1
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Kaya O, Akif Aydin M, Teymoori M, Kaan Erden O, Sadeghzadeh S, Dedeoglu UO, Demir S, Muhikanci O, Sahin A, Torun H, Dundar G, Yalcinkaya AD. A first-in-human pilot study of a novel electrically-passive metamaterial-inspired resonator-based ocular sensor embedded contact lens monitoring intraocular pressure fluctuations. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2024; 47:102102. [PMID: 38114379 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with no cure, but early treatment and effective monitoring can often slow the progression of the disease. Monitoring of glaucoma is based on the measurement of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) that is a physiological parameter related to the mechanical state and parameters of the eye. Conventionally, diagnosing and assessing the progression of glaucoma is based on the method of measuring IOP discretely at clinics. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of continuously monitoring IOP for 24 h to elucidate the effect of circadian rhythm. In this work, a metamaterial-inspired electrically-passive sensor-embedded contact lens is presented to monitor the IOP fluctuations based on a first-in-human pilot study. The sensor inside the contact lens is an electrically passive, metamaterial-based resonator that can be measured using a wearable antenna patch. The system has been tested with six healthy volunteers during an experiment to induce deliberate IOP changes via water-loading and placing the individuals in supine position using a recliner seat. The initial data compared with tonometer measurements suggest that the system can be used to assess the variation of IOP continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Kaya
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - M Akif Aydin
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Morteza Teymoori
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Oguz Kaan Erden
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | | | - Ulas O Dedeoglu
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Saibe Demir
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Omer Muhikanci
- Glakolens, Bogazici Universitesi Teknopark 302, 34470 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Gunhan Dundar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Arda D Yalcinkaya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkiye
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2
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Wang Q, Maramizonouz S, Stringer Martin M, Zhang J, Ong HL, Liu Q, Yang X, Rahmati M, Torun H, Ng WP, Wu Q, Binns R, Fu Y. Acoustofluidic patterning in glass capillaries using travelling acoustic waves based on thin film flexible platform. Ultrasonics 2024; 136:107149. [PMID: 37703751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology has been widely used to manipulate microparticles and biological species, based on acoustic radiation force (ARF) and drag force induced by acoustic streaming, either by standing SAWs (SSAWs) or travelling SAWs (TSAWs). These acoustofluidic patterning functions can be achieved within a polymer chamber or a glass capillary with various cross-sections positioned along the wave propagating paths. In this paper, we demonstrated that microparticles can be aligned, patterned, and concentrated within both circular and rectangular glass capillaries using TSAWs based on a piezoelectric thin film acoustic wave platform. The glass capillary was placed at different angles along with the interdigital transducer directions. We systematically investigated effects of tilting angles and wave characteristics using numerical simulations in both circular and square shaped capillaries, and the patterning mechanisms were discussed and compared with those agitated under the SSAWs. We then experimentally verified the particle patterns within different glass capillaries using thin film ZnO SAW devices on aluminum (Al) sheets. Results show that the propagating SAWs can generate acoustic pressures and patterns in the fluid due to the diffractive effects, drag forces and ARF, as functions of the SAW device's resonant frequency and tilting angle. We demonstrated potential applications using this multiplexing, integrated, and flexible thin film-based platform, including patterning particles (1) inside multiple and successively positioned circular tubes; (2) inside a solidified hydrogel in the glass capillary; and (3) by wrapping a flexible ZnO/Al SAW device around the glass capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China; Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sadaf Maramizonouz
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Mercedes Stringer Martin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Jikai Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hui Ling Ong
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China; Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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3
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Zeng X, Ong H, Haworth L, Lu Y, Yang D, Rahmati M, Wu Q, Torun H, Martin J, Hou X, Lv X, Yuan W, He Y, Fu Y. Fundamentals of Monitoring Condensation and Frost/Ice Formation in Cold Environments Using Thin-Film Surface-Acoustic-Wave Technology. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37432769 PMCID: PMC10375437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Moisture condensation, fogging, and frost or ice formation on structural surfaces cause severe hazards in many industrial components such as aircraft wings, electric power lines, and wind-turbine blades. Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) technology, which is based on generating and monitoring acoustic waves propagating along structural surfaces, is one of the most promising techniques for monitoring, predicting, and also eliminating these hazards occurring on these surfaces in a cold environment. Monitoring condensation and frost/ice formation using SAW devices is challenging in practical scenarios including sleet, snow, cold rain, strong wind, and low pressure, and such a detection in various ambient conditions can be complex and requires consideration of various key influencing factors. Herein, the influences of various individual factors such as temperature, humidity, and water vapor pressure, as well as combined or multienvironmental dynamic factors, are investigated, all of which lead to either adsorption of water molecules, condensation, and/or frost/ice in a cold environment on the SAW devices. The influences of these parameters on the frequency shifts of the resonant SAW devices are systematically analyzed. Complemented with experimental studies and data from the literature, relationships among the frequency shifts and changes of temperature and other key factors influencing the dynamic phase transitions of water vapor on SAW devices are investigated to provide important guidance for icing detection and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
- Xi'an Institute of Applied Optics, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Ong
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Luke Haworth
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yuchao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - James Martin
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Xianghui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xianglian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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4
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Liu D, Huyan C, Wang Z, Guo Z, Zhang X, Torun H, Mulvihill D, Xu BB, Chen F. Conductive polymer based hydrogels and their application in wearable sensors: a review. Mater Horiz 2023. [PMID: 37204005 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been attracting increasing attention for application in wearable electronics, due to their intrinsic biomimetic features, highly tunable chemical-physical properties (mechanical, electrical, etc.), and excellent biocompatibility. Among many proposed varieties of hydrogels, conductive polymer-based hydrogels (CPHs) have emerged as a promising candidate for future wearable sensor designs, with capability of realizing desired features using different tuning strategies ranging from molecular design (with a low length scale of 10-10 m) to a micro-structural configuration (up to a length scale of 10-2 m). However, considerable challenges remain to be overcome, such as the limited strain sensing range due to the mechanical strength, the signal loss/instability caused by swelling/deswelling, the significant hysteresis of sensing signals, the de-hydration induced malfunctions, and the surface/interfacial failure during manufacturing/processing. This review aims to offer a targeted scan of recent advancements in CPH based wearable sensor technology, from the establishment of dedicated structure-property relationships in the lab to the advanced manufacturing routes for potential scale-up production. The application of CPHs in wearable sensors is also explored, with suggested new research avenues and prospects for CPHs in the future also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Chenxi Huyan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Zibi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, T6G 1H9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Daniel Mulvihill
- Materials and Manufacturing Research Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China.
