disturbance is necessary for effective conservation planning. Many studies consider disturbance as a covariate explaining wildlife behavior. However, we propose that there are several advantages to considering the spatial relationship between disturbance and wildlife directly using utilization distributions (UDs), including objective assessment of the spatially explicit overlap between wildlife and disturbance, and the ability to track trends in this relationship over time. Here, we examined how central mountain woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) distribution changed over time in relation to (i) anthropogenic disturbance, baseline range (defined using telemetry data from 1998 to 2005), and alpine habitat; and (ii) interannual climate variation (North Pacific Index; NPI). We developed seasonal UDs for caribou in west‐central Alberta and east‐central British Columbia, Canada, monitored with GPS collars between 1998 and 2013. We mapped the cumulative annual density of disturbance features within caribou range and used indices of overlap to determine the spatial relationship and trend between caribou UDs, anthropogenic disturbance, baseline range, alpine habitat, and the NPI. Anthropogenic disturbance increased over time, but the overlap between caribou UDs and disturbance did not. Caribou use of alpine habitat during spring, fall, and late winter increased over time, concurrent with a decrease in use of baseline range. Overlap between caribou UDs and disturbance increased during spring and fall following relatively cold, snowy winters (high NPI), but overall, climate did not explain changes in caribou distribution over time. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that caribou populations adjust their spatial distribution in relation to anthropogenic landscape change. Our findings could have implications for population persistence if distributional shifts result in greater use of alpine habitat during winter. Monitoring long‐term changes in the distribution of populations is a valuable component of conservation planning for species at risk in disturbed landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Pigeon
- fRI Research Caribou Program Hinton Alberta Canada; fRI Research Grizzly Bear Program Hinton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Wiebe Nijland
- Department of Forest Resources Management Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Abstract
Aims — To analyse the demographic data from fatalities arising directly from illicit drug abuse in the Grampian area and compare the findings with trends in drug seizures in Grampian to ascertain if these reflect the recorded deaths, and to attempt to identify a subgroup of the abusing population which might be at greater danger from overdose of controlled substances. Methods — Cases in which the cause of death was directly attributed to illicit drugs from the beginning of January 1995 until the end of December 1999 were identified, and their epidemiological and toxicological data were analysed. The information regarding drug seizures was gained from Home Office publications for the same time period. Results — One hundred and thirteen cases were retrieved consisting of 93 males and 20 females, aged 16 to 43 years (Median 25). The most commonly isolated substance was morphine followed by benzodiazepines. In 97 cases two or more drugs were involved with five cases showing positive toxicology for four or more drugs. Of the female deaths 75% fell into the 16 – 25 year age range. Drug seizures rose by 49% from 1995 to 1998 with both heroin and benzodiazepine seizures increasing by more than five fold in the same period. Conclusions — Deaths directly due to illicit drugs showed a significant increase over the study period and were concentrated in the young male population. The drug seizures increased but the extent of this was not mirrored in the deaths. A shift in emphasis to an older age group is also indicated; drug misuse educational programmes should continue to be targeted at all populations but information may also be targeted at the older age groups and at females under 25 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD.
