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Arshad A, Arshad S, Alamgeer, Mahmood A, Hussain Asim M, Ijaz M, Muhammad Irfan H, Rubab M, Ali S, Raza Hashmi A. Zeta potential changing self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems: A newfangled approach for enhancing oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:123998. [PMID: 38490401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The mucus is a defensive barrier for different drug-loaded systems. To overcome this obstacle, the crucial factor is the surface charge. Due to mucus negative charge behavior; it was revealed that negatively charged formulations can move across mucus, whereas positively charged nanoformulations could not diffuse via mucus due to interactions. However, cellular intake of negatively charged nanoformulations to the epithelium by endocytosis is less prominent as compared to positively charged carriers. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) improve the drug permeability of drugs, especially which have poor oral drug solubility. Moreover, SEDDS have the ability to reduce the degradation of drugs in the GI tract. Currently, drug carrier systems that can shift zeta potential from negative to positive were developed. The benefits of inducing zeta potential changing approach are that negatively charged nanoformulations permeate quickly across the mucus and surface charges reversed to positive at epithelium surface to increase cellular uptake. Among various systems of drug delivery, zeta potential changing SEDDS seem to signify a promising approach as they can promptly diffuse over mucus due to their smaller size and shape distortion ability. Due to such findings, mucus permeation and drug diffusion may improve by the mixture of the zeta potential changing approach and SEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Arshad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Arshad
- Doctor's Institute of Health Sciences, 3-Km Sargodha Bypass Road 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Alamgeer
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mahmood
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, 64141, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 51133, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Muhammad Ijaz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000-Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mavra Rubab
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Raza Hashmi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Sandhu M, Irfan HM, Arshad L, Ullah A, Shah SA, Ali H. Friedelin and Glutinol induce neuroprotection against ethanol induced neurotoxicity in pup's brain through reduction of TNF-α, NF-kB, caspase-3 and PARP-1. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:274-281. [PMID: 37939858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol administration triggers an inflammatory response that leads to a complex series of immune responses including the release of an excessive amount of inflammatory mediators particularly tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kB (NF-KB) which produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species. The inflammatory-induced cytotoxicity is increased when the PI3-kinase/Akt pathway is inhibited. Some studies have also shown that ethanol suppresses the PI3-kinase signaling pathway induced by receptor activation. Friedelin and Glutinol belong to pentacyclic triterpenoid class and are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study was aimed to elucidate the effects of these phytoconstituents on one of the key ethanol-induced neuronal damage pathways. The pups having (5-7 g average body weight) were used and randomly divided into groups. The control and ethanol treated pups were administered 0.9% normal saline while treated pups received glutinol and friedelin (30 mg/kg subcutaneously) respectively. After four hours all the experimental animals were sacrificed and their brains were collected carefully for protein expression analysis of p-Akt, TNF-α, NF-KB, caspase-3 and PARP-1 employing immunoblotting technique. Hemolytic, DNA protection, chelating power and β-carotene assays results revealed that freidelin and glutinol are safe for parenteral administration. Glutinol administration with ethanol significantly abridged the ethanol induced over expression of TNF-α, caspase-3 and PARP-1 in pup's brain. Similarly, freidelin attenuated the neurodegeneration by inhibiting the ethanol induced p-JNK and NF-kB expression in pups' brain. This protection may be attributed to the revival of p-Akt signaling for cell survival. It is concluded that the present study demonstrates the neuro-protective effects of friedelin and glutinol via modulating the capase-3 and PARP-1 expression and modulating the neuronal apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marva Sandhu
- College of pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Drugs control and traditional medicines division, NIH Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozpur Road Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Saba Medical Center, P.O. Box 20316, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahid Ali Shah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Pakistan; Neuro Molecular Medicines Research Center (NMMRC), Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Ali
- Drugs control and traditional medicines division, NIH Islamabad, Pakistan
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Nawaz S, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Arshad L, Jahan S. Attenuation of CFA-induced chronic inflammation by a bicyclic monoterpene fenchone targeting inducible nitric oxide, prostaglandins, C-reactive protein and urea. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2479-2491. [PMID: 37689616 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Fenchone (a bicyclic monoterpene) is present in the essential oils of plant species like Foeniculum vulgare and Peumus boldus and is used to treat GIT disorders. Research reports have indicated its strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-nociceptive properties. The present study was designed to investigate fenchone's anti-arthritic effects in a rat model of chronic joint inflammation (Complete Freud's Adjuvant-mediated inflammation [CFA]). Molecular docking analysis revealed a high binding interaction of fenchone with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Interleukin-17, Prostaglandin E Receptor EP4, and Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), indicating its anti-inflammatory efficacy using computational tests. Fenchone treatment at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg significantly enhanced the tail-flick latency when compared with the solvent-treated group. Correspondingly, the raised mRNA values of iNOS, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in solvent-treated group were significantly reduced following treatment with fenchone. Moreover, fenchone significantly lowered spleen and thymus indices, Nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 values as compared to solvent-treated group. Hence, the results of the present study indicated that fenchone has a potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting pro-inflammatory markers and thus may have therapeutic potential for chronic joint inflammation as well as chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Nawaz
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
- Doctor Institute of Health Sciences, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Alamgeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozpur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
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Nawaz S, Muhammad Irfan H, Akram M, Jahan S. Linalool: Monoterpene alcohol effectiveness in chronic synovitis through lowering Interleukin-17, spleen and thymus indices. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110517. [PMID: 37348232 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 has a positive role in the initial induction and late chronic phases of many inflammatory disorders like arthritis. This cytokine has a strong option for therapeutic targeting due to the fact that it was found in the inflamed joints of individual with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and persuasive evidence from experimental arthritis models indicating its pro-inflammatory actions. IL-17 suppression lessened the asperity of arthritis. The present study aimed to assess the anti-arthritic potential of linalool in a model of chronic joint inflammation (CFA-mediated rheumatoid arthritis) in rats. Linalool markedly lowered spleen and thymus indices as opposed to arthritic control. The over-formation of IL-17, COX-2, TNF-α IL-1β, iNOS and IL-6 were markedly impaired in all linalool treated rats, but IL-10 was raised as compared to arthritic animals in Real time-PCR. There was reduction in associated parameters like paw volume, arthritic index, mobility score, and flexion pain score and a marked increase in stance score in CFA model as compared to the arthritic control group. Furthermore, there was improvement in body weight, hematological, tissue, and radiological parameters in the CFA-model. Molecular docking study exhibited strong binding interaction of linalool with IL-17, PGE-2, iNOS and COX-2, thus providing a good correlation among experimental and theoretical results. The current findings show that linalool reduces adjuvant arthritis by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators, arthritic development, and spleen and thymus indices. Thus, linalool may be employed therapeutically to alleviate arthritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Nawaz
