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Torky HA, Saad HM, Khaliel SA, Kassih AT, Sabatier JM, Batiha GES, Hetta HF, Elghazaly EM, De Waard M. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Association with Proinflammatory Cytokines in Caseous Lymphadenitis Pyogranulomas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020296. [PMID: 36670836 PMCID: PMC9854522 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a causative agent of numerous chronic diseases, including caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and goats, which has a zoonotic potential in humans in addition to a poor therapeutic response. In this study, out of 120 collected samples, only 12 (10%) were positive for C. pseudotuberculosis by PCR and by intraperitoneal injection of male Guinea pigs and then characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and its genetic-relatedness by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), which showed 2-4 bands ranging from 100 to 3000 bp that can be clustered into four clusters (C1-C4). Despite the serotype biovar 1 only infecting sheep and goats, ERIC-PCR reveals intra-subtyping variation. Examination of affected LNs and organs revealed marked enlargement with either thick creamy green pus or multiple abscesses of variable sizes with a central caseated core surrounded by dense fibrous capsule. A histopathological examination revealed a central necrotic core surrounded by a peripheral mantle of mononuclear cells and a fibrous capsule. Positive immune expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and negative expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in CLA is the first report to our knowledge. Conclusion: In CLA pyogranulomas, IL1β is a more crucial proinflammatory cytokine than TNF in the regulation of C. pseudotuberculosis infection, which is accompanied by marked NF-κB immunoexpression. Therefore, the NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway is involved in the activation of IL1β, and additional immunohistochemical studies are required to determine the various roles of NF-κB/p65 in the inflammatory response within CLA pyogranulomas to control this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy A. Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh 51744, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.S.); (M.D.W.)
| | - Samy A. Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa T. Kassih
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Abees, Alexandria 21523, Egypt
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS UMR 7051, Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Elghazaly
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh 51744, Egypt
| | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 Rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France
- L’institut Du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France
- LabEx «Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics», Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France
- Correspondence: (H.M.S.); (M.D.W.)
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Adel WA, Ahmed AM, Hegazy Y, Torky HA, Shimamoto T. High Prevalence of ESBL and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Salmonella enterica Isolated from Retail Meats and Slaughterhouses in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070881. [PMID: 34356803 PMCID: PMC8300843 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) to humans through food of animal origin are considered a major global public health concern. Currently, little is known about the prevalence of important antimicrobial resistance genes in S. enterica from retail food in Africa. Therefore, the screening and characterization of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in S. enterica isolated from retail meats and slaughterhouses in Egypt were done by using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Twenty-eight out of thirty-four (82.4%) non-duplicate S. enterica isolates showed multidrug-resistance phenotypes to at least three classes of antimicrobials, and fourteen (41.2%) exhibited an ESBL-resistance phenotype and harbored at least one ESBL-encoding gene. The identified β-lactamase-encoding genes included blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaCTX-M-13, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, and blaSHV-12 (ESBL types); blaCMY-2 (AmpC type); and blaTEM-1 and blaOXA-1 (narrow-spectrum types). PMQR genes (included qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) were identified in 23 (67.6%) isolates. The presence of ESBL- and PMQR-producing S. enterica with a high prevalence rate in retail meats and slaughterhouses is considered a major threat to public health as these strains with resistance genes could be transmitted to humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam A. Adel
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf M. Ahmed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (A.M.A.); (T.S.); Tel.: +20-111-811-1488 (A.M.A.); +81-(82)-424-7897 (T.S.)
| | - Yamen Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Helmy A. Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 22758, Egypt;
| | - Tadashi Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.A.); (T.S.); Tel.: +20-111-811-1488 (A.M.A.); +81-(82)-424-7897 (T.S.)
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Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Sester M, Khaliel SA, Singh M, Torky HA, Davis WC. Corrigendum to "Development of an improved ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptide-based cytokine flow cytometric assay for bovine tuberculosis" [Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 42 (2015) 1-7]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 57:75. [PMID: 30017082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Institute of Virology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
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Abdellrazeq GS, Elnaggar MM, Bannantine JP, Park KT, Souza CD, Backer B, Hulubei V, Fry LM, Khaliel SA, Torky HA, Schneider DA, Davis WC. A Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis relA deletion mutant and a 35 kDa major membrane protein elicit development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Vet Res 2018; 49:53. [PMID: 29941017 PMCID: PMC6019527 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop live attenuated vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), using indirect methods to screen Map deletion mutants for potential efficacy, have not been successful. A reduction in the capacity to survive in macrophages has not predicted the ability of mutants to survive in vivo. Previous studies for screening of three deletion mutants in cattle and goats revealed one mutant, with a deletion in relA (ΔMap/relA), could not establish a persistent infection. Further studies, using antigen presenting cells (APC), blood dendritic cells and monocyte derived DC, pulsed with ΔMap/relA or a 35 kDa Map membrane protein (MMP) revealed a component of the response to ΔMap/relA was directed towards MMP. As reported herein, we developed a bacterium viability assay and cell culture assays for analysis and evaluation of cytotoxic T cells generated against ΔMap/relA or MMP. Analysis of the effector activity of responding cells revealed the reason ΔMap/relA could not establish a persistent infection was that vaccination elicited development of cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL) with the capacity to kill intracellular bacteria. We demonstrated the same CTL response could be elicited with two rounds of antigenic stimulation of APC pulsed with ΔMap/relA or MMP ex vivo. Cytotoxicity was mediated through the perforin granzyme B pathway. Finally, cognate recognition of peptides presented in context of MHC I and II molecules to CD4 and CD8 T cells is required for development of CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Kun T Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Cleverson D Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Brian Backer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Torky HA, Taha A, Marie H, El-Desouky E, Raslan O, Moussa AA, Ahmad AM, Abo-Louz A, Zaki S, Fares T, Eesa A. Role of topical oxytocin in