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Rode KD, Stricker CA, Erlenbach J, Robbins CT, Cherry SG, Newsome SD, Cutting A, Jensen S, Stenhouse G, Brooks M, Hash A, Nicassio N. Isotopic Incorporation and the Effects of Fasting and Dietary Lipid Content on Isotopic Discrimination in Large Carnivorous Mammals. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:182-97. [DOI: 10.1086/686490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Erickson A, Nitschke C, Coops N, Cumming S, Stenhouse G. Past-century decline in forest regeneration potential across a latitudinal and elevational gradient in Canada. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Aarnes SG, Hagen SB, Andreassen R, Schregel J, Knappskog PM, Hailer F, Stenhouse G, Janke A, Eiken HG. Y-chromosomal testing of brown bears (Ursus arctos): Validation of a multiplex PCR-approach for nine STRs suitable for fecal and hair samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 19:197-204. [PMID: 26264959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution Y-chromosomal markers have been applied to humans and other primates to study population genetics, migration, social structures and reproduction. Y-linked markers allow the direct assessment of the genetic structure and gene flow of uniquely male inherited lineages and may also be useful for wildlife conservation and forensics, but have so far been available only for few wild species. Thus, we have developed two multiplex PCR reactions encompassing nine Y-STR markers identified from the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and tested them on hair, fecal and tissue samples. The multiplex PCR approach was optimized and analyzed for species specificity, sensitivity and stutter-peak ratios. The nine Y-STRs also showed specific STR-fragments for male black bears and male polar bears, while none of the nine markers produced any PCR products when using DNA from female bears or males from 12 other mammals. The multiplex PCR approach in two PCR reactions could be amplified with as low as 0.2 ng template input. Precision was high in DNA templates from hairs, fecal scats and tissues, with standard deviations less than 0.14 and median stutter ratios from 0.04 to 0.63. Among the eight di- and one tetra-nucleotide repeat markers, we detected simple repeat structures in seven of the nine markers with 9-25 repeat units. Allelic variation was found for eight of the nine Y-STRs, with 2-9 alleles for each marker and a total of 36 alleles among 453 male brown bears sampled mainly from Northern Europe. We conclude that the multiplex PCR approach with these nine Y-STRs would provide male bear Y-chromosomal specificity and evidence suited for samples from conservation and wildlife forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rune Andreassen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Frank Hailer
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Gordon Stenhouse
- Foothills Research Institute, 1176 Switzer Drive, Box 6330, Hinton, AB T7V 1X6, Canada
| | - Axel Janke
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Rovang S, Nielsen SE, Stenhouse G. In the trap: detectability of fixed hair trap DNA methods in grizzly bear population monitoring. Wildlife Biology 2015. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - C Ulbricht
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - M Khanna
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
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Stenhouse G, Walker M, Gupta C, Khanna M. Picture quiz. Traumatic knee injury. BMJ 2013; 347:f5303. [PMID: 24062186 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Department of Radiology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial NHS, London W21NY, UK.
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Stewart BP, Nelson TA, Laberee K, Nielsen SE, Wulder MA, Stenhouse G. Quantifying grizzly bear selection of natural and anthropogenic edges. J Wildl Manage 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Stewart
- Department of Geography; University of Victoria; PO Box 3050 STN CSC Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3P5
| | - Trisalyn A. Nelson
- Department of Geography; University of Victoria; PO Box 3050 STN CSC Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3P5
| | - Karen Laberee
- Department of Geography; University of Victoria; PO Box 3050 STN CSC Victoria BC, Canada V8W 3P5
| | - Scott E. Nielsen
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton, Alta. Canada T6G 2H1
| | - Michael A. Wulder
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre); Natural Resources Canada; Victoria BC, Canada V8Z 1M5
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Mace RD, Carney DW, Chilton-Radandt T, Courville SA, Haroldson MA, Harris RB, Jonkel J, Mclellan B, Madel M, Manley TL, Schwartz CC, Servheen C, Stenhouse G, Waller JS, Wenum E. Grizzly bear population vital rates and trend in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem, Montana. J Wildl Manage 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chow BA, Hamilton J, Cattet MR, Stenhouse G, Obbard ME, Vijayan MM. Serum corticosteroid binding globulin expression is modulated by fasting in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Proctor M, McLellan B, Boulanger J, Apps C, Stenhouse G, Paetkau D, Mowat G. Ecological investigations of grizzly bears in Canada using DNA from hair, 1995–2005: a review of methods and progress. URSUS 2010. [DOI: 10.2192/1537-6176-21.