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Andrews K, Prapa M, Radford E, Simonic I, Holden S, Belteki G. Taking consent for neonatal microarray analysis as a screen for genomic rearrangements: are paediatricians equipped for the genomic era? Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:1021-1022. [PMID: 31563874 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Andrews
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matina Prapa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Radford
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK .,Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Holden
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gusztav Belteki
- Rosie Neonatal Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Wright GC, Brown R, Grayton H, Livingston JH, Park SM, Parker APJ, Patel A, Simonic I, Thomas AG, Vadlamani G, Horvath R, Harijan PD. Clinical and radiological characterization of novel FIG4-related combined system disease with neuropathy. Clin Genet 2020; 98:147-154. [PMID: 32385905 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the FIG4 gene, which encodes a phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphatase lead to obstruction of endocytic trafficking, causing accumulation of enlarged vesicles in murine peripheral neurons and fibroblasts. Bi-allelic pathogenic variants in FIG4 are associated with neurological disorders including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type-4J (CMT4J) and Yunis-Varón syndrome (YVS). We present four probands from three unrelated families, all homozygous for a recurrent FIG4 missense variant c.506A>C p.(Tyr169Ser), with a novel phenotype involving features of both CMT4J and YVS. Three presented with infant-onset dystonia and one with hypotonia. All have depressed lower limb reflexes and distal muscle weakness, two have nerve conduction studies (NCS) consistent with severe sensorimotor demyelinating peripheral neuropathy and one had NCS showing patchy intermediate/mildly reduced motor conduction velocities. All have cognitive impairment and three have swallowing difficulties. MRI showed cerebellar atrophy and bilateral T2 hyperintense medullary swellings in all patients. These children represent a novel clinicoradiological phenotype and suggest that phenotypes associated with FIG4 missense variants do not neatly fall into previously described diagnoses but can present with variable features. Analysis of this gene should be considered in patients with central and peripheral neurological signs and medullary radiological changes, providing earlier diagnosis and informing reproductive choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C Wright
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Brown
- Paediatrics, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Grayton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, East Anglian Genetics Service, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John H Livingston
- Paediatric Neurology, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, East Anglian Genetics Service, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair P J Parker
- University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anjla Patel
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, East Anglian Genetics Service, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G Thomas
- Neuroradiology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gayatri Vadlamani
- Paediatric Neurology, The Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja D Harijan
- Paediatric Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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3
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Gorman KM, Meyer E, Grozeva D, Spinelli E, McTague A, Sanchis-Juan A, Carss KJ, Bryant E, Reich A, Schneider AL, Pressler RM, Simpson MA, Debelle GD, Wassmer E, Morton J, Sieciechowicz D, Jan-Kamsteeg E, Paciorkowski AR, King MD, Cross JH, Poduri A, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE, Haack TB, McCullagh G, Millichap JJ, Carvill GL, Clayton-Smith J, Maher ER, Raymond FL, Kurian MA, McRae JF, Clayton S, Fitzgerald TW, Kaplanis J, Prigmore E, Rajan D, Sifrim A, Aitken S, Akawi N, Alvi M, Ambridge K, Barrett DM, Bayzetinova T, Jones P, Jones WD, King D, Krishnappa N, Mason LE, Singh T, Tivey AR, Ahmed M, Anjum U, Archer H, Armstrong R, Awada J, Balasubramanian M, Banka S, Baralle D, Barnicoat A, Batstone P, Baty D, Bennett C, Berg J, Bernhard B, Bevan AP, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Blair E, Blyth M, Bohanna D, Bourdon L, Bourn D, Bradley L, Brady A, Brent S, Brewer C, Brunstrom K, Bunyan DJ, Burn J, Canham N, Castle B, Chandler K, Chatzimichali E, Cilliers D, Clarke A, Clasper S, Clayton-Smith J, Clowes V, Coates A, Cole T, Colgiu I, Collins A, Collinson MN, Connell F, Cooper N, Cox H, Cresswell L, Cross G, Crow Y, D’Alessandro M, Dabir T, Davidson R, Davies S, de Vries D, Dean J, Deshpande C, Devlin G, Dixit A, Dobbie A, Donaldson A, Donnai D, Donnelly D, Donnelly C, Douglas A, Douzgou S, Duncan A, Eason J, Ellard S, Ellis I, Elmslie F, Evans K, Everest S, Fendick T, Fisher R, Flinter F, Foulds N, Fry A, Fryer A, Gardiner C, Gaunt L, Ghali N, Gibbons R, Gill H, Goodship J, Goudie D, Gray E, Green A, Greene P, Greenhalgh L, Gribble S, Harrison R, Harrison L, Harrison V, Hawkins R, He L, Hellens S, Henderson A, Hewitt S, Hildyard L, Hobson E, Holden S, Holder M, Holder S, Hollingsworth G, Homfray T, Humphreys M, Hurst J, Hutton B, Ingram S, Irving M, Islam L, Jackson A, Jarvis J, Jenkins L, Johnson D, Jones E, Josifova D, Joss S, Kaemba B, Kazembe S, Kelsell R, Kerr B, Kingston H, Kini U, Kinning E, Kirby G, Kirk C, Kivuva E, Kraus A, Kumar D, Kumar VKA, Lachlan K, Lam W, Lampe A, Langman C, Lees M, Lim D, Longman C, Lowther G, Lynch SA, Magee A, Maher E, Male A, Mansour S, Marks K, Martin K, Maye U, McCann E, McConnell V, McEntagart M, McGowan R, McKay K, McKee S, McMullan DJ, McNerlan S, McWilliam C, Mehta S, Metcalfe K, Middleton A, Miedzybrodzka Z, Miles E, Mohammed S, Montgomery T, Moore D, Morgan S, Morton J, Mugalaasi H, Murday V, Murphy H, Naik S, Nemeth A, Nevitt L, Newbury-Ecob R, Norman A, O’Shea R, Ogilvie C, Ong KR, Park SM, Parker MJ, Patel C, Paterson J, Payne S, Perrett D, Phipps J, Pilz DT, Pollard M, Pottinger C, Poulton J, Pratt N, Prescott K, Price S, Pridham A, Procter A, Purnell H, Quarrell O, Ragge N, Rahbari R, Randall J, Rankin J, Raymond L, Rice D, Robert L, Roberts E, Roberts J, Roberts P, Roberts G, Ross A, Rosser E, Saggar A, Samant S, Sampson J, Sandford R, Sarkar A, Schweiger S, Scott R, Scurr I, Selby A, Seller A, Sequeira C, Shannon N, Sharif S, Shaw-Smith C, Shearing E, Shears D, Sheridan E, Simonic I, Singzon R, Skitt Z, Smith A, Smith K, Smithson S, Sneddon L, Splitt M, Squires M, Stewart F, Stewart H, Straub V, Suri M, Sutton V, Swaminathan GJ, Sweeney E, Tatton-Brown K, Taylor C, Taylor R, Tein M, Temple IK, Thomson J, Tischkowitz M, Tomkins S, Torokwa A, Treacy B, Turner