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Millerand M, Sudre L, Nefla M, Pène F, Rousseau C, Pons A, Ravat A, André-Leroux G, Akira S, Satoh T, Berenbaum F, Jacques C. Activation of innate immunity by 14-3-3 ε, a new potential alarmin in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:646-657. [PMID: 32173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The innate immune system plays a central role in osteoarthritis (OA). We identified 14-3-3ε as a novel mediator that guides chondrocytes toward an inflammatory phenotype. 14-3-3ε shares common characteristics with alarmins. These endogenous molecules, released into extracellular media, are increasingly incriminated in sustaining OA inflammation. Alarmins bind mainly to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 receptors and polarize macrophages in the synovium. We investigated the effects of 14-3-3ε in joint cells and tissues and its interactions with TLRs to define it as a new alarmin involved in OA. DESIGN Chondrocyte, synoviocyte and macrophage cultures from murine or OA human samples were treated with 14-3-3ε. To inhibit TLR2/4 in chondrocytes, blocking antibodies were used. Moreover, chondrocytes and bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures from knockout (KO) TLRs mice were stimulated with 14-3-3ε. Gene expression and release of inflammatory mediators [interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] were evaluated via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA. RESULTS In vitro, 14-3-3ε induced gene expression and release of IL6 and MCP1 in the treated cells. The inflammatory effects of 14-3-3ε were significantly reduced following TLRs inhibition or in TLRs KO chondrocytes and BMM. CONCLUSIONS 14-3-3ε is able to induce an inflammatory phenotype in synoviocytes, macrophages and chondrocytes in addition to polarizing macrophages. These effects seem to involve TLR2 or TLR4 to trigger innate immunity. Our results designate 14-3-3ε as a novel alarmin in OA and as a new target either for therapeutic and/or prognostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Millerand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - L Sudre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - M Nefla
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - F Pène
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - C Rousseau
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - A Pons
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - A Ravat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - G André-Leroux
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - F Berenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France.
| | - C Jacques
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
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Wagner T, André-Leroux G, Hindie V, Barilone N, Lisa MN, Hoos S, Raynal B, Vulliez-Le Normand B, O'Hare HM, Bellinzoni M, Alzari PM. Structural insights into the functional versatility of an FHA domain protein in mycobacterial signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/580/eaav9504. [PMID: 31064884 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav9504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead-associated (FHA) domains are modules that bind to phosphothreonine (pThr) residues in signaling cascades. The FHA-containing mycobacterial protein GarA is a central element of a phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathway that redirects metabolic flux in response to amino acid starvation or cell growth requirements. GarA acts as a phosphorylation-dependent ON/OFF molecular switch. In its nonphosphorylated ON state, the GarA FHA domain engages in phosphorylation-independent interactions with various metabolic enzymes that orchestrate nitrogen flow, such as 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase (KGD). However, phosphorylation at the GarA N-terminal region by the protein kinase PknB or PknG triggers autoinhibition through the intramolecular association of the N-terminal domain with the FHA domain, thus blocking all downstream interactions. To investigate these different FHA binding modes, we solved the crystal structures of the mycobacterial upstream (phosphorylation-dependent) complex PknB-GarA and the downstream (phosphorylation-independent) complex GarA-KGD. Our results show that the phosphorylated activation loop of PknB serves as a docking site to recruit GarA through canonical FHA-pThr interactions. However, the same GarA FHA-binding pocket targets an allosteric site on nonphosphorylated KGD, where a key element of recognition is a phosphomimetic aspartate. Further enzymatic and mutagenesis studies revealed that GarA acted as a dynamic allosteric inhibitor of KGD by preventing crucial motions in KGD that are necessary for catalysis. Our results provide evidence for physiological phosphomimetics, supporting numerous mutagenesis studies using such approaches, and illustrate how evolution can shape a single FHA-binding pocket to specifically interact with multiple phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Wagner
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Gwénaëlle André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Valérie Hindie
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Barilone
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - María-Natalia Lisa
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Biophysique Moléculaire, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Brigitte Vulliez-Le Normand
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Helen M O'Hare