improving vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric 2018; 21:174-178. [PMID: 29347848 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2017.1421924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Prospective randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of topical oxytocin gel to improve vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 140 postmenopausal women presenting with vaginal atrophy and who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into two groups each of 70 patients; they received intravaginal oxytocin gel or placebo gel for 30 days. Serum estrogen level, visual, colposcopic and histological vaginal examination were performed before and after treatment. RESULTS Forty-seven out of 70 women in the oxytocin gel group improved after treatment and none in the placebo group (p = 0.001). Forty-five participants in the oxytocin group and seven in the placebo group reported relief of dyspareunia (p = 0.001). Thirty-four participants in the oxytocin group and seven in the placebo group reported relief of soreness (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the circulating levels of estradiol in both groups before and after treatment (p = 0.4 and 0.6 for the oxytocin group and the placebo group, respectively). CONCLUSION Oxytocin gel is useful in the restoration of the vaginal epithelium in cases of postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis. Further studies with a longer follow-up period are required to test the long-term effects of oxytocin as a treatment for vaginal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Torky
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , October 6th University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A Taha
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - H Marie
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - E El-Desouky
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - O Raslan
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A A Moussa
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A M Ahmad
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Galaa Teaching Hospital , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A Abo-Louz
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , October 6th University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - S Zaki
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - T Fares
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - A Eesa
- e Department of Pathology , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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Grandoni F, Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Signorelli F, Fry LM, Marchitelli C, Hulubei V, Khaliel SA, Torky HA, Davis WC. Characterization of leukocyte subsets in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) with cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine MHC class I and class II molecules and leukocyte differentiation molecules. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 74:101-109. [PMID: 28433527 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are a major component of the livestock industry worldwide, limited progress has been made in the study of the mechanisms regulating the immune response to pathogens and parasites affecting their health and productivity. This has been, in part, attributable to the limited availability of reagents to study immune responses in buffalo. As reported here, a set of cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), developed against bovine, ovine and caprine leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, were identified and used to compare expression of LDM in Italian and Egyptian buffalo. The results show most of the epitopes identified with the mAbs are conserved on LDM and MHC I and II molecules in both lineages of buffalo. Comparison of the composition of lymphocyte subsets between buffalo and cattle revealed they are similar except for expression of CD2 and CD8 on workshop cluster one (WC1) positive γδ T cells. In cattle, CD8 is expressed on a subset of CD2+/WC1- γδ T cells that are present in low frequency in blood of young and old animals, whereas, CD8-/CD2-/WC1+ γδ T cells are present in high frequency in young animals, decreasing with age. In the buffalo, CD2 is expressed on a subset of WC1+ γδ T cells and CD8 is expressed on all WC1+ γδ T cells. The availability of this extensive set of mAbs provides opportunities to study the immunopathogenesis of pathogens and parasites affecting the health of buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grandoni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Federica Signorelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Cinzia Marchitelli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per la Produzione delle Carni e Il Miglioramento genetico (CREA-PCM), Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Elnaggar MM, Abdellrazeq GS, Elsisy A, Mahmoud AH, Shyboub A, Sester M, Khaliel SA, Singh M, Torky HA, Davis WC. Evaluation of antigen specific interleukin-1β as a biomarker to detect cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:53-59. [PMID: 28610788 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a major world-wide health problem that has been difficult to control, due to the lack of an effective vaccine and limited ability of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the ancillary whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) to detect all infected animals. A 6 h cytokine flow cytometric IFN-γ (CFC) assay was developed in effort to overcome these limitations and expand methods for studying the mechanisms of bTB immunopathogenesis. The present study was conducted to evaluate IL-1β as a biomarker to use in conjunction with the IFN-γ CFC assay to improve the diagnostic accuracy for bTB. Three animal groups with predefined Mbv infection status were used for analysis of IL-1β in plasma from whole blood cultures stimulated with ESAT-6/CFP-10 for 20-24 h. Parallel stimulations were performed for enumeration of IFN-γ producing T cells. Data analysis showed that Mbv infected animals have a higher frequency of IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and plasma IL-1β than animals exposed to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or uninfected control animals, with a significant correlation between the two readouts, thus allowing differentiation between the three animal groups. IL-1β has the potential to serve as an additional biomarker for detecting cattle infected with Mbv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alaa Elsisy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazeq Shyboub
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Institutes for Infection Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Samy A Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Helmy A Torky
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, WA, USA
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Farid AH, Torky HA, el-Nimr MM, Akeula M, Ezzat M. Studies on Pasteurella multocida of birds. Second communication: Colonial and biochemical characteristics in association with virulence to mice. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1987; 41:197-201. [PMID: 3606314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Farid AH, Torky HA, el-Nimr MM, Akeula M, Ezzat M. Studies on Pasteurella multocida of birds. Third communication: Serological typing of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from chickens and turkeys. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1987; 41:202-7. [PMID: 3606315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Farid AH, Torky HA, el-Nimr MM, Akeula M, Ezzat M. Studies on Pasteurella multocida of birds. Fourth communication: A new polyvalent oil-adjuvant vaccine. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 1987; 41:208-11. [PMID: 3606316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Torky HA. Some studies on mycotic contamination of egg with reference to the proteolytic activity of the isolated fungi. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 1982; 30:25-8. [PMID: 6764739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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