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5
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Liu J, Liu B, Liu J, He XD, Yuan J, Ghassemlooy Z, Torun H, Fu YQ, Dai X, Ng WP, Binns R, Wu Q. Integrated label-free erbium-doped fiber laser biosensing system for detection of single cell Staphylococcus aureus. Talanta 2023; 257:124385. [PMID: 36827941 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge to realize ultra-high sensitivity with optical fiber interferometers for label free biosensing is to achieve high quality factors (Q-factor) in liquid. In this work a high Q-factor of 105, which significantly improves the detection resolution is described based on a structure of single mode -core-only -single mode fiber (SCS) with its multimode (or Mach-Zehnder) interference effect as a filter that is integrated into an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) system for excitation. In the case study, the section of core-only fiber is functionalized with porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, which could selectively bind to bacterial pathogen of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The developed microfiber-based biosensing platform called SCS-based EDFL biosensors can effectively detect concentrations of S. aureus from 10 to 105 CFU/mL, with a responsivity of 0.426 nm wavelength shift in the measured spectrum for S. aureus concentration of 10 CFU/mL. The limit of detection (LoD) is estimated as 7.3 CFU/mL based on the measurement of S. aureus with minimum concentration of 10 CFU/mL. In addition, when a lower concentration of 1 CFU/mL is applied to the biosensor, a wavelength shift of 0.12 nm is observed in 10% of samples (1/10), indicating actual LoD of 1 CFU/mL for the proposed biosensor. Attributed to its good sensitivity, stability, reproducibility and specificity, the proposed EDFL based biosensing platform has great potentials for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xing-Dao He
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Jinhui Yuan
- Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xuewu Dai
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Binns
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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6
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Wang H, Boardman J, Zhang X, Sun C, Cai M, Wei J, Dong Z, Feng M, Liang D, Hu S, Qian Y, Dong S, Fu Y, Torun H, Clayton A, Wu Z, Xie Z, Yang X. An enhanced tilted-angle acoustic tweezer for mechanical phenotyping of cancer cells. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1255:341120. [PMID: 37032048 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidic devices becomes one of the emerging and versatile tools for many biomedical applications. Most of the previous acoustofluidic devices are used for cells manipulation, and the few devices for cell phenotyping with a limitation in throughput. In this study, an enhanced tilted-angle (ETA) acoustofluidic device is developed and applied for mechanophenotyping of live cells. The ETA Device consists of an interdigital transducer which is positioned along a microfluidic channel. An inclination angle of 5° is introduced between the interdigital transducer and the liquid flow direction. The pressure nodes formed inside the acoustofluidic field in the channel deflect the biological cells from their original course in accordance with their mechanical properties, including volume, compressibility, and density. The threshold power for fully converging the cells to the pressure node is used to calculate the acoustic contrast factor. To demonstrate the ETA device in cell mechanophenotyping, and distinguishing between different cell types, further experimentation is carried out by using A549 (lung cancer cells), MDB-MA-231 (breast cancer cells), and leukocytes. The resulting acoustic contrast factors for the lung and breast cancer cells are different from that of the leukocytes by 27.9% and 21.5%, respectively. These results suggest this methodology can successfully distinguish and phenotype different cell types based on the acoustic contrast factor.
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7
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Biroun M, Haworth L, Abdolnezhad H, Khosravi A, Agrawal P, McHale G, Torun H, Semprebon C, Jabbari M, Fu YQ. Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Droplets on Superhydrophobic Surfaces. Langmuir 2023; 39:5793-5802. [PMID: 37041655 PMCID: PMC10134492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Droplet impact behavior on a solid surface is critical for many industrial applications such as spray coating, food production, printing, and agriculture. For all of these applications, a common challenge is to modify and control the impact regime and contact time of the droplets. This challenge becomes more critical for non-Newtonian liquids with complex rheology. In this research, we explored the impact dynamics of non-Newtonian liquids (by adding different concentrations of Xanthan into water) on superhydrophobic surfaces. Our experimental results show that by increasing the Xanthan concentration in water, the shapes of the bouncing droplet are dramatically altered, e.g., its shape at the separation moment is changed from a conventional vertical jetting into a "mushroom"-like one. As a result, the contact time of the non-Newtonian droplet could be reduced by up to ∼50%. We compare the impact scenarios of Xanthan liquids with those of glycerol solutions having a similar apparent viscosity, and results show that the differences in the elongation viscosity induce different impact dynamics of the droplets. Finally, we show that by increasing the Weber number for all of the liquids, the contact time is reduced, and the maximum spreading radius is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi
H. Biroun
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Luke Haworth
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Hossein Abdolnezhad
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Arash Khosravi
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University
of Science and Technology, Tehran 13114-16846, Iran
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Glen McHale
- Institute
for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Ciro Semprebon
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Masoud Jabbari
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
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8
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Gilmour KA, Aljannat M, Markwell C, James P, Scott J, Jiang Y, Torun H, Dade-Robertson M, Zhang M. Biofilm inspired fabrication of functional bacterial cellulose through ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120482. [PMID: 36641190 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been explored for use in a range of applications including tissue engineering and textiles. BC can be produced from waste streams, but sustainable approaches are needed for functionalisation. To this end, BslA, a B. subtilis biofilm protein was produced recombinantly with and without a cellulose binding module (CBM) and the cell free extract was used to treat BC either ex-situ, through drip coating or in-situ, by incorporating during fermentation. The results showed that ex-situ modified BC increased the hydrophobicity and water contact angle reached 120°. In-situ experiments led to a BC film morphological change and mechanical testing demonstrated that addition of BslA with CBM resulted in a stronger, more elastic material. This study presents a nature inspired approach to functionalise BC using a biofilm hydrophobin, and we demonstrate that recombinant proteins could be effective and sustainable molecules for functionalisation of BC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Gilmour
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Mahab Aljannat
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Christopher Markwell
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Paul James
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Jane Scott
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Yunhong Jiang
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Engineering, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Martyn Dade-Robertson
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, NE1 8ST, UK.