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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Ahsan H, Ayub M, Irfan HM, Saleem M, Anjum I, Haider I, Asif A, Abbas SQ, Ul Hulassan SS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin-E2 and interleukin-1β targeted anti-arthritic potential of fluvoxamine: drug repurposing. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:14580-14591. [PMID: 36152089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin re uptake inhibitor, is used to treat depression. The aim of present study was to evaluate fluvoxamine in acute (egg albumin-induced inflammation) and chronic inflammatory rat models (formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis). Fluvoxamine showed highly significant (p<0.001) protective effect at dose of 50 mg/kg orally with percentage suppression 21.3% as compared to disease control group in acute model. Likewise, formaldehyde-induced arthritic experiment confirmed the significant (p<0.001) anti-arthritic behavior, showed by fluvoxamine (50 mg/kg orally) throughout the study. Moreover, In CFA-induced model, the higher dose (fluvoxamine 50 mg/kg) exhibited highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in paw thickness and arthritic score with significant increase in weight of animals from 123.8± 1.934 g to 130.2± 1.655 g, significantly decreased the level of RF and CRP to level of 12.0±0.707 and 11.40±0.50 respectively and restoration of SOD, CAT (69.8±1.5, 72.0±1.4 respectively). Furthermore, the level of TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-1β (147.0±2.0, 406.8±2.5, and 93.8±1.3 respectively) in arthritic animals was reduced to significant (p<0.001) level (53.8±1.3, 205±3.6, and 42.0±1.4 respectively) after treatment with fluvoxamine. Furthermore, molecular docking of fluvoxamine against TNF-α, PGE2, and IL-1β protein targets showed good binding energies which hereby from computational studies proves our compound anti-inflammatory potential. In addition, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) studies reveled that fluvoxamine has very good pharmacokinetic profile with no specific hepatic toxicity and good absorption level. In addition, the skin sensitization test in vitro human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) and KeratinoSens have revealed that isolated flavone is not skin sensitive with confidence score of 59.6% and 91.6%. The current findings validated the anti-arthritic potential of fluvoxamine but it should be recommended for clinical investigation in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Ayub
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Anjum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Haider
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Awais Asif
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shams Ul Hulassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Akhter S, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Ullah A, Jahan S, Roman M, Latif MB, Mustafa Z, Almutairi FM, Althobaiti YS. Noscapine hydrochloride (benzyl-isoquinoline alkaloid) effectively prevents protein denaturation through reduction of IL-6, NF-kB, COX-2, Prostaglandin-E2 in rheumatic rats. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1791-1801. [PMID: 36601515 PMCID: PMC9805980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Noscapine hydrochloride (benzyl-isoquinoline antitussive alkaloid) is an opium derivative and generally used as a cough suppressant. Numerous studies on noscapine hydrochloride have reported that it has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanisms by which it exerts an anti-inflammatory function is not well understood. Protein denaturation is the primary step that leads to the organ destruction and permanent arthritic disability. The above-mentioned facts provided the ground to plan this study using different in-vitro and in-vivo approaches. RT-qPCR and ELISA assays were used to assess the inflammatory markers related to protein denaturation in complete adjuvant persuaded rheumatism in Sprague - Dawley rats. The results were collected as paw volume and body weight changes, arthritic scoring and serum antioxidant enzymes assays. These findings demonstrated that all doses of noscapine hydrochloride (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) studied in this study, significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the protein denaturation by preventing the increase in levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2. Noscapine hydrochloride significantly reduced the paw volume (p < 0.001), arthritic scoring and reversed the body mass as compared to arthritic control diseased rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanila Akhter
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan,Corresponding authors at: Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr AlBatin, Hafr AlBatin 39524, Eastern Provine, Saudi Arabia. (F.M. Almutairi).
| | - Alamgeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Roman
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Zaid Mustafa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Farooq M. Almutairi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr AlBatin, Hafr AlBatin, 39524, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding authors at: Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr AlBatin, Hafr AlBatin 39524, Eastern Provine, Saudi Arabia. (F.M. Almutairi).
| | - Yusuf S. Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, 21944, Saudi Arabia,Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmad M, Ahmad T, Irfan HM, Noor N. Blood pressure-lowering and cardiovascular effects of plumbagin in rats: An insight into the underlying mechanisms. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2022; 3:100139. [PMID: 36568266 PMCID: PMC9780077 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plumbagin, a natural phenolic compound is investigated for response against blood pressure and vascular reactivity. Methodology Blood pressure lowering effects were observed by in-vivo invasive evaluation in normotensive rats, and in-vitro experimentation to measure changes of tension in isolated rat aorta and contractility in atria. Results The percentage decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) observed with plumbagin intravenously at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 μg/kg in normotensive rats was 7.16 ± 2.35, 15.5 ± 5.62, 19.5 ± 5.27, 26 ± 6.67, 34.33 ± 8.80, respectively. Plumbagin exerted vasorelaxant effects in rat aorta, unaffected by the removal of vascular endothelium, and L-NAME and methylene blue pretreatment. Plumbagin completely inhibited phenylephrine (1 μM) and High K+ (80 mM) induced contractions. Similar to a Ca+2 channel antagonist, plumbagin caused a rightward shift in the Ca+2 concentration-response-curves (CRCs), resembling nifedipine. Pre-incubation with plumbagin, significantly suppressed contractions induced by phenylephrine in Ca+2-free medium via disrupting Ca+2 release from intracellular stores. No change in vasorelaxant response was observed with the addition of potassium channel blockers, TEA and BaCl2. In rat atrial strips, plumbagin exerted significant negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. No significant change was observed with atropine and atenolol pretreatment, so the effect appeared independent of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. Conclusion This study suggests the blood pressure lowering effects of plumbagin. That could be contributed by a decrease in vascular resistance via calcium antagonism, interferences in calcium efflux, and depressive effects on the rate and force of cardiac contraction. Further studies would be necessary to probe deeper into the underlying mechanisms.