C, Turnpenny P, Tysoe C, Vandersteen A, Varghese V, Vasudevan P, Vijayarangakannan P, Vogt J, Wakeling E, Wallwark S, Waters J, Weber A, Wellesley D, Whiteford M, Widaa S, Wilcox S, Wilkinson E, Williams D, Williams N, Wilson L, Woods G, Wragg C, Wright M, Yates L, Yau M, Nellåker C, Parker M, Firth HV, Wright CF, FitzPatrick DR, Barrett JC, Hurles ME, Al Turki S, Anderson C, Anney R, Antony D, Artigas MS, Ayub M, Balasubramaniam S, Barrett JC, Barroso I, Beales P, Bentham J, Bhattacharya S, Birney E, Blackwood D, Bobrow M, Bochukova E, Bolton P, Bounds R, Boustred C, Breen G, Calissano M, Carss K, Chatterjee K, Chen L, Ciampi A, Cirak S, Clapham P, Clement G, Coates G, Collier D, Cosgrove C, Cox T, Craddock N, Crooks L, Curran S, Curtis D, Daly A, Day-Williams A, Day IN, Down T, Du Y, Dunham I, Edkins S, Ellis P, Evans D, Faroogi S, Fatemifar G, Fitzpatrick DR, Flicek P, Flyod J, Foley AR, Franklin CS, Futema M, Gallagher L, Geihs M, Geschwind D, Griffin H, Grozeva D, Guo X, Guo X, Gurling H, Hart D, Hendricks A, Holmans P, Howie B, Huang L, Hubbard T, Humphries SE, Hurles ME, Hysi P, Jackson DK, Jamshidi Y, Jing T, Joyce C, Kaye J, Keane T, Keogh J, Kemp J, Kennedy K, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Lachance G, Langford C, Lawson D, Lee I, Lek M, Liang J, Lin H, Li R, Li Y, Liu R, Lönnqvist J, Lopes M, Iotchkova V, MacArthur D, Marchini J, Maslen J, Massimo M, Mathieson I, Marenne G, McGuffin P, McIntosh A, McKechanie AG, McQuillin A, Metrustry S, Mitchison H, Moayyeri A, Morris J, Muntoni F, Northstone K, O'Donnovan M, Onoufriadis A, O'Rahilly S, Oualkacha K, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Panoutsopoulou K, Parker V, Parr JR, Paternoster L, Paunio T, Payne F, Pietilainen O, Plagnol V, Quaye L, Quail MA, Raymond L, Rehnström K, Ring S, Ritchie GR, Roberts N, Savage DB, Scambler P, Schiffels S, Schmidts M, Schoenmakers N, Semple RK, Serra E, Sharp SI, Shin SY, Skuse D, Small K, Southam L, Spasic-Boskovic O, St Clair D, Stalker J, Stevens E, St Pourcian B, Sun J, Suvisaari J, Tachmazidou I, Tobin MD, Valdes A, Van Kogelenberg M, Vijayarangakannan P, Visscher PM, Wain LV, Walters JT, Wang G, Wang J, Wang Y, Ward K, Wheeler E, Whyte T, Williams H, Williamson KA, Wilson C, Wong K, Xu C, Yang J, Zhang F, Zhang P, Aitman T, Alachkar H, Ali S, Allen L, Allsup D, Ambegaonkar G, Anderson J, Antrobus R, Armstrong R, Arno G, Arumugakani G, Ashford S, Astle W, Attwood A, Austin S, Bacchelli C, Bakchoul T, Bariana TK, Baxendale H, Bennett D, Bethune C, Bibi S, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Bleda M, Boggard H, Bolton-Maggs P, Booth C, Bradley JR, Brady A, Brown M, Browning M, Bryson C, Burns S, Calleja P, Canham N, Carmichael J, Carss K, Caulfield M, Chalmers E, Chandra A, Chinnery P, Chitre M, Church C, Clement E, Clements-Brod N, Clowes V, Coghlan G, Collins P, Cooper N, Creaser-Myers A, DaCosta R, Daugherty L, Davies S, Davis J, De Vries M, Deegan P, Deevi SV, Deshpande C, Devlin L, Dewhurst E, Doffinger R, Dormand N, Drewe E, Edgar D, Egner W, Erber WN, Erwood M, Everington T, Favier R, Firth H, Fletcher D, Flinter F, Fox JC, Frary A, Freson K, Furie B, Furnell A, Gale D, Gardham A, Gattens M, Ghali N, Ghataorhe PK, Ghurye R, Gibbs S, Gilmour K, Gissen P, Goddard S, Gomez K, Gordins P, Gräf S, Greene D, Greenhalgh A, Greinacher A, Grigoriadou S, Grozeva D, Hackett S, Hadinnapola C, Hague R, Haimel M, Halmagyi C, Hammerton T, Hart D, Hayman G, Heemskerk JW, Henderson R, Hensiek A, Henskens Y, Herwadkar A, Holden S, Holder M, Holder S, Hu F, Huissoon A, Humbert M, Hurst J, James R, Jolles S, Josifova D, Kazmi R, Keeling D, Kelleher P, Kelly AM, Kennedy F, Kiely D, Kingston N, Koziell A, Krishnakumar D, Kuijpers TW, Kumararatne D, Kurian M, Laffan MA, Lambert MP, Allen HL, Lawrie A, Lear S, Lees M, Lentaigne C, Liesner R, Linger R, Longhurst H, Lorenzo L, Machado R, Mackenzie R, MacLaren R, Maher E, Maimaris J, Mangles S, Manson A, Mapeta R, Markus HS, Martin J, Masati L, Mathias M, Matser V, Maw A, McDermott E, McJannet C, Meacham S, Meehan S, Megy K, Mehta S, Michaelides M, Millar CM, Moledina S, Moore A, Morrell N, Mumford A, Murng S, Murphy E, Nejentsev S, Noorani S, Nurden P, Oksenhendler E, Ouwehand WH, Papadia S, Park SM, Parker A, Pasi J, Patch C, Paterson J, Payne J, Peacock A, Peerlinck K, Penkett CJ, Pepke-Zaba J, Perry DJ, Pollock V, Polwarth G, Ponsford M, Qasim W, Quinti I, Rankin S, Rankin J, Raymond FL, Rehnstrom K, Reid E, Rhodes CJ, Richards M, Richardson S, Richter A, Roberts I, Rondina M, Rosser E, Roughley C, Rue-Albrecht K, Samarghitean C, Sanchis-Juan A, Sandford R, Santra S, Sargur R, Savic S, Schulman S, Schulze H, Scott R, Scully M, Seneviratne S, Sewell C, Shamardina O, Shipley D, Simeoni I, Sivapalaratnam S, Smith K, Sohal A, Southgate L, Staines S, Staples E, Stauss H, Stein P, Stephens J, Stirrups K, Stock S, Suntharalingam J, Tait RC, Talks K, Tan Y, Thachil J, Thaventhiran J, Thomas E, Thomas M, Thompson D, Thrasher A, Tischkowitz M, Titterton C, Toh CH, Toshner M, Treacy C, Trembath R, Tuna S, Turek W, Turro E, Van Geet C, Veltman M, Vogt J, von Ziegenweldt J, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Wakeling E, Wanjiku I, Warner TQ, Wassmer E, Watkins H, Webster A, Welch S, Westbury S, Wharton J, Whitehorn D, Wilkins M, Willcocks L, Williamson C, Woods G, Wort J, Yeatman N, Yong P, Young T, Yu P. Bi-allelic Loss-of-Function CACNA1B Mutations in Progressive Epilepsy-Dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:948-956. [PMID: 30982612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of non-epileptic hyperkinetic movements in the context of developmental epileptic encephalopathies is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. Identification of causative mutations provides an important insight into common pathogenic mechanisms that cause both seizures and abnormal motor control. We report bi-allelic loss-of-function CACNA1B variants in six children from three unrelated families whose affected members present with a complex and progressive neurological syndrome. All affected individuals presented with epileptic encephalopathy, severe neurodevelopmental delay (often with regression), and a hyperkinetic movement disorder. Additional neurological features included postnatal microcephaly and hypotonia. Five children died in childhood or adolescence (mean age of death: 9 years), mainly as a result of secondary respiratory complications. CACNA1B encodes the pore-forming subunit of the pre-synaptic neuronal voltage-gated calcium channel Cav2.2/N-type, crucial for SNARE-mediated neurotransmission, particularly in the early postnatal period. Bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in CACNA1B are predicted to cause disruption of Ca2+ influx, leading to impaired synaptic neurotransmission. The resultant effect on neuronal function is likely to be important in the development of involuntary movements and epilepsy. Overall, our findings provide further evidence for the key role of Cav2.2 in normal human neurodevelopment.
