The spatio-temporal distribution of aromatase cytochrome in ovary throughout the canine oestrous cycle

CONTEXT

New animal welfare legislation and ethical guidelines encourage alternative approaches for canine contraception, instead of surgical gonadectomy which is considered invasive and unjustified in healthy dogs.

AIMS

Reversible contraception might be achieved by inhibition of aromatase (CYP19), an enzyme catalysing the conversion of androgens to oestrogens. This study provides insights into the spatio-temporal expression and distribution of aromatase in canine ovarian tissue.

METHODS

Ovarian tissue was collected from 39 healthy and sexually mature bitches during different stages of the oestrous cycle: pro-oestrus (n =8), oestrus (n =12), dioestrus (n =9) (luteal phase) and anoestrus (n =10). Localisation of cytochrome P450 aromatase was determined by immunohistochemistry.

KEY RESULTS

Aromatase activity in the dog is high during pro-oestrus, ovulation and early dioestrus. Comparing types of follicles and corpora lutea, the highest aromatase abundance was found in antral follicles and luteinising follicles, whereas corpora lutea and early antral follicles showed an intermediate presence of the enzyme. Interesting was the high abundance of aromatase in luteinising theca interna cells, prevailing over granulosa cells.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Understanding of cells involved in oestradiol production is important for targeted inhibition of oestradiol synthesis, possibly offering an approach for contraception and suppression of oestrus.

Whole-genome sequencing provides novel insights into the evolutionary history and genetic adaptation of reindeer populations in northern Eurasia

Domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) play a vital role in the culture and livelihoods of indigenous people across northern Eurasia. These animals are well adapted to harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme cold, limited feed availability and long migration distances. Therefore, understanding the genomics of reindeer is crucial for improving their management, conservation and utilisation. In this study, we have generated a new genome assembly for the Fennoscandian domestic reindeer with high contiguity, making it the most complete reference genome for reindeer to date. The new genome assembly was utilised to explore genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps in Eurasian Rangifer tarandus populations which was based on the largest population genomic dataset for reindeer, encompassing 58 individuals from diverse populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct genetic clusters, with the Finnish wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) standing out as a unique subspecies. Divergence time estimates suggested a separation of ~ 52 thousand years ago (Kya) between the northern European Rangifer tarandus fennicus and Rangifer tarandus tarandus. Our study identified four main genetic clusters: Fennoscandian, the eastern/northern Russian and Alaskan group, the Finnish forest reindeer, and the Svalbard reindeer. Furthermore, two independent reindeer domestication processes were inferred, suggesting separate origins for the domestic Fennoscandian and eastern/northern Russian reindeer. Notably, shared genes under selection, including retroviral genes, point towards molecular domestication processes that aided adaptation of this species to diverse environments.

Ovarian and uterine changes during the oestrous cycle in female dogs

CONTEXT

An accurate staging of sexual cycle is essential for the optimum timing of medical interventions.

AIMS

Here, an updated insight into clinical, endocrinological and vagino-cytological parameters, and their correlation with histomorphology of ovarian and uterine tissue samples is presented.

METHODS

Samples from 39 dogs were collected at various stages of the oestrous cycle: pro-oestrus (n =8), oestrus (n =12), dioestrus (n =9) (luteal phase) and anoestrus (n =10), according to clinical observations. Final allocation of samples was done after histomorphological evaluation of all tissues. Peripheral oestradiol-17ß (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured, P4 by both chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA).

KEY RESULTS

Differences were observed between determination of the stage of the oestrous cycle, either by clinical, endocrinological or histomorphological evaluation. Individuals considered to be in clinical and endocrinological oestrus, had entered the luteal phase according to histomorphology. P4 concentrations measured by two different assays differed, underlying the importance to understand that absolute P4 concentrations may deviate depending on the used assay. Comparison of E2 and P4 concentrations is suggested to be useful when defining the transition from early follicular phase to the time of ovulation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Based on parallel histomorphological observations, combined with clinical and endocrinological findings on the same individuals, the present study emphasises that an accurate classification of the stage of the cycle in female dogs based solely on clinical and endocrinological assessments can be difficult. The histomorphological findings presented herein provide new insights into the transitional phases between the different stages of the oestrous cycle in the dog.

Non-Lethal Dose-Response Models Replace Lethal Bioassays for Predicting the Hazard of Para-Aminopropiophenone to Australian Wildlife

Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is a potent methaemoglobin (MetHb) forming agent used for the lethal control of exotic carnivores and mustelids. To assess the sensitivity of Australian wildlife to PAPP we developed an in vivo assay that did not use death as an endpoint. Sub-lethal dose-response data were modelled to predict PAPP doses required to achieve an endpoint set at 80% MetHb (MetHb₈₀). The comparative sensitivity of non-target mammals referenced to this endpoint was found to be highly variable, with southern brown bandicoots (Isoodon obesulus) the most sensitive species (MetHb₈₀ = 6.3 mg kg^-1) and bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) the most tolerant (MetHb₈₀ = 1035 mg kg^-1). Published LD₅₀ estimates were highly correlated with PAPP doses modelled to achieve the MetHb₈₀ endpoint (r² = 0.99, p < 0.001). Most dose-response data for native mammals were collected in the field or in semi-natural enclosures, permitting PAPP and placebo dosed animals to be fitted with tracking transmitters and transponders and released at their point of capture. A protracted morbidity and mortality was observed only in Australian ravens (Corvus coronoides). The combination of sub-lethal dose-response assay and survival data collected in the field provided more relevant information about the actual hazard of pest control agents to non-target wildlife species than laboratory-based lethal-dose bioassays. We discuss the need to replace lethal-dose data with biologically meaningful insights able to define a continuum of toxicological hazards that better serve the needs of conservation and veterinary scientists and wildlife managers.

Adipose gene expression profiles reveal insights into the adaptation of northern Eurasian semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are semi-domesticated animals adapted to the challenging conditions of northern Eurasia. Adipose tissues play a crucial role in northern animals by altering gene expression in their tissues to regulate energy homoeostasis and thermogenic activity. Here, we perform transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing of adipose tissues from three different anatomical depots: metacarpal (bone marrow), perirenal, and prescapular fat in Finnish and Even reindeer (in Sakha) during spring and winter. A total of 16,212 genes are expressed in our data. Gene expression profiles in metacarpal tissue are distinct from perirenal and prescapular adipose tissues. Notably, metacarpal adipose tissue appears to have a significant role in the regulation of the energy metabolism of reindeer in spring when their nutritional condition is poor after winter. During spring, genes associated with the immune system are upregulated in the perirenal and prescapular adipose tissue. Blood and tissue parameters reflecting general physiological and metabolic status show less seasonal variation in Even reindeer than in Finnish reindeer. This study identifies candidate genes potentially involved in immune response, fat deposition, and energy metabolism and provides new information on the mechanisms by which reindeer adapt to harsh arctic conditions.