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Faiz S, Arshad S, Kamal Y, Imran S, Asim MH, Mahmood A, Inam S, Irfan HM, Riaz H. Pioglitazone-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation for improved bioavailability. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Almutairi FM, Ullah A, Althobaiti YS, Irfan HM, Shareef U, Usman H, Ahmed S. A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Natural Phytocompounds for Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102566. [PMID: 36289828 PMCID: PMC9599280 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a serious condition that results from an occlusion of blood vessels that leads to brain damage. Globally, it is the second highest cause of death, and deaths from strokes are higher in older people than in the young. There is a higher rate of cases in urban areas compared to rural due to lifestyle, food, and pollution. There is no effective single medicine for the treatment of stroke due to the multiple causes of strokes. Thrombolytic agents, such as alteplase, are the main treatment for thrombolysis, while multiple types of surgeries, such ascraniotomy, thrombectomy, carotid endarterectomy, and hydrocephalus, can be performed for various forms of stroke. In this review, we discuss some promising phytocompounds, such as flavone C-glycoside (apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside), eriodictyol, rosamirinic acid, 6″-O-succinylapigenin, and allicin, that show effectiveness against stroke. Future study paths are given, as well as suggestions for expanding the use of medicinal plants and their formulations for stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq M. Almutairi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al-Batin, Hafr Al-Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Ullah
- Saba Medical Center, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 20316, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (S.A.)
| | - Yusuf S. Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Usman Shareef
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Halima Usman
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sagheer Ahmed
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.U.); (S.A.)
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Abstract
Background: Moringa oleifera Lam. has been used traditionally for the treatment of different cardio-metabolic disorders. So, the aim was to assess its leaf extracts in metabolic syndrome rat model.Methods: Out of the total 36-rats, 6 rats were given normal matched diet (NMD) while the rest were provided high-fat diet and 20% fructose (HFD-20%F). Moringa oleifera leaf extracts were administered orally for 30 days. Body weight, blood glucose, BMI, blood pressure, lipids, insulin, insulin resistance, MCP-1, visceral fat and liver weight were evaluated.Results: Sixty-days feeding with HFD-20%F produced the metabolic syndrome features like hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), visceral fat, and liver weight significantly (p<.05) than the rats receiving (NMD). Moringa oleifera treatment for 30 days significantly provided the mitigation against metabolic syndrome features.Conclusion: Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract might be a good alternative herbal choice in the treatment of metabolic syndrome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Sandhu M, Irfan HM, Shah SA, Ahmed M, Naz I, Akram M, Fatima H, Farooq AS. Friedelin Attenuates Neuronal Dysfunction and Memory Impairment by Inhibition of the Activated JNK/NF-κB Signalling Pathway in Scopolamine-Induced Mice Model of Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144513. [PMID: 35889382 PMCID: PMC9324288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are both key indicators implicated in neuro-inflammatory signalling pathways and their respective neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs targeting these factors can be considered as suitable candidates for treatment of neuronal dysfunction and memory impairment. The present study encompasses beneficial effects of a naturally occurring triterpenoid, friedelin, against scopolamine-induced oxidative stress and neurodegenerative pathologies in mice models. The treated animals were subjected to behavioural tests i.e., Y-maze and Morris water maze (MWM) for memory dysfunction. The underlying mechanism was determined via western blotting, antioxidant enzymes and lipid profile analyses. Molecular docking studies were carried out to predict the binding modes of friedelin in the binding pocket of p-JNK protein. The results reveal that scopolamine caused oxidative stress by (1) inhibiting catalase (CAT), peroxidase enzyme (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione enzyme (GSH); (2) the up-regulation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in mice brain; and (3) affecting the neuronal synapse (both pre- and post-synapse) followed by associated memory dysfunction. In contrast, friedelin administration not only abolished scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, glial cell activation, and neuro-inflammation but also inhibited p-JNK and NF-κB and their downstream signaling molecules. Moreover, friedelin administration improved neuronal synapse and reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment accompanied by the inhibition of β-secretase enzyme (BACE-1) to halt amyloidogenic pathways of amyloid-β production. In summary, all of the results show that friedelin is a potent naturally isolated neuro-therapeutic agent to reverse scopolamine-induced neuropathology, which is characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marva Sandhu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Drugs Control and Traditional Medicines Division, NIH, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.I.); (A.S.F.)
| | - Shahid Ali Shah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
- Neuro Molecular Medicines Research Center (NMMRC), Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan; (M.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Humaira Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; or
| | - Ayesha Shuja Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.M.I.); (A.S.F.)
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Sabir U, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Umer I, Niazi ZR, Asjad HMM. Phytochemicals targeting NAFLD through modulating the dual function of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor signaling pathways. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:741-755. [PMID: 35357518 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Literature evidence reveals that natural compounds are potential candidates for ameliorating obesity-associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by targeting forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor. FOXO1 has a dual and complex role in regulating both increase and decrease in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and adipose tissues (AT) at different stages of NAFLD. In insulin resistance (IR), it is constitutively expressed, resulting in increased hepatic glucose output and lipid metabolism irregularity. The studies on different phytochemicals indicate that dysregulation of FOXO1 causes disturbance in cellular nutrients homeostasis, and the natural entities have an enduring impact on the mitigation of these abnormalities. The current review communicates and evaluates certain phytochemicals through different search engines, targeting FOXO1 and its downstream cellular pathways to find lead compounds as potential therapeutic agents for treating NAFLD and related metabolic disorders. The findings of this review confirm that polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins are capable of modulating FOXO1 and associated signaling pathways, and they are potential therapeutic agents for NAFLD and related complications. HIGHLIGHTS: • FOXO1 has the potential to be targeted by novel drugs from natural sources for the treatment of NAFLD and obesity. • FOXO1 regulates cellular autophagy, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipogenesis through alternative mechanisms. • Phytochemicals treat NAFLD by acting on FOXO1 or SREBP1c and PPARγ transcription factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Sabir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ihtisham Umer