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Yiangou L, Grandy RA, Morell CM, Tomaz RA, Osnato A, Kadiwala J, Muraro D, Garcia-Bernardo J, Nakanoh S, Bernard WG, Ortmann D, McCarthy DJ, Simonic I, Sinha S, Vallier L. Method to Synchronize Cell Cycle of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells without Affecting Their Fundamental Characteristics. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:165-179. [PMID: 30595546 PMCID: PMC6335580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and cell fate decisions are closely linked in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the study of these interplays at the molecular level remains challenging due to the lack of efficient methods allowing cell cycle synchronization of large quantities of cells. Here, we screened inhibitors of cell cycle progression and identified nocodazole as the most efficient small molecule to synchronize hPSCs in the G2/M phase. Following nocodazole treatment, hPSCs remain pluripotent, retain a normal karyotype and can successfully differentiate into the three germ layers and functional cell types. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses on single cells synchronized for their cell cycle and differentiated toward the endoderm lineage validated our findings and showed that nocodazole treatment has no effect on gene expression during the differentiation process. Thus, our synchronization method provides a robust approach to study cell cycle mechanisms in hPSCs. Nocodazole can enrich cells in the G2/M, G1, and S phases of the cell cycle Treatment with nocodazole does not affect pluripotency maintenance hPSCs can efficiently form functional cell types after nocodazole treatment Nocodazole treatment allows genome-wide analyses of synchronous populations
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Yiangou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Grandy
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna Osnato
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juned Kadiwala
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre hIPSC Core Facility, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Daniele Muraro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Shota Nakanoh
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - William G Bernard
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Davis J McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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5
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Platzer K, Cogné B, Hague J, Marcelis CL, Mitter D, Oberndorff K, Park SM, Ploos van Amstel HK, Simonic I, van der Smagt JJ, Stegmann APA, Stevens SJC, Stumpel CTRM, Vincent M, Lemke JR, Jamra R. Haploinsufficiency of CUX1 Causes Nonsyndromic Global Developmental Delay With Possible Catch-up Development. Ann Neurol 2018; 84:200-207. [PMID: 30014507 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Developmental delay (DD) with favorable intellectual outcome and mild intellectual disability (ID) are mostly considered to be of complex genetic and environmental origin, but, in fact, often remain unclear. We aimed at proving our assumption that also mild cases of DD and ID may be of monogenic etiology. METHODS We clinically evaluated 8 individuals and performed exome sequencing or array copy number analysis and identified variants in CUX1 as the likely cause. In addition, we included a case from the public database, DECIPHER. RESULTS All 9 individuals harbored heterozygous null-allele variants in CUX1, encoding the Cut-homeobox 1 transcription factor that is involved in regulation of dendritogenesis and cortical synapse formation in layer II to IV cortical neurons. Six variants arose de novo, while in one family the variant segregated with ID. Of the 9 included individuals, 2 were diagnosed with moderate ID, 3 with mild ID, and 3 showed a normal age-related intelligence at ages 4, 6, and 8 years after a previous history of significant DD. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that null-allele variants, and thus haploinsufficiency of CUX1, cause an isolated phenotype of DD or ID with possible catch-up development. This illustrates that such a developmental course is not necessarily genetic complex, but may also be attributed to a monogenic cause. Ann Neurol 2018;84:200-207.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jennifer Hague
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo L Marcelis
- Department of Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Mitter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Oberndorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Zuyderland Medical Center, BG Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingrid Simonic
- East Anglian Regional Genetics Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Servi J C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Constance T R M Stumpel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Hospitals and Clinics, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Sampaziotis F, Justin AW, Tysoe OC, Sawiak S, Godfrey EM, Upponi SS, Gieseck RL, de Brito MC, Berntsen NL, Gómez-Vázquez MJ, Ortmann D, Yiangou L, Ross A, Bargehr J, Bertero A, Zonneveld MCF, Pedersen MT, Pawlowski M, Valestrand L, Madrigal P, Georgakopoulos N, Pirmadjid N, Skeldon GM, Casey J, Shu W, Materek PM, Snijders KE, Brown SE, Rimland CA, Simonic I, Davies SE, Jensen KB, Zilbauer M, Gelson WTH, Alexander GJ, Sinha S, Hannan NRF, Wynn TA, Karlsen TH, Melum E, Markaki AE, Saeb-Parsy K, Vallier L. Reconstruction of the mouse extrahepatic biliary tree using primary human extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. Nat Med 2017; 23:954-963. [PMID: 28671689 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of common bile duct (CBD) disorders, such as biliary atresia or ischemic strictures, is restricted by the lack of biliary tissue from healthy donors suitable for surgical reconstruction. Here we report a new method for the isolation and propagation of human cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic biliary tree in the form of extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs) for regenerative medicine applications. The resulting ECOs closely resemble primary cholangiocytes in terms of their transcriptomic profile and functional properties. We explore the regenerative potential of these organoids in vivo and demonstrate that ECOs self-organize into bile duct-like tubes expressing biliary markers following transplantation under the kidney capsule of immunocompromised mice. In addition, when seeded on biodegradable scaffolds, ECOs form tissue-like structures retaining biliary characteristics. The resulting bioengineered tissue can reconstruct the gallbladder wall and repair the biliary epithelium following transplantation into a mouse model of injury. Furthermore, bioengineered artificial ducts can replace the native CBD, with no evidence of cholestasis or occlusion of the lumen. In conclusion, ECOs can successfully reconstruct the biliary tree, providing proof of principle for organ regeneration using human primary cholangiocytes expanded in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Sampaziotis
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Olivia C Tysoe
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edmund M Godfrey
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara S Upponi
- Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel Cardoso de Brito
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalie Lie Berntsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - María J Gómez-Vázquez
- Cambridge Genomic Services, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Loukia Yiangou
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Ross
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Bargehr
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mariëlle C F Zonneveld
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne T Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Pawlowski
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Valestrand
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pedro Madrigal
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Negar Pirmadjid
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregor M Skeldon
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wenmiao Shu
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina M Materek
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Centre (BRC) hIPSCs Core Facility, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kirsten E Snijders
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie E Brown
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Casey A Rimland
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan E Davies
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William T H Gelson
- Department of Hepatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graeme J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,University Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas R F Hannan
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tom H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
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7
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Lehalle D, Mosca-Boidron AL, Begtrup A, Boute-Benejean O, Charles P, Cho MT, Clarkson A, Devinsky O, Duffourd Y, Duplomb-Jego L, Gérard B, Jacquette A, Kuentz P, Masurel-Paulet A, McDougall C, Moutton S, Olivié H, Park SM, Rauch A, Revencu N, Rivière JB, Rubin K, Simonic I, Shears DJ, Smol T, Taylor Tavares AL, Terhal P, Thevenon J, Van Gassen K, Vincent-Delorme C, Willemsen MH, Wilson GN, Zackai E, Zweier C, Callier P, Thauvin-Robinet C, Faivre L. STAG1 mutations cause a novel cohesinopathy characterised by unspecific syndromic intellectual disability. J Med Genet 2017; 54:479-488. [PMID: 28119487 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cohesinopathies are rare neurodevelopmental disorders arising from a dysfunction in the cohesin pathway, which enables chromosome segregation and regulates gene transcription. So far, eight genes from this pathway have been reported in human disease. STAG1 belongs to the STAG subunit of the core cohesin complex, along with five other subunits. This work aimed to identify the phenotype ascribed to STAG1 mutations. METHODS Among patients referred for intellectual disability (ID) in genetics departments worldwide, array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), gene panel, whole-exome sequencing or whole-genome sequencing were performed following the local diagnostic standards. RESULTS A mutation in STAG1 was identified in 17 individuals from 16 families, 9 males and 8 females aged 2-33 years. Four individuals harboured a small microdeletion encompassing STAG1; three individuals from two families had an intragenic STAG1 deletion. Six deletions were identified by array-CGH, one by whole-exome sequencing. Whole-exome sequencing found de novo heterozygous missense or frameshift STAG1 variants in eight patients, a panel of genes involved in ID identified a missense and a frameshift variant in two individuals. The 17 patients shared common facial features, with wide mouth and deep-set eyes. Four individuals had mild microcephaly, seven had epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS We report an international series of 17 individuals from 16 families presenting with syndromic unspecific ID that could be attributed to a STAG1 deletion or point mutation. This first series reporting the phenotype ascribed to mutation in STAG1 highlights the importance of data sharing in the field of rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Lehalle
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mosca-Boidron
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Amber Begtrup
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Perrine Charles
- Genetic Department, University Hospital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Megan T Cho
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Clarkson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Epilepsy Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duplomb-Jego
