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Ten Broeke R, Mestrom E, Woo L, Kreeftenberg H. Early treatment with intravenous lipid emulsion in a potentially lethal hydroxychloroquine intoxication. Neth J Med 2016; 74:210-214. [PMID: 27323674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes the possible benefit of intravenous lipid emulsion in two patients surviving a severe intoxication with hydroxychloroquine in a dose that was previously considered to be lethal. The first case involves a 25-year-old female who ingested 17.5 grams of hydroxychloroquine, approximately one hour before presentation. An ECG showed QRS widening and the lab results showed hypokalaemia. She became unconscious, and developed hypotension and eventually apnoea. After intubation, supportive care consisted of norepinephrine and supplementation of potassium. Moreover, sodium bicarbonate and intravenous lipid emulsion were started to prevent cardiac toxicity. After these interventions, haemodynamic stability was established within a few hours. Although cardiomyopathy was confirmed, the patient recovered after two weeks. The second case concerns a 25-year-old male who took 5 grams of hydroxychloroquine. At presentation, two hours after intake, he showed QTc prolongation and hypokalaemia. The patient was treated with the usual supportive care and, although presentation to hospital was later, with intravenous lipid emulsion. Also this patient recovered. In conclusion, these cases show the benefit of supplemental intravenous lipid emulsion to prevent cardiac toxicity after a severe intoxication with hydroxychloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ten Broeke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Hamidi A, Kreeftenberg H, V D Pol L, Ghimire S, V D Wielen LAM, Ottens M. Process development of a New Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine and the use of mathematical modeling to identify process optimization possibilities. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:568-80. [PMID: 26821825 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful public health interventions being a cost-effective tool in preventing deaths among young children. The earliest vaccines were developed following empirical methods, creating vaccines by trial and error. New process development tools, for example mathematical modeling, as well as new regulatory initiatives requiring better understanding of both the product and the process are being applied to well-characterized biopharmaceuticals (for example recombinant proteins). The vaccine industry is still running behind in comparison to these industries. A production process for a new Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, including related quality control (QC) tests, was developed and transferred to a number of emerging vaccine manufacturers. This contributed to a sustainable global supply of affordable Hib conjugate vaccines, as illustrated by the market launch of the first Hib vaccine based on this technology in 2007 and concomitant price reduction of Hib vaccines. This paper describes the development approach followed for this Hib conjugate vaccine as well as the mathematical modeling tool applied recently in order to indicate options for further improvements of the initial Hib process. The strategy followed during the process development of this Hib conjugate vaccine was a targeted and integrated approach based on prior knowledge and experience with similar products using multi-disciplinary expertise. Mathematical modeling was used to develop a predictive model for the initial Hib process (the 'baseline' model) as well as an 'optimized' model, by proposing a number of process changes which could lead to further reduction in price. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:568-580, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kreeftenberg
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leo V D Pol
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Saroj Ghimire
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Ottens
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Hamidi A, Kreeftenberg H. Use of immuno assays during the development of a Hemophilus influenzae type b vaccine for technology transfer to emerging vaccine manufacturers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2697-703. [PMID: 25483494 PMCID: PMC4977443 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of Hemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines is mainly dependent on physicochemical methods. Overcoming sample matrix interference when using physicochemical tests is very challenging, these tests are therefore only used to test purified samples of polysaccharide, protein, bulk conjugate, and final product. For successful development of a Hib conjugate vaccine, several ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods were needed as an additional tool to enable testing of in process (IP) samples. In this paper, three of the ELISA's that have been very valuable during the process development, implementation and scaling up are highlighted. The PRP-ELISA, was a very efficient tool in testing in process (IP) samples generated during the development of the cultivation and purification process of the Hib-polysaccharide. The antigenicity ELISA, was used to confirm the covalent linkage of PRP and TTd in the conjugate. The anti-PRP IgG ELISA was developed as part of the immunogenicity test, used to demonstrate the ability of the Hib conjugate vaccine to elicit a T-cell dependent immune response in mice. ELISA methods are relatively cheap and easy to implement and therefore very useful during the development of polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
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Key Words
- ADH, adipic acid dihydrazide
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ELISA
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay
- EP, European Pharmacopeia
- HPSEC, high performance size exclusion chromatography
- Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccine
- Hib, Haemophilus Influenzae type b
- IPC, in process control
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology
- Mn, number-average molecular weight
- Mr, molecular weight
- Mw, weight-average molecular weight
- NIBSC, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (UK)
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NVI, Netherlands Vaccine Institute
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PRP
- PRP, poly-ribosylribitol phosphate (Hib capsular polysaccharide)
- PRP-T, Hib vaccine (PRP conjugated to tetanus toxoid)
- QC, quality control
- RI, refractive index
- RIVM, The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu)
- TMB, tetramethyl benzidine
- TTd, tetanus toxoid
- UV, ultraviolet
- WHO, World Health Organization
- antigenicity
- characterization
- conjugate
- cultivation
- immunogenicity
- kDa, kilo dalton
- polysaccharide
- purification
- tR, retention time
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kreeftenberg
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Hamidi A, Verdijk P, Kreeftenberg H. Preclinical evaluation of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine process intended for technology transfer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2691-6. [PMID: 25483504 PMCID: PMC4977440 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in low- and middle-income countries has been limited by cost and availability of Hib conjugate vaccines for a long time. It was previously recognized by the Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc, originating from the former Vaccinology Unit of the National Institute of Public Health [RIVM] and the Netherlands Vaccine Institute [NVI]) that local production of a Hib conjugate vaccine would increase the affordability and sustainability of the vaccine and thereby help to speed up Hib introduction in these countries. A new affordable and a non-infringing production process for a Hib conjugate vaccine was developed, including relevant quality control tests, and the technology was transferred to a number of vaccine manufacturers in India, Indonesia, and China. As part of the Hib technology transfer project managed by Intravacc, a preclinical toxicity study was conducted in the Netherlands to test the safety and immunogenicity of this new Hib conjugate vaccine. The data generated by this study were used by the technology transfer partners to accelerate the clinical development of the new Hib conjugate vaccine. A repeated dose toxicity and local tolerance study in rats was performed to assess the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new Hib conjugate vaccine compared to a licensed vaccine. The results showed that the vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in rats, no major differences in both safety and immunogenicity in rats were found between the vaccine produced according to the production process developed by Intravacc and the licensed one. Rats may be useful to verify the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines and for preclinical evaluation. In general, nonclinical evaluation of the new Hib conjugate vaccine, including this proof of concept (safety and immunogenicity study in rats), made it possible for technology transfer partners, having implemented the original process with no changes in the manufacturing process and vaccine formulation, to start directly with phase 1 clinical trials.