Administration of aromatase inhibitor MPV-2213ad to blue fox vixens (Vulpes lagopus) as a model for contraception in female dogs

The interest in non-surgical approaches to contraception and fertility control in female dogs has increased in recent years. In this study the effect of an aromatase inhibitor (finrozole) was evaluated in fur production animals, farmed blue fox vixens, as a model for contraception in bitches. A total of 80 vixens were divided into 4 groups, receiving orally placebo (A) or finrozole 0.5 mg/kg (B), 3.5 mg/kg (C) or 24.5 mg/kg (D) for 21 consecutive days beginning in the pre-ovulatory period of heat. Monitoring of the vixens included clinical signs of heat, measurement of vaginal electrical resistance (VER) as well as oestradiol and progesterone concentrations in plasma. The approximate relation of the start of treatment to ovulation varied from 11 days before to one day after ovulation provided that the LH peak occurred 0.5-2 days before the VER peak and ovulation was then estimated to occur 2 days after the LH peak. Seventy vixens were artificially inseminated within 8 h after a 50 Ω decline in vaginal electrical resistance was detected. Ten vixens were not inseminated. Pregnancy was confirmed by transabdominal ultrasound examination and birth of cubs was recorded. The pregnancy rates in the groups were 89.5% (A), 81.3% (B), 55.6% (C) and 52.9% (D). The average number of live born pups in the four groups was 9.4 (A), 7.0 (B), 5.8 (C), and 3.8 (D), respectively. No deleterious effects (for instance malformations) of finrozole on pups could be verified. The administration of finrozole did not have a significant effect on oestradiol parameters and VER values in vixens. Progesterone values were significantly higher in treatment groups compared with the placebo group. The results indicate that pregnancy could be avoided by finrozole provided that doses of ≥3.5 mg/kg were used and the treatment was initiated at least four days before the day of artificial insemination. This corresponds with two to six days before ovulation provided that the LH peak occurred 0.5-2 days before the VER peak and that ovulation then occurred in average 2 days after the LH peak.

110 Absence of transmission of Mycoplasma bovis via naturally contaminated semen during invitro fertilization

Mycoplasma bovis (Mbo) has been isolated from genital tracts of bulls, and it can survive in processed semen. Experimental studies have shown that Mbo inoculation into the uterus or insemination with Mbo-infected semen can cause bursitis, salpingitis, abortion, and infertility. The control of Mbo is very difficult because of latent carrier animals, increasing resistance to antibiotics, and unavailability of effective vaccines. The aim of this study was to follow the passage of Mbo infection from naturally contaminated semen to transferable embryos during bovine invitro embryo production (IVP). (Unless otherwise stated, all chemicals used were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.) Two batches of slaughterhouse-derived oocytes were matured in tissue culture medium 199 (TCM-199) with glutamax-I (Gibco™; Invitrogen Corporation) supplemented with 0.25mM sodium pyruvate, 100IUmL−1 penicillin, 100µgmL−1 streptomycin, 2ngmL−1 FSH (Puregon, Organon), 1µgmL−1 β-oestradiol (E-2257), and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco™) for 24h at 38.5°C in maximal humidity in 5% CO2 in air. Matured oocytes were fertilized for 20h in IVF-TL medium supplemented with 10µgmL−1 of heparin and 2mM of PHE at 38.5°C in maximal humidity in 5% CO2 in air, using spermatozoa per mL as a final concentration. The batches of oocytes were divided between uninfected IVP bull (N=205) and naturally Mbo-infected AI bull (N=690). Zygotes were cultured in G1/G2 media (Vitrolife) supplemented with bovine serum albumin, fatty acid free (4mgmL−1), at 38.5°C in maximal humidity in 5% O2, 5% CO2, and 90% N2. Blastocysts were collected for Mbo cultures on Days 7 and 8 (IVF=Day 0). Samples of washed semen, fertilization medium, cumulus cells, culture medium, all wash media, and transferable embryos (with and without zona pellucidae) were collected for Mbo cultures. Half of the embryos were treated with trypsin according to IETS standards after the collections. The Mbo cultures were performed in accordance with procedures previously described by Bölske (1988 Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A 69, 331-340), followed by detection with real-time PCR. Infection with Mbo does not seem to have negative effects on fertilization (cleavage rates: 77.1% and 89.0% for IVP and Mbo AI bulls, respectively) or embryo development rates (blastocyst rate: 26.3% and 32.5% for IVP and Mbo AI bulls, respectively). Following Mbo cultures, only washed semen was found to be Mbo positive via real-time PCR. We conclude that M. bovis is not likely transmitted in bovine IVP when using naturally infected semen. We acknowledge Tiina Kortelainen for technical assistance and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for funding.

Whole blood transcriptome analysis reveals footprints of cattle adaptation to sub-arctic conditions

Indigenous cattle breeds in northern Eurasia have adapted to harsh climate conditions. The local breeds are important genetic resources with cultural and historical heritages, and therefore, their preservation and genetic characterization are important. In this study, we profiled the whole‐blood transcriptome of two native breeds (Northern Finncattle and Yakutian cattle) and one commercial breed (Holstein) using high‐throughput RNA sequencing. More than 15 000 genes were identified, of which two, 89 and 162 genes were significantly upregulated exclusively in Northern Finncattle, Yakutian cattle and Holstein cattle respectively. The functional classification of these significantly differentially expressed genes identified several biological processes and pathways related to signalling mechanisms, cell differentiation and host–pathogen interactions that, in general, point towards immunity and disease resistance mechanisms. The gene expression pattern observed in Northern Finncattle was more similar to that of Yakutian cattle, despite sharing similar living conditions with the Holstein cattle included in our study. In conclusion, our study identified unique biological processes in these breeds that may have helped them to adapt and survive in northern and sub‐arctic environments.

Effect of education on ability of AI professionals and herd-owner inseminators to detect cows not in oestrus and its relation with progesterone concentration on day of re-insemination

The effect of training background of persons performing artificial insemination (AI) (herd-owner inseminators (OWNER), AI technicians (AI-T), and fertility consultants (FC)) on pregnancy rate and their ability to detect cows not in oestrus were studied. A total of 1584 re-AI occasions on 754 dairy farms were included. Milk samples for progesterone (P4) analysis in all cases were collected, as were data on the herd, previous breeding attempts, oestrous signs, uterine tone, slipperiness of cervix, and co-operation of the cow. Further breeding attempts and next calving or culling date were sought from registers. The cases were distributed into three categories based on P4 concentrations; <6 nmol/l (no luteal activity, could be in oestrus), 6-10 nmol/l (some luteal activity), and >10 nmol/l (high luteal activity, not in oestrus). Of cows offered for re-AI 7.7% had P4 concentration >10 nmol/l, with no difference between OWNER farms and farms using AI service. OWNERs chose for AI more cows having intermediate P4 than farms using AI service (9.8% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.05). AI-Ts recommended no AI significantly less often than FCs (1.6% vs. 4.9%, p < 0.01). Both groups were equally right: 71% and 68% of cows that were recommended to have no AI had high P4 concentration. Due to courageous and correct rejection of cows with high P4, FCs inseminated proportionally more cows in low P4 and less cows in intermediate P4 than OWNERs (p < 0.05). Of cows finally inseminated, 36.7% became pregnant, with no difference between OWNER farms and farms using AI service. Fertility consultants had higher pregnancy rates than AI-Ts (39.6% vs. 32.6%, p < 0.05). Toneless uterus and sticky cervix at AI significantly correlated with AI occurring at the wrong time (p < 0.001). Behaviour of the cow at AI did not predict P4 concentration. In conclusion, 7.7% of cows offered for re-AI had high P4 concentration. Training of AI personnel increased their ability to detect and reject these cows.