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9
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Haworth L, Yang D, Agrawal P, Torun H, Hou X, McHale G, Fu Y. Reduction of ice adhesion on nanostructured and nanoscale slippery surfaces. Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 2023. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0017254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleation and accretion on structural surfaces are sources of major safety and operational concerns in many industries including aviation and renewable energy. Common methods for tackling these are active ones such as heating, ultrasound, and chemicals or passive ones such as surface coatings. In this study, we explored the ice adhesion properties of slippery coated substrates by measuring the shear forces required to remove a glaze ice block on the coated substrates. Among the studied nanostructured and nanoscale surfaces [i.e., a superhydrophobic coating, a fluoropolymer coating, and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chain coating], the slippery omniphobic covalently attached liquid (SOCAL) surface with its flexible polymer brushes and liquid-like structure significantly reduced the ice adhesion on both glass and silicon surfaces. Further studies of the SOCAL coating on roughened substrates also demonstrated its low ice adhesion. The reduction in ice adhesion is attributed to the flexible nature of the brush-like structures of PDMS chains, allowing ice to detach easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Haworth
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Deyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xianghui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Fiber Reinforced Light Composite Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Glen McHale
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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10
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Liu D, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Huyan C, Wang Z, Torun H, Guo Z, Dai S, Xu BB, Chen F. A Strand Entangled Supramolecular PANI/PAA Hydrogel Enabled Ultra-Stretchable Strain Sensor. Small 2022; 18:e2203258. [PMID: 36216591 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel electronics have attracted growing interest for emerging applications in personal healthcare management, human-machine interaction, etc. Herein, a "doping then gelling" strategy to synthesize supramolecular PANI/PAA hydrogel with a specific strand entangled network is proposed, by doping the PANI with acrylic acid (AA) monomers to avoid PANI aggregation. The high-density electrostatic interaction between PAA and PANI chains serves as a dynamic bond to initiate the strand entanglement, enabling PAA/PANI hydrogel with ultra-stretchability (2830%), high breaking strength (120 kPa), and rapid self-healing properties. Moreover, the PAA/PANI hydrogel-based sensor with a high strain sensitivity (gauge factor = 12.63), a rapid responding time (222 ms), and a robust conductivity-based sensing behavior under cyclic stretching is developed. A set of strain sensing applications to precisely monitor human movements is also demonstrated, indicating a promising application prospect as wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- The 41 st Institute of the Forth Academy, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Xi'an, 710025, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Huyan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zibi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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11
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Yang D, Haworth L, Agrawal P, Tao R, McHale G, Torun H, Martin J, Luo J, Hou X, Fu Y. Dynamic Mitigation Mechanisms of Rime Icing with Propagating Surface Acoustic Waves. Langmuir 2022; 38:11314-11323. [PMID: 36070605 PMCID: PMC9494940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ice accretion on economically valuable and strategically important surfaces poses significant challenges. Current anti-/de-icing techniques often have critical issues regarding their efficiency, convenience, long-term stability, or sustainability. As an emerging ice mitigation strategy, the thin-film surface acoustic wave (SAW) has great potentials due to its high energy efficiency and effective integration on structural surfaces. However, anti-/de-icing processes activated by SAWs involve complex interfacial evolution and phase changes, and it is crucial to understand the nature of dynamic solid-liquid-vapor phase changes and ice nucleation, growth, and melting events under SAW agitation. In this study, we systematically investigated the accretion and removal of porous rime ice from structural surfaces activated by SAWs. We found that icing and de-icing processes are strongly linked with the dynamical interfacial phase and structure changes of rime ice under SAW activation and the acousto-thermally induced localized heating that facilitate the melting of ice crystals. Subsequently, interactions of SAWs with the formed thin water layer at the ice/structure interface result in significant streaming effects that lead to further damage and melting of ice, liquid pumping, jetting, or nebulization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Yang
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Luke Haworth
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Ran Tao
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Glen McHale
- School
of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, U.K.
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - James Martin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Jingting Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xianghui Hou
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
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12
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li D, Xie J, Tao R, Luo J, Dai X, Torun H, Wu Q, Ng WP, Binns R, Fu Y. Flexible multifunctional platform based on piezoelectric acoustics for human-machine interaction and environmental perception. Microsyst Nanoeng 2022; 8:99. [PMID: 36119378 PMCID: PMC9474866 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible human-machine interfaces show broad prospects for next-generation flexible or wearable electronics compared with their currently available bulky and rigid counterparts. However, compared to their rigid counterparts, most reported flexible devices (e.g., flexible loudspeakers and microphones) show inferior performance, mainly due to the nature of their flexibility. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve their performance by developing and optimizing new materials, structures and design methodologies. In this paper, a flexible acoustic platform based on a zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film on an aluminum foil substrate is developed and optimized; this platform can be applied as a loudspeaker, a microphone, or an ambient sensor depending on the selection of its excitation frequencies. When used as a speaker, the proposed structure shows a high sound pressure level (SPL) of ~90 dB (with a standard deviation of ~3.6 dB), a low total harmonic distortion of ~1.41%, and a uniform directivity (with a standard deviation of ~4 dB). Its normalized SPL is higher than those of similar devices reported in the recent literature. When used as a microphone, the proposed device shows a precision of 98% for speech recognition, and the measured audio signals show a strong similarity to the original audio signals, demonstrating its equivalent performance compared to a rigid commercial microphone. As a flexible sensor, this device shows a high temperature coefficient of frequency of -289 ppm/K and good performance for respiratory monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Yong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewu Dai
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - YongQing Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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13
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Vernon J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Torun H, Binns R, Ng WP, Wu Q, Fu YQ. Breath monitoring, sleep disorder detection, and tracking using thin-film acoustic waves and open-source electronics. Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0013471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Apnoea, a major sleep disorder, affects many adults and causes several issues, such as fatigue, high blood pressure, liver conditions, increased risk of type II diabetes, and heart problems. Therefore, advanced monitoring and diagnosing tools of apnoea disorders are needed to facilitate better treatment, with advantages such as accuracy, comfort of use, cost effectiveness, and embedded computation capabilities to recognise, store, process, and transmit time series data. In this work we present an adaptation of our apnoea-Pi open-source surface acoustic wave (SAW) platform (Apnoea-Pi) to monitor and recognise apnoea in patients. The platform is based on a thin-film SAW device using bimorph ZnO and Al structures, including those fabricated as Al foils or plates, to achieve breath tracking based on humidity and temperature changes. We applied open-source electronics and provided embedded computing characteristics for signal processing, data recognition, storage, and transmission of breath signals. We show that the thin-film SAW device out-performed standard and off-the-shelf capacitive electronic sensors in terms of their response and accuracy for human breath-tracking purposes. This in combination with embedded electronics makes a suitable platform for human breath monitoring and sleep disorder recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jethro Vernon
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Pep Canyelles-Pericas
- Department of Integrated Devices and Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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14
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Dawson F, Yew WC, Orme B, Markwell C, Ledesma-Aguilar R, Perry JJ, Shortman IM, Smith D, Torun H, Wells G, Unthank MG. Self-Assembled, Hierarchical Structured Surfaces for Applications in (Super)hydrophobic Antiviral Coatings. Langmuir 2022; 38:10632-10641. [PMID: 35977085 PMCID: PMC9434993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method for the creation of multitier hierarchical structured surfaces is reported, which optimizes both antiviral and hydrophobic (easy-clean) properties. The methodology exploits the availability of surface-active chemical groups while also manipulating both the surface micro- and nanostructure to control the way the surface coating interacts with virus particles within a liquid droplet. This methodology has significant advantages over single-tier structured surfaces, including the ability to overcome the droplet-pinning effect and in delivering surfaces with high static contact angles (>130°) and good antiviral efficacy (log kill >2). In addition, the methodology highlights a valuable approach for the creation of mechanically robust, nanostructured surfaces which can be prepared by spray application using nonspecialized equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Dawson
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Wen C. Yew
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Bethany Orme
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | | | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Aguilar
- Institute
for Multiscale Thermofluids (IMT), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, U.K.
| | | | - Ian M. Shortman
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, U.K.
| | - Darren Smith
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Gary Wells
- Institute
for Multiscale Thermofluids (IMT), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, U.K.
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15
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Zahertar S, Torun H, Sun C, Markwell C, Dong Y, Yang X, Fu Y. Flexible Platform of Acoustofluidics and Metamaterials with Decoupled Resonant Frequencies. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:4344. [PMID: 35746129 PMCID: PMC9228408 DOI: 10.3390/s22124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The key challenge for a lab-on-chip (LOC) device is the seamless integration of key elements of biosensing and actuation (e.g., biosampling or microfluidics), which are conventionally realised using different technologies. In this paper, we report a convenient and efficient LOC platform fabricated using an electrode patterned flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) pressed onto a piezoelectric film coated substrate, which can implement multiple functions of both acoustofluidics using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) and sensing functions using electromagnetic metamaterials, based on the same electrode on the FPCB. We explored the actuation capability of the integrated structure by pumping a sessile droplet using SAWs in the radio frequency range. We then investigated the hybrid sensing capability (including both physical and chemical ones) of the structure employing the concept of electromagnetic split-ring resonators (SRRs) in the microwave frequency range. The originality of this sensing work is based on the premise that the proposed structure contains three completely decoupled resonant frequencies for sensing applications and each resonance has been used as a separate physical or a chemical sensor. This feature compliments the acoustofluidic capability and is well-aligned with the goals set for a successful LOC device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Zahertar
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
- Zepler Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Chao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Christopher Markwell
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Yinhua Dong
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin 4th Centre Hospital Affiliated to Nankai University, Tianjin 300140, China;
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK;
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; (S.Z.); (C.M.)