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Key Words
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EP, European Pharmacopeia
- Haemophilus influenzae type b
- Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology
- LCB, Laboratory of Control of Biological Products
- NIBSC, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (UK)
- NVI, Netherlands Vaccine Institute
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PRP, poly-ribosylribitol phosphate (Hib capsular polysaccharide)
- PRP-T, Hib capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid
- QC, quality control
- RIVM, The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu)
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- WHO, World Health Organization
- conjugate
- preclinical
- rats
- technology transfer
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verdijk
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kreeftenberg
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Beurret M, Hamidi A, Kreeftenberg H. Development and technology transfer of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines for developing countries. Vaccine 2012; 30:4897-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Loonen AJM, Hansen WLJ, Jansz A, Kreeftenberg H, Bruggeman CA, Wolffs PFG, Brule AJC. Faster differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus versus coagulase-negative Staphylococci from blood culture material: a comparison of different bacterial DNA isolation methods. Crit Care 2009. [PMCID: PMC2776180 DOI: 10.1186/cc8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hendriksen C, Arciniega JL, Bruckner L, Chevalier M, Coppens E, Descamps J, Duchêne M, Dusek DM, Halder M, Kreeftenberg H, Maes A, Redhead K, Ravetkar SD, Spieser JM, Swam H. The consistency approach for the quality control of vaccines. Biologicals 2008; 36:73-7. [PMID: 17892948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Current lot release testing of conventional vaccines emphasizes quality control of the final product and is characterized by its extensive use of laboratory animals. This report, which is based on the outcome of an ECVAM (European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy) workshop, discusses the concept of consistency testing as an alternative approach for lot release testing. The consistency approach for the routine release of vaccines is based upon the principle that the quality of vaccines is a consequence of a quality system and of consistent production of lots with similar characteristics to those lots that have been shown to be safe and effective in humans or the target species. The report indicates why and under which circumstances this approach can be applied, the role of the different stakeholders, and the need for international harmonization. It also gives recommendations for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coenraad Hendriksen
- Netherlands Vaccine Institute, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 11, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The Netherlands Vaccine Institute (NVI) developed the micro-carrier technology for large-scale production of IPV in the late 1960s and has used this technology successfully to produce IPV as well as DTP-IPV for the national immunization program in the Netherlands. As a public sector organization, and as one of the Millennium Development Goals, NVI has supported over the years access to vaccine technology like DTP and Hib for vaccine manufacturers in developing countries. In line with this role as a resource institute, NVI has recently been approached by a number of vaccine manufacturers, predominantly from developing countries, for transfer of IPV technology to meet the anticipated increase in demand for IPV following OPV cessation. Since WHO encourages new manufacturers to use the attenuated Sabin virus instead of wild polio strains in the production of IPV, NVI decided to respond positively to this WHO policy. The existing NVI experience in large-scale production of IPV and OPV using Vero cell based micro-carrier technology and its experience with experimental Sabin-IPV is an attractive start for the development of Sabin-IPV. This paper discusses the approach followed and the experience already gained in the project, as well as factors critical to its success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kreeftenberg
- Netherlands Vaccine Institute (NVI), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 11, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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ten Kate J, Marell K, Huizinga R, Kreeftenberg H, van Deursen C. Iron saturation of ferritin in the course of phlebotomy treatment in patients with haemochromatosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37:827-30. [PMID: 10536932 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1999.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the iron saturation of ferritin in haemochromatosis patients during phlebotomy therapy. The iron saturation of ferritin does not change during therapy and cannot be used as a parameter to follow therapy. Furthermore, the iron saturation seems to be a constant characteristic of a given person. It does not vary with the body iron stores in patients with haemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J ten Kate
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Atrium Medical Center, Heerlen/Brunssum, The Netherlands.
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Arciniega JL, Corbel M, Dellepiane N, Dobbelaer R, Griffiths E, Heron I, Ivanoff B, Kreeftenberg H, Mastrantonio P, Meade B, Milstein J, Robertson S, Robinson A, Sato H, Sato Y, Schwanig M, Tiru M. WHO guidelines for the production and control of the acellular pertussis component of monovalent or combined vaccines. Biologicals 1998; 26:195-204. [PMID: 10208721 DOI: 10.1006/biol.1998.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J L Arciniega
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Rockville, MD, USA
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