Pulse of inflammatory proteins in the pregnant uterus of European polecats (Mustela putorius) leading to the time of implantation

Uterine secretory proteins protect the uterus and conceptuses against infection, facilitate implantation, control cellular damage resulting from implantation, and supply pre-implantation embryos with nutrients. Unlike in humans, the early conceptus of the European polecat (Mustela putorius; ferret) grows and develops free in the uterus until implanting at about 12 days after mating. We found that the proteins appearing in polecat uteri changed dramatically with time leading to implantation. Several of these proteins have also been found in pregnant uteri of other eutherian mammals. However, we found a combination of two increasingly abundant proteins that have not been recorded before in pre-placentation uteri. First, the broad-spectrum proteinase inhibitor α₂-macroglobulin rose to dominate the protein profile by the time of implantation. Its functions may be to limit damage caused by the release of proteinases during implantation or infection, and to control other processes around sites of implantation. Second, lipocalin-1 (also known as tear lipocalin) also increased substantially in concentration. This protein has not previously been recorded as a uterine secretion in pregnancy in any species. If polecat lipocalin-1 has similar biological properties to that of humans, then it may have a combined function in antimicrobial protection and transporting or scavenging lipids. The changes in the uterine secretory protein repertoire of European polecats is therefore unusual, and may be representative of pre-placentation supportive uterine secretions in mustelids (otters, weasels, badgers, mink, wolverines) in general.

Noninvasive monitoring of female reproductive hormone metabolites in the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola)

This study examined the reproductive physiology of female European mink (Mustela lutreola) to augment the available information on estrus, ovulation, and pregnancy with the long-term goal of supporting ex situ breeding management of this highly endangered species. Fecal reproductive hormone metabolites were measured using EIAs for estrogen and 20-oxo-pregnane metabolites. Seasonal hormone profiles were established. A comparison of hormone fluctuations in pregnant and nonpregnant females showed that both estrogen and 20-oxo-pregnane metabolites were significantly elevated during gestation, which is 42 days in length. Delayed implantation or embryonic diapause does not occur in this species. Litter size was correlated with 20-oxo-pregnane levels but not with estrogen concentrations. During lactation, 20-oxo-pregnane metabolite levels remained higher than in nonpregnant females. The breeding season was characterized by peaks in vaginal cornified cells and fecal estrogen metabolite levels. Up to four peaks in estrogen levels were identified and confirmed that European mink are seasonally polyestrous. The results of 20-oxo-pregnane measurements indicated that hCG can be applied to induce ovulation. With the establishment of this noninvasive method, we present a new tool to support population management of this species.

Embryo production with sex-sorted semen in superovulated dairy heifers and cows

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sex-sorted semen on the number and quality of embryos recovered from superovulated heifers and cows on commercial dairy farm conditions in Finland. The data consist of 1487 commercial embryo collections performed on 633 and 854 animals of Holstein and Finnish Ayrshire breeds, respectively. Superovulation was induced by eight intramuscular injections of follicle-stimulating hormone, at 12-hour intervals over 4 days, involving declining doses beginning on 9 to 12 days after the onset of standing estrus. The donors were inseminated at 9 to 15-hour intervals beginning 12 hours after the onset of estrus with 2 + 2 (+1) doses of sex-sorted frozen-thawed semen (N = 218) into the uterine horns or with 1 + 1 (+1) doses of conventional frozen-thawed semen (N = 1269) into the uterine corpus. Most conventional semen (222 bulls) straws contained 15 million sperm (total number 30-45 million per donor). Sex-sorted semen (61 bulls) straws contained 2 million sperm (total number 8-14 million per donor). Mean number of transferable embryos in recoveries from cows bred with sex-sorted semen was 4.9, which is significantly lower than 9.1 transferable embryos recovered when using conventional semen (P ≤ 0.001). In heifers, no significant difference was detected between mean number of transferable embryos in recoveries using sex-sorted semen and conventional semen (6.1 and 7.2, respectively). The number of unfertilized ova was higher when using sex-sorted semen than when using conventional semen in heifers (P < 0.01) and in cows (P < 0.05), and the number of degenerated embryos in cows (P < 0.01), but not in heifers. It was concluded that the insemination protocol used seemed to be adequate for heifers. In superovulated cows, an optimal protocol for using sex-sorted semen remains to be found.

Chondrogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in chondrocyte co-culture

Chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has been achieved in embryoid bodies (EBs) by adding selected growth factors to the medium. Also chondrocyte-secreted factors have been considered to promote the chondrogenic differentiation. Hence, we studied whether co-culture with primary chondrocytes can induce hESCs or hiPSCs to differentiate into chondrocyte lineage. Co-culture of hESCs or hiPSCs was established in a transwell insert system in feeder-free culture conditions, while hESCs or hiPSCs grown alone in the wells were used as controls. After 3-week co-culture with weekly replenished chondrocytes, the chondrogenically committed cells (hCCCs) were evaluated by morphology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and analysis of chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation markers. The expressions of chondrocyte- and pluripotency-associated genes were frequently measured during the monolayer expansion of hCCCs from passage 1 to 10. Human CCCs displayed morphology similar to chondrocytes, and expressed chondrocyte-associated genes, which were declined following passaging, similarly to passaged chondrocytes. They also formed a chondrogenic cell pellet, and differentiated into chondrocytic cells, which secreted abundant extracellular matrix. Human CCCs also proliferated rapidly. However, they did not show osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation capacity. Our results show that co-culture of hESCs or hiPSCs with primary chondrocytes could induce specific chondrogenic differentiation.