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chow BA, Hamilton J, Alsop D, Cattet MRL, Stenhouse G, Vijayan MM. Grizzly bear corticosteroid binding globulin: Cloning and serum protein expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:317-25. [PMID: 20347821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serum corticosteroid levels are routinely measured as markers of stress in wild animals. However, corticosteroid levels rise rapidly in response to the acute stress of capture and restraint for sampling, limiting its use as an indicator of chronic stress. We hypothesized that serum corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG), the primary transport protein for corticosteroids in circulation, may be a better marker of the stress status prior to capture in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos). To test this, a full-length CBG cDNA was cloned and sequenced from grizzly bear testis and polyclonal antibodies were generated for detection of this protein in bear sera. The deduced nucleotide and protein sequences were 1218 bp and 405 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignments showed that grizzly bear CBG (gbCBG) was 90% and 83% identical to the dog CBG nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. The affinity purified rabbit gbCBG antiserum detected grizzly bear but not human CBG. There were no sex differences in serum total cortisol concentration, while CBG expression was significantly higher in adult females compared to males. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in bears captured by leg-hold snare compared to those captured by remote drug delivery from helicopter. However, serum CBG expression between these two groups did not differ significantly. Overall, serum CBG levels may be a better marker of chronic stress, especially because this protein is not modulated by the stress of capture and restraint in grizzly bears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Chow
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Macluskey M, Alkhadar H, Stenhouse G, McLoughlin P. Does blood and lymphatic vessel density in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have prognostics significance? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.07.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cattet M, Boulanger J, Stenhouse G, Powell RA, Reynolds-Hogland MJ. An Evaluation of Long-Term Capture Effects in Ursids: Implications for Wildlife Welfare and Research. J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/08-mamm-a-095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Boulanger J, Stenhouse G, Munro R. SOURCES OF HETEROGENEITY BIAS WHEN DNA MARK-RECAPTURE SAMPLING METHODS ARE APPLIED TO GRIZZLY BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS) POPULATIONS. J Mammal 2004. [DOI: 10.1644/brb-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
AIMS To discover whether variations in thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) staining in different subtypes and patterns of pulmonary adenocarcinoma are related to the putative origin of the tumour. In addition, to confirm the specificity of TTF-1 for pulmonary (as opposed to other sites) adenocarcinoma, to examine the possible prognostic relevance of TTF-1 positivity in lung cancer, and to review this laboratory's experience of TTF-1 in diagnostic practice. MATERIALS/METHODS In total, 128 primary lung adenocarcinomas, 106 primary non-pulmonary adenocarcinomas, and 37 pulmonary non-adenocarcinoma tumours were studied. In addition, 100 cases where TTF-1 was used in routine surgical pathology practice were investigated. Immunoperoxidase staining was performed on formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded sections using anti-TTF-1 antibody. Staining was evaluated semiquantitatively using the frequency and intensity of nuclear positivity. RESULTS None of the 106 non-pulmonary adenocarcinomas expressed TTF-1 and only three of the 37 non-adenocarcinoma lung cancers, all neuroendocrine carcinomas, were positive. Of the pulmonary adenocarcinomas, 75% were strongly positive for TTF-1. Mucinous (two of six) and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas (four of 10) were less likely to stain. Of the peripheral adenocarcinomas, 33 of 37 were positive, whereas only seven of 14 of those of bronchial origin stained strongly. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia strongly expressed TTF-1. No "false positives" were encountered in the 100 routine diagnostic cases. CONCLUSION Positive TTF-1 staining is useful in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. TTF-1 may be a lineage marker for tumours arising from the peripheral airway or alveolar epithelium and has no prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Wasser SK, Davenport B, Ramage ER, Hunt KE, Parker M, Clarke C, Stenhouse G. Scat detection dogs in wildlife research and management: application to grizzly and black bears in the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z04-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the development and application of a method using domestic dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) to systematically locate wildlife scat over large remote areas. Detection dogs are chosen for their strong object orientation, high play drive, and willingness to strive for a reward. Dogs were trained to detect grizzly bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) and black bear (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) scats over a 5200-km2 area of the Yellowhead Ecosystem, Alberta, Canada. DNA from scat provided the species and (for grizzly bears only) sex and individual identities of the animal at each location. Concentrations of fecal cortisol and progesterone metabolites from these same grizzly bear scats provided indices of physiological stress and reproductive activity (in females), respectively. Black and grizzly bears were most concentrated in the northern portion of the multiuse study area, where food is most abundant yet poaching-related mortality appears to be heaviest. Physiologic stress was also lowest and female reproductive activity correspondingly highest for grizzly bears in the north. The scat-based distributions corresponded to concurrently collected hair-snag data in 1999 and global positioning system radiotelemetry data (of grizzly bears) in 1999 and 2001. Results suggest that the scat dog detection methodology provides a promising tool for addressing a variety of management and research questions in the wildlife sciences.