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16
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Wu J, Becsek B, Schaer A, Maurenbrecher H, Chatzipirpiridis G, Ergeneman O, Pane S, Torun H, Nelson BJ. Real-Time Gait Phase Detection on Wearable Devices for Real-World Free-Living Gait. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; PP. [PMID: 37015703 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3228329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detecting gait phases with wearables unobtrusively and reliably in real-time is important for clinical gait rehabilitation and early diagnosis of neurological diseases. Due to hardware limitations of microcontrollers in wearable devices (e.g., memory and computation power), reliable real-time gait phase detection on the microcontrollers remains a challenge, especially for long-term real-world free-living gait. In this work, a novel algorithm based on a reduced support vector machine (RSVM) and a finite state machine (FSM) is developed to address this. The RSVM is developed by exploiting the cascaded K-means clustering to reduce the model size and computation time of a standard SVM by 88% and a factor of 36, with only minor degradation in gait phase prediction accuracy of around 4%. For each gait phase prediction from the RSVM, the FSM is designed to validate the prediction and correct misclassifications. The developed algorithm is implemented on a microcontroller of a wearable device and its real-time (on the fly) classification performance is evaluated by twenty healthy subjects walking along a predefined real-world route with uncontrolled free-living gait. It shows a promising real-time performance with an accuracy of 91.51%, a sensitivity of 91.70%, and a specificity of 95.77%. The algorithm also demonstrates its robustness with varying walking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Wu
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvador Pane
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Vernon J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Torun H, Dai X, Ng WP, Binns R, Busawon K, Fu YQ. Acousto-Pi: An Opto-Acoustofluidic System Using Surface Acoustic Waves Controlled With Open-Source Electronics for Integrated In-Field Diagnostics. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 69:411-422. [PMID: 34524958 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are increasingly applied in life sciences, biology, and point-of-care applications due to their combined acoustofluidic sensing and actuating properties. Despite the advances in this field, there remain significant gaps in interfacing hardware and control strategies to facilitate system integration with high performance and low cost. In this work, we present a versatile and digitally controlled acoustofluidic platform by demonstrating key functions for biological assays such as droplet transportation and mixing using a closed-loop feedback control with image recognition. Moreover, we integrate optical detection by demonstrating in situ fluorescence sensing capabilities with a standard camera and digital filters, bypassing the need for expensive and complex optical setups. The Acousto-Pi setup is based on open-source Raspberry Pi hardware and 3-D printed housing, and the SAW devices are fabricated with piezoelectric thin films on a metallic substrate. The platform enables the control of droplet position and speed for sample processing (mixing and dilution of samples), as well as the control of temperature based on acousto-heating, offering embedded processing capability. It can be operated remotely while recording the measurements in cloud databases toward integrated in-field diagnostic applications such as disease outbreak control, mass healthcare screening, and food safety.
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18
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Biroun MH, Haworth L, Agrawal P, Orme B, McHale G, Torun H, Rahmati M, Fu Y. Surface Acoustic Waves to Control Droplet Impact onto Superhydrophobic and Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:46076-46087. [PMID: 34520158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic coatings and slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) have shown their potentials in self-cleaning, anti-icing, anti-erosion, and antibiofouling applications. Various studies have been done on controlling the droplet impact on such surfaces using passive methods such as modifying the lubricant layer thickness in SLIPS. Despite their effectiveness, passive methods lack on-demand control over the impact dynamics of droplets. This paper introduces a new method to actively control the droplet impact onto superhydrophobic and SLIPS surfaces using surface acoustic waves (SAWs). In this study, we designed and fabricated SLIPS on ZnO/aluminum thin-film SAW devices and investigated different scenarios of droplet impact on the surfaces compared to those on similar superhydrophobic-coated surfaces. Our results showed that SAWs have insignificant influences on the impact dynamics of a porous and superhydrophobic surface without an infused oil layer. However, after infusion with oil, SAW energy could be effectively transferred to the droplet, thus modifying its impact dynamics onto the superhydrophobic surface. Results showed that by applying SAWs, the spreading and retraction behaviors of the droplets are altered on the SLIPS surface, leading to a change in a droplet impact regime from deposition to complete rebound with altered rebounding angles. Moreover, the contact time was reduced up to 30% when applying SAWs on surfaces with an optimum oil lubricant thickness of ∼8 μm. Our work offers an effective way of applying SAW technology along with SLIPS to effectively reduce the contact time and alter the droplet rebound angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi H Biroun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Luke Haworth
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Prashant Agrawal
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Bethany Orme
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Glen McHale
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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19
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Wang T, Li D, Xie J, Torun H, Fu Y. Piezoelectric Smart Patch Operated with Machine-Learning Algorithms for Effective Detection and Elimination of Condensation. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3072-3081. [PMID: 34406740 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Timely detection and elimination of surface condensation is crucial for diverse applications in agriculture, automotive, oil and gas industries, and respiratory monitoring. In this paper, a smart patch based on a ZnO/aluminum (∼5 μm/50 μm thick) flexible Lamb wave device has been proposed to detect, prevent, and eliminate condensation, which can be realized using both of its surfaces. The patch is operated using a machine-learning algorithm which consists of data preprocessing (feature selection and optimization) and model training by a random forest algorithm. It has been tested in six cases, and the results show good detection performance with average precision = 94.40% and average F1 score = 93.23%. The principle of accelerating evaporation is investigated to understand the elimination and prevention functions for surface condensation. Results show that both dielectric heating and acoustothermal effect have their contributions, whereas the former is found more dominant. Furthermore, the functional relationship between the evaporation rate and the input power is calibrated, showing a high linearity (R2 = 97.64%) with a slope of ∼3.6 × 10-5 1/(s·mW). With an input power of ∼0.6 W, the flexible device has been proven effective in the prevention of condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yongqing Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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20
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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Tao R, Xie J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Torun H, Reboud J, McHale G, Dodd LE, Yang X, Luo J, Wu Q, Fu Y. Flexible/Bendable Acoustofluidics Based on Thin-Film Surface Acoustic Waves on Thin Aluminum Sheets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:16978-16986. [PMID: 33813830 PMCID: PMC8153544 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we explore the acoustofluidic performance of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin-film surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices fabricated on flexible and bendable thin aluminum (Al) foils/sheets with thicknesses from 50 to 1500 μm. Directional transport of fluids along these flexible/bendable surfaces offers potential applications for the next generation of microfluidic systems, wearable biosensors and soft robotic control. Theoretical calculations indicate that bending under strain levels up to 3000 με causes a small frequency shift and amplitude change (<0.3%) without degrading the acoustofluidic performance. Through systematic investigation of the effects of the Al sheet thickness on the microfluidic actuation performance for the bent devices, we identify the optimum thickness range to both maintain efficient microfluidic actuation and enable significant deformation of the substrate, providing a guide to design such devices. Finally, we demonstrate efficient liquid transportation across a wide range of substrate geometries including inclined, curved, vertical, inverted, and lateral positioned surfaces using a 200 μm thick Al sheet SAW device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
- Key
Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang
Province, School of Engineering, Westlake
University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Ran Tao
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin Xie
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pep Canyelles-Pericas
- Department
of Integrated Devices and Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Enschede 7522NH, The Netherlands
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| | - Glen McHale
- Institute
for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K.