Reproduction of the female ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

The domestic ferret is a seasonally polyoestrous species. Females reach puberty at the age of 8-12 months. Females exhibit a constant oestrus between late March and early August if they are not bred. Increasing tumescence in the pink-coloured vulva is a sign of pro-oestrus. Oestrus can persist for up to 5 months, but once ovulation is induced, either pregnancy or pseudopregnancy ensues. Follicular development and atresia overlap in such a manner that there is a recent cohort of follicles available for ovulation whenever copulation might occur. Copulation may last from 15 min to 3 h, the average being 1 h. Ovulation is induced by pressure on the cervix associated with copulation. After sufficient LH release, the pre-ovulatory follicles mature and an average of 12 oocytes (5-13) per female are ovulated 30-40 h after copulation into the ovarian bursa. The ferret oocytes are most capable of being fertilized up to 12 h after ovulation, i.e. 42-52 h after copulation. Ferret oocytes ovulate at the metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII) embedded in three layers of corona radiata cells. Embryos enter the uterus over a period of several days starting on day 5 after mating. Between days 12 and 13 after mating, the embryos have become implanted in the endometrium. Implantation in the ferret is central with rapid invasion of the uterine epithelium by the trophoblast over a broad area that eventually becomes a zonary band of endotheliochorial placenta. Gestation length is 41 days (39-42 days). The domestic ferret gives birth to an average of eight kits (1-18 kits), which weigh 6-12 g at birth.

Conservation of the European mink (Mustela lutreola): focus on reproduction and reproductive technologies

The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is a small mammal, which belongs to the Mustelidae family (Carnivora). Earlier, the range of distribution of this species encompassed much of the European continent. During the 20th century, the numbers of European mink declined and the range of its distribution became reduced to three fragmented populations; today this species faces extinction. The urgent necessity for effective conservation efforts to protect the European mink is accepted by the governmental organizations as well as scientific communities of most European countries. In this paper, the reasons for the disappearance of European mink are reviewed and results of past conservation efforts based on captive breeding and reintroduction programmes are critically evaluated in the broad context of modern concepts of conservation genetics and reproductive biology. The data recently obtained on the reproduction and pre-implantation development of European mink and the prospects of incorporation of modern reproductive technologies into the conservation programme of this species are discussed.

Bait-delivered pimozide causes precocious embryo implantation in mink: a fertility control option for the exotic stoat?

Stoats (Mustela erminea), an exotic pest in New Zealand, threaten the conservation of several ground-nesting bird species and broad-scale methods for their control are sought. Females are seasonally monestrous, show a 9-month period of obligatory diapause and usually do not breed more than once in their lives. A bait-delivered agent that terminates diapause and results in a non-viable embryo may have a significant impact on their reproductive success. Prolactin (PRL) is hypothesised to be the only gonadotrophin required for renewal of luteal activity and blastocyst implantation in some mustelids. We investigated the effects of bait-delivered dopamine (DA) antagonists (which stimulate the release of PRL) using a mink model (Mustela vison), a species that maintains a short period of diapause. A bait dose of 0.8 mg kg(-1) of pimozide was more effective in elevating PRL levels than equivalent doses of fluphenazine, sulpiride (P < 0.01) or haloperidol (P < 0.05). Bait doses of 1.6 mg kg(-1) pimozide given at Days 0, 3, 9 and 11 after mating caused a significant reduction in the length of pregnancy compared with a positive control and placebo (46 days v. 51 days), indicating early termination of diapause (P < 0.01). Pimozide doses caused higher elevations in PRL concentration relative to the oral placebo by Day 12, but mean PRL levels fell below all other groups by Day 18. A borderline significant increase in progesterone (P4) secretion compared with the oral placebo was detected at Day 18. These results suggest that bait-delivered pimozide can elevate PRL outside of the normal breeding season and doses of 1.6 mg kg(-1) are effective in terminating embryonic diapause in mink. The implications and limitations of these data are discussed with reference to the use of bait-delivered DA antagonists as a possible means to affect the reproductive success of wild stoats.

Embryo development and embryo transfer in the European mink (Mustela lutreola), an endangered mustelid species

The European mink is an endangered Mustelidae species and thus requires effective conservation measures, although little is known about reproduction in this species. In particular, preimplantation development has not been studied and, therefore, embryonic development and the growth of embryos was documented in the present study for European mink using light and fluorescent microscopy. Embryos develop in the oviducts and then migrate into the uterus on Day 6 post coitum (p.c.) at the morula stage. Embryos expanded as blastocysts from Day 7 until implantation on Day 12 p.c. Based on these findings, the use of embryo transfer for a conservation programme for the European mink was evaluated. Embryos were flushed from European mink resource females and transferred into the uterine horns of recipient hybrid females (honoriks and nohoriks). These hybrids were obtained by mating European polecat males with European mink females and vice versa. A total of 40 embryos was transferred and 20 live kits were born. The rates of pre- and postnatal survival were 50% and 70%, respectively. Both male and female offspring were lighter at birth in the embryo transfer group compared with naturally born controls, but there was no difference at 3 months of age.

194 BIRTH OF KITS AFTER STORAGE IN CULTURE AND TRANSFER OF IN VIVO EMBRYOS IN THE FARMED EUROPEAN POLECAT MUSTELA PUTORIUS)

The effect of in vitro culture on viability of pre-implantation stage embryos in the farmed European polecat was studied, aimed at developing assisted reproductive technology for conservation of endangered mustelids, particularly the European mink (Mustela lutreola). Embryo storage in culture would enable embryo recovery and transfer in different locations. Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) kits have been produced from embryos that were cultured for 3 days in serum-containing medium (Li et al. 2001 Reproduction 122, 611–618). In our earlier studies, polecat embryos were maintained for 24 h in culture conditions (Lindeberg et al. 2003 Theriogenology 60, 965–970). Fourteen estrous donors were kept in the same cage with a fertile male overnight and sacrificed 3 days after the start of mating for recovery of embryos from the oviducts. Embryos were flushed with Emcare™ Complete ultra flushing medium (ICPBio, Auckland, New Zealand), washed twice in it, washed once in Emcare™ embryo holding solution and transported in the holding solution at room temperature for 1 h to the laboratory. Embryos of seven donors were pooled and cultured in 30-μL drops of TCM199 + glutamax I (GIBCO™) supplemented with fatty acid-free albumin (FAFBSA, Sigma-Aldrech, Helsinki, Finland) under a cover of paraffin oil (Medicult) for 3 days in a humidified atmosphere (39°C) and in 5% of O2. At the end of the culture, the embryos were evaluated and the ones that had developed at least to morula stage were chosen for transfers. The selected embryos were transported at room temperature in Emcare™ embryo holding solution for 1 h to the farm where they were surgically transferred under general anesthesia into seven recipients. The recipients had been mated the same way as the donors but with vasectomized males either on the same day as the donors (the first set: 7 donors, 3 recipients) or one day later than the donors (the second set: 7 donors, 4 recipients). Five embryos were cultured a total of 6 days to the blastocyst stage and stained for a count of cell numbers. A total number of 169 one- to 16-cell-stage embryos were recovered. At the end of the 3-day culture period, a total of 139 (139/169, 82%) had developed to morula (56.6%), compact morula (9.8%), early blastocyst (30.3%), or blastocyst stage (3.3%). Of these 139 embryos, a total of 102 were surgically transferred. Five of the 7 recipients delivered one to 5 kits each 43 to 45 days after the mating. Altogether 21 kits were born and the success rate was 21% (21 kits/102 transferred embryos). Cell numbers of the five Day 6 blastocysts varied from 130 to 430. In conclusion, this preliminary trial confirms that polecat embryos can be stored in culture for 3 days. In this study polecat embryos were cultured in 5% oxygen and without addition of serum which resulted in considerably better cell numbers for Day 6 blastocysts than in our earlier studies (90 to 165 cells; Lindeberg et al. 2003 Theriogenology 60, 965–970).