- Pharmacy Department, Comsat International University Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Alamgeer, Asif H, Chohan TA, Irfan HM, Asim MH, Bukhari SNA, Younis W, Althobaiti YS, Ullah A, Khan AQ, Hakami AY. Ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches to unveil the mechanisms underlying vasorelaxation effect of Mentha Longifolia (L.) in porcine coronary artery. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113298. [PMID: 35759866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mentha (M.) longifolia (L.) is traditionally used for various ailments. The current study was intended to explore the underlying vasorelaxation mechanisms of M. longifolia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Aqueous-methanol extract from the aerial parts of M. longifolia was prepared and subjected to activity-guided fractionation. The vasorelaxant activity was performed using porcine coronary arteries with intact and denuded endothelium. In-vitro PDE inhibitory activity of the active fraction was carried out using the radio-enzymatic assay. The active fraction was also subjected to GCMS. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies were also performed RESULT: We had observed that aqueous-methanolic extract induced relaxation in the coronary artery in a dose-dependent manner when the endothelium was intact and denuded. n-butanol fraction (MLB) has produced a maximum effect, and it was selected for mechanistic studies. MLB has significantly enhanced the relaxation produced by cAMP and cGMP, elevating atrial natriuretic peptide, sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol, and forskolin. The pre-treatment with MLB inhibited the contractile response produced by KCl, U46619, and CaCl2 in without endothelium rings. MLB has non-selectively inhibited the PDE isoforms. GCMS analysis of MLB has revealed the presence of menthol, thymol, and carvacrol in the active fraction. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies have indicated that thymol can be a competitive inhibitor for PDE1. CONCLUSION It is postulated that an n-butanol fraction of Mentha longifolia produced endothelium-independent relaxation due to increased levels of cAMP and cGMP caused by the inhibition of various PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Hira Asif
- Lahore Pharmacy College, Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, 54850 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waqas Younis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, the University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alqassem Y Hakami
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Bukhari SNA, Alamgeer, Saeed S, Asim MH, Irfan HM, Ejaz H, Elsherif MA, Junaid K. Antihypertensive and Vasorelaxant Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Linn. Fruit: Proposed Mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022:5871424. [PMID: 35646151 PMCID: PMC9142296 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5871424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Citrus aurantifolia Linn. fruit, a natural dietary item, has long been used traditionally to treat hypertension in Pakistan. The current research work aims to explore the effect on blood pressure and its mechanisms. Methods The aqueous methanol extract of plant fruit was used to evaluate hypotensive/antihypertensive, vasorelaxation, and safety profiles. Moreover, the in vitro inhibitory effect of AMECA on phosphodiesterase was also evaluated. Results In hypotensive studies, extracts of Citrus aurantifolia fruit exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in SBP, DBP, MAP, and heart rate. A similar effect has been observed on anesthetized rats, but the effects exerted by the extract were not altered significantly in the presence of L-NAME, atropine, captopril, and propranolol. Moreover, in coronary arteries, the extract significantly potentiated relaxations induced by cGMP- and cAMP-dependent relaxing agonists. When exposed to PDEs, the extract concentration dependently subdued cGMP-hydrolyzing activity of different PDEs with IC50 values of 40-130 μg/mL. Conclusion It is conceivable that extracts obtained from Citrus aurantifolia fruit produced hypotensive and antihypertensive effects in rats. The extract elicited endothelium-independent vasorelaxation, possibly by acting directly on smooth muscles of the coronary artery and by increasing cGMP and cAMP via nonselective inhibition of vascular PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Saeed
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Sakaka, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervat A. Elsherif
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Sakaka, Jouf University, Al Jouf 72388, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Rani SS, Khan FU, Khan HU, Ullah N, Shah MS, Rehman JU, Mangi AH, Younis MN, Irfan HM. Pharmacist Intervention and Medication Errors at DHQ Hospital Bannu KP, Pakistan. JPRI 2022. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i25b35960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deaths related to drug errors are common in Pakistan, but these are not accurately reported. Since medication management is the main responsibility of nurses, it is vital that they have a good understanding of high alert of medication error. Patient health care, particularly drug fortification, is the main exertion and the challenge for healthcare professionals around the world. The profession of a pharmacist is world-renowned for providing medical care to patients. Herein, we aim to assess the role of pharmacist according to medications error in Government sectors hospitals located in district Bannu Kp Pakistan.
We collected a total number of 368 outdoor prescriptions from July 2011 to December 2011 from District Head Quarter Hospital, Bannu (DHQB). We found 71% of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), 32% of inapt dosage faults and 35% of management errors among them. Male patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction had a higher MEs ratio than female patients. According to the findings, clinical pharmacists in hospital wards must provide prompt counseling to primary care doctors during the prescription process, as well as management recommendations to nursing staff and other auxiliary medical employees.
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Sabir U, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Ullah A, Althobaiti YS, Asim MH. Reduction of Hepatic Steatosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Ballooning and Insulin Resistance After Therapy with Safranal in NAFLD Animal Model: A New Approach. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1293-1316. [PMID: 35241921 PMCID: PMC8886028 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s354878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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17
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Noor N, Alamgeer , Irfan HM, Akram M, Arshad L, Alotaibi NH, Alharbi KS, Abbas Bukhari SN, Althobaiti YS, Ullah A. Pharmacological evaluation of cardioprotective potential of Berberis orthobotrys Bien.ex Aitch. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:171-175. [PMID: 35228174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The resurgence of scrutiny in plant-based medicine is mainly due to the current widespread belief that "green medicine" is safe and more dependable than the expensive synthetic drugs. The current study was focused to evaluate the anti-myocardial ischemic potential of Berberis orthobotrys Bien ex Aitch against chemically induced myocardial ischemia in animal models. Myocardial ischemia was instigated in Sprague Dawley rats of either sex (250-450g) by administration of Isoproterenol (ISO) and doxorubicin (DOX) at doses of 25mg/kg b.w and 15mg/kg b.w. respectively. The protective effect of the plant extract was explored by pretreating a group of animals with aqueous methanolic extract of Berberis orthobotrys roots at a dose of 50mg/kg b.w. (orally) for 10 days in ISO-ischemic model while for doxorubicin ischemic model; the study was conducted for 14 days. The findings of the study revealed that serum levels of cardiac marker enzymes were significantly increased (p<0.0001) followed by the administration of Isoproterenol and doxorubicin whereas the pretreatment with aqueous methanolic plant extract had significantly (p<0.0001) prevented the rise in the same, as compared to both intoxicated groups. The statistical analysis of the study led to the conclusion that Berberis orthobotrys possesses cardio protective potential against chemically induced myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Noor
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan/Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia/Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad
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18
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Alotaibi NH, Sarwar M, Alamgeer , Jabbar Z, Munir MU, Irfan HM, Akram M, Abbas Bukhari SN, Rasul Niazi Z, Khan AQ. Pharmacological exploration of anti-arthritic potential of terbutaline through in-vitro and in-vivo experimental models. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:253-257. [PMID: 35228185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Terbutaline have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. Present study aimed to check the anti-arthritic activity of terbutaline. The drug was tested using in vitro models (bovine serum albumin denaturation, egg albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane stabilization) and in vivo (formaldehyde induced arthritis). Results of bovine serum albumin denaturation assay illustrated that terbutaline inhibited 89.54±0.46% denaturation at 6400µg/ml concentration. Terbutaline resulted in dose dependent impediment of protein denaturation in egg albumin denaturation assay with 74.40±0.72% inhibition at concentration of 6400µg/ml. Terbutaline also showed protection of HRBC membrane against hypotonic stress in a dose dependent manner, with maximum 76.45±0.62% prevention at 6400µg/ml concentration. Results of formaldehyde induced arthritis model showed that paw volume was significantly declined by terbutaline with maximum percentage inhibition at 10th day of study period which implies immune inhibitory potential of terbutaline. Findings of present study concluded that terbutaline has arthritis reducing potential possible through inhibitory effects on synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators as well as limiting the formation of autoantigen. Thus, terbutaline might be the potential candidate for use in treatment of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muavia Sarwar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Jabbar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Rasul Niazi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy Gomal University, DI Khan KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