| | - Linzi E. Dodd
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Xin Yang
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Jingting Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - YongQing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, University
of Northumbria, Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
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21
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Acuner SE, Sumbul F, Torun H, Haliloglu T. Oncogenic mutations on Rac1 affect global intrinsic dynamics underlying GTP and PAK1 binding. Biophys J 2021; 120:866-876. [PMID: 33515600 PMCID: PMC8008323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small member of the Rho GTPase family. One of the most important downstream effectors of Rac1 is a serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). Mutational activation of PAK1 by Rac1 has oncogenic signaling effects. Here, although we focus on Rac1-PAK1 interaction by atomic-force-microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, we explore the effect of active mutations on the intrinsic dynamics and binding interactions of Rac1 by Gaussian network model analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. We observe that Rac1 oncogenic mutations are at the hinges of three global modes of motion, suggesting the mechanical changes as potential markers of oncogenicity. Indeed, the dissociation of wild-type Rac1-PAK1 complex shows two distinct unbinding dynamic states that are reduced to one with constitutively active Q61L and oncogenic Y72C mutant Rac1, as revealed by single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments. Q61L and Y72C mutations change the mechanics of the Rac1-PAK1 complex by increasing the elasticity of the protein and slowing down the transition to the unbound state. On the other hand, Rac1's intrinsic dynamics reveal more flexible GTP and PAK1-binding residues on switches I and II with Q61L, Y72C, oncogenic P29S and Q61R, and negative T17N mutations. The cooperativity in the fluctuations of GTP-binding sites around the p-loop and switch I decreases in all mutants, mostly in Q61L, whereas some PAK1-binding residues display enhanced coupling with GTP-binding sites in Q61L and Y72C and within each other in P29S. The predicted binding free energies of the modeled Rac1-PAK1 complexes show that the change in the dynamic behavior likely means a more favorable PAK1 interaction. Overall, these findings suggest that the active mutations affect intrinsic functional dynamic events and alter the mechanics underlying the binding of Rac1 to GTP and upstream and downstream partners including PAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Ece Acuner
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fidan Sumbul
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
| | - Turkan Haliloglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Research Center, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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22
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Fu YQ, Pang HF, Torun H, Tao R, McHale G, Reboud J, Tao K, Zhou J, Luo J, Gibson D, Luo J, Hu P. Engineering inclined orientations of piezoelectric films for integrated acoustofluidics and lab-on-a-chip operated in liquid environments. Lab Chip 2021; 21:254-271. [PMID: 33337457 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00887g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different acoustic wave modes are required for effective implementation of biosensing and liquid actuation functions in an acoustic wave-based lab-on-a-chip. For efficient sensing in liquids, shear waves (either a thickness-shear bulk wave or a shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave) can achieve a high sensitivity, without significant loss of acoustic wave energy. On the other hand, longitudinal bulk waves or out-of-plane displacement waves (such as Rayleigh waves) enable efficient sampling functions and liquid manipulation. However, there are significant challenges in developing a lab-on-a-chip to efficiently generate multiple wave modes and perform both these functions on a single piezoelectric substrate, especially when a single crystalline orientation is available. This paper highlights the latest progress in the theories and techniques to deliver both sensing and microfluidic manipulation functions using engineered inclined-angled piezoelectric films, allowing for the simultaneous generation of longitudinal (or Rayleigh) and thickness-shear bulk (or shear-horizontal surface acoustic) waves. Challenges and theoretical constraints for generating various wave modes in the inclined films and techniques to efficiently produce inclined columnar and inclined crystalline piezoelectric films using sputtering deposition methods are presented. Applications of different wave modes in the inclined film-based lab-on-chips with multiple sensing and acoustofluidic functions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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23
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Allen T, Awais M, Bailenson JN, Bhattacharjee M, Biswas U, Bouzid Z, Bullock K, Celik Y, Clark CC, Clark RA, Coulby G, Dahiya R, Dodd LE, Drehlich M, Duncan O, Gage WH, Ganti RK, Godfrey A, Goh CH, Gower S, Greenleaf W, Harte R, Heywood S, Hickey A, Hosseini ES, Hough EJ, Javed E, Johnston W, Kahn M, Kettley S, Khalid M, Khalifa Y, Kim J, King L, Lim E, Lovell NH, Mancin M, Manjakkal L, Mao S, Marchiori E, Marshall SJ, Martini DN, Mohammadian Rad N, Moore J, Morris R, Nouredanesh M, Ó Laighin G, Ooi SY, Ooteghem KV, Paranthaman VV, Parrington L, Pettigrew N, Powell D, Pua Y, Quinlan L, Raza M, Redmond SJ, Ridgers ND, Scanlan K, Sejdic E, Shepherd J, Shu K, Singh N, Srivatsa M, Stuart S, Suri A, Tan HH, Thilarajah S, Torun H, Trojaniello D, Tung J, Tyler D, Weiss TL, Wilhelm J, Williams G, Wood D, Wood J, Young F, Zhang Z. List of contributors. Digit Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818914-6.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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H. Biroun M, Rahmati M, Tao R, Torun H, Jangi M, Fu Y. Dynamic Behavior of Droplet Impact on Inclined Surfaces with Acoustic Waves. Langmuir 2020; 36:10175-10186. [PMID: 32787026 PMCID: PMC8010791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Droplet impact on arbitrary inclined surfaces is of great interest for applications such as antifreezing, self-cleaning, and anti-infection. Research has been focused on texturing the surfaces to alter the contact time and rebouncing angle upon droplet impact. In this paper, using propagating surface acoustic waves (SAWs) along the inclined surfaces, we present a novel technique to modify and control key droplet impact parameters, such as impact regime, contact time, and rebouncing direction. A high-fidelity finite volume method was developed to explore the mechanisms of droplet impact on the inclined surfaces assisted by SAWs. Numerical results revealed that applying SAWs modifies the energy budget inside the liquid medium, leading to different impact behaviors. We then systematically investigated the effects of inclination angle, droplet impact velocity, SAW propagation direction, and applied SAW power on the impact dynamics and showed that by using SAWs, droplet impact on the nontextured hydrophobic and inclined surface is effectively changed from deposition to complete rebound. Moreover, the maximum contact time reduction up to ∼50% can be achieved, along with an alteration of droplet spreading and movement along the inclined surfaces. Finally, we showed that the rebouncing angle along the inclined surface could be adjusted within a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi H. Biroun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Ran Tao
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
| | - Mehdi Jangi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K.