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group (LTBRG) and Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology (LISCB), Department of Respiratory Science & Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Marco Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Mercati O, Huguet G, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Maruani A, Bellinzoni M, Rolland T, Gouder L, Mathieu A, Buratti J, Amsellem F, Benabou M, Van-Gils J, Beggiato A, Konyukh M, Bourgeois JP, Gazzellone MJ, Yuen RKC, Walker S, Delépine M, Boland A, Régnault B, Francois M, Van Den Abbeele T, Mosca-Boidron AL, Faivre L, Shimoda Y, Watanabe K, Bonneau D, Rastam M, Leboyer M, Scherer SW, Gillberg C, Delorme R, Cloëz-Tayarani I, Bourgeron T. CNTN6 mutations are risk factors for abnormal auditory sensory perception in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:625-633. [PMID: 27166760 PMCID: PMC5378808 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Contactin genes CNTN5 and CNTN6 code for neuronal cell adhesion molecules that promote neurite outgrowth in sensory-motor neuronal pathways. Mutations of CNTN5 and CNTN6 have previously been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but very little is known on their prevalence and clinical impact. In this study, we identified CNTN5 and CNTN6 deleterious variants in individuals with ASD. Among the carriers, a girl with ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was carrying five copies of CNTN5. For CNTN6, both deletions (6/1534 ASD vs 1/8936 controls; P=0.00006) and private coding sequence variants (18/501 ASD vs 535/33480 controls; P=0.0005) were enriched in individuals with ASD. Among the rare CNTN6 variants, two deletions were transmitted by fathers diagnosed with ASD, one stop mutation CNTN6W923X was transmitted by a mother to her two sons with ASD and one variant CNTN6P770L was found de novo in a boy with ASD. Clinical investigations of the patients carrying CNTN5 or CNTN6 variants showed that they were hypersensitive to sounds (a condition called hyperacusis) and displayed changes in wave latency within the auditory pathway. These results reinforce the hypothesis of abnormal neuronal connectivity in the pathophysiology of ASD and shed new light on the genes that increase risk for abnormal sensory perception in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - G Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Danckaert
- Imagopole, Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - G André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
- INRA, Unité MaIAGE, UR1404, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Maruani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - T Rolland
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - L Gouder
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Mathieu
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J Buratti
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - F Amsellem
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Benabou
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J Van-Gils
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - A Beggiato
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M Konyukh
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - J-P Bourgeois
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - M J Gazzellone
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R K C Yuen
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Walker
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Delépine
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - A Boland
- Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - B Régnault
- Eukaryote Genotyping Platform, Genopole, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M Francois
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris-VII University, Paris, France
| | - T Van Den Abbeele
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, ENT and Head and Neck Surgery Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris-VII University, Paris, France
| | - A L Mosca-Boidron
- Département de Génétique, CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- Département de Génétique, CHU Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Y Shimoda
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - D Bonneau
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
| | - M Rastam
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Leboyer
- INSERM U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, DHU Pe-PSY, H. Mondor Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Créteil, France
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| | - S W Scherer
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - I Cloëz-Tayarani
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - T Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3571: Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
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Bellinzoni M, Haouz A, Miras I, Magnet S, André-Leroux G, Mukherjee R, Shepard W, Cole ST, Alzari PM. Structural studies suggest a peptidoglycan hydrolase function for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tat-secreted protein Rv2525c. J Struct Biol 2014; 188:156-64. [PMID: 25260828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the few proteins shown to be secreted by the Tat system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv2525c is of particular interest, since its gene is conserved in the minimal genome of Mycobacterium leprae. Previous evidence linked this protein to cell wall metabolism and sensitivity to β-lactams. We describe here the crystal structure of Rv2525c that shows a TIM barrel-like fold characteristic of glycoside hydrolases of the GH25 family, which includes prokaryotic and phage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases. Structural comparison with other members of this family combined with substrate docking suggest that, although the 'neighbouring group' catalytic mechanism proposed for this family still appears as the most plausible, the identity of residues involved in catalysis in GH25 hydrolases might need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bellinzoni
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale and CNRS-UMR3528, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie (CNRS-UMR3528), 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Isabelle Miras
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie (CNRS-UMR3528), 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sophie Magnet
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwénaëlle André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale and CNRS-UMR3528, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Unité Mathématique, Informatique et Génome (MIG), INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
| | - Raju Mukherjee
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - William Shepard