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélia Jacquette
- Genetic Department, University Hospital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alice Masurel-Paulet
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Carey McDougall
- Clinical Genetics Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Hilde Olivié
- Department of Human Genetics and Centre for Developmental Disabilities, KU University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Revencu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Karol Rubin
- University of Minnesota Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah J Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7HE
| | - Thomas Smol
- Service de génétique clinique, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, RADEME (Research team on rare developmental and metabolic diseases), Lille, France
| | | | - Paulien Terhal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Koen Van Gassen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein H Willemsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Golder N Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Callier
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Interrégion Est, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
- Equipe GAD, EA4271, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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8
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Hague J, Delon I, Brugger K, Martin H, Sparnon L, Simonic I, Abbs S, Park SM. Male child with somatic mosaic Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis caused by a novel pathogenic AMER1 frameshift mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1931-1935. [PMID: 28497491 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OSCS; OMIM #300373) is a rare X-linked dominant condition caused by mutations in the AMER1 gene (also known as WTX or FAM123B). It is a condition which usually affects females in whom the clinical phenotype can be extremely variable. Conversely affected males typically die in utero or during the neonatal period [Perdu et al. (); Clinical Genetics 80: 383-388; Vasiljevic et al. (); Prenatal Diagnosis 35: 302-304]. There have been a small number of reported cases of surviving males, including three patients who are somatic mosaic for the condition [Chénier, Noor, Dupuis, Stavropoulos, & Mendoza-Londono, (); American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 158A: 2946-2952; Holman et al. (); American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 155A: 2397-2408; Joseph, Shoji, & Econs, (); The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95: 1506-1507]. We report a case of a male child who has proven somatic mosaicism for OSCS associated with a novel pathogenic frameshift mutation, c.607_611delAGGCC (p.Arg203 fs) in AMER1. We describe the multisystemic clinical features which include macrocephaly with ventriculomegaly and requirement for ventriculoperitoneal shunt, cleft palate, and respiratory difficulties after birth requiring tracheostomy insertion, persistent patent ductus arteriosus, failure to thrive and gastrostomy insertion, growth retardation, ophthalmoplegia, kidney malformation, cryptorchidism, and developmental delay. The use of new technologies with next generation sequencing (NGS) may improve the detection rate of mosaicism in rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hague
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabelle Delon
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim Brugger
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Howard Martin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leanne Sparnon
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Abbs
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Waterman CA, Batstone P, Bown N, Cresswell L, Delmege C, English CJ, Fews G, Grimsley L, Imrie S, Kulkarni A, Mann K, Johnson R, Morgan SM, Roberts P, Simonic I, Trueman S, Wall M, McMullan D. The clinical utility of genetic testing of tissues from pregnancy losses. BJOG 2016; 125:867-873. [PMID: 27594580 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map the current testing being undertaken following pregnancy loss across the UK and to examine the clinical utility in terms of identifying a cause for the loss and in identifying couples at risk of an unbalanced liveborn child. DESIGN Retrospective audit. SETTING UK, for the year 2014. POPULATION An audit of 6465 referrals for genetic testing of tissue samples following pregnancy loss. METHODS Data were obtained by questionnaire from 15 UK regional genetics laboratories. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Data were analysed with respect to gestational age, the presence of identified fetal anomalies, methodologies used, abnormality rates and the presence of a parental balanced rearrangement. RESULTS Of 6465 referrals a genetic cause was identified in 22% of cases (before 12 weeks' gestation, in 47%; at 12-24 weeks, in 14%; after 24 weeks, in 6%). In 0.4% of cases a balanced parental rearrangement was identified where there was a risk of an affected liveborn child in a future pregnancy. Eighty percent of genetic imbalances identified were aneuploidy or triploidy and could be identified by quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction alone. There was significant variation across the UK in acceptance criteria, testing strategies and thus level of resolution of testing. CONCLUSIONS Genetic testing of tissues following pregnancy loss identifies a probable cause of fetal demise in 22% of cases, but it is of low clinical utility in identifying couples at risk of a future unbalanced liveborn child. A comprehensive multidisciplinary review is needed to develop proposals for an affordable and equitable service. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT UK audit of genetic testing of fetal loss shows variation in access to and resolution of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Waterman
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | - P Batstone
- Aberdeen Medical Genetics Laboratory, Aberdeen, UK
| | - N Bown
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Cresswell
- Cytogenetics Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - C Delmege
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Bristol, UK
| | - C J English
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Fews
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham, UK
| | - L Grimsley
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, London, UK
| | - S Imrie
- West of Scotland Genetics Services, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Kulkarni
- Genetics Department, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - K Mann
- Genetics Department, Viapath Analytics, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - R Johnson
- Genetics Department, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S M Morgan
- All Wales Medical Genetics Service, Cardiff, UK
| | - P Roberts
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds, UK
| | - I Simonic
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Trueman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - M Wall
- Cytogenetics department, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - D McMullan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham, UK
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Fitzgerald TW, Gerety SS, Jones WD, van Kogelenberg M, King DA, McRae J, Morley KI, Parthiban V, Al-Turki S, Ambridge K, Barrett DM, Bayzetinova T, Clayton S, Coomber EL, Gribble S, Jones P, Krishnappa N, Mason LE, Middleton A, Miller R, Prigmore E, Rajan D, Sifrim A, Tivey AR, Ahmed M, Akawi N, Andrews R, Anjum U, Archer H, Armstrong R, Balasubramanian M, Banerjee R, Baralle D, Batstone P, Baty D, Bennett C, Berg J, Bernhard B, Bevan AP, Blair E, Blyth M, Bohanna D, Bourdon L, Bourn D, Brady A, Bragin E, Brewer C, Brueton L, Brunstrom K, Bumpstead SJ, Bunyan DJ, Burn J, Burton J, Canham N, Castle B, Chandler K, Clasper S, Clayton-Smith J, Cole T, Collins A, Collinson MN, Connell F, Cooper N, Cox H, Cresswell L, Cross G, Crow Y, D’Alessandro M, Dabir T, Davidson R, Davies S, Dean J, Deshpande C, Devlin G, Dixit A, Dominiczak A, Donnelly C, Donnelly D, Douglas A, Duncan A, Eason J, Edkins S, Ellard S, Ellis P, Elmslie F, Evans K, Everest S, Fendick T, Fisher R, Flinter F, Foulds N, Fryer A, Fu B, Gardiner C, Gaunt L, Ghali N, Gibbons R, Gomes Pereira SL, Goodship J, Goudie D, Gray E, Greene P, Greenhalgh L, Harrison L, Hawkins R, Hellens S, Henderson A, Hobson E, Holden S, Holder S, Hollingsworth G, Homfray T, Humphreys M, Hurst J, Ingram S, Irving M, Jarvis J, Jenkins L, Johnson D, Jones D, Jones E, Josifova D, Joss S, Kaemba B, Kazembe S, Kerr B, Kini U, Kinning E, Kirby G, Kirk C, Kivuva E, Kraus A, Kumar D, Lachlan K, Lam W, Lampe A, Langman C, Lees M, Lim D, Lowther G, Lynch SA, Magee A, Maher E, Mansour S, Marks K, Martin K, Maye U, McCann E, McConnell V, McEntagart M, McGowan R, McKay K, McKee S, McMullan DJ, McNerlan S, Mehta S, Metcalfe K, Miles E, Mohammed S, Montgomery T, Moore D, Morgan S, Morris A, Morton J, Mugalaasi H, Murday V, Nevitt L, Newbury-Ecob R, Norman A, O'Shea R, Ogilvie C, Park S, Parker MJ, Patel C, Paterson J, Payne S, Phipps J, Pilz DT, Porteous D, Pratt N, Prescott K, Price S, Pridham A, Procter A, Purnell H, Ragge N, Rankin J, Raymond L, Rice D, Robert L, Roberts E, Roberts G, Roberts J, Roberts P, Ross A, Rosser E, Saggar A, Samant S, Sandford R, Sarkar A, Schweiger S, Scott C, Scott R, Selby A, Seller A, Sequeira C, Shannon N, Sharif S, Shaw-Smith C, Shearing E, Shears D, Simonic I, Simpkin D, Singzon R, Skitt Z, Smith A, Smith B, Smith K, Smithson S, Sneddon L, Splitt M, Squires M, Stewart F, Stewart H, Suri M, Sutton V, Swaminathan GJ, Sweeney E, Tatton-Brown K, Taylor C, Taylor R, Tein M, Temple IK, Thomson J, Tolmie J, Torokwa A, Treacy B, Turner C, Turnpenny P, Tysoe C, Vandersteen A, Vasudevan P, Vogt J, Wakeling E, Walker D, Waters J, Weber A, Wellesley D, Whiteford M, Widaa S, Wilcox S, Williams D, Williams N, Woods G, Wragg C, Wright M, Yang F, Yau M, Carter NP, Parker M, Firth HV, FitzPatrick DR, Wright CF, Barrett JC, Hurles ME. Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders. Nature 2015; 519:223-8. [PMID: 25533962 PMCID: PMC5955210 DOI: 10.1038/nature14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite three decades of successful, predominantly phenotype-driven discovery of the genetic causes of monogenic disorders, up to half of children with severe developmental disorders of probable genetic origin remain without a genetic diagnosis. Particularly challenging are those disorders rare enough to have eluded recognition as a discrete clinical entity, those with highly variable clinical manifestations, and those that are difficult to distinguish from other, very similar, disorders. Here we demonstrate the power of using an unbiased genotype-driven approach to identify subsets of patients with similar disorders. By studying 1,133 children with severe, undiagnosed developmental disorders, and their parents, using a combination of exome sequencing and array-based detection of chromosomal rearrangements, we discovered 12 novel genes associated with developmental disorders. These newly implicated genes increase by 10% (from 28% to 31%) the proportion of children that could be diagnosed. Clustering of missense mutations in six of these newly implicated genes suggests that normal development is being perturbed by an activating or dominant-negative mechanism. Our findings demonstrate the value of adopting a comprehensive strategy, both genome-wide and nationwide, to elucidate the underlying causes of rare genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- TW Fitzgerald
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - SS Gerety
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - WD Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M van Kogelenberg
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DA King
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J McRae