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25
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Camli B, Altinagac E, Kizil H, Torun H, Dundar G, Yalcinkaya AD. Gold-on-glass microwave split-ring resonators with PDMS microchannels for differential measurement in microfluidic sensing. Biomicrofluidics 2020; 14:054102. [PMID: 32983311 PMCID: PMC7508629 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a microwave resonator incorporating microfluidic lab-on-chip sensor system capable of performing simultaneous differential measurement based sensing of liquid samples. The resonators are split-ring resonator shapes made of gold on glass substrates. Directly bonded on glass substrates are polydimethylsiloxane microchannels. Sensor system design incorporates a pair of identical resonators, one of which performs reference reading from the background. Tracking the difference of the responses of both resonators simultaneously, rather than a single one, is used to obtain a more linear and noise-free reading. The sensor system was produced with conventional fabrication techniques. It is compatible with low-cost, simple, easy to handle sensing applications. Results indicate that reliable differential measurement was possible owing to a well-matched pair of sensors with a response error as low as 0.1%. It was also demonstrated that differential measurement capability enables sensing with improved linearity. Measurements were performed with glucose solutions in the range of 3.2-16.1 mM, achieving a sensitivity of 0.16 MHz/mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Camli
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - E. Altinagac
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - H. Kizil
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - H. Torun
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE18ST, United Kingdom
| | - G. Dundar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - A. D. Yalcinkaya
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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26
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Tao R, Zahertar S, Torun H, Liu YR, Wang M, Lu Y, Luo JT, Vernon J, Binns R, He Y, Tao K, Wu Q, Chang HL, Fu YQ. Flexible and Integrated Sensing Platform of Acoustic Waves and Metamaterials based on Polyimide-Coated Woven Carbon Fibers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2563-2569. [PMID: 32686395 PMCID: PMC8009594 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Versatile,
in situ sensing and continuous monitoring capabilities
are critically needed, but challenging, for components made of solid
woven carbon fibers in aerospace, electronics, and medical applications.
In this work, we proposed a unique concept of integrated sensing technology
on woven carbon fibers through integration of thin-film surface acoustic
wave (SAW) technology and electromagnetic metamaterials, with capabilities
of noninvasive, in situ, and continuous monitoring of environmental
parameters and biomolecules wirelessly. First, we fabricated composite
materials using a three-layer composite design, in which the woven
carbon fiber cloth was first coated with a polyimide (PI) layer followed
by a layer of ZnO film. Integrated SAW and metamaterials devices were
then fabricated on this composite structure. The temperature of the
functional area of the device could be controlled precisely using
the SAW devices, which could provide a proper incubation environment
for biosampling processes. As an ultraviolet light sensor, the SAW
device could achieve a good sensitivity of 56.86 ppm/(mW/cm2). On the same integrated platform, an electromagnetic resonator
based on the metamaterials was demonstrated to work as a glucose concentration
monitor with a sensitivity of 0.34 MHz/(mg/dL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Shahrzad Zahertar
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yi Ru Liu
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- China-EU Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ting Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jethro Vernon
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Richard Binns
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Kai Tao
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Hong Long Chang
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
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27
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Tao R, McHale G, Reboud J, Cooper JM, Torun H, Luo J, Luo J, Yang X, Zhou J, Canyelles-Pericas P, Wu Q, Fu Y. Hierarchical Nanotexturing Enables Acoustofluidics on Slippery yet Sticky, Flexible Surfaces. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3263-3270. [PMID: 32233442 PMCID: PMC7227016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to actuate liquids remains a fundamental challenge in smart microsystems, such as those for soft robotics, where devices often need to conform to either natural or three-dimensional solid shapes, in various orientations. Here, we propose a hierarchical nanotexturing of piezoelectric films as active microfluidic actuators, exploiting a unique combination of both topographical and chemical properties on flexible surfaces, while also introducing design concepts of shear hydrophobicity and tensile hydrophilicity. In doing so, we create nanostructured surfaces that are, at the same time, both slippery (low in-plane pinning) and sticky (high normal-to-plane liquid adhesion). By enabling fluid transportation on such arbitrarily shaped surfaces, we demonstrate efficient fluid motions on inclined, vertical, inverted, or even flexible geometries in three dimensions. Such surfaces can also be deformed and then reformed into their original shapes, thereby paving the way for advanced microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Glen McHale
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- Division
of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - JingTing Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of
Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Jikui Luo
- College
of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of
Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan
University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Pep Canyelles-Pericas
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty
of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria
University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 8ST, United
Kingdom
- E-mail:
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28
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Wang JL, Guo YJ, Long GD, Tang YL, Tang QB, Zu XT, Ma JY, Du B, Torun H, Fu YQ. Integrated sensing layer of bacterial cellulose and polyethyleneimine to achieve high sensitivity of ST-cut quartz surface acoustic wave formaldehyde gas sensor. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:121743. [PMID: 31836372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based formaldehyde gas sensor using bi-layer nanofilms of bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) was developed on an ST-cut quartz substrate using sol-gel and spin coating processes. BC nanofilms significantly improve the sensitivity of PEI films to formaldehyde gas, and reduces response and recovery times. The BC films have superfine filamentary and fibrous network structures, which provide a large number of attachment sites for the PEI particles. Measurement results obtained using in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the primary amino groups of PEI strongly adsorb formaldehyde molecules through nucleophilic reactions, thus resulting in a negative frequency shift of the SAW sensor due to the mass loading effect. In addition, experimental results showed that the frequency shifts of the SAW devices are determined by thickness of PEI film, concentration of formaldehyde and relative humidity. The PEI/BC sensor coated with three layers of PEI as the sensing layer showed the optimal sensing performance, which had a frequency shift of 35.6 kHz for 10 ppm formaldehyde gas, measured at room temperature and 30 % RH. The sensor also showed good selectivity and stability, with a low limit of detection down to 100 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Y J Guo
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
| | - G D Long
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Y L Tang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China.