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale and CNRS-UMR3528, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Lucas-Hourani M, Dauzonne D, Jorda P, Cousin G, Lupan A, Helynck O, Caignard G, Janvier G, André-Leroux G, Khiar S, Escriou N, Desprès P, Jacob Y, Munier-Lehmann H, Tangy F, Vidalain PO. Inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway suppresses viral growth through innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003678. [PMID: 24098125 PMCID: PMC3789760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for stimulators of the innate antiviral response is an appealing approach to develop novel therapeutics against viral infections. Here, we established a cell-based reporter assay to identify compounds stimulating expression of interferon-inducible antiviral genes. DD264 was selected out of 41,353 compounds for both its immuno-stimulatory and antiviral properties. While searching for its mode of action, we identified DD264 as an inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. This metabolic pathway was recently identified as a prime target of broad-spectrum antiviral molecules, but our data unraveled a yet unsuspected link with innate immunity. Indeed, we showed that DD264 or brequinar, a well-known inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, both enhanced the expression of antiviral genes in human cells. Furthermore, antiviral activity of DD264 or brequinar was found strictly dependent on cellular gene transcription, nuclear export machinery, and required IRF1 transcription factor. In conclusion, the antiviral property of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors is not a direct consequence of pyrimidine deprivation on the virus machinery, but rather involves the induction of cellular immune response. Our therapeutic arsenal to treat viral diseases is extremely limited, and there is a critical need for molecules that could be used against multiple viruses. Among possible strategies, there is a growing interest for molecules stimulating cellular defense mechanisms. We recently developed a functional assay to identify stimulators of antiviral genes, and selected compound DD264 from a chemical library using this approach. While searching for its mode of action, we identified this molecule as an inhibitor of pyrimidine biosynthesis, a metabolic pathway that fuels the cell with pyrimidine nucleobases for both DNA and RNA synthesis. Interestingly, it was recently shown that inhibitors of this metabolic pathway prevent the replication of RNA viruses. Here, we established a functional link between pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway and the induction of antiviral genes, and demonstrated that pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors like DD264 or brequinar critically rely on cellular immune response to inhibit virus growth. Thus, pyrimidine deprivation is not directly responsible for the antiviral activity of pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors, which rather involves the induction of a metabolic stress and subsequent triggering of cellular defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lucas-Hourani
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Dauzonne
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Jorda
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Cousin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR176, Paris, France
| | - Alexandru Lupan
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Janvier
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Gwénaëlle André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Structurale, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Samira Khiar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Escriou
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Interactions moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) and Department of Cancer Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3523, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (HML); (FT); (POV)
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6
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Mercati O, Danckaert A, André-Leroux G, Bellinzoni M, Gouder L, Watanabe K, Shimoda Y, Grailhe R, De Chaumont F, Bourgeron T, Cloëz-Tayarani I. Contactin 4, -5 and -6 differentially regulate neuritogenesis while they display identical PTPRG binding sites. Biol Open 2013; 2:324-34. [PMID: 23519440 PMCID: PMC3603414 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20133343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural cell-adhesion molecules contactin 4, contactin 5 and contactin 6 are involved in brain development, and disruptions in contactin genes may confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We describe a co-culture of rat cortical neurons and HEK293 cells overexpressing and delivering the secreted forms of rat contactin 4-6. We quantified their effects on the length and branching of neurites. Contactin 4-6 effects were different depending on the contactin member and duration of co-culture. At 4 days in culture, contactin 4 and -6 increased the length of neurites, while contactin 5 increased the number of roots. Up to 8 days in culture, contactin 6 progressively increased the length of neurites while contactin 5 was more efficient on neurite branching. We studied the molecular sites of interaction between human contactin 4, -5 or -6 and the human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Gamma (PTPRG), a contactin partner, by modeling their 3D structures. As compared to contactin 4, we observed differences in the Ig2 and Ig3 domains of contactin 5 and -6 with the appearance of an omega loop that could adopt three distinct conformations. However, interactive residues between human contactin 4-6 and PTPRG were strictly conserved. We did not observe any differences in PTPRG binding on contactin 5 and -6 either. Our data suggest that the differential contactin effects on neurite outgrowth do not result from distinct interactions with PTPRG. A better understanding of the contactin cellular properties should help elucidate their roles in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Mercati
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; CNRS URA 2182 'Genes, synapses and cognition', Institut Pasteur , 75015 Paris , France ; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions , 75013 Paris , France