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - KI Morley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - V Parthiban
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Al-Turki
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K Ambridge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DM Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T Bayzetinova
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Clayton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - EL Coomber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Gribble
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Krishnappa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - LE Mason
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A Middleton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Miller
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Prigmore
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D Rajan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - A Sifrim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - AR Tivey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Ahmed
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - N Akawi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Andrews
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - U Anjum
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - H Archer
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - R Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Banerjee
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - D Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - P Batstone
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - D Baty
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Bennett
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - J Berg
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - B Bernhard
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - AP Bevan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Blair
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Blyth
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - D Bohanna
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Bourdon
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - D Bourn
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - A Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - E Bragin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C Brewer
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - L Brueton
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - K Brunstrom
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - SJ Bumpstead
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - DJ Bunyan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - J Burn
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - J Burton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Canham
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - B Castle
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - K Chandler
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - S Clasper
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - J Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - T Cole
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - A Collins
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - MN Collinson
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - F Connell
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - N Cooper
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - H Cox
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Cresswell
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - G Cross
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Y Crow
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - M D’Alessandro
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - T Dabir
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - R Davidson
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - S Davies
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - J Dean
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - C Deshpande
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - G Devlin
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Dixit
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A Dominiczak
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Donnelly
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - D Donnelly
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - A Douglas
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - A Duncan
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - J Eason
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Ellard
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - P Ellis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - F Elmslie
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Evans
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - S Everest
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - T Fendick
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Fisher
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - F Flinter
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - N Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - A Fryer
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - B Fu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C Gardiner
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - L Gaunt
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - N Ghali
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - R Gibbons
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - SL Gomes Pereira
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Goodship
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D Goudie
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - E Gray
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - P Greene
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - L Greenhalgh
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - L Harrison
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - R Hawkins
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - S Hellens
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - A Henderson
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - E Hobson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - S Holden
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - S Holder
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - G Hollingsworth
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - T Homfray
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - M Humphreys
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - J Hurst
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - S Ingram
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - M Irving
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - J Jarvis
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - L Jenkins
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - D Johnson
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - D Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - D Josifova
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - B Kaemba
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - S Kazembe
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - B Kerr
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - U Kini
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - E Kinning
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - G Kirby
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - C Kirk
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - E Kivuva
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - D Kumar
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - K Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - W Lam
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - A Lampe
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - C Langman
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Lees
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - D Lim
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - G Lowther
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - SA Lynch
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - A Magee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - E Maher
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - S Mansour
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Marks
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - K Martin
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - U Maye
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - E McCann
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - V McConnell
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - M McEntagart
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - R McGowan
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - K McKay
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - S McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - DJ McMullan
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - S McNerlan
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - S Mehta
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - K Metcalfe
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - E Miles
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - S Mohammed
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - T Montgomery
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - D Moore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - S Morgan
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - A Morris
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J Morton
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - H Mugalaasi
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - V Murday
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - L Nevitt
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Newbury-Ecob
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - A Norman
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - R O'Shea
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - C Ogilvie
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Park
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - MJ Parker
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - C Patel
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - J Paterson
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - S Payne
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - J Phipps
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - DT Pilz
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - D Porteous
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - N Pratt
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - K Prescott
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - S Price
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A Pridham
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - A Procter
- Institute Of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK and Department of Clinical Genetics, Block 12, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Rhyl, Denbighshire, LL18 5UJ, UK
| | - H Purnell
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - N Ragge
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - J Rankin
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - L Raymond
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Rice
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - L Robert
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E Roberts
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - G Roberts
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - J Roberts
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - P Roberts
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - A Ross
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - E Rosser
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Saggar
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - S Samant
- North of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Grampian, Department of Medical Genetics Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - R Sandford
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - A Sarkar
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Schweiger
- East of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Human Genetics Unit, Pathology Department, NHS Tayside, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - C Scott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Scott