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19
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Arshad L, Alamgeer , Irfan HM, Noor N, Alotaibi NH, Saad Alharbi K, Abbas Bukhari SN, Althobaiti YS, Ullah A, Khan SW. Cardioprotective potential of Thymus linearis Benth. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:281-285. [PMID: 35228189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, myocardial ischemia and the resulting impairments in heart function are the leading cause of illness and mortality. Thymus linearis Benth has been used as an antibiotic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive agent for centuries. The goal of this investigation was to see if Thymus linearis could protect isoproterenol and doxorubicin-induced myocardial ischemia in vivo at doses of 25 mg/kg s.c. and 15 mg/kg i.p., respectively. The level of cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, LDH, and AST) in the serum isolated from the experimental animal's blood was used to determine myocardial ischemia. The anti-ischemic potential was assessed by comparing the levels of the aforementioned cardiac biomarkers in the intoxicated and treated animal groups. The study found substantial increase (p0.0001) in the serum levels of CK-MB, LDH, AST when compared to intoxicated groups, while pretreatment of animals with crude extract of Thymus linearis significantly reduced the rise in serum cardiac indicators. The findings of the study indicated that the aqueous methanolic Thymus linearis crude extract has cardioprotective potential against Isoproterenol and Doxorubicin-induced cardiac necrosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan / College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nabeela Noor
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia / Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Wali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
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20
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Akhter S, Irfan HM, Alamgeer , Ur Rahman S, Ansari M, Mustafa Z, Bilal Latif M. Toxicity studies and anti-arthritic effect of mandelic acid (2-hydroxy -2-phenyl acetic acid) using in vitro and in vivo techniques. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:2281-2287. [PMID: 35039264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The major concern to search for new anti-arthritic drugs is primarily to prevent systemic complications and to maintain quality of life. As these drugs are prescribed for long duration so the objective is to ensure their safety in terms of toxicity. By keeping in view this concept, the present study was investigated to determine new anti-arthritic potential using in-vitro and in-vivo methods. The in-vitro tests comprised of protein denaturation (BSA and egg albumin) and Human Red Blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assays at 50-6400μg/mL, for in-vivo testing, formaldehyde-induced arthritic rats were treated with 40, 80 and 160mg/kg mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (MA) inhibited the protein denaturation and stabilized the membrane of HRBC in a concentration dependent manner. Likewise, mandelic acid exhibited dose dependent reduction in paw volume induced by formaldehyde. For acute and sub-acute treatment, MA did not show any sign of toxicity and mortality in each rat and LD50 might be greater than 2000mg/kg. In addition, histopathological assessment presented slight increased interstitial spaces in the kidney, disorganization of glomerulus, dilated sinusoids at highest dose 800mg/kg which were not observed in sub-chronic therapy. Hence, these results conclude that mandelic acid has the potential to treat rheumatoid arthritis with observed no significant signs of toxicity and should be tested further to determine anti-arthritic mechanism of drug action at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanila Akhter
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shafeeq Ur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mukhtar Ansari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid Mustafa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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Umar MI, Hassan W, Murtaza G, Buabeid M, Arafa E, Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Huang X. The Adipokine Component in the Molecular Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Proliferation and Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609828. [PMID: 34588926 PMCID: PMC8473628 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hormonal imbalance may disrupt the rigorously monitored cellular microenvironment by hampering the natural homeostatic mechanisms. The most common example of such hormonal glitch could be seen in obesity where the uprise in adipokine levels is in virtue of the expanding bulk of adipose tissue. Such aberrant endocrine signaling disrupts the regulation of cellular fate, rendering the cells to live in a tumor supportive microenvironment. Previously, it was believed that the adipokines support cancer proliferation and metastasis with no direct involvement in neoplastic transformations and tumorigenesis. However, the recent studies have reported discrete mechanisms that establish the direct involvement of adipokine signaling in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the individual adipokine profile of the patients has never been considered in the prognosis and staging of the disease. Hence, the present manuscript has focused on the reported extensive mechanisms that culminate the basis of poor prognosis and diminished survival rate in obese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elshaimaa Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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Ikram J, Alamgeer , Muhammad Irfan H, Akram M, Hussain Asim M, Hadal Alotaibi N, Saad Alharbi K, Abbas Bukhari SN, Qasim S, Niazi ZR. Ethyl-acetate extract of tara mira (Eruca sativa) alleviates the inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:1897-1902. [PMID: 34836857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eruca sativa, member of family Brassicaceae, was evaluated for its anti-arthritic potential. Both in vitro and in vivo models were used to bring out a safe, effective and economical remedy. In vitro tests included egg albumin denaturation suppression, bovine serum albumin assay and human red blood cells maintenance assay. While in vivo formaldehyde-induced arthritic model was initiated to check effect on paw volume. Similarly, carrageenan produced inflammation was applied to check anti-inflammatory ability of the plant. Acute toxicity studies showed safety margin at 2000mg/kg. The plant showed concentration dependent denaturation protection and membrane stability in vitro assays. Likewise, the carrageenan and formaldehyde investigations revealed visible paw volume reduction in dose attributed manner, with maximum outcome at dose of 500mg/kg. Hence, it may be established on the ground of presented results that ethyl-acetate extract of Eruca sativa has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects and may be considered for further research to reveal the core mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaria Ikram
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan/ Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Sumera Qasim
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid Rasul Niazi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D I Khan KPK, Pakistan
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Mahnashi MH, Jabbar Z, Alamgeer, Irfan HM, Asim MH, Akram M, Saif A, Alshahrani MA, Alshehri MA, Asiri SA. Venlafaxine demonstrated anti-arthritic activity possibly through down regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1413-1425. [PMID: 34302591 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression. Previous studies demonstrated its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Present research aimed to explore its anti-arthritic potential. Different in-vitro assays including egg albumin, bovine serum albumin denaturation and human red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization assays along with in-vivo models of formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis were used to study its anti-arthritic effect. Venlafaxine inhibited egg albumin and bovine serum albumin denaturation and preserve the integrity of red blood cells membrane in concentration-dependent manner. In formaldehyde-induced arthritis venlafaxine significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the paw edema on treatment for 10 days. Chronic administration of venlafaxine for 28 days in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model decreased the paw volume (p < 0.001), arthritic index (p < 0.01), flexion pain score (p < 0.05), mobility score (p < 0.05), and improved the stance score (p < 0.05). Venlafaxine also significantly declined the rheumatoid factor (p < 0.01) and C-reactive protein (p < 0.05) levels and increased the RBC count (p < 0.01) and Hb value (p < 0.001). Upon PCR analysis venlafaxine remarkably turndown the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2. Taken together it is inferred from current findings that venlafaxine possesses the significant anti-arthritic activity and could be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mater Hussen Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 61441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Jabbar