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Piton J, Petrella S, Delarue M, André-Leroux G, Jarlier V, Aubry A, Mayer C. Structural insights into the quinolone resistance mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12245. [PMID: 20805881 PMCID: PMC2923608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA gyrase, an indispensable nanomachine involved in the regulation of DNA topology, is the only type II topoisomerase present in this organism and is hence the sole target for quinolone action, a crucial drug active against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. To understand at an atomic level the quinolone resistance mechanism, which emerges in extensively drug resistant tuberculosis, we performed combined functional, biophysical and structural studies of the two individual domains constituting the catalytic DNA gyrase reaction core, namely the Toprim and the breakage-reunion domains. This allowed us to produce a model of the catalytic reaction core in complex with DNA and a quinolone molecule, identifying original mechanistic properties of quinolone binding and clarifying the relationships between amino acid mutations and resistance phenotype of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase. These results are compatible with our previous studies on quinolone resistance. Interestingly, the structure of the entire breakage-reunion domain revealed a new interaction, in which the Quinolone-Binding Pocket (QBP) is blocked by the N-terminal helix of a symmetry-related molecule. This interaction provides useful starting points for designing peptide based inhibitors that target DNA gyrase to prevent its binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Piton
- Unité de Dynamique Structurale des Macromolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- URA 2185, CNRS, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Delarue
- Unité de Dynamique Structurale des Macromolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- URA 2185, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gwénaëlle André-Leroux
- URA 2185, CNRS, Paris, France
- Unité de Biochimie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Jarlier
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, EA1541, Bactériologie-Hygiène, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Aubry
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, EA1541, Bactériologie-Hygiène, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Mayer
- Unité de Dynamique Structurale des Macromolécules, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- URA 2185, CNRS, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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André-Leroux G, Tessier D, Bonnin E. Endopolygalacturonases reveal molecular features for processivity pattern and tolerance towards acetylated pectin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2009; 1794:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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England P, Wehenkel A, Martins S, Hoos S, André-Leroux G, Villarino A, Alzari PM. The FHA-containing protein GarA acts as a phosphorylation-dependent molecular switch in mycobacterial signaling. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:301-7. [PMID: 19114043 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fork-head associated (FHA) domains are widely found in bacteria, but their cellular functions remain unclear. Here, we focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis GarA, an FHA-containing protein conserved in actinomycetes that is phosphorylated by different Ser/Thr protein kinases. Using various physicochemical approaches, we show that phosphorylation significantly stabilizes GarA, and that its FHA domain interacts strongly with the phosphorylated N-terminal extension. Altogether, our results indicate that phosphorylation triggers an intra-molecular protein closure, blocking the phosphothreonine-binding site and switching off the regulatory properties of GarA. The model can explain the reported functions of this mycobacterial protein as regulator of glycogen degradation and glutamate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Structurale, & CNRS URA 2185, 25 rue du Docteur. Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
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10
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Cervera Tison M, André-Leroux G, Lafond M, Georis J, Juge N, Berrin JG. Molecular determinants of substrate and inhibitor specificities of the Penicillium griseofulvum family 11 xylanases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1794:438-45. [PMID: 19118652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium griseofulvum possesses two endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanase genes, PgXynA and PgXynB, belonging to family 11 glycoside hydrolases. The enzymes share 69% identity, a similar hydrolysis profile i.e. the predominant production of xylobiose and xylotriose as end products from wheat arabinoxylan and a specificity region of six potential xylose subsites, but differ in terms of catalytic efficiency which can be explained by subtle structural differences in the positioning of xylohexaose in the PgXynB model. Site-directed mutagenesis of the "thumb" region revealed structural basis of PgXynB substrate and inhibitor specificities. We produced variants displaying increased catalytic efficiency towards wheat arabinoxylan and xylo-oligosaccharides and identified specific determinants in PgXynB "thumb" region responsible for resistance to the wheat xylanase inhibitor XIP-I. Based on kinetic analysis and homology modeling, we suggested that Pro130(PgXynB), Lys131(PgXynB) and Lys132(PgXynB) hamper flexibility of the loop forming the "thumb" and interfere by steric hindrance with the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Cervera Tison
- Biosciences ISM(2) UMR-CNRS-6263, Université Paul Cézanne Aix Marseille III, Av. Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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11
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André-Leroux G, Berrin JG, Georis J, Arnaut F, Juge N. Structure-based mutagenesis of Penicillium griseofulvum xylanase using computational design. Proteins 2008; 72:1298-307. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Ahmed F, André-Leroux G, Haouz A, Boutonnier A, Delepierre M, Qadri F, Nato F, Fournier JM, Alzari PM. Crystal structure of a monoclonal antibody directed against an antigenic determinant common to Ogawa and Inaba serotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1. Proteins 2007; 70:284-8. [PMID: 17876834 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmed