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Selby
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A Seller
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - C Sequeira
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - N Shannon
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S Sharif
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - C Shaw-Smith
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - E Shearing
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - D Shears
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - I Simonic
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Simpkin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Singzon
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Z Skitt
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL
| | - A Smith
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - B Smith
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - K Smith
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - S Smithson
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - L Sneddon
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Squires
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - F Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Centre, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AB, UK
| | - H Stewart
- Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, The Churchill Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - M Suri
- Nottingham Regional Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, The Gables, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - V Sutton
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - GJ Swaminathan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Sweeney
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - K Tatton-Brown
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - C Taylor
- Sheffield Regional Genetics Services, Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - R Taylor
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St George’s Healthcare NHS Trust, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - M Tein
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - IK Temple
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - J Thomson
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK
| | - J Tolmie
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - A Torokwa
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - B Treacy
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C Turner
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - P Turnpenny
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - C Tysoe
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - A Vandersteen
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - P Vasudevan
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester Royal Infirmary (NHS Trust), Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - J Vogt
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - E Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, North West London Hospitals NHS Trust, The Kennedy Galton Centre, Northwick Park And St Mark’s NHS Trust Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - D Walker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Waters
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - A Weber
- Merseyside and Cheshire Genetics Service, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital Alder Hey, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK
| | - D Wellesley
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, Coxford Road, Southampton, SO16 5YA, UK and Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Odstock Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP2 8BJ, UK and Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - M Whiteford
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - S Widaa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - S Wilcox
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Williams
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - N Williams
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Institute Of Medical Genetics, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - G Woods
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - C Wragg
- Bristol Genetics Service (Avon, Somerset, Gloucs and West Wilts), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, St Michael’s Hospital, St Michael’s Hill, Bristol, BS2 8DT, UK
| | - M Wright
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - F Yang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Yau
- South East Thames Regional Genetics Centre, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - NP Carter
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - M Parker
- The Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - HV Firth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Box 134, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - DR FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - CF Wright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - JC Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - ME Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Almalki A, Alston CL, Parker A, Simonic I, Mehta SG, He L, Reza M, Oliveira JM, Lightowlers RN, McFarland R, Taylor RW, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZM. Mutation of the human mitochondrial phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase causes infantile-onset epilepsy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1842:56-64. [PMID: 24161539 PMCID: PMC3898479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are essential enzymes in protein synthesis since they charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Mutations in the genes encoding mitochondrial aaRSs have been associated with a wide spectrum of human mitochondrial diseases. Here we report the identification of pathogenic mutations (a partial genomic deletion and a highly conserved p. Asp325Tyr missense variant) in FARS2, the gene encoding mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, in a patient with early-onset epilepsy and isolated complex IV deficiency in muscle. The biochemical defect was expressed in myoblasts but not in fibroblasts and associated with decreased steady state levels of COXI and COXII protein and reduced steady state levels of the mt-tRNA(Phe) transcript. Functional analysis of the recombinant mutant p. Asp325Tyr FARS2 protein showed an inability to bind ATP and consequently undetectable aminoacylation activity using either bacterial tRNA or human mt-tRNA(Phe) as substrates. Lentiviral transduction of cells with wildtype FARS2 restored complex IV protein levels, confirming that the p.Asp325Tyr mutation is pathogenic, causing respiratory chain deficiency and neurological deficits on account of defective aminoacylation of mt-tRNA(Phe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraheem Almalki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Charlotte L. Alston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alasdair Parker
- Child Development Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarju G. Mehta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mojgan Reza
- Biobank, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jorge M.A. Oliveira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert N. Lightowlers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Zofia M.A. Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Taylor Tavares AL, Willatt L, Armstrong R, Simonic I, Park SM. Mosaic deletion of the NF1 gene in a patient with cognitive disability and dysmorphic features but without diagnostic features of NF1. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1185-8. [PMID: 23532973 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beunders G, Voorhoeve E, Golzio C, Pardo LM, Rosenfeld JA, Talkowski ME, Simonic I, Lionel AC, Vergult S, Pyatt RE, van de Kamp J, Nieuwint A, Weiss MM, Rizzu P, Verwer LENI, van Spaendonk RML, Shen Y, Wu BL, Yu T, Yu Y, Chiang C, Gusella JF, Lindgren AM, Morton CC, van Binsbergen E, Bulk S, van Rossem E, Vanakker O, Armstrong R, Park SM, Greenhalgh L, Maye U, Neill NJ, Abbott KM, Sell S, Ladda R, Farber DM, Bader PI, Cushing T, Drautz JM, Konczal L, Nash P, de Los Reyes E, Carter MT, Hopkins E, Marshall CR, Osborne LR, Gripp KW, Thrush DL, Hashimoto S, Gastier-Foster JM, Astbury C, Ylstra B, Meijers-Heijboer H, Posthuma D, Menten B, Mortier G, Scherer SW, Eichler EE, Girirajan S, Katsanis N, Groffen AJ, Sistermans EA. Exonic deletions in AUTS2 cause a syndromic form of intellectual disability and suggest a critical role for the C terminus. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:210-20. [PMID: 23332918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic rearrangements involving AUTS2 (7q11.22) are associated with autism and intellectual disability (ID), although evidence for causality is limited. By combining the results of diagnostic testing of 49,684 individuals, we identified 24 microdeletions that affect at least one exon of AUTS2, as well as one translocation and one inversion each with a breakpoint within the AUTS2 locus. Comparison of 17 well-characterized individuals enabled identification of a variable syndromic phenotype including ID, autism, short stature, microcephaly, cerebral palsy, and facial dysmorphisms. The dysmorphic features were more pronounced in persons with 3'AUTS2 deletions. This part of the gene is shown to encode a C-terminal isoform (with an alternative transcription start site) expressed in the human brain. Consistent with our genetic data, suppression of auts2 in zebrafish embryos caused microcephaly that could be rescued by either the full-length or the C-terminal isoform of AUTS2. Our observations demonstrate a causal role of AUTS2 in neurocognitive disorders, establish a hitherto unappreciated syndromic phenotype at this locus, and show how transcriptional complexity can underpin human pathology. The zebrafish model provides a valuable tool for investigating the etiology of AUTS2 syndrome and facilitating gene-function analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Beunders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1007 MB, The Netherlands
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Boudry-Labis E, Demeer B, Le Caignec C, Isidor B, Mathieu-Dramard M, Plessis G, George AM, Taylor J, Aftimos S, Wiemer-Kruel A, Kohlhase J, Annerén G, Firth H, Simonic I, Vermeesch J, Thuresson AC, Copin H, Love DR, Andrieux J. A novel microdeletion syndrome at 9q21.13 characterised by mental retardation, speech delay, epilepsy and characteristic facial features. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 56:163-70. [PMID: 23279911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of array-CGH and SNP-arrays for genetic diagnosis has led to the identification of new microdeletion/microduplication syndromes and enabled genotype-phenotype correlations to be made. In this study, nine patients with 9q21 deletions were investigated and compared with four previously Decipher reported patients. Genotype-phenotype comparisons of 13 patients revealed several common major characteristics including significant developmental delay, epilepsy, neuro-behavioural disorders and recognizable facial features including hypertelorism, feature-less philtrum, and a thin upper lip. The molecular investigation identified deletions with different breakpoints and of variable lengths, but the 750 kb smallest overlapping deleted region includes four genes. Among these genes, RORB is a strong candidate for a neurological phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of 9q21 microdeletions and our observations strongly suggest that these deletions are responsible for a new genetic syndrome characterised by mental retardation with speech delay, epilepsy, autistic behaviour and moderate facial dysmorphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Boudry-Labis
- Institut de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU de Lille, Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037 Lille, France.