Transfer of European mink (Mustela lutreola) embryos into hybrid recipients

The European mink is considered as a highly endangered Mustelidae species. The objective of this study was to explore the intriguing possibility of embryo transfer from European mink to closely related Mustelidae recipient females. To overcome interspecies pregnancy failure, embryos of European mink (Mustela lutreola) were transferred into hybrid females obtained after mating of European polecat (Mustela putorius) males and European mink (M. lutreola) females and vice versa. A total of 32 blastocysts were surgically flushed from the uteri of nine European mink donors and surgically transferred into six pseudopregnant hybrid recipients. One of the recipients received a single embryo and did not whelp. The remaining five recipients each received five to eight embryos and delivered kits. The overall success rate was 50% (16 kits/32 transferred embryos). For both male and female offspring, the average birth weight was lower in ET group when compared with naturally bred control population of European mink. The postnatal mortality rate was significantly higher in ET group as compared to controls: only 9 of 16 kits survived past the first week. At 10 days of age, the average weight for male offspring from the ET and control groups did not differ, although differences still persisted at this age for female offspring. At 3 months of age, the weight of male and female offspring in the ET group did not differ from European minks born after natural mating. We propose that transfer of European mink embryos to hybrid recipients be considered as a new experimental tool within the framework of ex situ approach conservation of this aboriginal European mustelid.

Live cubs born after transfer of OPS vitrified-warmed embryos in the farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius)

The Open Pulled Straw (OPS) method of vitrification has been used successfully for cryopreserving embryos of most domestic animal species. However, there is no report of a successful delivery of offspring after transfer of vitrified embryos in carnivores, even though vitrification has been a successful freezing method for species like swine whose embryos are known to be susceptible to chilling injury. Morulae and blastocysts of farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) were vitrified and warmed before in vitro culture in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) for a period from a few hours up to 3 days before being transferred to recipients. Survival rate after vitrification, warming and in vitro culture was 51% (50/98). A total of 50 embryos were transferred surgically into the uteri of four anesthetized recipients. Two recipients delivered a total of eight offspring (2 and 6 each) for an overall survival rate of 16% (eight live cubs/50 transferred embryos). According to our knowledge, these offspring are the first carnivores produced by transfer of in vivo embryos after vitrification by OPS. Based on the present results, we suggest that OPS vitrification can be used as an alternative cryopreservation method for mustelid embryos with pup results comparable to conventional slow freezing.

Surgical recovery and successful surgical transfer of conventionally frozen–thawed embryos in the farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius)

Surgical transfer of in vivo produced conventionally frozen-thawed embryos of farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) was investigated as a part of an ex-situ preservation program which has the long-term aim of developing a genome resource bank for the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola). Eighteen oestrous yearling European polecat donors were mated once daily on two consecutive days using 13 fertile males. The donors were surgically flushed for embryos 8-9 days after the first mating. The embryo recovery rate was 60% (116 embryos/193 corpora lutea). The embryos were cryopreserved with 1.5 M ethylene glycol in a programmable freezer using a conventional slow freezing protocol. The thawed embryos were surgically transferred either after dilution with 0.5 M sucrose or directly without removal of ethylene glycol. To induce ovulation, eight recipient females were mated once daily on two consecutive days with vasectomized males starting 7 or 8 days before embryo transfer. The recipients received 7-11 embryos each and three recipients delivered a total of nine pups after a gestation length of 44-46 days. The embryo survival rate was 10% (9 pups/93 frozen embryos). This report describes the first successful cryopreservation of embryos in the Mustelidae family resulting in viable offspring. The low embryo survival rate, however, indicates that the freezing-thawing protocol needs to be improved.

Early embryonic development and in vitro culture of in vivo produced embryos in the farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius)

Early embryonic development and in vitro culture of in vivo produced embryos in the farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) was investigated as a part of an ex situ conservation program of the endangered European mink (Mustela lutreola), using the European polecat as a model species. The oestrus cycles of 34 yearling polecat females were monitored by visual examination of the vulval swelling and, to induce ovulation, the females were mated once daily on two consecutive days. Sixteen yearling males were used for mating. The females were humanely killed 3-14 days after the first mating and the uteri and oviducts were collected for embryo recovery. Uterine and oviductal flushings yielded a total number of 295 embryos, representing developmental stages from the 1-cell stage to large expanded and hatched blastocysts. On Day 3 after the first mating, only 1-16-cell stage embryos were recovered. Between Days 4 and 6 after the first mating, 1-16-cell stage embryos and morulae were found. The first blastocysts were recovered on Day 7 after the first mating. The first implanted blastocysts were detected on Day 11 after the first mating. A total number of 85 embryos were in vitro cultured after recovery. Blastocyst production rates for in vitro cultured 1-16-cell stage embryos and for morulae/compact morulae were 68 and 84%, respectively. For all cultured embryos, the hatching rate was 15%. The in vitro culture requirements for the preimplantation embryos of the farmed European polecat remain to be determined before further utilization of the technique.

Surgical transfer of in vivo produced farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) embryos

Surgical embryo transfer of farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) was investigated as part of an ex situ preservation project. The long-term objective of the project is to develop effective technology for ex situ conservation of the European mink (Mustela lutreola), which is a highly endangered aboriginal European species. Twenty European polecat females, which served as a model species for the European mink, were humanely killed 4-9 days after first mating and embryos were recovered from oviducts and uteri. Donor-recipient pairs (n = 16) were generated by mating the donors (n = 20) once a day for 2 consecutive days with fertile males and by mating the corresponding recipients (n = 16) on the same days with vasectomized males. An embryo recovery rate of 70% (200 recovered embryos/284 corpora lutea) was achieved from 20 donors. Morulae and blastocysts were recovered between Days 5 and 9 after first mating and were regarded as the best developmental stages for uterine embryo transfer. A total of 172 embryos were transferred surgically under general anaesthesia into the ovarian third of the left uterine horn of 16 recipients with a thin glass capillary. Eleven recipients (69%) produced 72 pups equivalent to an average success rate of 42% (72 pups/172 transferred embryos). The average litter size was 4.5 (range 0-9). These results with this model species, farmed European polecat, demonstrate the potential of embryo transfer as an effective method for the preservation of the endangered European mink (M. lutreola). These species are closely related and have a similar reproductive physiology. However, success of applying embryo transfer in conserving European mink is still dependent on further studies both into its reproductive physiology and developing of improved flushing techniques for anaesthetized donors and the successful transfer of frozen-thawed embryos.