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS URA 2185, 25/28 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
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Albenne C, Skov LK, Tran V, Gajhede M, Monsan P, Remaud-Siméon M, André-Leroux G. Towards the molecular understanding of glycogen elongation by amylosucrase. Proteins 2006; 66:118-26. [PMID: 17044042 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea (AS) is a transglucosidase from the glycoside-hydrolase family 13 that catalyzes the synthesis of an amylose-like polymer from sucrose, without any primer. Its affinity towards glycogen is particularly noteworthy since glycogen is the best D-glucosyl unit acceptor and the most efficient activator (98-fold k(cat) increase) known for this enzyme. Glycogen-enzyme interactions were modeled starting from the crystallographic AS: maltoheptaose complex, where two key oligosaccharide binding sites, OB1 and OB2, were identified. Two maltoheptaose molecules were connected by an alpha-1,6 branch by molecular modeling to mimic a glycogen branching. Among the various docking positions obtained, four models were chosen based on geometry and energy criteria. Robotics calculations enabled us to describe a back and forth motion of a hairpin loop of the AS specific B'-domain, a movement that assists the elongation of glycogen branches. Modeling data combined with site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the OB2 surface site provides an anchoring platform at the enzyme surface to capture the polymer and direct the branches towards the OB1 acceptor site for elongation. On the basis of the data obtained, a semiprocessive glycogen elongation mechanism can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Ralet MC, André-Leroux G, Quéméner B, Thibault JF. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall. Phytochemistry 2005; 66:2800-14. [PMID: 16297942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabinan and galactan side chains of sugar beet pectins are esterified by ferulic acid residues that can undergo in vivo oxidative reactions to form dehydrodiferulates. After acid and enzymatic degradation of sugar beet cell walls and fractionation of the solubilized products by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, three dehydrodiferulate-rich fractions were isolated. The structural identification of the different compounds present in these fractions was performed by electrospray-ion trap-mass spectrometry (before and after (18)O labeling) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Several compounds contained solely Ara (terminal or alpha-1-->5-linked-dimer) and dehydrodiferulate. The location of the dehydrodiferulate was assigned in some cases to the O-2 and in others to the O-5 of non-reducing Ara residues. One compound contained Gal (beta-1-->4-linked-dimer), Ara (alpha-1-->5-linked-dimer) and dehydrodiferulate. The location of the dehydrodiferulate was unambiguously assigned to the O-2 of the non-reducing Ara residue and O-6 of the non-reducing Gal residue. These results provide direct evidence that pectic arabinans and galactans are covalently cross-linked (intra- or inter-molecularly) through dehydrodiferulates in sugar beet cell walls. Molecular modeling was used to compute and structurally characterize the low energy conformations of the isolated compounds. Interestingly, the conformations of the dehydrodiferulate-bridged arabinan and galactan fragments selected from an energetic criterion, evidenced very nice agreement with the experimental occurrence of the dehydrodiferulated pectins. The present work combines for the first time intensive mass spectrometry data and molecular modeling to give structural relevance of a molecular cohesion between rhamnogalacturonan fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Ralet
- Unité Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, rue de la tsaven Géraudière B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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André-Leroux G, Tessier D, Bonnin E. Action pattern of Fusarium moniliforme endopolygalacturonase towards pectin fragments: Comprehension and prediction. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1749:53-64. [PMID: 15848136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The structures of complexes of Fusarium moniliforme endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) with non-methylated or partly methylated homogalacturonan fragments were modeled to identify the residues involved in substrate binding and to correlate the cleavage pattern with the experimental productive modes. The conformational space of the complex was extensively explored and malto- to hexo-oligogalacturonates were modeled in the active cleft. To select the most highly probable productive complex for each oligomer between DP2 and 6, four energetic criteria were defined. Noteworthingly, the results were in accordance with the experimental results showing the mode of action of this enzyme towards un-methyl-esterified oligogalacturonates. Furthermore, the amino-acid residues involved in the binding were confirmed by similar studies performed on other endoPGs. Then, the oligomers were gradually methyl-esterified at one or more positions and similar docking experiments were carried out. Markedly, the docking energies were not significantly modified by the methyl-esterification of the substrate and it is likely that the methyl-esterification of the substrate does not alter the mode of action of the enzyme. Finally, 1D sequence and 3D structure of the endopolygalacturonase of Aspergillus niger II, known to be strictly non-tolerant to methylesters, were compared with the sequence and structure of the tolerant F. moniliforme endopolygalacturonase to get to a structural comprehension of the tolerant-or not-behaviour of endoPGs with methyl-esterified pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G André-Leroux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie Structurale, 25 rue du Dr Roux 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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