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mulazim Hussain Asim
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, 1988, Najran, 61441, Saudi Arabia
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Ahsan H, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Jahan S, Shahzad M, Asim MH. Potential of ephedrine to suppress the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2: A novel approach towards management of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2021; 282:119825. [PMID: 34274310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complicated perpetual auto-immune disorder allied with synovial hyperplasia, hyperalgesia, bone destruction, cartilage erosion and eventually physical impairment. Dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a reported hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs targeting adrenergic receptors may be suitable to attenuate arthritis. MAIN METHODS This experimental work employed ephedrine (adrenergic agonist) for appraisal of its anti-arthritic potential by using CFA-provoked arthritic animal model. Physical parameters (Paw volume/diameter, arthritic index and weight) were assessed through whole study period. Blood sample was drawn by cardiac puncture for various tests like RF value, C-RP, ELISA, RFTs and LFTs. RNA was isolated from blood and expression of inflammatory cytokines was estimated through q-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Ephedrine alleviated swelling in paw and reinstated the body weight, hematological and biochemical indices of experimental animal. This drug (40 mg/kg PO) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the expression (measured as percent expression) of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (54, 59 and 49% respectively) in arthritic animals. On the other side, cell derived anti-inflammatory mediators were expressed more in animals treated with same dose of ephedrine. Furthermore, inhibitory effect on expression of PGE2 was significantly (p < 0.001) observed in all treatment groups of ephedrine in comparison with standard treatment. SIGNIFICANCE This study ascertained the ephedrine as prospective therapeutic alternative candidate for treatment of RA but limited for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Alamgeer
- Department of Pharmacology, University college of Pharmacy, University of Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Ahsan H, Irfan HM, Alamgeer , Asim MH, Ur Rahman MS, Imran MZ, Bashir S, Naqvi F, Hafeez R. Therapeutic appraisal of ephedrine against rheumatoid arthritis: A new indication. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:1549-1554. [PMID: 34799331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ephedra, natural flora has been used traditionally to treat rheumatism since decades. The scientific evidence of anti-rheumatic effect of this plant has also been reported. But the anti-rheumatic activity of major constituent of this plant (ephedrine) has not been evaluated. Based on this, the current study was aimed to assess anti-arthritic activity of ephedrine by using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Correspondingly, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed for the estimation of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum of formaldehyde-induced arthritic animals. The results elaborated significant reduction in albumin denaturation and remarkable progress on stabilization of red blood cells outer membrane at higher concentration during in vitro experiments. The ephedrine (40mg/kg) revealed noteworthy (p<0.001) inhibition in paw swelling in animals intoxicated with albumin as well as formaldehyde as compared to animals of control group by in vivo results. In this assay, ephedrine (20 & 40 mg/kg orally) significantly suppressed the level of these inflammatory markers (PGE2 & TNF-α). Ephedrine exhibited anti-arthritic effect by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines (PGE2 & TNF-α). This experimental work pharmacologically supports the use of ephedrine as anti-rheumatic drug but limited to evaluate in immunological arthritic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- College of pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - - Alamgeer
- Department of pharmacology, University college of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Sajid Bashir
- College of pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Farwa Naqvi
- Department of pharmacology, Sargodha medical college, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Hafeez
- Fculty of pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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26
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Ahsan H, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Shahzad M, Asim MH, Akram M, Zafar MS. Anti-rheumatic activity of pseudoephedrine (a substituted phenethylamine) in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by down regulating IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as upregulating IL-4 and IL-10. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:673-682. [PMID: 33772383 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoephedrine (substituted phenethylamine) is well known as psychotic and bronchodilator. Numerous studies on phenethylamine derivatives indicated that these agents have the potential to abolish inflammatory responses in the non-biological and biological systems. These facts provided the basis to conduct a study on pseudoephedrine to explore its therapeutics in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Furthermore, existing treatment approaches for RA associated with limited effect on chronic immunological models. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) was performed to execute the expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in treated and non-treated arthritic rats. These findings were further co investigate by histological observations. The paw volume, paw diameter, weight variations and arthritic score were determined at specific days throughout the experiment of 28 days. Pseudoephedrine at all doses significantly (p < 0.001) suppressed the expression of PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, pseudoephedrine (20 and 40 mg/kg) caused significant augmentation of IL-4 and IL-10. Similarly, the drug expressed a significant anti-arthritic effect by reducing the paw volume, paw diameter and arthritic score. Similarly, it also reverts the reduction in body weight of arthritic rats at all above-mentioned doses. These findings supported the anti-arthritic potential of pseudoephedrine and recommended it for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Alamgeer
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Akram
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
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27
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Chaudhry MA, Alamgeer , Mushtaq MN, Alqarni AO, Alyami BA, Mahnashi MH, Alqahtani YS, Akram M, Irfan HM, Riaz H, Qasim S. Endothelium independent calcium channel blocking pathways mediate antihypertensive effect of morus nigra. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:781-785. [PMID: 34275815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present study was conducted to validate the folkloric claims of morus nigra l. (moraceae) using invasive blood pressure measuring and ex vivo vasorelaxant experimental techniques. Intravenous administration of mn. Aq in 0.01-30 mg/kg doses caused significant decrease in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in fructose-induced hypertensive rats. It also showed relaxation in high k+ [80 mm] and pe (1µm) mediated aortic contraction with ec50 1.25 and 3.72mg/ml values, respectively. Vaso-relaxant effect of mn.aq was partially blocked in presence of l-name with ec50, 5.32mg/ml value, but showed concentration dependent significant inhibition of ligand gated and voltage gated ca+2 channels and intracellular ca+2 release, similar to verapamil. Findings of current study designate that aqueous fraction of m. Nigra possesses antihypertensive activity with concentration-dependent vaso-relaxant effect predominantly mediated through endothelial-independent calcium channel blocking pathways accompanied by partial involvement of endothelium-dependent nos mediated relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueen Ahmad Chaudhry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan/ Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Omar Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Ali Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater Hussen Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humayun Riaz
- Rashid Latif college of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Qasim