Human papillomavirus in conjunctival papilloma

AIM

To examine conjunctival papillomas for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and koilocytosis.

METHODS

Archival paraffin embedded tissue from 55 conjunctival papillomas was analysed for the presence of HPV by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent filter hybridisation. Histological sections of the 55 papillomas were evaluated for the presence of koilocytosis.

RESULTS

HPV was present in 48 of 52 (92%) beta globin positive papillomas. HPV type 6/11 were found in 40 of 47 investigated papillomas and a double infection with HPV 6/11 and 16 was identified in a single papilloma. In six papillomas the HPV type could not be identified. Koilocytosis was present in 22 of 55 papillomas (40%).

CONCLUSION

There is a strong association between HPV and conjunctival papillomas. HPV type 6/11 is the most common HPV type in conjunctival papilloma. The sensitivity of koilocytosis as an indicator of HPV in conjunctival papilloma is low.

Human papilloma virus and p53 expression in carcinomas associated with sinonasal papillomas: a Danish Epidemiological study 1980-1998

OBJECTIVES

To determine a putative role and relation between human papilloma virus (HPV) and p53 in the etiology of sinonasal carcinomas associated with papillomas.

STUDY DESIGN

The study group consists of all patients with sinonasal carcinomas associated with papillomas diagnosed in Denmark from 1980 to 1998. After reviewing our national pathological files, tumor tissues from 36 patients were collected, comprising 15% of the total cases of sinonasal carcinomas. In 35 cases a squamous cell carcinoma was demonstrated and in one case an adenocarcinoma was evident. Inverted papilloma was associated with carcinoma in 31 cases and exophytic papillomas in 5 cases. The material was investigated for HPV using polymerase chain reaction analyses with two sets of consensus primers (GP5+/GP6+ and MY09/MY11). The HPV-positive cases were submitted to dot-blot hybridization to establish the HPV type. Using immunohistochemistry, the p53 expression was determined. A p53 overexpression is defined as positive staining in 10% or more of the tumor cells.

RESULTS

Among 30 examined cases of carcinomas associated with inverted papillomas, 4 cases were HPV-positive (13%). P53 overexpression was not shown among the HPV-positive cases, whereas p53 overexpression was seen in 21 of the 24 (88%) examined HPV-negative cases. Among the 5 carcinomas associated with exophytic papillomas, HPV was demonstrated together with p53 overexpression in 3 cases (60%). In addition, one case more was with p53 overexpression.

CONCLUSION

An inverse relation between HPV and p53 overexpression in sinonasal carcinomas associated with inverted papillomas appears to have been demonstrated. HPV and p53 might also have an etiological role among the carcinomas associated with exophytic papillomas.

Biophysical and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy characteristics of fractionated stallion ejaculates

The composition of seminal plasma must be determined to assess the possible roles of sex gland secretions in survival of stallion spermatozoa. In the present study, an automated semen collection device and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to analyse and compare the composition of seminal plasma from fractionated and nonfractionated stallion ejaculates. The contribution of each semen component to the ejaculate (sequence of production of component and concentration) was evaluated and its relationship to biophysical parameters was determined. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify molecules defined as markers of sex gland secretions: carnitine, glycerophosphorylcholine and choline for the epididymides; N-acetyl function of glycoproteins and spermine for the ampullae; acetic acid for the bulbourethral glands; and citric acid for seminal vesicles. The results from 32 ejaculates (four ejaculates from each of four stallions by two collection methods) demonstrated the reliability of the 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantitation, the sequence of sex gland secretion contributions to the ejaculate (bulbourethral glands, epididymides, ampullae and seminal vesicles) and the concomitant appearance of the sperm-rich fraction with secretions from the epididymides and ampullae.

Laryngeal cancer and human papillomavirus: HPV is absent in the majority of laryngeal carcinomas

Thirty laryngeal carcinomas from patients without pre-existing laryngeal papillomatosis were examined by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA. The utmost care was taken during sectioning of the tissue blocks and DNA-extraction in order to avoid false positive results. Three pairs of consensus primers were used: MY9/MY11, GP5+/GP6+ and CPI/CPII. HPV was detected in 1/30 carcinomas. The HPV type present could not be determined, but it was not type 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 35 or 45. In other studies the reported frequency of HPV in laryngeal carcinomas, as estimated by PCR, varies between 3-85%. The reasons for this unacceptable variation in reported results are discussed. The present results indicate that HPV DNA does not have a major role in malignant tumours of the larynx in patients without pre-existing recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis.

Quality of stallion semen obtained by a new semen collection phantom (Equidame) versus a Missouri artificial vagina

A study was performed to test a new semen collection device (Equidame phantom) that fractionates the ejaculate by comparing the quality of semen obtained by the Equidame phantom with that obtained by a Missouri artificial vagina. Semen from 4 Finnhorse stallions was collected 4 times per stallion by both methods. Half of the ejaculate was frozen and the other half extended and loaded into 2 Equitainer transport containers (24- and 48-h samples). Motility parameters were determined by a Hamilton-Thorn motility analyzer after cooled storage for 24 and 48 h and again after freezing/thawing. Raw and chilled semen samples were cultured and the number of bacterial colonies counted after incubations of 24 and 48 h. After a 24-h incubation the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in raw semen was significantly higher (P<0.01) when collected by the Missouri artificial vagina than by the Equidame phantom. After cooled storage, 75% of the semen samples contained no bacteria after an incubation of 24 h, and 69% yielded no growth after 48 h. The sperm-rich fractions (Cup 2) collected by the Equidame phantom had lower mean volumes (22.1 +/- 2.3 mL [+/- SEM] versus 101.6 +/- 9.3 mL) and significantly higher mean sperm concentrations (218.0 +/- 25.8 x 10(6) vs 86.2 +/- 8.1 x 10(6) cells/mL; P<0.05) than the total ejaculates collected by the Missouri device. The total and progressive motility of chilled and frozen-thawed semen did not differ significantly between collection methods. The Equidame phantom yielded semen that was of a lower bacteriological colony counts, but had sperm motility similar to that of semen collected with the traditional method by the Missouri artificial vagina.