| | - Q B Tang
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - X T Zu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - J Y Ma
- Sichuan Institute of Piezoelectric and Acousto-Optic Technology, Chongqing, 400060, PR China
| | - B Du
- Sichuan Institute of Piezoelectric and Acousto-Optic Technology, Chongqing, 400060, PR China
| | - H Torun
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Y Q Fu
- Faculty of Engineering & Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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29
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Tao R, Reboud J, Torun H, McHale G, Dodd LE, Wu Q, Tao K, Yang X, Luo JT, Todryk S, Fu Y. Integrating microfluidics and biosensing on a single flexible acoustic device using hybrid modes. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1002-1011. [PMID: 32026889 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01189g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Integration of microfluidics and biosensing functionalities on a single device holds promise in continuous health monitoring and disease diagnosis for point-of-care applications. However, the required functions of fluid handling and biomolecular sensing usually arise from different actuation mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate that a single acoustofluidic device, based on a flexible thin film platform, is able to generate hybrid wave modes, which can be used for fluidic actuation (Lamb waves) and biosensing (thickness shear waves). On this integrated platform, we show multiple and sequential functions of mixing, transport and disposal of liquid volumes using Lamb waves, whilst the thickness bulk shear waves allow us to sense the chemotherapeutic Imatinib, using an aptamer-based strategy, as would be required for therapy monitoring. Upon binding, the conformation of the aptamer results in a change in coupled mass, which has been detected. This platform architecture has the potential to generate a wide range of simple sample-to-answer biosensing acoustofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China. and Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Julien Reboud
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Glen McHale
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Linzi E Dodd
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Qiang Wu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, CF24 3AA UK
| | - Jing Ting Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Energy, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Stephen Todryk
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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30
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Oktay K, Santaliz-Casiano A, Patel M, Marino N, Storniolo AMV, Torun H, Acar B, Madak Erdogan Z. A Computational Statistics Approach to Evaluate Blood Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Risk Stratification. Discov Oncol 2019; 11:17-33. [PMID: 31858384 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Mammography and tumor biopsy followed by histopathological analysis are the current methods to diagnose breast cancer. Mammography does not detect all breast tumor subtypes, especially those that arise in younger women or women with dense breast tissue, and are more aggressive. There is an urgent need to find circulating prognostic molecules and liquid biopsy methods for breast cancer diagnosis and reducing the mortality rate. In this study, we systematically evaluated metabolites and proteins in blood to develop a pipeline to identify potential circulating biomarkers for breast cancer risk. Our aim is to identify a group of molecules to be used in the design of portable and low-cost biomarker detection devices. We obtained plasma samples from women who are cancer free (healthy) and women who were cancer free at the time of blood collection but developed breast cancer later (susceptible). We extracted potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer risk from plasma metabolomics and proteomics data using statistical and discriminative power analyses. We pre-processed the data to ensure the quality of subsequent analyses, and used two main feature selection methods to determine the importance of each molecule. After further feature elimination based on pairwise dependencies, we measured the performance of logistic regression classifier on the remaining molecules and compared their biological relevance. We identified six signatures that predicted breast cancer risk with different specificity and selectivity. The best performing signature had 13 factors. We validated the difference in level of one of the biomarkers, SCF/KITLG, in plasma from healthy and susceptible individuals. These biomarkers will be used to develop low-cost liquid biopsy methods toward early identification of breast cancer risk and hence decreased mortality. Our findings provide the knowledge basis needed to proceed in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Oktay
- VAVlab, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meera Patel
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Natascia Marino
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna Maria V Storniolo
- Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Burak Acar
- VAVlab, Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Madak Erdogan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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31
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Feng L, Torun H. Miniaturized magnetic bead-actuators for force-clamp spectroscopy-based single-molecule measurements. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 209:112888. [PMID: 31734437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Force-clamp spectroscopy can mimic the physiological conditions for the proteins under investigation. In addition, it is a direct way of observing the relationship between bond lifetime and molecular forces. However, traditional force-clamp methods rely on active feedback controllers that can introduce artefacts. In this work, we introduce a new method to enable force-clamp spectroscopy without a need for an active feedback. The method is based on miniaturized magnetic beads offering improved stability. As a case study, we performed force-clamp experiments using biotin-streptavidin molecule pairs with and without active feedback. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of force-clamp experiments without feedback and illustrate the advantages of our method.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feng
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - H Torun
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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32
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Demirkiran A, Karakuzu A, Erkol H, Torun H, Unlu MB. Analysis of microcantilevers excited by pulsed-laser-induced photoacoustic waves. Opt Express 2018; 26:4906-4919. [PMID: 29475334 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a simulation-based analysis on the excitation of microcantilever in air using pulsed-laser-induced photoacoustic waves. A model was designed and coded to investigate the effects of consecutive photoacoustic waves, arising from a spherical light absorber illuminated by short laser pulses. The consecutiveness of the waves were adjusted with respect to the pulse repetition frequency of the laser to examine their cumulative effects on the oscillation of microcantilever. Using this approach, oscillation characteristics of two rectangular cantilevers with different resonant frequencies (16.9 kHz and 505.7 kHz) were investigated in the presence of the random oscillations. The results show that the effective responses of the microcantilevers to the consecutive photoacoustic waves provide steady-state oscillations, when the pulse repetition frequency matches to the fundamental resonant frequency or its lower harmonics. Another major finding is that being driven by the same photoacoustic pressure value, the high frequency cantilever tend to oscillate at higher amplitudes. Some of the issues emerging from these findings may find application area in atomic force microscopy actuation and photoacoustic signal detection.
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Sevim S, Ozer S, Jones G, Wurzel J, Feng L, Fakhraee A, Shamsudhin N, Ergeneman O, Pellicer E, Sort J, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Torun H, Lühmann T. Nanomechanics on FGF-2 and Heparin Reveal Slip Bond Characteristics with pH Dependency. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1000-1007. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Semih Sevim
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Ozer
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gabriel Jones
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joel Wurzel
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luying Feng
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arielle Fakhraee
- Aeon Scientific AG, Schlieren, Rütistrasse 12, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naveen Shamsudhin
- Multi
Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olgaç Ergeneman
- Multi
Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament
de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament
de Física, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Torre C5 par-2, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Ps. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi
Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Multi
Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am
Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Sevim S, Ozer S, Feng L, Wurzel J, Fakhraee A, Shamsudhin N, Jang B, Alcantara C, Ergeneman O, Pellicer E, Sort J, Lühmann T, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Torun H. Dually actuated atomic force microscope with miniaturized magnetic bead-actuators for single-molecule force measurements. Nanoscale Horiz 2016; 1:488-495. [PMID: 32260713 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique with dual actuation capabilities using both piezo and magnetic bead actuation for advanced single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments. The experiments are performed by manipulating magnetic microbeads using an electromagnet against a stationary cantilever. Magnetic actuation has been demonstrated before to actuate cantilevers, but here we keep the cantilever stationary and accomplish actuation via free-manipulated microstructures. The developed method benefits from significant reduction of drift, since the experiments are performed without a substrate contact and the measured force is inherently differential. In addition, shrinking the size of the actuator can minimize hydrodynamic forces affecting the cantilever. The new method reported herein allows for the application of constant force to perform force-clamp experiments without any active feedback, profiled for a deeper understanding of biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Sevim