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Abstract
A 54 year old man presented with a six month history of abdominal pain. A computerised tomography scan showed a well defined intra-abdominal unilocular mass with a calcified wall just superior to the bladder. At laparotomy, pseudomyxoma peritonei was discovered, together with a midline abdominal mass adherent to the anterior abdominal wall originating from the fundus of the bladder. The specimen consisted of a cystic mass measuring 14 x 9.5 x 7 cm overall, which contained mucoid material. Histological examination revealed that the cyst was lined by mucinous epithelium, which in areas varied from having bland morphology to showing pronounced nuclear and architectural atypia. There was abundant extracellular mucin. The specimen was extensively sampled but there was no evidence of invasion. This tumour has many unusual features, namely: the absence of destructive invasion, association with pseudomyxoma peritonei, areas of dysplasia and cystadenoma, and stromal osseous metaplasia within the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stenhouse
- Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Abstract
In this study, we present evidence showing that leucine is involved in the upregulation of system A amino acid transport activity in the L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line. At leucine concentrations of > or = 0.05 mM, the uptake of N-methylamino-alpha-isobutyric acid (MeAIB), a paradigm system A substrate, was stimulated by up to 50%. Kinetic analysis revealed that this stimulation was a result of an increase in the maximal transport rate of MeAIB uptake, from 327 +/- 26 to 450 +/- 8 pmol.min-1.mg protein-1 after incubation of cells with leucine. No significant change in the concentration at which MeAIB transport was half maximal was observed. System A activation was biphasic, reaching an initial plateau after 3 h, with a second phase of activation being observed after 5 h. The initial activation of system A transport occurred by a mechanism distinct from that activated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (3 nM), since the effects of leucine and IGF-I were additive. This activation was not due to transstimulation, since 2-amino-2-norbornane-carboxylic acid, a specific system L substrate, did not stimulate system A. Leucine's keto acid, ketoisocaproic acid, prevented the activation of system A transport, whereas aminooxyacetate, a transaminase inhibitor, augmented the increase in system A activity by leucine. Both cycloheximide and actinomycin D inhibited the leucine-induced increase in MeAIB uptake. The present results indicate that leucine, or some cellular component regulated by it, is capable of stimulating system A transport through control of DNA transcription, possibly of a gene encoding either a repressor or enhancer molecule of system A or perhaps of the gene encoding system A itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E McDowell
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Stenhouse G. Toilet training in children. N Z Med J 1988; 101:150-1. [PMID: 3353038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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41
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Stenhouse G. Sleep patterns of infants. N Z Med J 1988; 101:122. [PMID: 3380451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Leighton T, Ferguson M, Gunn A, Henderson E, Stenhouse G. Northwest territories. Canine distemper in sled dogs. Can Vet J 1988; 29:299. [PMID: 17423014 PMCID: PMC1680718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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43
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Stenhouse G. Regular crying in babies. N Z Med J 1988; 101:23. [PMID: 3380407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Radiographs were taken of various types of wood embedded in chicken legs. Wood is seen as a filling defect. Paint and increased water content reduce the negative shadow of wood. The results suggest that radiography is worthwhile in cases of suspected wooden foreign bodies.
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45
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Adams FG, Horton PW, Stenhouse G. The clinical comparison of skeletal imaging agents. Eur J Nucl Med 1980; 5:257-60. [PMID: 6771137 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
99-MTc-methylene diophosphonate from two manufacturers was compared with 99mTc-ethane hydroxy diphosphonate in a randomised trial to assess the relative blood clearances and the subsequent image quality. The 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate preparations were found to be superior with respect to both blood clearance and subjectively assessed image quality, particularly when the interval between injection and scanning was three hours. Bone/soft tissue ratios did not mirror the highly significant qualitative comparisons of image quality.
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Roberts TD, Stenhouse G. Moving vector display for the study of balance and of the reactions to perturbation [proceedings]. J Physiol 1977; 273:8P-9P. [PMID: 599478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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48
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Womersley J, Stenhouse G, Dunn WR. Use and experience with feedback devices in lectures. Med Biol Illus 1972; 22:162-6. [PMID: 5046657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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49
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Kenny GN, Spurway NC, Stenhouse G. The anion permeability of frog skeletal muscle in fluoride solutions. J Physiol 1970; 211:Suppl:3P-4P. [PMID: 5501033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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50
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