Freezing of stallion semen with addition of glycine betaine

The effect of addition of glycine betaine to a lactose-EDTA freezing medium on the post-thaw motility of stallion semen was determined. The first three semen-rich fractions of nine stallions were collected with an open-end Krakow artificial vagina on consecutive weekdays. Semen was frozen using the Hannover method with freezing media containing glycine betaine in various concentrations from 0 to 5%. After thawing, sperm motility was analysed both by a light microscope and by a Hamilton-Thorn Motility Analyser. Total and progressive post-thaw motilities of semen containing 0.25-3% glycine betaine did not differ significantly from the total and progressive post-thaw motilities of semen frozen without glycine betaine. The total and progressive post-thaw motilities of semen containing 4 or 5% glycine betaine were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of semen without glycine betaine. In conclusion, glycine betaine did not show any beneficial effect on the post-thaw motility of stallion semen when semen was frozen using the Hannover method.

Successful embryo transfer in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes)

Surgical embryo transfer in the silver fox was investigated as part of a larger project concerning the conservation of endangered canine species using modern artificial reproduction techniques with the farmed fox as a model. The animals were chosen on the basis of synchrony in natural oestrus. The timing of ovulation and artificial insemination was determined by measuring electrical resistance in the vagina. Twenty-nine embryos were flushed from eight humanely killed donor females and transferred surgically into the uteri of eight recipients. One recipient female gave birth to two male pups 47 days after the transfer of four expanded blastocysts and one embryo at the 16-cell stage derived from a donor female flushed 10 days after artificial insemination.

An aggressive and invasive growth of juvenile papillomas involving the total respiratory tract

A malignant course of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis has rarely been reported. In the present case the patient had had laryngeal papillomas since the age of three years. The papillomas gradually spread to the entire respiratory system, and during 30 years the patient was operated on more than 80 times. At present an invasive tumour spreading from the tongue into the parapharyngeal space, extending to the cranial base, has been demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intralesional therapy with Cidofovir, a promising antiviral drug against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, was started with some clinical effect, although only on the superficial tumour growth. Histology of removed tumour tissue has demonstrated a mixture of exophytic and inverted growth pattern, and has mainly been interpreted as benign, in spite of a focally high mitotic index and an intermittent lack of maturation in the epithelium. In the most recent biopsies a verrucous carcinoma has been diagnosed. Expression of p53 was noted to increase in papillomas with time. All samples have been shown to harbour HPV 11, but no other HPV types.

Expression of p53 in normal nasal mucosa and in sinonasal papillomas with and without associated carcinoma and the relation to human papillomavirus (HPV)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of p53 in sinonasal papillomas, carcinomas ex papillomas and normal nasal mucosa. Furthermore, we wanted to study the expression of p53 in relation to the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV). Immunohistochemical staining was performed on 37 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies comprising seven biopsies from normal nasal mucosa, 13 papillomas of an exophytic growth pattern, 12 papillomas of an endophytic growth pattern and five carcinomas. The level of p53 overexpression was defined as more than 5% positive nuclei. The normal nasal mucosa showed no positive nuclei. The papillomas of both exophytic and endophytic growth patterns showed scattered positive nuclei, but in all cases this was less than 5%. p53 was overexpressed in three out of five carcinomas. In conclusion, we found an overexpression of p53 in carcinomas occurring in sinonasal papillomas but not in the benign tumours of the sinonasal mucosa. Thus, this report supports the concept that p53 may have a role in the carcinogenic process in head and neck tumours.

The presence of HPV in cervical biopsies, determined by histology and PCR with 2 different pairs of consensus primers

The link between human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical carcinomas has become increasingly convincing recently, and the detection of infection with certain HPV types may become an important element in screening for cervical pre-cancer. We applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to detect and type HPV-DNA in biopsies from the uterine cervix with a histological diagnosis of CIN and condylomatosis. Forty-eight consecutive cervical biopsies were analysed for HPV-DNA by PCR, using two different sets of consensus-primers. Typing was performed with HPV type-specific primers. Histological reevaluation revealed that 42 biopsies (87%) had condylomatous features. HPV was demonstrated in 46/48 (95.8%). HPV type 6/11 was found in seven biopsies, while HPV 16 was present in 23 samples, including two cases of double-infection. HPV type 18 was not found at all, and in 19 cases the HPV type present could not be determined. Apparently, HPV-DNA was absent in two cases. The results indicate that HPV-DNA screening is a valuable supplement to histopathological screening for cervical neoplasia. The value of different primer pairs is discussed.

Laryngeal dysplasia and the human papillomavirus

The relationship between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and cancer of the upper aerodigestive trace is controversial. There is no doubt that at least some nasal, oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas contain HPV DNA. However, the diversity in the reported incidence of HPV in these tumours represents a major problem. In the present study we have examined 30 laryngeal dysplastic lesions for HPV by the polymerase chain reaction, using three different pairs of consensus primers (GP5+/GP6+, MY09/MY11 and CPI/CPII). The single HPV-positive specimen was from a recurrent laryngeal papilloma. The HPV type present could not be determined, but it was not type 6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33 or 45. Restriction fragment length polymorphy analysis suggested a yet unknown HPV-type in this lesion. This investigation does not support the idea of HPV as an oncogenic cofactor in most laryngeal carcinomas as HPV was present in only 1/30 precancerous laryngeal lesions.

Carcinomas occurring in papillomas of the nasal septum associated with human papilloma virus (HPV)

Carcinomas arising in pre-existing sinonasal papillomas of the nasal septum are rare. To our knowledge only one case has been reported. We report two cases of carcinomas occurring in septal papillomas. In the first case a carcinoma developed in an exophytic papilloma 16 years after the first operation for a papilloma. In the second case a carcinoma was present at the first presentation within an inverted papilloma, and a metastasis had also developed. In the first case HPV type 6/11 was demonstrated by in-situ hybridisation and PCR in the original papilloma as well as in the recurrent papilloma and in the carcinoma. In the second case HPV type 18 was found in the nasal lesion as well as in the metastasis. All samples were examined for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by PCR, but with negative results. We believe that case one is the first reported case of carcinomatous transformation within an exophytic septal papilloma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is rarely present in normal oral and nasal mucosa

The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical carcinomas is well known. HPV has been found in oral carcinomas and paranasal papillomas, and the question of a causal role of HPV has yet to be answered. Reports on the frequency of HPV in oral and paranasal sinus tumours should be considered in relation to the frequency of HPV in normal oral and nasal mucosa. In the present study 61 normal individual had oral smears taken and 48 had nasal smears. These were examined for HPV by DNA amplification with HPV consensus primers. HPV was not found in the oral mucosa, while a single individual harboured HPV in the nasal mucosa. It is concluded that HPV is rarely present in normal oral and nasal mucosa.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal papillomas: a study of 78 cases using in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction

To determine the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of sinonasal papillomas, 57 inverted papillomas including 5 cases associated with carcinomas, 16 exophytic papillomas, and 5 cases of columnar cell papillomas were examined for the presence of HPV DNA by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic studies were performed on the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. In only 6% of the 52 benign inverted papillomas was HPV DNA identified, whereas 69% of the exophytic papillomas were infected by HPV DNA. In none of the 5 cases with columnar cell papillomas could HPV be demonstrated. HPV 6/11 was identified in all of these HPV-positive cases. In the carcinoma area, HPV was detected in 2 (1 HPV 6/11 and 1 HPV 18) of the 5 inverted papillomas associated with carcinomas. The findings confirm the presence of HPV DNA in sinonasal papillomas. The results also indicate that HPV 6/11 may be involved in the pathogenesis of, solely, exophytic papillomas. We found that in situ hybridization and PCR seem equally sensitive in detecting HPV in sinonasal papillomas.