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15
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Gordon CT, Petit F, Oufadem M, Decaestecker C, Jourdain AS, Andrieux J, Malan V, Alessandri JL, Baujat G, Baumann C, Boute-Benejean O, Caumes R, Delobel B, Dieterich K, Gaillard D, Gonzales M, Lacombe D, Escande F, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Marlin S, Mathieu-Dramard M, Mehta SG, Simonic I, Munnich A, Vekemans M, Porchet N, de Pontual L, Sarnacki S, Attie-Bitach T, Lyonnet S, Holder-Espinasse M, Amiel J. EFTUD2haploinsufficiency leads to syndromic oesophageal atresia. J Med Genet 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Bateman MS, Mehta SG, Willatt L, Selkirk E, Bedwell C, Zwolinski S, Sparnon L, Simonic I, Abbott K, Barber JCK. A de novo 4q34 interstitial deletion of at least 9.3 Mb with no discernible phenotypic effect. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1764-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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17
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van Bon BWM, Mefford HC, Menten B, Koolen DA, Sharp AJ, Nillesen WM, Innis JW, de Ravel TJL, Mercer CL, Fichera M, Stewart H, Connell LE, Ounap K, Lachlan K, Castle B, Van der Aa N, van Ravenswaaij C, Nobrega MA, Serra-Juhé C, Simonic I, de Leeuw N, Pfundt R, Bongers EM, Baker C, Finnemore P, Huang S, Maloney VK, Crolla JA, van Kalmthout M, Elia M, Vandeweyer G, Fryns JP, Janssens S, Foulds N, Reitano S, Smith K, Parkel S, Loeys B, Woods CG, Oostra A, Speleman F, Pereira AC, Kurg A, Willatt L, Knight SJL, Vermeesch JR, Romano C, Barber JC, Mortier G, Pérez-Jurado LA, Kooy F, Brunner HG, Eichler EE, Kleefstra T, de Vries BBA. Further delineation of the 15q13 microdeletion and duplication syndromes: a clinical spectrum varying from non-pathogenic to a severe outcome. J Med Genet 2009; 46:511-23. [PMID: 19372089 PMCID: PMC3395372 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.063412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent 15q13.3 microdeletions were recently identified with identical proximal (BP4) and distal (BP5) breakpoints and associated with mild to moderate mental retardation and epilepsy. METHODS To assess further the clinical implications of this novel 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome, 18 new probands with a deletion were molecularly and clinically characterised. In addition, we evaluated the characteristics of a family with a more proximal deletion between BP3 and BP4. Finally, four patients with a duplication in the BP3-BP4-BP5 region were included in this study to ascertain the clinical significance of duplications in this region. RESULTS The 15q13.3 microdeletion in our series was associated with a highly variable intra- and inter-familial phenotype. At least 11 of the 18 deletions identified were inherited. Moreover, 7 of 10 siblings from four different families also had this deletion: one had a mild developmental delay, four had only learning problems during childhood, but functioned well in daily life as adults, whereas the other two had no learning problems at all. In contrast to previous findings, seizures were not a common feature in our series (only 2 of 17 living probands). Three patients with deletions had cardiac defects and deletion of the KLF13 gene, located in the critical region, may contribute to these abnormalities. The limited data from the single family with the more proximal BP3-BP4 deletion suggest this deletion may have little clinical significance. Patients with duplications of the BP3-BP4-BP5 region did not share a recognisable phenotype, but psychiatric disease was noted in 2 of 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings broaden the phenotypic spectrum associated with 15q13.3 deletions and suggest that, in some individuals, deletion of 15q13.3 is not sufficient to cause disease. The existence of microdeletion syndromes, associated with an unpredictable and variable phenotypic outcome, will pose the clinician with diagnostic difficulties and challenge the commonly used paradigm in the diagnostic setting that aberrations inherited from a phenotypically normal parent are usually without clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W M van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Tyreman M, Abbott KM, Willatt LR, Nash R, Lees C, Whittaker J, Simonic I. High resolution array analysis: diagnosing pregnancies with abnormal ultrasound findings. J Med Genet 2009; 46:531-41. [PMID: 19451135 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Tyreman
- Medical Genetics Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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19
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Mefford HC, Sharp AJ, Baker C, Itsara A, Jiang Z, Buysse K, Huang S, Maloney VK, Crolla JA, Baralle D, Collins A, Mercer C, Norga K, de Ravel T, Devriendt K, Bongers EMHF, de Leeuw N, Reardon W, Gimelli S, Bena F, Hennekam RC, Male A, Gaunt L, Clayton-Smith J, Simonic I, Park SM, Mehta SG, Nik-Zainal S, Woods CG, Firth HV, Parkin G, Fichera M, Reitano S, Lo Giudice M, Li KE, Casuga I, Broomer A, Conrad B, Schwerzmann M, Räber L, Gallati S, Striano P, Coppola A, Tolmie JL, Tobias ES, Lilley C, Armengol L, Spysschaert Y, Verloo P, De Coene A, Goossens L, Mortier G, Speleman F, van Binsbergen E, Nelen MR, Hochstenbach R, Poot M, Gallagher L, Gill M, McClellan J, King MC, Regan R, Skinner C, Stevenson RE, Antonarakis SE, Chen C, Estivill X, Menten B, Gimelli G, Gribble S, Schwartz S, Sutcliffe JS, Walsh T, Knight SJL, Sebat J, Romano C, Schwartz CE, Veltman JA, de Vries BBA, Vermeesch JR, Barber JCK, Willatt L, Tassabehji M, Eichler EE. Recurrent rearrangements of chromosome 1q21.1 and variable pediatric phenotypes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1685-99. [PMID: 18784092 PMCID: PMC2703742 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0805384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duplications and deletions in the human genome can cause disease or predispose persons to disease. Advances in technologies to detect these changes allow for the routine identification of submicroscopic imbalances in large numbers of patients. METHODS We tested for the presence of microdeletions and microduplications at a specific region of chromosome 1q21.1 in two groups of patients with unexplained mental retardation, autism, or congenital anomalies and in unaffected persons. RESULTS We identified 25 persons with a recurrent 1.35-Mb deletion within 1q21.1 from screening 5218 patients. The microdeletions had arisen de novo in eight patients, were inherited from a mildly affected parent in three patients, were inherited from an apparently unaffected parent in six patients, and were of unknown inheritance in eight patients. The deletion was absent in a series of 4737 control persons (P=1.1x10(-7)). We found considerable variability in the level of phenotypic expression of the microdeletion; phenotypes included mild-to-moderate mental retardation, microcephaly, cardiac abnormalities, and cataracts. The reciprocal duplication was enriched in nine children with mental retardation or autism spectrum disorder and other variable features (P=0.02). We identified three deletions and three duplications of the 1q21.1 region in an independent sample of 788 patients with mental retardation and congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS We have identified recurrent molecular lesions that elude syndromic classification and whose disease manifestations must be considered in a broader context of development as opposed to being assigned to a specific disease. Clinical diagnosis in patients with these lesions may be most readily achieved on the basis of genotype rather than phenotype.