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Acuner-Ozbabacan SE, Sumbul F, Torun H, Haliloglu T. Allosteric Regulation of Rac1-PAK1 Binding Affinity by Mutant Residues through Molecular Simulations and AFM. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pokki J, Parmar J, Ergeneman O, Torun H, Guerrero M, Pellicer E, Sort J, Pané S, Nelson BJ. Mobility-Enhancing Coatings for Vitreoretinal Surgical Devices: Hydrophilic and Enzymatic Coatings Investigated by Microrheology. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:22018-22028. [PMID: 26359763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic wireless microrobots are proposed for minimally invasive vitreoretinal surgery. Devices in the vitreous experience nonlinear mobility as a result of the complex mechanical properties of the vitreous and its interaction with the devices. A microdevice that will minimize its interaction with the macromolecules of the vitreous (i.e., mainly hyaluronan (HA) and collagen) can be utilized for ophthalmic surgeries. Although a few studies on the interactions between the vitreous and microdevices exist, there is no literature on the influence of coatings on these interactions. This paper presents how coatings on devices affect mobility in the vitreous. Surgical catheters in the vasculature use hydrophilic polymer coatings that reduce biomolecular absorption and enhance mobility. In this work such polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and HA coatings were utilized, and their effects on mobility in the vitreous were characterized. Hydrophilic titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating was also developed and characterized. Collagenase and hyaluronidase enzymes were coated on probes' surfaces with a view to enhancing their mobility by enzymatic digestion of the collagen and HA of the vitreous, respectively. To model the human vitreous, ex vivo porcine vitreous and collagen were used. For studying the effects of hyaluronidase, the vitreous and HA were used. The hydrophilic and enzymatic coatings were characterized by oscillatory magnetic microrheology. The statistical significance of the mean relative displacements (i.e., mobility) of the coated probes with respect to control probes was assessed. All studied hydrophilic coatings improve mobility, except for HA which decreases mobility potentially due to bonding with vitreal macromolecules. TiO2 coating improves mobility in collagen by 28.3% and in the vitreous by 15.4%. PEG and PVP coatings improve mobility in collagen by 19.4 and by 39.6%, respectively, but their improvement in the vitreous is insignificant at a 95% confidence level (CL). HA coating affects mobility by reducing it in collagen by 35.6% (statistically significant) and in the vitreous by 16.8% (insignificant change at 95% CL). The coatings cause similar effects in collagen and in the vitreous. However, the effects are lower in the vitreous, which can be due to a lower concentration of collagen in the vitreous than in the prepared collagen samples. The coatings based on enzymatic activity increase mobility (i.e., >40% after 15 min experiments in the vitreous models) more than the hydrophilic coatings based on physicochemical interactions. However, the enzymes have time-dependent effects, and they dissolve from the probe surface with time. The presented results are useful for researchers and companies developing ophthalmic devices. They also pave the way to understanding how to adjust mobility of a microdevice in a complex fluid by choice of an appropriate coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Pokki
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jemish Parmar
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olgaç Ergeneman
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Boğaziçi University , Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Boğaziçi University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Miguel Guerrero
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Pellicer
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Sort
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Pokki J, Ergeneman O, Sevim S, Enzmann V, Torun H, Nelson BJ. Measuring localized viscoelasticity of the vitreous body using intraocular microprobes. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-015-9988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Torun H, Sadeghzadeh S, Yalcinkaya AD. Note: Tunable overlapping half-ring resonator. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:106107. [PMID: 24182180 DOI: 10.1063/1.4825347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A unique tunable microwave resonator with a pair of half-rings is introduced and validated by experimental data. The capacitive gap between the overlapping areas can be controlled accurately using a magnetic actuator for tunability. The design geometry is scalable to cover different bands of electromagnetic spectrum. Transmission characteristics of the resonators have been modeled using finite-element analysis and have been measured. The experimental results indicate the resonant frequency can be controlled with a resolution of a few MHz in a tuning range of 38%. The resonator exhibits sharp transmission dips within the tuning range with measured quality factors larger than 2500.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Torun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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39
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Pokki J, Ergeneman O, Bergeles C, Torun H, Nelson BJ. Localized viscoelasticity measurements with untethered intravitreal microrobots. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013; 2012:2813-6. [PMID: 23366510 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots are a promising tool for medical interventions and micromanipulation. In this paper, we explore the concept of using microrobots for microrheology. Untethered magnetically actuated microrobots were used to characterize one of the most complex biofluids, the vitreous humor. In this work we began by experimentally characterizing the viscoelastic properties of an artificial vitreous humor. For comparison, its properties were also measured using special microcantilevers in an atomic force microscope (AFM) setup. Subsequently, an untethered device was used to study the vitreous humor of a porcine eye, which is a valid ex-vivo model of a human eye. Its viscoelasticity model was extracted, which was in agreement with the model of the artificial vitreous. The existing characterization methodology requires eye and vitreous humor dissection for the microrheology measurements. We envision that the method proposed here can be used in in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Pokki
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. jpokki at ethz.ch
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40
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Torun H, Finkler O, Degertekin FL. Atomic force microscope based biomolecular force-clamp measurements using a micromachined electrostatic actuator. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 122:26-31. [PMID: 22960003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a method for biomolecular force clamp measurements using atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers and micromachined membrane-based electrostatic actuators. The actuators comprise of Parylene membranes with embedded side actuation electrodes and are fabricated on a silicon substrate. The devices have a displacement range of 1.8 μm with 200 V actuation voltage, and displacement uncertainty is 0.8 nm, including the noise and drift. The settling time, limited by the particular amplifier is 5 ms, with an inherent range down to 20 μs. A force clamp measurement setup using these actuators in a feedback loop has been used to measure bond life-times between human IgG and anti-human IgG molecules to demonstrate the feasibility of this method for biological experiments. The experimental findings are compared with a molecular pulling experiment and the results are found to be in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Torun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, TR-34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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41
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Torun H, Torello D, Degertekin FL. Note: Seesaw actuation of atomic force microscope probes for improved imaging bandwidth and displacement range. Rev Sci Instrum 2011; 82:086104. [PMID: 21895282 DOI: 10.1063/1.3622748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a method of actuation for atomic force microscope (AFM) probes to improve imaging speed and displacement range simultaneously. Unlike conventional piezoelectric tube actuation, the proposed method involves a lever and fulcrum "seesaw" like actuation mechanism that uses a small, fast piezoelectric transducer. The lever arm of the seesaw mechanism increases the apparent displacement range by an adjustable gain factor, overcoming the standard tradeoff between imaging speed and displacement range. Experimental characterization of a cantilever holder implementing the method is provided together with comparative line scans obtained with contact mode imaging. An imaging bandwidth of 30 kHz in air with the current setup was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Torun
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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42
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Degertekin FL, Torun H. Comment on "MEMS-based high speed scanning probe microscopy" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 043702 (2010)]. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:117101-117102. [PMID: 21133506 DOI: 10.1063/1.3499232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In a recent article, Disseldorp et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 043702 (2010)] present a micromachined z-scanner for scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The scanner comprises a micromachined electrostatically actuated membrane anchored to its substrate with crab-leg flexures. This structure is used as a fast actuator specifically for atomic force microscope and scanning tunneling microscope. The authors present topographic images acquired using the scanner in this paper and elsewhere [F. C. Tabak et al., Ultramicroscopy 110, 599 (2010)]. Although the work is clearly described, it does not appear to be placed in proper context. For example, the authors claim that previous work on microelectromechanical systems SPM has not been focused on high-speed imaging with feedback, which is not supported by the existing literature. In addition, similar actuator structures, albeit slightly larger scale, have been designed and used for SPM applications. Here, we would like comment briefly on the existing literature to clarify the significance of the work.
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Torun H, Finkler O, Degertekin FL. Athermalization in atomic force microscope based force spectroscopy using matched microstructure coupling. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:076103. [PMID: 19655988 PMCID: PMC2721764 DOI: 10.1063/1.3167276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe a method for athermalization in atomic force microscope (AFM) based force spectroscopy applications using microstructures that thermomechanically match the AFM probes. The method uses a setup where the AFM probe is coupled with the matched structure and the displacements of both structures are read out simultaneously. The matched structure displaces with the AFM probe as temperature changes, thus the force applied to the sample can be kept constant without the need for a separate feedback loop for thermal drift compensation, and the differential signal can be used to cancel the shift in zero-force level of the AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Torun
- G. W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Ayaz F, Demir O, Torun H, Kolcuoglu Y, Colak A. Characterization of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenolic contents in medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) fruit during ripening and over ripening. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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