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Alyami BA, Akhtar S, Alamgeer , Ahmad T, Alqarni AO, Alqahtani YS, Mahnashi MH, Qasim S, Irfan HM, Akram M, Riaz H, Anwar R. Evaluation of phytochemical, anti-oxidant and cardiac depressant effect of Rumex dentatus by using Langendorff's isolated heart apparatus. Pak J Pharm Sci 2021; 34:671-677. [PMID: 34275801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rumex dentatus has been used traditionally for ailment of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess cardiovascular effects in isolated perfused rabbit heart. Aqueous and n-butanolic fractions were assessed for their effect on perfusion pressure (PP), force of contraction (FC) and heart rate (HR) of rabbit heart using Langendorff's method. The possible mechanisms of action of extracts/fraction were assessed with and without application of different agonist/antagonist. Phytochemical, toxicity and anti-oxidant activities were also determined. Both extracts at 1mg/mL dose produced a highly significant decrease in FC and HR but PP remained unchanged. Moreover, aqueous fraction of Rumex dentatus at 0.001mg/mL dose produced a highly significant decrease in FC and HR but no significant change in PP was observed. Atropine 10-5 M did not inhibit the cardiac depressant response of both fractions. Furthermore, both fractions blocked the positive ionotropic and chronotropic effects of adrenaline and calcium chloride. Phytochemical studies have shown the presence of some phytochemicals. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies demonstrated that test extracts are safe and produced no significant changes in haematological and biochemical parameters. Crude extract showed significant antioxidant activity like ascorbic acid. This study revealed that this plant have good cardiac depressant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandar Ali Alyami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suneela Akhtar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Taseer Ahmad
- Laboratory of cardiovascular research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ali Omar Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Saeed Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mater Hussen Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumera Qasim
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of cardiovascular research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Laboratory of cardiovascular research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humayun Riaz
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukhsana Anwar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Qasim S, Saleem M, Alotaibi NH, Bukhari SNA, Alharbi KS, Irfan HM, Anwar R. Appraisal of the Antiarthritic Potential of Prazosin via Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokine TNF-α: A Key Player in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Omega 2021; 6:2379-2388. [PMID: 33521476 PMCID: PMC7841939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Prazosin, a selective α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, with documented anti-inflammatory potential, was evaluated for its antiarthritic efficacy by targeting specifically TNF-α. The antiarthritic attribute of prazosin validated through in vitro screening comprised thermally provoked denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg albumin along with membrane stabilization evaluation at a concentration of 100-6400 μg/mL, while in vivo screening comprised formaldehyde-instigated arthritis at the doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis at 20 mg/kg dose. Paw swelling, body weight, arthritic score, hematological parameters, and histological and radiographic examination of ankle joints were assessed for a period of 28 days after CFA immunization. Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α level was also assessed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Prazosin revealed significant antiarthritic effect evident through protein denaturation inhibition in the egg albumin and the BSA model, stabilization of red blood cell membrane in the membrane stabilizing assay, and reduction in paw volume in formaldehyde-induced arthritis. Likewise, prazosin exhibited propitious antiarthritic effects in the CFA-provoked arthritis model manifested by paw volume and arthritic score alleviation, substantial weight loss prevention, and preservation of the normal hematological and biochemical profile. Histological and X-ray investigation unveiled no substantive structural alterations in treated rat's ankle joints. The TNF-α expression level was also reduced. Thus, the current study is suggestive that prazosin exhibits a strong antiarthritic potential possibly through inhibition of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Qasim
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha University Road, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Canal Road, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha University Road, Sargodha 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Anwar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Canal Road, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Punjab, Pakistan
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Aziz M, Alamgeer , Noor N, Saleem M, Irfan HM, Alotaibi NH, Ameeduzzafar , Bukhari SNA, Shah PA. Phytochemical analysis and hypotensive potential of Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:2707-2713. [PMID: 33879428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. is an aromatic perennial herb. It has long been used traditionally in the treatment of hypertension in northern areas of Pakistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate its folkloric claim as hypotensive plant, phytochemical analysis and to predict potential phytoconstituent through in-silico studies. Hypotensive effect was investigated in anesthetized normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Recording of chronotropic and inotropic effect of plant extract in isolated right atria was done using tissue organ bath technique. Further, phytochemical characterization was performed through LC-MS. Whereas docking studies were carried out against M2 mAchR and Ca2+ Channel receptor. Dose dependent reduction in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure and heart rate was observed. Pretreatment with atropine and amlodipine significantly (p<0.001) reduced the hypotensive and negative chronotropic and inotropic effect. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of twenty active compounds including Luteolin, Sarmentosin epoxide and Quinic acid. Docking studies showed pronounced interactions of majority of these phytochemicals with M2 mAch receptor in agonistic way and Ca2+ Channel receptor in antagonistic way. Results speculate that dose dependent hypotensive and bradycardia effect of Teucrium stocksianum are mediated through muscarinic pathway and Ca2+antagonism and is also well predicted by in-silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Aziz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan / Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nabeela Noor
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - - Ameeduzzafar
- College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Pervaiz Akthar Shah
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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31
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Sharif A, Alamgeer , Saleem M, Alotaibi NH, Alharbi KS, Bukhari SNA, Irfan HM, Younis W. Blood pressure lowering effects of Ranunculus scleratus Linn. in normal and fructose induced hypertensive rats and estimation of underlying mechanisms. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:2243-2247. [PMID: 33832897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ranunculus scleratus Linn. is used in folk medicine to treat hypertension. This study was aimed at providing validation to its traditional use and to explore underlying mechanisms of action. Effects of hydro-ethanolic crude extract of the plant and its fractions on blood pressure was evaluated using direct surgical method in normotensive and in fructose induced hypertensive rats. Various doses of crude extract, RSC, (5, 10, 20, 30mg/kg) and all fractions (3, 5, 10, 20mg/kg) were studied. Results suggested that aqueous fraction of R. scleratus (RSA) produced most pronounced effects at 10mg/kg in normotensive and at 20mg/kg in hypertensive animals. Underlying mechanisms, using various pharmacological antagonists were also elucidated. Results suggested the involvement of muscarinic receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, ganglionic block and nitric oxide (NO) release in presenting hypotensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Sharif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan/ Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Younis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore