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20
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Willatt LR, Barber JCK, Clarkson A, Simonic I, Raymond FL, Docherty Z, Ogilvie CM. Novel deletion variants of 9q13–q21.12 and classical euchromatic variants of 9q12/qh involve deletion, duplication and triplication of large tracts of segmentally duplicated pericentromeric euchromatin. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 15:45-52. [PMID: 16985501 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale copy number variation that is cytogenetically visible in normal individuals has been described as euchromatic variation but needs to be distinguished from pathogenic euchromatic deletion or duplication. Here, we report eight patients (three families and two individuals) with interstitial deletions of 9q13-q21.12. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation with a large panel of BACs showed that all the deleted clones were from extensive tracts of segmentally duplicated euchromatin, copies of which map to both the long and short arms of chromosome 9. The variety of reasons for which these patients were ascertained, and the phenotypically normal parents, indicates that this is a novel euchromatic variant with no phenotypic effect. Further, four patients with classical euchromatic variants of 9q12/qh or 9p12 were also shown to have duplications or triplications of this segmentally duplicated material common to both 9p and 9q. The cytogenetic boundaries between the segmentally duplicated regions and flanking unique sequences were mapped to 9p13.1 in the short arm (BAC RP11-402N8 at 38.7 Mb) and to 9q21.12 in the long arm (BAC RP11-88I18 at 70.3 Mb). The BACs identified in this study should in future make it possible to differentiate between clinically significant deletions or duplications and euchromatic variants with no established phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel R Willatt
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Medical Genetics Department, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Simonic I, Nyholt DR, Gericke GS, Gordon D, Matsumoto N, Ledbetter DH, Ott J, Weber JL. Further evidence for linkage of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24 in South African Afrikaners. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:163-7. [PMID: 11304830 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing DNA samples from 91 Afrikaner nuclear families with one or more affected children, five genomic regions on chromosomes 2p, 8q, 11q, 20q, and 21q that gave evidence for association with GTS in previous case-control association studies were investigated for linkage and association with GTS. Highly polymorphic markers with mean heterozygosity of 0.77 were typed and resulting genotypes evaluated using single marker transmission disequilibrium (TDT), single marker haplotype relative risk (HRR), and multi-marker "extended" TDT and HRR methods. Single marker TDT analysis showed evidence for linkage or association, with p-values near 0.05, for markers D2S139, GATA28F12, and D11S1377 on chromosomes 2p11, 8q22 and 11q23-24, respectively. Extended, two-locus TDT and HRR analysis provided further evidence for linkage or association on chromosome 2 with p-values of 0.007 and 0.025, and chromosome 8 with p-values of 0.059 and 0.013, respectively. These results provide important additional evidence for the location of GTS susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- MRC Neurogenetics Research Initiative, Pretoria, South Africa
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Abstract
We explore the extent of deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) at a marker locus and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of marker loci in the Afrikaner population of South Africa. DNA samples were used for genotyping of 23 loci on six chromosomes. The samples were collected from 91 healthy unrelated Afrikaner adults. Exact tests were used to determine evidence for deviations from HWE at a single marker locus or LD between pairs of marker loci. At the 0.05 level of significance, evidence was found for deviation from HWE at only one of the 23 loci. At the same level of significance, LD was found among 8 of the 34 intrachromosomal pairs of loci. On chromosome 21, there was evidence for LD (P = 0.02) between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.51 cM. On chromosome 2, there was evidence for LD between a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 5.28 cM (P = 0.002) and a pair of loci with a genetic distance of 3.68 cM (P = 0.0004). Detailed analysis of LD for one locus pair indicated that only a few of all alleles participated in the LD and that strong LD was most often positive. Our findings indicate that Afrikaans-speaking Afrikaners represent one of those special populations deemed particularly suitable for disequilibrium mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gordon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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23
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Simonic I, Gericke GS, Ott J, Weber JL. Identification of genetic markers associated with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an Afrikaner population. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:839-46. [PMID: 9718333 PMCID: PMC1377391 DOI: 10.1086/302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because gene-mapping efforts, using large kindreds and parametric methods of analysis, for the neurologic disorder Tourette syndrome have failed, efforts are being redirected toward association studies in young, genetically isolated populations. The availability of dense marker maps makes it feasible to search for association throughout the entire genome. We report the results of such a genome scan using DNA samples from Tourette patients and unaffected control subjects from the South African Afrikaner population. To optimize mapping efficiency, we chose a two-step strategy. First, we screened pools of DNA samples from both affected and control individuals, using a dense collection of 1,167 short tandem-repeat polymorphisms distributed throughout the genome. Second, we typed those markers displaying evidence of allele frequency-distribution shifts, along with additional tightly linked markers, using DNA from each affected and unaffected individual. To reduce false positives, we tested two independent groups of case and control subjects. Strongest evidence for association (P values 10-2 to 10-5) were obtained for markers within chromosomal regions encompassing D2S1790 near the chromosome 2 centromere, D6S477 on distal 6p, D8S257 on 8q, D11S933 on 11q, D14S1003 on proximal 14q, D20S1085 on distal 20q, and D21S1252 on 21q.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- False Positive Reactions
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Markers
- Humans
- Netherlands/ethnology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Reference Values
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- South Africa
- Tourette Syndrome/genetics
- White People/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- MRC Neurogenetics Research Laboratory, Arcadia, South Africa
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24
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Simonic I, Gericke GS, Lippert M, Schoeman JF. Additional clinical and cytogenetic findings associated with Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1997; 74:331-7. [PMID: 9184319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of all aphidicolin-inducible breakpoints has been carried out in PHA stimulated T-lymphocytes of five patients with classical Rett syndrome, their mothers and a group of age matched controls. Observed breakpoints were divided into two groups: common, rare, and those recorded by others but not assigned as fragile sites by CCM92 and a group of non-specified breakpoints recurrently found in our ongoing study of fragile sites. In addition cooccurrence of trisomy X in one patient and de novo pericentromeric inversion on chromosome 2 in another Rett syndrome patient are reported. The co-occurrence with the Tourette syndrome in two of our families, and the fact that both Rett and Tourette syndrome are associated with movement disorders, possible dopaminergic hypersensitivity and increased chromosomal fragility in subsets of fragile sites, may suggest a possible avenue for further research. The cytogenetic findings indicate that both X-linked and autosomal regulatory region(s) may be part of a complex genetic alteration in association with Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- Department of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology University of Pretoria, South Africa
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25
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- Department of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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27
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Abstract
One hundred and fifty breakpoint sites were recorded during an analysis of aphidicolin-ethanol inducible fragile sites (FS) in 56 blood samples and 13 amniocyte cultures and were classified according to the criteria formulated by the Chromosome Coordinating Meeting. The finding of previously unlisted FS in this sample, the altered expression of FS in conditions not usually associated with chromosomal abnormalities and the apparent lack of tissue specificity indicate the importance of one or more fundamental mechanisms operating to produce the diverse associated clinical phenotypes, with the chromosomal fragility representing an intermediate phenotype. Several lines of evidence converge towards the conclusion that FS are a manifestation of an altered state of genetic activity at areas associated with transcriptional regulation, because of their concordance with CpG islands, nuclease sensitive sites, replication origins, zinc finger protein domains and viral integration sites. An investigation is required whether this phenomenon could contribute both to evolutionary diversity through increased recombination, the formation of unstable repeat sequences and variable methylation, and to the expression of multigene disease processes resulting in the production of variable and complex phenotypes, even within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Simonic
- Department of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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28
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Gericke GS, Simonic I, Cloete E, Becker PJ. Increased expression of aphidicolin-induced common fragile sites in Tourette syndrome: the key to understand the genetics of comorbid phenotypes? Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:25-30. [PMID: 8678110 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<25::aid-ajmg4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In a comparison of 80 common aphidicolin-induced fragile sites (FS) between 26 DSM-IV Tourette syndrome (TS) and 24 control individuals, the mean of the summed break frequencies following mild aphidicolin pretreatment was significantly higher in TS individuals than in controls (P < 0.001). Other breakpoints encountered during this study, i.e., random breaks, breaks corresponding to rare FS, and breakpoints recorded by others but not listed as common FS according to the Chromosome Coordinating Meeting [1992] were listed as category II breakpoints. By using the most significantly different mean FS breakage figures between TS and control individuals, further stepwise discriminant analysis allowed identification of TS individuals from only a few sites in both the common FS and category II breakpoint groups. Future research needs to focus on confirmation of altered common fragile site expression in association with behavioral variation, whether expression of certain discriminatory sites concurs with specific comorbid disorder expression; the nature of the molecular alterations at these FS and the implications of a genomic instability phenotype for the mapping of a primary TS gene or genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gericke
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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29
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Gericke GS, Simonic I, Cloete E, Buckle C, Becker PJ. Increased chromosomal breakage in Tourette syndrome predicts the possibility of variable multiple gene involvement in spectrum phenotypes: preliminary findings and hypothesis. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60:444-7. [PMID: 8546159 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Increased chromosomal breakage was found in 12 patients with DSM-IV Tourette syndrome (TS) as compared with 10 non-TS control individuals with respect to untreated, modified RPM1-, and BrdU treated lymphocyte cultures (P < 0.001 in each category). A hypothesis is proposed that a major TS gene is probably connected to genetic instability, and associated chromosomal marker sites may be indicative of the localization of secondary genes whose altered expression could be responsible for associated comorbid conditions. This concept implies that genes influencing higher brain functions may be situated at or near highly recombigenic areas allowing enhanced amplification, duplication and recombination following chromosomal strand breakage. Further studies on a larger sample size are required to confirm the findings relating to chromosomal breakage and to analyze the possible implications for a paradigmatic shift in linkage strategy for complex disorders by focusing on areas at or near unstable chromosomal marker sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gericke
- Department of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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