Human papillomavirus and normal nasal mucosa: detection of human papillomavirus DNA in normal nasal mucosa biopsies by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization

To determine a possible etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas, it is necessary to investigate normal nasal mucosa of healthy persons for the presence of HPV. The material in the present study consists of 21 biopsies taken from the inferior concha of 21 otherwise healthy persons who underwent surgery for nose fractures or nasoseptal deviations. In addition, five inferior conchae were obtained from persons who had died of non-neoplastic diseases. HPV was not detected in any of these specimens, either by polymerase chain reaction or by in situ hybridization. Histologic evaluation showed that squamous metaplasia was a common finding in the biopsies. The presence of HPV in sinonasal papillomas and carcinomas may indicate that HPV is an etiological factor in these lesions.

The presence of human papillomavirus in sinonasal papillomas, demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction with consensus primers

The frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal papillomas seems to vary considerably. The highest frequencies have been reported by investigators using in situ DNA or RNA hybridization. Few studies have used polymerase chain reaction, and in these reports the frequency of HPV detection is rather low. We have investigated the presence of HPV in sinonasal papillomas using the polymerase chain reaction with a set of degenerated consensus primers, which amplify the vast majority of the known HPV types. Human papillomavirus was found in three of 14 papillomas. By in situ hybridization the same three papillomas were positive for HPV type 6/11.

In vitro culture of silver fox embryos

This experiment was designed to establish in vitro culture methods for silver fox embryos in order to develop the methods for evaluation of the post-thaw viability of frozen embryos in future studies. Artificially inseminated silver fox females were killed humanely on predetermined days after insemination and oviducts and uteri were flushed for embryos. The embryos were cultured in modified TCM 199 or in the same medium supplemented with silver fox oviductal tissue suspension for varying periods, from 6 days to 3 weeks. A total of 60 embryos was recovered. Only embryos beyond the 8-cell stage up to expanded blastocysts developed in vitro (28 % of all embryos). Early stage blastocysts developed most reliably and were of the best quality.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide in small cell lung carcinomas

OBJECTIVE

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a regulatory peptide encoded by the calcitonin gene. CGRP is expressed in increased amounts by the cells of medullary thyroid carcinomas and has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry to occur in neuroendocrine cells and nerve fibres of lung tissue.

MEASUREMENTS

Serum CGRP levels were measured in patients with small cell lung carcinomas before treatment (n = 74) and immediately before the second course of chemotherapy (n = 30). In-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on tumour tissue and CGRP was extracted from two tumours and characterized by gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

Serum CGRP levels were elevated in small cell lung carcinomas when compared with healthy controls of similar age and sex (median values 55.0 vs 36.6 pmol/l, P < 0.001), and 27% had levels above the upper normal range. Serum CGRP levels decreased following the initial course of chemotherapy (P < 0.05) but remained elevated when compared to the controls (P < 0.001). In-situ hybridization for CGRP mRNA was positive in three of 17 tumours and immunohistochemistry was positive in seven of 31 tumours investigated. CGRP immunoreactivity extracted from two tumours was characterized by gel chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. A major part of the immunoreactivity was demonstrated to represent the intact molecule.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that patients with small cell lung carcinomas had elevated concentration of serum calcitonin gene-related peptide but only 27% had values above the upper normal range. Serum CGRP is therefore of limited value as a tumour marker. Intact CGRP can be extracted from tumour tissue, but in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed positive reactions in only a few of the tumours investigated. The elevated serum CGRP levels are therefore likely to be largely of extratumoral origin.

Myocardial infrastructure in the Isolated Rabbit Heart Exposed to Dopamine, Dobutamine, Isoprenaline, G-Strofanthin, Xamoterol and Hypoxia

The isolated spontaneously beating heart was used for comparing the effects of hypoxia and positive inotropic drugs on myocardial ultrastructure. Hypoxia gives a significant decrease in the volume fractions of mitochondrial cristae relative to the total mitochondrial volume (Vvmcristae) and a significant increase in the volume fraction of mitochondrial matrix relative to the total mitochondrial volume (Vvmmatrix), but changes in volume fractions of mitochondria (Vvmitochondria) and myofibrils (Vvmyofibrils) were absent. Significant changes in ultrastructure in hearts treated with dopamine (0.6 microM), dobutamine (90 nM), G-strofanthin (0.25 microM), xamoterol (32 nM) and isoprenaline (0.15 microM or 15 nM) were absent. Furthermore, myocardial effects in the isolated rabbit heart without exposure to any treatment showed a significantly decrease in oxygen consumption after 90 min. and a significant decrease in frequency of contractions after 120 min. perfusion time, but no change in contractility was seen. We conclude that this experimental model is useful in studies of positive inotropic drugs.

The presence of HPV types 6/11, 13, 16 and 33 in bowenoid papulosis in an HIV-positive male, demonstrated by DNA in situ hybridization

A perianal bowenoid papulosis was examined for the presence of HPV types 2, 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 32 and 33 by DNA in situ hybridization. Positive signals were seen for HPV types 6/11, 13, 16 and 33. HPV type 13 is strongly related to oral focal epithelial hyperplasia and has not been reported outside the oral cavity before.

Laryngeal papillomas: histomorphometric evaluation of multiple and solitary lesions

Laryngeal papillomas from 20 patients (162 papillomas) were subjected to histomorphometric analysis: Based on clinical parameters, the papillomas were divided into juvenile multiple papillomas, adult multiple papillomas and adult solitary papillomas. The volume fractions of basal cells, koilocytes and nuclei as well as the mean nuclear volume were determined for each group. Significant differences between the 3 groups were not found and it is therefore concluded that they all represent the same basic lesion.

Malignant tumours in patients with a history of multiple laryngeal papillomas: the significance of irradiation

For a period of more than 30 years irradiation was used in the treatment of multiple laryngeal papillomas, especially in children. The treatment was discontinued because a number of irradiated patients developed laryngeal carcinomas. There are however a number of reports of laryngeal and even bronchial carcinomas arising in patients with laryngeal papillomas who had not been irradiated. In addition, HPV type 11 has recently been found in laryngeal papillomas as well as in laryngeal and bronchial carcinomas, subsequently arising in the same patients, both irradiated and non-irradiated. The analysis of a series of 113 patients with laryngeal papillomas has shown that irradiated patients have a 16-fold increased risk of a subsequent carcinoma in the respiratory system.