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Batool A, Saleem M, Alamgeer , Irfan HM, Younis W, Alotaibi NH, Alharbi KS, Bukhari SNA, Locatelli M, Saleem H. Study on vascular mechanisms underlying the hypotensive effect of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:2219-2230. [PMID: 33832894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum halepense L (Poaceae), ordinarily it is known as Johnson grass and locally as baru. This study was designed to find the vascular mechanisms underlying the hypotensive activity of S. halepense. In this study, effect of S. halepense seed extract/fractions on various blood pressure parameters were evaluated in normal and fructose induced hypertensive rats by invasive technique. Possible underlying hypotensive mechanism of active fraction was determined by using various pharmacological inhibitors. S. halepense extract/fractions vasorelaxant effect were also evaluated on rat aorta rings in organ bath and various intracellular signaling pathway inhibitors were used for determination of underlying mechanisms. S. halepense extract/fractions produced blood pressure lowering effect with most significant effect by its aqueous soluble fraction at dose of 10mg/kg. This effect was attenuated by pretreatment of atropine. Aqueous soluble fraction produced endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in rat aortic rings that was inhibited by pretreatment of atropine after phenylephrine induced contraction. The vasorelaxant effect of aqueous soluble fraction was attenuated by potassium channel blockers and also produced inhibitory effect on calcium entry through calcium channels. It also suppressed phenylephrine induced contraction like verapamil. By HPLC analysis found vanillic acid and naringinin in it. In conclusion, aqueous soluble fraction of S.halepense possess phytoconstituents which may be responsible for hypotensive and vasorelaxant effect of Sorghum halepense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Batool
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan/Punjab University college of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University college of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Younis
- Department of Pharmacy The University of Lahore, Lahore
| | | | | | | | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
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Sharif A, Alamgeer , Saleem M, Irfan HM, Alotaibi NH, Alharbi KS, Nasir Abbas SB. Evaluation of effect of Acacia jacquemontii Benth. on blood pressure in normotensive and fructose induced hypertensive sprague dawley rats: An ethnopharmacological approach. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:2341-2345. [PMID: 33832909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acacia jacquemontii Benth. is used traditionally to treat hypertension but no scientific literature supports this claim. So, this study was aimed at validating this claim. This was done by injecting various doses of crude extract of Acacia jacquemontii, AJC (5, 10, 20, 30mg/kg) and all fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) (3, 5, 10, 20mg/kg) intravenously in anaesthetized rat. Based on the results, butanol fraction (AJB) at 20mg/kg was found to be the most potent, so it was selected for exploring mechanisms of action. For this purpose, different groups were injected with various pharmacological inhibitors (L-NAME, atropine, captopril, propranolol and hexamethonium) prior to AJB administration. Also, AJB at 20mg/kg was evaluated for prolonged hypotensive effect for the period of 40 min. Results showed a significant dose dependent reduction in BP in normotensive and in hypertensive rats. AJC and AJB produced a decline in SBP, DBP and MAP with p<0.05 - p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively in normotensive animals. Whereas in hypertensive animals, AJC showed significant reduction at 5mg/kg with p<0.01 and at 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg with p<0.001. AJB produced a decline in hypertensive animals at all tested doses with p<0.001. AJB resulted in hypotensive effect mediated by β receptors, ganglionic block operating central sympathetic neural responses and renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). This study supports the ethnomedicinal claim of Acacia jacquemontii Benth. in treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Sharif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan/Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Qasim S, Alamgeer, Kalsoom S, Shahzad M, Irfan HM, Zafar MS, Bukhari IA, Vohra F, Afzal S. Correction to: Appraisal of disease-modifying potential of amlodipine as an anti-arthritic agent: new indication for an old drug. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1137. [PMID: 32361906 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unfortunately, the 4th author name was incorrectly published in the original publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Qasim
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.,College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alamgeer
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. .,Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Kalsoom
- SA-CIRBS International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Ishfaq Ali Bukhari
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sibtain Afzal
- Immunology Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alamgeer , Nasreen P, Uttra AM, Asif H, Younis W, Hasan UH, Irfan HM, Sharif A. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of aqueous methanolic extract of Ranunculus muricatus in albino mice. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:1121-1126. [PMID: 33191237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ranunculus muricatus (Ranunculaceae) is commonly used by inhabitants of Pakistan for the treatment of gout and rheumatism, both of which are inflammatory disorders. The present study attempts to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of aqueous methanolic extract of R. muricatus in mice. The plant extract at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg was tested for anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan and egg albumin induced paw edema in mice and analgesic activity was appraised against acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced paw licking in mice models. The results designate that extract at the highest dose of 150 mg/kg significantly (p<0.001) and dose dependently inhibited carrageenan induced and egg albumin induced paw edema. Similarly, extract at the same dose of 150 mg/kg showed potent and dose dependent (p<0.001) suppression of formalin induced paw licking and abdominal constrictions / stretching of hind limbs induced by acetic acid. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of plant extract was comparable to standard drug ibuprofen in all models. This study thus supports the use of R. muricatus in traditional medicine for conditions associated with inflammation and analgesia which might be attributed to its previously proven high alkaloid, flavonoids, phenol, tannins content and free radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Pernia Nasreen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha
| | - Ambreen Malik Uttra
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha
| | - Hira Asif
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Younis
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umme Habiba Hasan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Irfan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha
| | - Amber Sharif
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research and Integrative Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha
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Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Khan NAK, Sadikun A, Mordi MN. Anti-diabetic activity-guided screening of aqueous-ethanol Moringa oleifera extracts and fractions: Identification of marker compounds. TROP J PHARM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v16i3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Khan NAK, Sadikun A. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves on Body Weight and Hyperglycemia of Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2016.112.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bashir S, Nazir I, Khan HU, Irfan HM, Karim S, Hassnain F, Qamar S, Asad M. In vitro Evaluation of Nateglinide-Loaded Microspheres Formulated with Biodegradable Polymers. TROP J PHARM RES 2014. [DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Nazir SR, Ambreen G, Irfan HM, Bashir S, Rauf A. Development and formulation of metformin (Antidiabetic) effervescent Granules: to increase patient compliance and its stability study. Pak J Pharm Sci 2014; 27:763-766. [PMID: 25015437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Convenience of administration and patient compliance are gaining importance in the formulation of dosage forms. Many patients, like elderly people and person with dysphagia find difficulty to swallow the tablets and thus do not comply with prescriptions. So the present study was conducted to develop and formulate metformin effervescent granules. The stability study was carried out for 24 weeks (168 days) at temperatures of 4°C, Room temperature, 40°C & 60°C and at the end, the %age of drug remaining in the formulation was determined. The results showed that the formulation of metformin effervescent granules were remained best stable at 4°C in refrigerator, as the %age of drug remaining is not decreased more than 5% and the formulation stored at room temperature, was also found to be very close to the standard at the end of 24 weeks. It is concluded from the study that granules may be another dosage form to use as antidiabetic pharmaceutical product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghazala Ambreen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Bashir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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